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Ryk A, Marcinkiewicz A, Chrzanowski J, Michalak AM, Dróżdz I, Burzyński J, Krejca M, Fendler W. Cholesin receptor signalling is active in cardiovascular system-associated adipose tissue and correlates with SGLT2i treatment in patients with diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2024; 23:211. [PMID: 38902687 PMCID: PMC11191148 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-024-02322-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently deorphanized G protein-coupled receptor 146 (GPR146) was shown to respond to signal from a newly identified hormone-cholesin-and to play a role in hepatic lipid metabolism. However, the importance of its biological activity in human organism remains elusive, mainly due to the lack of studies on human tissues up to this point. This study aimed to identify the cholesin receptor-associated genes and clinical factors linked with their expression in cardiovascular system and associated adipose tissues. METHODS Right cardiac auricle, aortic wall, saphenous vein, and adipose tissue (periaortic-PAT, epicardial-EAT, thymic-TAT) samples were collected during coronary artery bypass grafting. Clinical records of the study participants were assessed for the presence of diabetes, medications taken and serum cholesterol levels. GPR146 mRNA expression in all gathered tissues was assessed with qPCR, and RNA seqencing was performed in selected tissues of 20 individuals to identify pathways associated with GPR146 expression. RESULTS We included 46 participants [37 male, 23 with type 2 diabetes, median age 68.50 (Q1-Q3: 63.00-72.00) years, BMI 28.39 (26.06-31.49) kg/m2]. GPR146 expression in adipose tissues significantly correlated with BMI, c-peptide, total cholesterol, and LDL concentrations. Selected metabolic pathways were significantly and positively enriched in GPR146-dependent manner. GPR146-coexpressed genes contained key regulators of lipid metabolism involved in such pathways as fatty acid metabolism, tricarboxilic acid cycle and peroxisomal metabolism. Those genes correlated positively with serum concentrations of LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol. SGLT2i treatment was associated with inversion of GPR146-related signature in EAT, suggesting potential impact on cholesin-GPR146 network. CONCLUSIONS GPR146 expression is associated with serum lipids and metabolically-relevant transcriptomic changes in EAT similar to SGLT2i-associated ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Ryk
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 15, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Jędrzej Chrzanowski
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 15, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Mariusz Michalak
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 15, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Pediatrics, Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Izabela Dróżdz
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jacek Burzyński
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 15, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
| | - Michał Krejca
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Fendler
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 15, 92-215, Lodz, Poland.
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2
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Tharehalli U, Rimbert A. G protein-coupled receptor 146: new insights from genetics and model systems. Curr Opin Lipidol 2024; 35:162-169. [PMID: 38465903 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases continue to be a significant global cause of death. Despite the availability of efficient treatments, there is an ongoing need for innovative strategies to lower lipid levels, especially for individuals experiencing refractory dyslipidemias or intolerable adverse effects. Based on human genetic findings and on mouse studies, the G protein-coupled receptor 146 (GPR146) emerges as a promising target against hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. The present review aims at providing a thorough summary of the latest information acquired regarding GPR146, encompassing genetic evidence, functional insights, and its broader implications for cardiometabolic health. RECENT FINDINGS Human genetic studies uncovered associations between GPR146 variants, plasma lipid levels and metabolic parameters. Additionally, GPR146's influence extends beyond lipid regulation, impacting adipocyte differentiation, lipolysis, and inflammation pathways. Despite GPR146's orphan status, ongoing efforts to deorphanize it, suggest a potential ligand with downstream effects involving Gαi coupling. SUMMARY Here, we outline and deliberate on recent progress focused on: enhancing comprehension of the effects of inhibiting GPR146 in humans through genetic instruments, evaluating the extra-hepatic functions of GPR146, and discovering its natural ligand(s). Grasping these biological parameters and mechanisms is crucial in the exploration of GPR146 as a prospective therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Tharehalli
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine Rimbert
- Nantes Université, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France
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3
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Hu X, Chen F, Jia L, Long A, Peng Y, Li X, Huang J, Wei X, Fang X, Gao Z, Zhang M, Liu X, Chen YG, Wang Y, Zhang H, Wang Y. A gut-derived hormone regulates cholesterol metabolism. Cell 2024; 187:1685-1700.e18. [PMID: 38503280 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The reciprocal coordination between cholesterol absorption in the intestine and de novo cholesterol synthesis in the liver is essential for maintaining cholesterol homeostasis, yet the mechanisms governing the opposing regulation of these processes remain poorly understood. Here, we identify a hormone, Cholesin, which is capable of inhibiting cholesterol synthesis in the liver, leading to a reduction in circulating cholesterol levels. Cholesin is encoded by a gene with a previously unknown function (C7orf50 in humans; 3110082I17Rik in mice). It is secreted from the intestine in response to cholesterol absorption and binds to GPR146, an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor, exerting antagonistic downstream effects by inhibiting PKA signaling and thereby suppressing SREBP2-controlled cholesterol synthesis in the liver. Therefore, our results demonstrate that the Cholesin-GPR146 axis mediates the inhibitory effect of intestinal cholesterol absorption on hepatic cholesterol synthesis. This discovered hormone, Cholesin, holds promise as an effective agent in combating hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fengyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liangjie Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Aijun Long
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ying Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Junfeng Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xueyun Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xinlei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zihua Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mengxian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China; School of Basic Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Huijie Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Yiguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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4
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Kaczmarek I, Wower I, Ettig K, Kuhn CK, Kraft R, Landgraf K, Körner A, Schöneberg T, Horn S, Thor D. Identifying G protein-coupled receptors involved in adipose tissue function using the innovative RNA-seq database FATTLAS. iScience 2023; 26:107841. [PMID: 37766984 PMCID: PMC10520334 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) modulate the function of adipose tissue (AT) in general and of adipocytes, specifically. Although it is well-established that GPCRs are widely expressed in AT, their repertoire as well as their regulation and function in (patho)physiological conditions (e.g., obesity) is not fully resolved. Here, we established FATTLAS, an interactive public database, for improved access and analysis of RNA-seq data of mouse and human AT. After extracting the GPCRome of non-obese and obese individuals, highly expressed and differentially regulated GPCRs were identified. Exemplarily, we describe four receptors (GPR146, MRGPRF, FZD5, PTGER2) and analyzed their functions in a (pre)adipocyte cell model. Besides all receptors being involved in adipogenesis, MRGPRF is essential for adipocyte viability and regulates cAMP levels, while GPR146 modulates adipocyte lipolysis via constitutive activation of Gi proteins. Taken together, by implementing and using FATTLAS we describe four hitherto unrecognized GPCRs associated with AT function and adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Kaczmarek
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Isabel Wower
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katja Ettig
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christina Katharina Kuhn
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Kraft
- Carl Ludwig Institute for Physiology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Landgraf
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, Hospital for Children & Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Körner
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, Hospital for Children & Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- School of Medicine, University of Global Health Equity (UGHE), Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Susanne Horn
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Doreen Thor
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Profiling of G-Protein Coupled Receptors in Adipose Tissue and Differentiating Adipocytes Offers a Translational Resource for Obesity/Metabolic Research. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030377. [PMID: 36766718 PMCID: PMC9913134 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are expressed essentially on all cells, facilitating cellular responses to external stimuli, and are involved in nearly every biological process. Several members of this family play significant roles in the regulation of adipogenesis and adipose metabolism. However, the expression and functional significance of a vast number of GPCRs in adipose tissue are unknown. We used a high-throughput RT-PCR panel to determine the expression of the entire repertoire of non-sensory GPCRs in mouse white, and brown adipose tissue and assess changes in their expression during adipogenic differentiation of murine adipocyte cell line, 3T3-L1. In addition, the expression of GPCRs in subcutaneous adipose tissues from lean, obese, and diabetic human subjects and in adipocytes isolated from regular chow and high-fat fed mice were evaluated by re-analyzing RNA-sequencing data. We detected a total of 292 and 271 GPCRs in mouse white and brown adipose tissue, respectively. There is a significant overlap in the expression of GPCRs between the two adipose tissue depots, but several GPCRs are specifically expressed in one of the two tissue types. Adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells had a profound impact on the expression of several GPCRs. RNA sequencing of subcutaneous adipose from healthy human subjects detected 255 GPCRs and obesity significantly changed the expression of several GPCRs in adipose tissue. High-fat diet had a significant impact on adipocyte GPCR expression that was similar to human obesity. Finally, we report several highly expressed GPCRs with no known role in adipose biology whose expression was significantly altered during adipogenic differentiation, and/or in the diseased human subjects. These GPCRs could play an important role in adipose metabolism and serve as a valuable translational resource for obesity and metabolic research.
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Rimbert A, Yeung MW, Dalila N, Thio CHL, Yu H, Loaiza N, Oldoni F, van der Graaf A, Wang S, Said MA, Blauw LL, Girardeau A, Bray L, Caillaud A, Bloks VW, Marrec M, Moulin P, Rensen PCN, van de Sluis B, Snieder H, Di Filippo M, van der Harst P, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Zimmerman P, Cariou B, Kuivenhoven JA. Variants in the GPR146 Gene Are Associated With a Favorable Cardiometabolic Risk Profile. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:1262-1271. [PMID: 36047410 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.317514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In mice, GPR146 (G-protein-coupled receptor 146) deficiency reduces plasma lipids and protects against atherosclerosis. Whether these findings translate to humans is unknown. METHODS Common and rare genetic variants in the GPR146 gene locus were used as research instruments in the UK Biobank. The Lifelines, The Copenhagen-City Heart Study, and a cohort of individuals with familial hypobetalipoproteinemia were used to find and study rare GPR146 variants. RESULTS In the UK Biobank, carriers of the common rs2362529-C allele present with lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apo (apolipoprotein) B, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apoAI, CRP (C-reactive protein), and plasma liver enzymes compared with noncarriers. Carriers of the common rs1997243-G allele, associated with higher GPR146 expression, present with the exact opposite phenotype. The associations with plasma lipids of the above alleles are allele dose-dependent. Heterozygote carriers of a rare coding variant (p.Pro62Leu; n=2615), predicted to be damaging, show a stronger reductions in the above parameters compared with carriers of the common rs2362529-C allele. The p.Pro62Leu variant is furthermore shown to segregate with low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in a family with familial hypobetalipoproteinemia. Compared with controls, carriers of the common rs2362529-C allele show a marginally reduced risk of coronary artery disease (P=0.03) concomitant with a small effect size on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (average decrease of 2.24 mg/dL in homozygotes) of this variant. Finally, mendelian randomization analyses suggest a causal relationship between GPR146 gene expression and plasma lipid and liver enzyme levels. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that carriers of new genetic GPR146 variants have a beneficial cardiometabolic risk profile, but it remains to be shown whether genetic or pharmaceutical inhibition of GPR146 protects against atherosclerosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Rimbert
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, France (A.R., A.G., L.B., A.C., M.M., B.C.)
| | - Ming W Yeung
- Department of Cardiology (M.W.Y., S.W., M.S., P.v.d.H.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, the Netherlands (M.W.Y., P.v.d.H.)
| | - Nawar Dalila
- Section for Molecular Genetics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (N.D., A.T.-H.)
| | - Chris H L Thio
- Department of Epidemiology (C.H.L.T., S.W., H.S.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Haojie Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (H.Y.).,Precision Medicine Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (H.Y.)
| | - Natalia Loaiza
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics (N.L., B.v.d.S., J.A.K.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Federico Oldoni
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (F.O.)
| | - Adriaan van der Graaf
- Department of Genetics (A.v.d.G.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Siqi Wang
- Department of Cardiology (M.W.Y., S.W., M.S., P.v.d.H.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology (C.H.L.T., S.W., H.S.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - M Abdullah Said
- Department of Cardiology (M.W.Y., S.W., M.S., P.v.d.H.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lisanne L Blauw
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (L.L.B., P.C.N.R.)
| | - Aurore Girardeau
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, France (A.R., A.G., L.B., A.C., M.M., B.C.)
| | - Lise Bray
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, France (A.R., A.G., L.B., A.C., M.M., B.C.)
| | - Amandine Caillaud
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, France (A.R., A.G., L.B., A.C., M.M., B.C.)
| | - Vincent W Bloks
- Sections of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics (V.W.B.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marie Marrec
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, France (A.R., A.G., L.B., A.C., M.M., B.C.)
| | - Philippe Moulin
- CarMen Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre-Bénite, France (P.M., M.D.F.).,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Fédération d'endocrinologie, maladies métaboliques, diabète et nutrition, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Bron, France (P.M.)
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (L.L.B., P.C.N.R.)
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics (N.L., B.v.d.S., J.A.K.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology (C.H.L.T., S.W., H.S.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Di Filippo
- CarMen Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre-Bénite, France (P.M., M.D.F.).,Hospices Civils de Lyon, UF Dyslipidémies Service de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire Grand Est, Bron, France (M.D.F.)
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology (M.W.Y., S.W., M.S., P.v.d.H.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, the Netherlands (M.W.Y., P.v.d.H.)
| | - Anne Tybjaerg-Hansen
- Section for Molecular Genetics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (N.D., A.T.-H.).,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.T.-H.).,The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark (A.T.-H.)
| | | | - Bertrand Cariou
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, France (A.R., A.G., L.B., A.C., M.M., B.C.)
| | - Jan Albert Kuivenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics (N.L., B.v.d.S., J.A.K.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
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Wilkins BP, Finch AM, Wang Y, Smith NJ. Orphan GPR146: an alternative therapeutic pathway to achieve cholesterol homeostasis? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:481-492. [PMID: 35550855 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis predisposes to myriad cardiovascular complications, including myocardial infarction and stroke. Statins have revolutionised cholesterol management but they do not work for all patients, particularly those with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH). Genome-wide association studies have linked SNPs at orphan G protein-coupled receptor 146 (GPR146) to human atherosclerosis but how GPR146 influences serum cholesterol homeostasis was only recently described. Gpr146 deletion in mice reduces serum cholesterol and atherosclerotic plaque burden, confirming GPR146 as a potential therapeutic target for managing circulating cholesterol. Critically, this effect was independent of the low-density lipoprotein receptor. While still an orphan, the activation of GPR146 by serum suggests identification of its endogenous ligand is tantalisingly close. Herein, we discuss the evidence for GPR146 inhibition as a treatment for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan P Wilkins
- Orphan Receptor Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Molecular Pharmacology Drug Design, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Angela M Finch
- Molecular Pharmacology Drug Design, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yan Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nicola J Smith
- Orphan Receptor Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Molecular Pharmacology Drug Design, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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8
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Li ZF, Wu NQ. The Progression of Treatment for Refractory Hypercholesterolemia: Focus on the Prospect of Gene Therapy. Front Genet 2022; 13:911429. [PMID: 35754818 PMCID: PMC9218664 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.911429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Refractory hypercholesterolemia (RH), including homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) and compound heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, is characterized by high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) despite existing cholesterol-lowering methods at maximal tolerable doses. Patients with RH have early onset and higher risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) under insufficient treatment. Therefore, it is urgent to seek new therapies to maintain the blood lipids in refractory hyperlipidemia at normal levels. Currently, new cholesterol-lowering strategies are on the market, not only at the protein level [i.e., bempedoic acid (inhibiting ATP-citrate lyase), alirocumab and evolocumab (monoclonal antibodies against PCSK9), evinacumab (monoclonal antibody against ANGPTL3)] but also at the transcript level [i.e., mipomersen (antisense oligonucleotide inhibiting ApoB), inclisiran (siRNA targeting PCSK9)], providing more options for RH patients to achieve their lipid-lowering targets. More RNA-based therapies targeting RH-related genes have been designed for the treatment. However, for a proportion of patients, especially those with LDLR deficiency, the available treatments are still insufficient. More recently, emerging genome engineering based on CRISPR/Cas9 techniques, and advanced delivery technologies such as lentiviral vectors, adenoviral vectors, adeno-associated viral vectors, lipid nanoparticles, and exosomes are being rapidly developed and implemented as novel therapies for RH. Gene therapy targeting RH-related genes has been successfully conducted in cells, mice, and non-human primates with high efficacy in lipid lowering and good tolerability. Especially the new generation of genome editing technique, base editing, performed in vivo with ideal lipid-lowering effect and limited occurrence of unwanted results. Excitingly, a phase I/II clinical study of LDLR gene replacement has been recently completed in RH patients, likely to be employed in clinical practice in the future. Furthermore, new targets for cholesterol reduction such as REV-ERB, G protein-coupled receptor, Ubiquitin specific peptidase 20 are continually being developed. This narrative review updates recent advances in treatment for RH, summarizes related clinical trials and preclinical studies, especially on the prospect of gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Fan Li
- Cardiometabolic Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Na-Qiong Wu
- Cardiometabolic Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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9
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Generation of a GPR146 knockout human induced pluripotent stem cell line (ITXi001-A-1). Stem Cell Res 2022; 60:102721. [PMID: 35247835 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2022.102721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is a key modifiable causal risk factor involved in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Recently, the G protein-coupled receptor 146 (GPR146), a member of the G-coupled protein receptors' family, has been shown to be a regulator of plasma cholesterol. Inhibition of hepatic GPR146 in mice displays protective effect against both hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Here, we characterize a genetically engineered human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) model invalidated for GPR146 (ITXi001-A-1) using CRISPR-Cas9 editing technology. Differentiation of ITXi001-A-1 towards hepatic fate will provide a suitable model for deciphering the molecular mechanisms sustaining the beneficial metabolic effects of GPR146 inhibition.
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Li Y, Wang X, Lu L, Wang M, Zhai Y, Tai X, Dilimulati D, Lei X, Xu J, Zhang C, Fu Y, Qu S, Li Q, Zhang C. Identification of novel GPCR partners of the central melanocortin signaling. Mol Metab 2021; 53:101317. [PMID: 34400348 PMCID: PMC8458986 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Homo- or heterodimerization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) generally affects the normal functioning of these receptors and mediates the responses to a variety of physiological stimuli in vivo. It is well known that melanocortin-3 receptor (MC3R) and melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) are key regulators of appetite and energy homeostasis in the central nervous system. However, the GPCR partners of MC3R and MC4R are not well understood. Our objective is to analyze single cell RNA-seq datasets of the hypothalamus to explore and identify novel GPCR partners of MC3R and MC4R and examine the pharmacological effect on the downstream signal transduction and membrane translocation of melanocortin receptors. METHODS We conducted an integrative analysis of multiple single cell RNA-seq datasets to reveal the expression pattern and correlation of GPCR families in the mouse hypothalamus. The emerging GPCRs with important metabolic functions were selected for cloning and co-immunoprecipitation validation. The positive GPCR partners were then tested for the pharmacological activation, competitive binding assay and surface translocation ELISA experiments. RESULTS Based on the expression pattern of GPCRs and their function enrichment results, we narrowed down the range of potential GPCR interaction with MC3R and MC4R for further confirmation. Co-immunoprecipitation assay verified 23 and 32 novel GPCR partners that interacted with MC3R and MC4R in vitro. The presence of these GPCR partners exhibited different effects in the physiological regulation and signal transduction of MC3R and MC4R. CONCLUSIONS This work represented the first large-scale screen for the functional GPCR complex of central melanocortin receptors and defined a composite metabolic regulatory GPCR network of the hypothalamic nucleuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Metabolic Management Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaozhu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Liumei Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Metabolic Management Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zhai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Metabolic Management Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolu Tai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Metabolic Management Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Diliqingna Dilimulati
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Metabolic Management Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowei Lei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Metabolic Management Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Metabolic Management Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanbin Fu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen Qu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Metabolic Management Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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He B, Kang S, Chen Z, Liu X, Wang J, Li X, Liu X, Zheng L, Luo M, Wang Y. Hypercholesterolemia risk associated Abca6 does not regulate lipoprotein metabolism in mice or hamster. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:159006. [PMID: 34274505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia has strong heritability and about 40-60% of hypercholesterolemia is caused by genetic risk factors. A number of monogenic genes have been identified so far for familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). However, in the general population, more than 90% of individuals with LDL cholesterol over 190 mg/dL do not carry known FH mutations. Large scale whole-exome sequencing has identified thousands of variants that are predicted to be loss-of-function (LoF) and each individual has a median of about twenty rare LoF variants and several hundreds more common LoF variants. However, majority of those variants have not been characterized and their functional consequence remains largely unknown. Rs77542162 is a common missense variant in ABCA6 and is strongly associated with hypercholesterolemia in different populations. ABCA6 is a cholesterol responsive gene and has been suggested to play a role in lipid metabolism. However, whether and how rs77542162 and ABCA6 regulate lipoprotein metabolism remain unknown. In current study, we systemically characterized the function of rs77542162 and ABCA6 in cultured cells and in vivo of rodents. We found that Abca6 is specifically expressed on the basolateral surface of hepatocytes in mouse liver. The rs77542162 variant disrupts ABCA6 protein stability and results in loss of functional protein. However, we found no evidence that Abca6 plays a role in lipoprotein metabolism in either normal mice or hypercholesterolemia mice or hamsters. Thus, our results suggest that Abca6 does not regulate lipoprotein metabolism in rodents and highlight the challenge and importance of functional characterization of disease-associated variants in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoshen He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shijia Kang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhen Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinkai Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuedan Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ling Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mengcheng Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
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Rom O, Chen YE, Aviram M. Genetic variants associated with cardiovascular diseases and related risk factors highlight novel potential therapeutic approaches. Curr Opin Lipidol 2021; 32:148-150. [PMID: 33651747 PMCID: PMC7988477 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oren Rom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Y. Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael Aviram
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Li X, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Wang Y. GALNT2 regulates ANGPTL3 cleavage in cells and in vivo of mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16168. [PMID: 32999434 PMCID: PMC7527996 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73388-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) is an important inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase and endothelial lipase that plays critical roles in lipoprotein metabolism. It specifically expresses in the liver and undergoes proprotein convertase-mediated cleavage during secretion, which generates an N-terminal coiled-coil domain and C-terminal fibrinogen-like domain that has been considered as the activation step for its function. Previous studies have reported that the polypeptide GalNAc-transferase GALNT2 mediates the O-glycosylation of the ANGPTL3 near the cleavage site, which inhibits the proprotein convertase (PC)-mediated cleavage in vitro and in cultured cells. However, loss-of-function mutation for GALNT2 has no effect on ANGPTL3 cleavage in human. Thus whether GALNT2 regulates the cleavage of ANGPTL3 in vivo is unclear. In present study, we systematically characterized the cleavage of Angptl3 in cultured cells and in vivo of mice. We found that endogenous Angptl3 is cleaved in primary hepatocytes and in vivo of mice, and this cleavage can be blocked by Galnt2 overexpression or PC inhibition. Moreover, suppressing galnt2 expression increases the cleavage of Angptl3 in mice dramatically. Thus, our results support the conclusion that Galnt2 is a key endogenous regulator for Angptl3 cleavage both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedan Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiliang Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Minzhu Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China.
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