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Tian S, Yang Y, Fang B, Uddin S, Liu X. The CrMYB33 transcription factor positively coordinate the regulation of both carotenoid accumulation and chlorophyll degradation in the peel of citrus fruit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 209:108540. [PMID: 38518398 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Citrus, cultivated extensively across the globe, possesses considerable economic importance and nutritional value. With the degradation of chlorophyll and accumulation of carotenoids, mature citrus fruits develop an orange-yellow peel, enhancing fruit value and consumer preference. MYB transcription factors (TFs) exert a significant role in diverse plant developmental processes and investigating their involvement in fruit coloration is crucial for developing new cultivars. This work aimed to characterize a citrus TF, CrMYB33, whose expression was found to be positively correlated with carotenoid biosynthesis during fruit ripening. The interference of CrMYB33 expression in citrus fruit resulted in inhibition of carotenoid accumulation, down-regulation of carotenoid biosynthetic genes, and a slower rate of chlorophyll degradation. Conversely, overexpression of CrMYB33 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) enhanced chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid biosynthesis, resulting in a deeper red coloration of the fruits. Furthermore, the transcription of associated genes was upregulated in CrMYB33-overexpressing tomato fruits. Additional assays reveal that CrMYB33 exhibits direct links and activation of the promoters of lycopene β-cyclase 2 (CrLCYb2), and β-carotene hydroxylases 2 (CrBCH2), both crucial genes in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. Additionally, it was found to inhibit chlorophyllase (CrCLH), a gene essential in chlorophyll degradation. These findings provide insight into the observed changes in LCYb2, BCH2, and CLH expression in the transgenic lines under investigation. In conclusion, our study revealed that CrMYB33 modulates carotenoid accumulation and chlorophyll degradation in citrus fruits through transcriptionally activating genes involved in metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Tian
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yuyan Yang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Bo Fang
- Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 401329, China
| | - Saleem Uddin
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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2
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Wu C, Cai D, Li J, Lin Z, Wei W, Shan W, Chen J, Lu W, Su X, Kuang J. Banana MabHLH28 positively regulates the expression of softening-related genes to mediate fruit ripening independently or via cooperating with MaWRKY49/111. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae053. [PMID: 38706579 PMCID: PMC11069428 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Texture softening is a physiological indicator of fruit ripening, which eventually contributes to fruit quality and the consumer's acceptance. Despite great progress having been made in identification of the genes related to fruit softening, the upstream transcriptional regulatory pathways of these softening-related genes are not fully elucidated. Here, a novel bHLH gene, designated as MabHLH28, was identified because of its significant upregulation in banana fruit ripening. DAP-Seq analysis revealed that MabHLH28 bound to the core sequence of 'CAYGTG' presented in promoter regions of fruit softening-associated genes, such as the genes related to cell wall modification (MaPG3, MaPE1, MaPL5, MaPL8, MaEXP1, MaEXP2, MaEXPA2, and MaEXPA15) and starch degradation (MaGWD1 and MaLSF2), and these bindings were validated by EMSA and DLR assays. Transient overexpression and knockdown of MabHLH28 in banana fruit resulted in up- and down-regulation of softening-related genes, thereby hastening and postponing fruit ripening. Furthermore, overexpression of MabHLH28 in tomato accelerated the ripening process by elevating the accumulation of softening-associated genes. In addition, MabHLH28 showed interaction withMaWRKY49/111 and itself to form protein complexes, which could combinatorically strengthen the transcription of softening-associated genes. Taken together, our findings suggest that MabHLH28 mediates fruit softening by upregulating the expression of softening-related genes either alone or in combination with MaWRKY49/111.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojie Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Danling Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zengxiang Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wei Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jianye Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wangjin Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xinguo Su
- Agronomy Dean, Guangdong AIB Polytechnic College, Guangzhou 510507, China
| | - Jianfei Kuang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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3
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Liang MH, Li XY. Involvement of Transcription Factors and Regulatory Proteins in the Regulation of Carotenoid Accumulation in Plants and Algae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18660-18673. [PMID: 38053506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential for photosynthesis and photoprotection in photosynthetic organisms, which are widely used in food coloring, feed additives, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Carotenoid biofortification in crop plants or algae has been considered as a sustainable strategy to improve human nutrition and health. However, the regulatory mechanisms of carotenoid accumulation are still not systematic and particularly scarce in algae. This article focuses on the regulatory mechanisms of carotenoid accumulation in plants and algae through regulatory factors (transcription factors and regulatory proteins), demonstrating the complexity of homeostasis regulation of carotenoids, mainly including transcriptional regulation as the primary mechanism, subsequent post-translational regulation, and cross-linking with other metabolic processes. Different organs of plants and different plant/algal species usually have specific regulatory mechanisms for the biosynthesis, storage, and degradation of carotenoids in response to the environmental and developmental signals. In plants and algae, regulators such as MYB, bHLH, MADS, bZIP, AP2/ERF, WRKY, and orange proteins can be involved in the regulation of carotenoid metabolism. And many more regulators, regulatory networks, and mechanisms need to be explored. Our paper will provide a basis for multitarget or multipathway engineering for carotenoid biofortification in plants and algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Ecological Science, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Xian-Yi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Ecological Science, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
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4
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Sun Q, He Z, Wei R, Yin Y, Ye J, Chai L, Xie Z, Guo W, Xu J, Cheng Y, Xu Q, Deng X. Transcription factor CsTT8 promotes fruit coloration by positively regulating the methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway and carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in citrus ( Citrus spp.). HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad199. [PMID: 38023480 PMCID: PMC10673655 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids directly influence citrus fruit color and nutritional value, which is critical to consumer acceptance. Elucidating the potential molecular mechanism underlying carotenoid metabolism is of great importance for improving fruit quality. Despite the well-established carotenoid biosynthetic pathways, the molecular regulatory mechanism underlying carotenoid metabolism remains poorly understood. Our previous studies have reported that the Myc-type basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor (TF) regulates citrus proanthocyanidin biosynthesis. Transgenic analyses further showed that overexpression of CsTT8 could significantly promote carotenoid accumulation in transgenic citrus calli, but its regulatory mechanism is still unclear. In the present study, we found that overexpression of CsTT8 enhances carotenoid content in citrus fruit and calli by increasing the expression of CsDXR, CsHDS, CsHDR, CsPDS, CsLCYE, CsZEP, and CsNCED2, which was accompanied by changes in the contents of abscisic acid and gibberellin. The in vitro and in vivo assays indicated that CsTT8 directly bound to the promoters of CsDXR, CsHDS, and CsHDR, the key metabolic enzymes of the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, thus providing precursors for carotenoid biosynthesis and transcriptionally activating the expression of these three genes. In addition, CsTT8 activated the promoters of four key carotenoid biosynthesis pathway genes, CsPDS, CsLCYE, CsZEP, and CsNCED2, directly promoting carotenoid biosynthesis. This study reveals a novel network of carotenoid metabolism regulated by CsTT8. Our findings will contribute to manipulating carotenoid metabolic engineering to improve the quality of citrus fruit and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Sun
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Zhengchen He
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ranran Wei
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yingzi Yin
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junli Ye
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lijun Chai
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zongzhou Xie
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wenwu Guo
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Juan Xu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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5
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Liu Y, Singh SK, Pattanaik S, Wang H, Yuan L. Light regulation of the biosynthesis of phenolics, terpenoids, and alkaloids in plants. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1055. [PMID: 37853112 PMCID: PMC10584869 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Biosynthesis of specialized metabolites (SM), including phenolics, terpenoids, and alkaloids, is stimulated by many environmental factors including light. In recent years, significant progress has been made in understanding the regulatory mechanisms involved in light-stimulated SM biosynthesis at the transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational levels of regulation. While several excellent recent reviews have primarily focused on the impacts of general environmental factors, including light, on biosynthesis of an individual class of SM, here we highlight the regulation of three major SM biosynthesis pathways by light-responsive gene expression, microRNA regulation, and posttranslational modification of regulatory proteins. In addition, we present our future perspectives on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Liu
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Sanjay K Singh
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Sitakanta Pattanaik
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
| | - Hongxia Wang
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chenshan Botanical Garden, 3888 Chenhua Road, 201602, Songjiang, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
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6
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Ding A, Bao F, Yuan X, Wang J, Cheng T, Zhang Q. Integrative Analysis of Metabolome and Transcriptome Revealed Lutein Metabolism Contributed to Yellow Flower Formation in Prunus mume. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3333. [PMID: 37765497 PMCID: PMC10537319 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Prunus mume is a famous ornamental woody tree with colorful flowers. P. mume with yellow flowers is one of the most precious varieties. Regretfully, metabolites and regulatory mechanisms of yellow flowers in P. mume are still unclear. This hinders innovation of flower color breeding in P. mume. To elucidate the metabolic components and molecular mechanisms of yellow flowers, we analyzed transcriptome and metabolome between 'HJH' with yellow flowers and 'ZLE' with white flowers. Comparing the metabolome of the two varieties, we determined that carotenoids made contributions to the yellow flowers rather than flavonoids. Lutein was the key differential metabolite to cause yellow coloration of 'HJH'. Transcriptome analysis revealed significant differences in the expression of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) between the two varieties. Specifically, the expression level of PmCCD4 was higher in 'ZLE' than that in 'HJH'. Moreover, we identified six major transcription factors that probably regulated PmCCD4 to affect lutein accumulation. We speculated that carotenoid cleavage genes might be closely related to the yellow flower phenotype in P. mume. Further, the coding sequence of PmCCD4 has been cloned from the 'HJH' petals, and bioinformatics analysis revealed that PmCCD4 possessed conserved histidine residues, ensuring its enzymatic activity. PmCCD4 was closely related to PpCCD4, with a homology of 98.16%. Instantaneous transformation analysis in petal protoplasts of P. mume revealed PmCCD4 localization in the plastid. The overexpression of PmCCD4 significantly reduced the carotenoid content in tobacco plants, especially the lutein content, indicating that lutein might be the primary substrate for PmCCD4. We speculated that PmCCD4 might be involved in the cleavage of lutein in plastids, thereby affecting the formation of yellow flowers in P. mume. This work could establish a material and molecular basis of molecular breeding in P. mume for improving the flower color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqin Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fei Bao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xi Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tangren Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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7
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Zhu L, Shan W, Cai D, Lin Z, Wu C, Wei W, Yang Y, Lu W, Chen J, Su X, Kuang J. High temperature elevates carotenoid accumulation of banana fruit via upregulation of MaEIL9 module. Food Chem 2023; 412:135602. [PMID: 36739724 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Banana is a good source of carotenoids, which are bioactive metabolites with health beneficial properties for human. However, the molecular mechanism of carotenoid accumulation in banana fruit is largely unclear. In this study, we found that high temperature elevated carotenoid production in banana pulp, which is presumably due to upregulation of a subset of carotenogenic genes as well as a carotenoid biosynthesis regulator MaSPL16. Moreover, an ethylene signaling component MaEIL9 was identified, whose transcript and protein contents were also induced by high temperature. In addition, MaEIL9 positively regulates transcription of MaDXR1, MaPDS1, MaZDS1 and MaSPL16 through directly targeting their promoters. Overexpression of MaEIL9 in tomato fruit substantially increased the expression of carotenoid formation genes and elevated carotenoid content. Importantly, transiently silencing MaEIL9 in banana fruit weakened carotenoid production caused by high temperature. Taken together, these results indicate that high temperature induces carotenoid production in banana fruit, at least in part, through MaEIL9-mediated activation of MaDXR1, MaPDS1, MaZDS1 and MaSPL16 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wei Shan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Danling Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zengxiang Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chaojie Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yingying Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wangjin Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jianye Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xinguo Su
- Guangdong AIB Polytechnic College, Guangzhou 510507, China.
| | - Jianfei Kuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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8
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Liu Z, Mao L, Yang B, Cui Q, Dai Y, Li X, Chen Y, Dai X, Zou X, Ou L, Yang S. A multi-omics approach identifies bHLH71-like as a positive regulator of yellowing leaf pepper mutants exposed to high-intensity light. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad098. [PMID: 37426880 PMCID: PMC10323627 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Light quality and intensity can have a significant impact on plant health and crop productivity. Chlorophylls and carotenoids are classes of plant pigments that are responsible for harvesting light energy and protecting plants from the damaging effects of intense light. Our understanding of the role played by plant pigments in light sensitivity has been aided by light-sensitive mutants that change colors upon exposure to light of variable intensity. In this study, we conducted transcriptomic, metabolomic, and hormone analyses on a novel yellowing mutant of pepper (yl1) to shed light on the molecular mechanism that regulates the transition from green to yellow leaves in this mutant upon exposure to high-intensity light. Our results revealed greater accumulation of the carotenoid precursor phytoene and the carotenoids phytofluene, antheraxanthin, and zeaxanthin in yl1 compared with wild-type plants under high light intensity. A transcriptomic analysis confirmed that enzymes involved in zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin biosynthesis were upregulated in yl1 upon exposure to high-intensity light. We also identified a single basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, bHLH71-like, that was differentially expressed and positively correlated with light intensity in yl1. Silencing of bHLH71-like in pepper plants suppressed the yellowing phenotype and led to reduced accumulation of zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin. We propose that the yellow phenotype of yl1 induced by high light intensity could be caused by an increase in yellow carotenoid pigments, concurrent with a decrease in chlorophyll accumulation. Our results also suggest that bHLH71-like functions as a positive regulator of carotenoid biosynthesis in pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoubin Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Lianzhen Mao
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Bozhi Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Qingzhi Cui
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Yunhua Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Xueqiao Li
- Institute of Vegetables, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 570100, China
| | - Yisong Chen
- Institute of Vegetables, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 570100, China
| | - Xiongze Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Xuexiao Zou
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Lijun Ou
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Sha Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China
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9
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Liang MH, Xie SR, Chen HH, Jiang JG. DbMADS regulates carotenoid metabolism by repressing two carotenogenic genes in the green alga Dunaliella sp. FACHB-847. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:1324-1335. [PMID: 37087727 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
MADS transcription factors are involved in the regulation of fruit development and carotenoid metabolism in plants. However, whether and how carotenoid accumulation is regulated by algal MADS are largely unknown. In this study, we first used functional complementation to confirm the functional activity of phytoene synthase from the lutein-rich Dunaliella sp. FACHB-847 (DbPSY), the key rate-limiting enzyme in the carotenoid biosynthesis. Promoters of DbPSY and DbLcyB (lycopene β-cyclase) possessed multiple cis-acting elements such as light-, UV-B-, dehydration-, anaerobic-, and salt-responsive elements, W-box, and C-A-rich-G-box (MADS-box). Meanwhile, we isolated one nucleus-localized MADS transcription factor (DbMADS), belonging to type I MADS gene. Three carotenogenic genes, DbPSY, DbLcyB, and DbBCH (β-carotene hydroxylase) genes were upregulated at later stages, which was well correlated with the carotenoid accumulation. In contrast, DbMADS gene was highly expressed at lag phase with low carotenoid accumulation. Yeast one-hybrid assay and dual-luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that DbMADS could directly bind to the promoters of two carotenogenic genes, DbPSY and DbLcyB, and repress their transcriptions. This study suggested that DbMADS may act as a negative regulator of carotenoid biosynthesis by repressing DbPSY and DbLcyB at the lag phase, which provide new insights into the regulatory mechanisms of carotenoid metabolism in Dunaliella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Liang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Ecological Science, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan-Rong Xie
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao-Hong Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Guo Jiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Xia H, Lin Z, He Z, Guo Y, Liu X, Deng H, Li M, Xie Y, Zhang M, Wang J, Lv X, Deng Q, Luo X, Tang Y, Lin L, Liang D. AcMADS32 positively regulates carotenoid biosynthesis in kiwifruit by activating AcBCH1/2 expression. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124928. [PMID: 37224896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fruits provide abundant carotenoid nutrients for humans, whereas the understanding of the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of carotenoids in fruits is still limited. Here, we identified a transcription factor AcMADS32 in kiwifruit, which was highly expressed in the fruit, correlated with carotenoid content and localized in the nucleus. The silencing expression of AcMADS32 significantly reduced the content of β-carotene and zeaxanthin and expression of β-carotene hydroxylase gene AcBCH1/2 in kiwifruit, while transient overexpression increased the accumulation of zeaxanthin, suggesting that AcMADS32 was an activator involved in the transcriptional regulation of carotenoid in fruit. When AcMADS32 was further stably transformed into kiwifruit, the content of total carotenoid and components in the leaves of transgenic lines significantly increased, and the expression level of carotenogenic genes was up-regulated. Moreover, Y1H and dual luciferase reporter experiments confirmed that AcMADS32 directly bound the AcBCH1/2 promoter and activated its expression. Through Y2H assays, AcMADS32 can interact with other MADS transcription factor AcMADS30, AcMADS64 and AcMADS70. These findings will contribute to our understanding of the transcriptional regulation mechanisms underlying carotenoid biosynthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xia
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhiyi Lin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zunzhen He
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuqi Guo
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xinling Liu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Honghong Deng
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Minzhang Li
- Sichuan Provincial Academy of Natural Resources Sciences, Chengdu 610015, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Sichuan Provincial Academy of Natural Resources Sciences, Chengdu 610015, China
| | - Mingfei Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiulan Lv
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qunxian Deng
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xian Luo
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yi Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lijin Lin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Dong Liang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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11
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Diao Q, Tian S, Cao Y, Yao D, Fan H, Zhang Y. Transcriptome analysis reveals association of carotenoid metabolism pathway with fruit color in melon. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5004. [PMID: 36973323 PMCID: PMC10043268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31432-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractFlesh color is an important quality of melon (Cucumis melo L.) and is determined mainly by carotenoid content, awarding them with colors, aromas, and nutrients. enhancing the nutritional and health benefits of fruits and vegetables for humans. In this study, we performed transcriptomic analysis of two melon inbred line “B-14” (orange-flesh) and “B-6” (white-flesh) at three developmental stages. We observed that the β-carotene content of inbred line “B-6” (14.232 μg/g) was significantly lower than that of inbred line “B-14” (0.534 μg/g). RNA-sequencing and quantitative reverse transcription PCR analyses were performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two inbred lines at different stages; the DEGs were analyzed using the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases (KEGG). We identified 33 structural DEGs in different developmental periods of the two lines that were related to carotenoid metabolism. Among them, PSY, Z-ISO, ZDS, CRTISO, CCD4, VDE1, and NCED2 were highly correlated with carotenoid content. Thus, this study provides a basis for molecular mechanism of carotenoid biosynthesis and flesh color in melon fruit.
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12
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Yi L, Zhou W, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Wu N, Wang Y, Dai Z. Genetic mapping of a single nuclear locus determines the white flesh color in watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1090009. [PMID: 36824206 PMCID: PMC9941332 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1090009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Flesh color is an important trait in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.). Several flesh color genes have been identified in watermelon; however, the inheritance of and the molecular basis underlying the white flesh trait remain largely unknown. METHODS In this study, segregation populations were constructed by crossing the canary yellow flesh line HSH-F with the white flesh line Sanbai to fine-map the white flesh gene in watermelon. RESULTS Genetic analysis indicated that the white flesh trait is controlled by a single recessive locus, termed Clwf2. Map-based cloning delimited the Clwf2 locus to a 132.3-kb region on chromosome 6. The candidate region contains 13 putative genes, and four of them-Cla97C06G121860, Cla97C06G121880, Cla97C06G121890, and Cla97C06G121900-were significantly downregulated in the white flesh compared to the canary yellow flesh watermelon fruits. The Cla97C06G121890 gene, which encodes a tetratricopeptide repeat protein, showed almost no expression in the white flesh fruit before maturity, whereas it had a very high expression in the canary yellow flesh fruit at 18 days after pollination. Transmission electron microscopy revealed rounded and regularly shaped chromoplasts in both the canary yellow and white flesh fruits. Further quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of several key plastid division genes and almost the entire carotenoid biosynthesis pathway genes were downregulated in the white flesh compared to the canary yellow flesh fruits. DISCUSSION This study suggests that the proliferation inhibition of chromoplasts and downregulation of the CBP genes block the accumulation of carotenoids in watermelon and lead to white flesh. These findings advance and extend the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying white flesh trait formation and carotenoid biosynthesis in watermelon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licong Yi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Enhancement and Genetic Improvement, Industrial Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Cultivation on Alpine Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Enhancement and Genetic Improvement, Industrial Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Cultivation on Alpine Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zibiao Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Enhancement and Genetic Improvement, Industrial Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Na Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Enhancement and Genetic Improvement, Industrial Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunqiang Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Enhancement and Genetic Improvement, Industrial Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Cultivation on Alpine Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaoyi Dai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Enhancement and Genetic Improvement, Industrial Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Cultivation on Alpine Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
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13
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Zhao X, Zhang Y, Long T, Wang S, Yang J. Regulation Mechanism of Plant Pigments Biosynthesis: Anthocyanins, Carotenoids, and Betalains. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090871. [PMID: 36144275 PMCID: PMC9506007 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins, carotenoids, and betalains are known as the three major pigments in the plant kingdom. Anthocyanins are flavonoids derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. They undergo acylation and glycosylation in the cytoplasm to produce anthocyanin derivatives and deposits in the cytoplasm. Anthocyanin biosynthesis is regulated by the MBW (comprised by R2R3-MYB, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) and WD40) complex. Carotenoids are fat-soluble terpenoids whose synthetic genes also are regulated by the MBW complex. As precursors for the synthesis of hormones and nutrients, carotenoids are not only synthesized in plants, but also synthesized in some fungi and bacteria, and play an important role in photosynthesis. Betalains are special water-soluble pigments that exist only in Caryophyllaceae plants. Compared to anthocyanins and carotenoids, the synthesis and regulation mechanism of betalains is simpler, starting from tyrosine, and is only regulated by MYB (myeloblastosis). Recently, a considerable amount of novel information has been gathered on the regulation of plant pigment biosynthesis, specifically with respect to aspects. In this review, we summarize the knowledge and current gaps in our understanding with a view of highlighting opportunities for the development of pigment-rich plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuecheng Zhao
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yueran Zhang
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Tuan Long
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Shouchuang Wang
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jun Yang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (J.Y.)
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14
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Ampomah-Dwamena C, Tomes S, Thrimawithana AH, Elborough C, Bhargava N, Rebstock R, Sutherland P, Ireland H, Allan AC, Espley RV. Overexpression of PSY1 increases fruit skin and flesh carotenoid content and reveals associated transcription factors in apple ( Malus × domestica). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:967143. [PMID: 36186009 PMCID: PMC9520574 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.967143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the transcriptional regulation of the carotenoid metabolic pathway is still emerging and here, we have misexpressed a key biosynthetic gene in apple to highlight potential transcriptional regulators of this pathway. We overexpressed phytoene synthase (PSY1), which controls the key rate-limiting biosynthetic step, in apple and analyzed its effects in transgenic fruit skin and flesh using two approaches. Firstly, the effects of PSY overexpression on carotenoid accumulation and gene expression was assessed in fruit at different development stages. Secondly, the effect of light exclusion on PSY1-induced fruit carotenoid accumulation was examined. PSY1 overexpression increased carotenoid content in transgenic fruit skin and flesh, with beta-carotene being the most prevalent carotenoid compound. Light exclusion by fruit bagging reduced carotenoid content overall, but carotenoid content was still higher in bagged PSY fruit than in bagged controls. In tissues overexpressing PSY1, plastids showed accelerated chloroplast to chromoplast transition as well as high fluorescence intensity, consistent with increased number of chromoplasts and carotenoid accumulation. Surprisingly, the expression of other carotenoid pathway genes was elevated in PSY fruit, suggesting a feed-forward regulation of carotenogenesis when this enzyme step is mis-expressed. Transcriptome profiling of fruit flesh identified differentially expressed transcription factors (TFs) that also were co-expressed with carotenoid pathway genes. A comparison of differentially expressed genes from both the developmental series and light exclusion treatment revealed six candidate TFs exhibiting strong correlation with carotenoid accumulation. This combination of physiological, transcriptomic and metabolite data sheds new light on plant carotenogenesis and TFs that may play a role in regulating apple carotenoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sumathi Tomes
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Caitlin Elborough
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
- BioLumic Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nitisha Bhargava
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ria Rebstock
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul Sutherland
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hilary Ireland
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew C. Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard V. Espley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
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15
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Wang N, Nian Y, Li R, Shao Y, Li W. Transcription Factor CpbHLH3 and CpXYN1 Gene Cooperatively Regulate Fruit Texture and Counteract 1-Methylcyclopropene Inhibition of Softening in Postharvest Papaya ( Carica papaya L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9919-9930. [PMID: 35921197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a climacteric fruit susceptible to postharvest losses attributable to ethylene-induced ripening and softening. In this study, we examined the effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment (1 μL L-1 for 20 h) on the textural properties of "SunUp" papaya fruit and investigated the regulatory mechanisms of molecular profiles. Compared with control, postharvest 1-MCP treatment significantly inhibited fruit softening, which is associated with higher hemicellulose content and lower xylanase activity of papaya fruit. Moreover, RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analyses indicated that CpbHLH3 and CpXYN1 were differentially expressed during storage. Yeast one-hybrid, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and dual-luciferase reporter assays disclosed that CpbHLH3 activated the transcription of CpXYN1 by binding directly to its promoter. Transient overexpression of CpbHLH3 alleviates the inhibitory effect of 1-MCP on softening by increasing xylanase activity and upregulating the gene expression. Our observations provide new insights into the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that govern softening of postharvest papaya fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Yuwei Nian
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Yuanzhi Shao
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Wen Li
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
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16
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Song X, Li N, Zhang Y, Liang Y, Zhou R, Yu T, Shen S, Feng S, Zhang Y, Li X, Lin H, Wang X. Transcriptomics and Genomics Analysis Uncover the Differentially Expressed Chlorophyll and Carotenoid-Related Genes in Celery. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168986. [PMID: 36012264 PMCID: PMC9409461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Celery (Apium graveolens L.), a plant from Apiaceae, is one of the most important vegetables and is grown worldwide. Carotenoids can capture light energy and transfer it to chlorophyll, which plays a central role in photosynthesis. Here, by performing transcriptomics and genomics analysis, we identified and conducted a comprehensive analysis of chlorophyll and carotenoid-related genes in celery and six representative species. Significantly, different contents and gene expression patterns were found among three celery varieties. In total, 237 and 290 chlorophyll and carotenoid-related genes were identified in seven species. No notable gene expansion of chlorophyll biosynthesis was detected in examined species. However, the gene encoding ζ-carotene desaturase (ZDS) enzyme in carotenoid was expanded in celery. Comparative genomics and RNA-seq analyses revealed 16 and 5 key genes, respectively, regulating chlorophyll and carotenoid. An intriguing finding is that chlorophyll and carotenoid-related genes were coordinately regulated by transcriptional factors, which could be distinctively classified into positive- and negative-regulation groups. Six CONSTANS (CO)-like transcription factors co-regulated chlorophyll and carotenoid-related genes were identified in celery. In conclusion, this study provides new insights into the regulation of chlorophyll and carotenoid by transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Song
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Center for Genomics and Bio-Computing, School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Nan Li
- Center for Genomics and Bio-Computing, School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Yingchao Zhang
- Center for Genomics and Bio-Computing, School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Yi Liang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing 100097, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tong Yu
- Center for Genomics and Bio-Computing, School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Shaoqin Shen
- Center for Genomics and Bio-Computing, School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Shuyan Feng
- Center for Genomics and Bio-Computing, School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Center for Genomics and Bio-Computing, School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Xiuqing Li
- Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton, NB E3B 4Z7, Canada
| | - Hao Lin
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiyin Wang
- Center for Genomics and Bio-Computing, School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (X.W.)
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17
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Fu X, Chen J, Li J, Dai G, Tang J, Yang Z. Mechanism underlying the carotenoid accumulation in shaded tea leaves. Food Chem X 2022; 14:100323. [PMID: 35571330 PMCID: PMC9097638 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term shading treatment (14 days) increased carotenoid content in tea leaves. Long-term darkness (14 days) decreased carotenoid content in tea leaves. Long-term shading treatment increased carotenoid biosynthetic gene expression levels. Long-term darkness decreased carotenoid biosynthetic gene expression levels. The functions of CsDXS1, CsDXS3, CsPSY, CsLCYB and CsLCYE genes have been verified.
Carotenoids contribute to tea leaf coloration and are the precursors of important aromatic compounds. Shading can promote the accumulation of carotenoids in tea leaves, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. In the study, we analyzed the content and composition of carotenoids, and transcript levels and functions of related genes in carotenoid biosynthesis using HPLC, qRT-PCR, and heterologous expression system. It was found that long-term shading (14 days, 90% shading) significantly increased the total carotenoid content in tea leaves, and increased the expression of non-mevalonate pathway (MEP) genes (CsDXS1 and CsDXS3) and key genes in carotenoid synthesis pathway (CsPSY, CsLCYB, and CsLCYE). Long-term exposure to darkness (14 days, 0 lx) decreased the transcription of most carotenoid biosynthetic genes and adversely affected carotenoid accumulation. Furthermore, CsDXS1, CsDXS3, CsPSY, CsLCYB, and CsLCYE were functionally identified and contributed to the enhanced accumulation of carotenoids in tea leaves in response to long-term shading.
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18
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Hu F, Bi X, Liu H, Fu X, Li Y, Yang Y, Zhang X, Wu R, Li G, Lv Y, Huang J, Luo X, Shi R. Transcriptome and carotenoid profiling of different varieties of Coffea arabica provides insights into fruit color formation. PLANT DIVERSITY 2022; 44:322-334. [PMID: 35769592 PMCID: PMC9209900 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The processability and ultimate quality of coffee (C offea arabica) are determined by the composition of the matured fruits. The basis of genetic variation in coffee fruit quality could be explained by studying color formation during fruit maturation. Transcriptome profiling was conducted on matured fruits of four C. arabica varieties (orange colored fruits (ORF); purple colored fruits (PF); red colored fruits (RF) and yellow colored fruits (YF)) to identify key color-regulating genes, biosynthesis pathways and transcription factors implicated in fruit color formation. A total of 39,938 genes were identified in the transcriptomes of the four C. arabica varieties. In all, 2745, 781 and 1224 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in YF_vs_PF, YF_vs_RF and YF_vs_ORF, respectively, with 1732 DEGs conserved among the three pairwise groups. Functional annotation of the DEGs led to the detection of 28 and 82 key genes involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids and anthocyanins, respectively. Key transcription factors bHLH, MYB, NAC, MADS, and WRKY implicated in fruit color regulation were detected. The high expression levels of gene-LOC113688784 (PSY), gene-LOC113730013 (β-CHY), gene-LOC113728842 (CCD7), gene-LOC113689681 (NCED) and gene-LOC113729473 (ABA2) in YF may have accounted for the yellow coloration. The differential expression of several anthocyanin and carotenoid-specific genes in the fruits substantially account for the purple (PF), red (RF), and orange (ORF) colorations. This study provides important insights into fruit color formation and variations in C. arabica and will help to develop coffee varieties with specific color and quality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faguang Hu
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Xiaofei Bi
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Hongming Liu
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Xingfei Fu
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Ruirui Wu
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Guiping Li
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Yulan Lv
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Jiaxiong Huang
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Xinping Luo
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Rui Shi
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, China
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Huang X, Hu L, Kong W, Yang C, Xi W. Red light-transmittance bagging promotes carotenoid accumulation of grapefruit during ripening. Commun Biol 2022; 5:303. [PMID: 35379890 PMCID: PMC8980019 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Light, a crucial environmental signal, is involved in the regulation of secondary metabolites. To understand the mechanism by which light influences carotenoid metabolism, grapefruits were bagged with four types of light-transmitting bags that altered the transmission of solar light. We show that light-transmitting bagging induced changes in carotenoid metabolism during fruit ripening. Compared with natural light, red light (RL)-transmittance treatment significantly increases the total carotenoid content by 62%. Based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), ‘blue’ and ‘turquoise’ modules are remarkably associated with carotenoid metabolism under different light treatment (p < 0.05). Transcriptome analysis identifies transcription factors (TFs) bHLH128, NAC2-like/21/72, MYB-like, AGL11/AGL61, ERF023/062, WRKY20, SBPlike-7/13 as being involved in the regulation of carotenoid metabolism in response to RL. Under RL treatment, these TFs regulate the accumulation of carotenoids by directly modulating the expression of carotenogenic genes, including GGPPS2, PDS, Z-ISO, ZDS2/7, CRTISO3, CYP97A, CHYB, ZEP2, CCD1-2. Based on these results, a network of the regulation of carotenoid metabolism by light in citrus fruits is preliminarily proposed. These results show that RL treatments have great potential to improve coloration and nutritional quality of citrus fruits. Grapefruits ripened in red light-transmitting bags have 62% more carotenoid content than those ripened in natural light, leading to better coloration and higher nutritional quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulian Huang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Linping Hu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Wenbin Kong
- Chongqing Agricultural Technology Extension Station, Chongqing, 401121, China
| | - Can Yang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Wanpeng Xi
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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20
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He Y, Li M, Wang Y, Shen S. The R2R3-MYB transcription factor MYB44 modulates carotenoid biosynthesis in Ulva prolifera. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Peng L, Gao W, Song M, Li M, He D, Wang Z. Integrated Metabolome and Transcriptome Analysis of Fruit Flavor and Carotenoids Biosynthesis Differences Between Mature-Green and Tree-Ripe of cv. "Golden Phoenix" Mangoes ( Mangifera indica L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:816492. [PMID: 35283889 PMCID: PMC8907839 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.816492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The commodity value of fruits is directly affected by fruit flavor and color. Secondary metabolites, such as amino acids, organic acids, esters, and β-carotene, are important synthetic products, which are of great significance in the flavor formation of mango fruits. In this study, a total of 309 different metabolites, consisting of organic acids, amino acids, phenolic acids, and saccharides, and a further 84 types of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified in differential levels in TR vs. MG mango fruit stages. The major volatile compounds found were ester [2(3H)-furanone, 5-ethyldihydro; N-(2,5-ditrifluoromethylbenzoyl)-D-alanine, pentyl ester; and Octanoic acid, ethyl ester], aldehyde (benzaldehyde, 3-ethyl, and nonanal), and phenol [2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-(1-methylethyl) phenol]. The analysis of carotenoid contents identified 68 carotenoids and we report for the first-time significant contents of zeaxanthin palmitate and (E/Z)-phytoene in mango fruits. α-carotene was a further major contributor to carotene contents with lesser contributions from 5,6epoxy-lutein-caprate-palmitate, β-carotene, lutein oleate, and β-cryptoxanthin. What is more, lutein content was significantly decreased in TR vs. MG fruit. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that relative to the MG stage, the expression of carotenogenic genes GGPS, PSY, LCYB, and ZEP was downregulated in TR mango fruit, whereas the transcript levels of PSD, CHYB, and NCED were downregulated. Additionally, the transcription level of some transcription factors (MYB, bHLH, and NAC) was highly correlated with pigment content in the pulp and may be responsible for carotenoid accumulation. The results describe major differences in metabolic pathways during the transition from MG to the TR stage of fruit ripening that are likely to contribute alterations in fruit flavor and provide several associated genes to be further studied in mango fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Peng
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Wenke Gao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Miaoyu Song
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Minghai Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Dinan He
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Ziran Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
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22
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Huang Q, Liu J, Hu C, Wang N, Zhang L, Mo X, Li G, Liao H, Huang H, Ji S, Chen D. Integrative analyses of transcriptome and carotenoids profiling revealed molecular insight into variations in fruits color of Citrus Reticulata Blanco induced by transplantation. Genomics 2022; 114:110291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Sun T, Rao S, Zhou X, Li L. Plant carotenoids: recent advances and future perspectives. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2022; 2:3. [PMID: 37789426 PMCID: PMC10515021 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-022-00023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are isoprenoid metabolites synthesized de novo in all photosynthetic organisms. Carotenoids are essential for plants with diverse functions in photosynthesis, photoprotection, pigmentation, phytohormone synthesis, and signaling. They are also critically important for humans as precursors of vitamin A synthesis and as dietary antioxidants. The vital roles of carotenoids to plants and humans have prompted significant progress toward our understanding of carotenoid metabolism and regulation. New regulators and novel roles of carotenoid metabolites are continuously revealed. This review focuses on current status of carotenoid metabolism and highlights recent advances in comprehension of the intrinsic and multi-dimensional regulation of carotenoid accumulation. We also discuss the functional evolution of carotenoids, the agricultural and horticultural application, and some key areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhu Sun
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Sombir Rao
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Xuesong Zhou
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Li Li
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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24
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Geng F, Nie R, Yang N, Cai L, Hu Y, Chen S, Cheng X, Wang Z, Chen L. Integrated transcriptome and metabolome profiling of Camellia reticulata reveal mechanisms of flower color differentiation. Front Genet 2022; 13:1059717. [PMID: 36482888 PMCID: PMC9725097 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1059717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Camellia reticulata (Lindl.) is an important ornamental plant in China. Long-term natural or artificial selections have resulted in diverse phenotypes, especially for flower colors. Modulating flower colors can enhance the visual appeal and economic value in ornamental plants. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying flower color differentiation in C. reticulata. We performed a combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis of the petals of a popular variety C. reticulata (HHYC) (red), and its two cultivars "Xuejiao" (XJ) (pink) and "Tongzimian" (TZM) (white). Targeted metabolome profiling identified 310 flavonoid compounds of which 18 anthocyanins were differentially accumulated among the three samples with an accumulation pattern of HHYC > XJ > TZM. Likewise, transcriptome analysis showed that carotenoid and anthocyanin biosynthetic structural genes were mostly expressed in order of HHYC > XJ > TZM. Two genes (gene-LOC114287745765 and gene-LOC114289234) encoding for anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase are predicted to be responsible for red coloration in HHYC and XJ. We also detected 42 MYB and 29 bHLH transcription factors as key regulators of anthocyanin-structural genes. Overall, this work showed that flavonoids, particularly anthocyanins contents are the major determinants of flower color differentiation among the 3 C. reticulata samples. In addition, the main regulatory and structural genes modulating anthocyanin contents in C. reticulata have been unveiled. Our results will help in the development of Camellia varieties with specific flower color and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Geng
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Landscape Architecture Engineering Technology Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Yunnan Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization Technology Engineering Research Center, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ruimin Nie
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Landscape Architecture Engineering Technology Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Yunnan Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization Technology Engineering Research Center, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Nan Yang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Landscape Architecture Engineering Technology Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Yunnan Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization Technology Engineering Research Center, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lei Cai
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - YunChong Hu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Landscape Architecture Engineering Technology Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Yunnan Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization Technology Engineering Research Center, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shengtong Chen
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Landscape Architecture Engineering Technology Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Yunnan Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization Technology Engineering Research Center, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaomao Cheng
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Landscape Architecture Engineering Technology Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Yunnan Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization Technology Engineering Research Center, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhonglang Wang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Longqing Chen
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Landscape Architecture Engineering Technology Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Yunnan Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization Technology Engineering Research Center, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Mathiazhagan M, Chidambara B, Hunashikatti LR, Ravishankar KV. Genomic Approaches for Improvement of Tropical Fruits: Fruit Quality, Shelf Life and Nutrient Content. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1881. [PMID: 34946829 PMCID: PMC8701245 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The breeding of tropical fruit trees for improving fruit traits is complicated, due to the long juvenile phase, generation cycle, parthenocarpy, polyploidy, polyembryony, heterozygosity and biotic and abiotic factors, as well as a lack of good genomic resources. Many molecular techniques have recently evolved to assist and hasten conventional breeding efforts. Molecular markers linked to fruit development and fruit quality traits such as fruit shape, size, texture, aroma, peel and pulp colour were identified in tropical fruit crops, facilitating Marker-assisted breeding (MAB). An increase in the availability of genome sequences of tropical fruits further aided in the discovery of SNP variants/Indels, QTLs and genes that can ascertain the genetic determinants of fruit characters. Through multi-omics approaches such as genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics and proteomics, the identification and quantification of transcripts, including non-coding RNAs, involved in sugar metabolism, fruit development and ripening, shelf life, and the biotic and abiotic stress that impacts fruit quality were made possible. Utilizing genomic assisted breeding methods such as genome wide association (GWAS), genomic selection (GS) and genetic modifications using CRISPR/Cas9 and transgenics has paved the way to studying gene function and developing cultivars with desirable fruit traits by overcoming long breeding cycles. Such comprehensive multi-omics approaches related to fruit characters in tropical fruits and their applications in breeding strategies and crop improvement are reviewed, discussed and presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kundapura V. Ravishankar
- Division of Basic Sciences, ICAR Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru 560089, India; (M.M.); (B.C.); (L.R.H.)
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26
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Sabbadini S, Capocasa F, Battino M, Mazzoni L, Mezzetti B. Improved nutritional quality in fruit tree species through traditional and biotechnological approaches. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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27
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Ma X, Luo X, Wei Y, Bai T, Shi J, Zheng B, Xu W, Li L, Wang S, Zhang J, Wu H. Chromosome-Scale Genome and Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis Reveal Transcriptional Regulators of β-Carotene Biosynthesis in Mango. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:749108. [PMID: 34712262 PMCID: PMC8545804 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.749108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mango (2n = 2x = 40) is an important tropical/subtropical evergreen fruit tree grown worldwide and yields nutritionally rich and high-value fruits. Here, a high-quality mango genome (396 Mb, contig N50 = 1.03 Mb) was assembled using the cultivar "Irwin" from Florida, USA. A total of 97.19% of the sequences were anchored to 20 chromosomes, including 36,756 protein-coding genes. We compared the β-carotene content, in two different cultivars ("Irwin" and "Baixiangya") and growth periods. The variation in β-carotene content mainly affected fruit flesh color. Additionally, transcriptome analysis identified genes related to β-carotene biosynthesis. MiPSY1 was proved to be a key gene regulating β-carotene biosynthesis. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis, dual luciferase, and yeast one-hybrid assays confirmed that transcription factors (TFs) MibZIP66 and MibHLH45 activate MiPSY1 transcription by directly binding to the CACGTG motif of the MiPSY1 promoter. However, the two TFs showed no significant synergistic effect on promoter activity. The results of the current study provide a genomic platform for studying the molecular basis of the flesh color of mango fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Ma
- Key Laboratory for Postharvest Physiology and Technology of Tropical Horticultural Products of Hainan Province, South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaption and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yongzan Wei
- Key Laboratory for Postharvest Physiology and Technology of Tropical Horticultural Products of Hainan Province, South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Tuanhui Bai
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiangli Shi
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bing Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Postharvest Physiology and Technology of Tropical Horticultural Products of Hainan Province, South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Wentian Xu
- Key Laboratory for Postharvest Physiology and Technology of Tropical Horticultural Products of Hainan Province, South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory for Postharvest Physiology and Technology of Tropical Horticultural Products of Hainan Province, South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Songbiao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Postharvest Physiology and Technology of Tropical Horticultural Products of Hainan Province, South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jisen Zhang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Wu
- Key Laboratory for Postharvest Physiology and Technology of Tropical Horticultural Products of Hainan Province, South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang, China
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28
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Dang Q, Sha H, Nie J, Wang Y, Yuan Y, Jia D. An apple (Malus domestica) AP2/ERF transcription factor modulates carotenoid accumulation. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:223. [PMID: 34611138 PMCID: PMC8492665 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00694-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Color is an important trait for horticultural crops. Carotenoids are one of the main pigments for coloration and have important implications for photosynthesis in plants and benefits for human health. Here, we identified an APETALA2 (AP2)/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (ERF) transcription factor named MdAP2-34 in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). MdAP2-34 expression exhibited a close correlation with carotenoid content in 'Benin Shogun' and 'Yanfu 3' fruit flesh. MdAP2-34 promotes carotenoid accumulation in MdAP2-34-OVX transgenic apple calli and fruits by participating in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. The major carotenoid contents of phytoene and β-carotene were much higher in overexpressing MdAP2-34 transgenic calli and fruit skin, yet the predominant compound of lutein showed no obvious difference, indicating that MdAP2-34 regulates phytoene and β-carotene accumulation but not lutein. MdPSY2-1 (phytoene synthase 2) is a major gene in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in apple fruit, and the MdPSY2-1 gene is directly bound and transcriptionally activated by MdAP2-34. In addition, overexpressing MdPSY2-1 in apple calli mainly increases phytoene and total carotenoid contents. Our findings will advance and extend our understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms of carotenoid biosynthesis in apple, and this research is valuable for accelerating the apple breeding process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Dang
- Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Haiyun Sha
- Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jiyun Nie
- Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yongzhang Wang
- Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yongbing Yuan
- Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Dongjie Jia
- Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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29
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Gong J, Zeng Y, Meng Q, Guan Y, Li C, Yang H, Zhang Y, Ampomah-Dwamena C, Liu P, Chen C, Deng X, Cheng Y, Wang P. Red light-induced kumquat fruit coloration is attributable to increased carotenoid metabolism regulated by FcrNAC22. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6274-6290. [PMID: 34125891 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids play vital roles in the coloration of plant tissues and organs, particularly fruits; however, the regulation of carotenoid metabolism in fruits during ripening is largely unknown. Here, we show that red light promotes fruit coloration by inducing accelerated degreening and carotenoid accumulation in kumquat fruits. Transcriptome profiling revealed that a NAC (NAM/ATAF/CUC2) family transcription factor, FcrNAC22, is specifically induced in red light-irradiated fruits. FcrNAC22 localizes to the nucleus, and its gene expression is up-regulated as fruits change color. Results from dual luciferase, yeast one-hybrid assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicate that FcrNAC22 directly binds to, and activates the promoters of three genes encoding key enzymes in the carotenoid metabolic pathway. Moreover, FcrNAC22 overexpression in citrus and tomato fruits as well as in citrus callus enhances expression of most carotenoid biosynthetic genes, accelerates plastid conversion into chromoplasts, and promotes color change. Knock down of FcrNAC22 expression in transiently transformed citrus fruits attenuates fruit coloration induced by red light. Taken together, our results demonstrate that FcrNAC22 is an important transcription factor that mediates red light-induced fruit coloration via up-regulation of carotenoid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Gong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yunliu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qiunan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yajie Guan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chengyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hongbin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yingzi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Charles Ampomah-Dwamena
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ping Liu
- Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Chuanwu Chen
- Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Soares CG, do Prado SBR, Andrade SCS, Fabi JP. Systems Biology Applied to the Study of Papaya Fruit Ripening: The Influence of Ethylene on Pulp Softening. Cells 2021; 10:2339. [PMID: 34571988 PMCID: PMC8467500 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Papaya is a fleshy fruit that undergoes fast ethylene-induced modifications. The fruit becomes edible, but the fast pulp softening is the main factor that limits the post-harvest period. Papaya fast pulp softening occurs due to cell wall disassembling coordinated by ethylene triggering that massively expresses pectinases. In this work, RNA-seq analysis of ethylene-treated and non-treated papayas enabled a wide transcriptome overview that indicated the role of ethylene during ripening at the gene expression level. Several families of transcription factors (AP2/ERF, NAC, and MADS-box) were differentially expressed. ACO, ACS, and SAM-Mtase genes were upregulated, indicating a high rate of ethylene biosynthesis after ethylene treatment. The correlation among gene expression and physiological data demonstrated ethylene treatment can indeed simulate ripening, and regulation of changes in fruit color, aroma, and flavor could be attributed to the coordinated expression of several related genes. Especially about pulp firmness, the identification of 157 expressed genes related to cell wall metabolism demonstrated that pulp softening is accomplished by a coordinated action of several different cell wall-related enzymes. The mechanism is different from other commercially important fruits, such as strawberry, tomato, kiwifruit, and apple. The observed behavior of this new transcriptomic data confirms ethylene triggering is the main event that elicits fast pulp softening in papayas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Giacomelli Soares
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (C.G.S.); (S.B.R.d.P.)
- Food Research Center (FoRC), CEPID-FAPESP (Research, Innovation and Dissemination Centers, São Paulo Research Foundation), São Paulo 05508-080, Brazil
| | - Samira Bernardino Ramos do Prado
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (C.G.S.); (S.B.R.d.P.)
- Food Research Center (FoRC), CEPID-FAPESP (Research, Innovation and Dissemination Centers, São Paulo Research Foundation), São Paulo 05508-080, Brazil
| | - Sónia C. S. Andrade
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil;
| | - João Paulo Fabi
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (C.G.S.); (S.B.R.d.P.)
- Food Research Center (FoRC), CEPID-FAPESP (Research, Innovation and Dissemination Centers, São Paulo Research Foundation), São Paulo 05508-080, Brazil
- Food and Nutrition Research Center (NAPAN), University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil
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31
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Wang Z, Song M, Wang Z, Chen S, Ma H. Metabolome and transcriptome analysis of flavor components and flavonoid biosynthesis in fig female flower tissues (Ficus carica L.) after bagging. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:396. [PMID: 34433422 PMCID: PMC8386004 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bagging can improve the appearance of fruits and increase the food safety and commodification, it also has effects on intrinsic quality of the fruits, which was commonly reported negative changes. Fig can be regarded as a new model fruit with its relatively small genome size and long fruit season. RESULTS In this study, widely targeted metabolomics based on HPLC MS/MS and RNA-seq of the fruit tissue of the 'Zibao' fig before and after bagging were analyzed to reveal the metabolites changes of the edible part of figs and the underneath gene expression network changes. A total of 771 metabolites were identified in the metabolome analysis using fig female flower tissue. Of these, 88 metabolites (including one carbohydrate, eight organic acids, seven amino acids, and two vitamins) showed significant differences in fruit tissue before and after bagging. Changes in 16 structural genes, 13 MYB transcription factors, and endogenous hormone (ABA, IAA, and GA) metabolism and signal transduction-related genes in the biosynthesis pathway of flavonoids after bagging were analyzed by transcriptome analysis. KEGG enrichment analysis also determined significant differences in flavonoid biosynthesis pathways in female flower tissue before and after bagging. CONCLUSIONS This work provided comprehensive information on the composition and abundance of metabolites in the female flower tissue of fig. The results showed that the differences in flavor components of the fruit before and after bagging could be explained by changes in the composition and abundance of carbohydrates, organic acids, amino acids, and phenolic compounds. This study provides new insights into the effects of bagging on changes in the intrinsic and appearance quality of fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziran Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650224 P. R. China
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China
| | - Miaoyu Song
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China
| | - Zhe Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China
| | - Shangwu Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China
| | - Huiqin Ma
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China
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Lu S, Ye J, Zhu K, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Xu Q, Deng X. A Citrus Phosphate Starvation Response Factor CsPHL3 Negatively Regulates Carotenoid Metabolism. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:482-493. [PMID: 33493291 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids provide precursors for the biosynthesis of strigolactones, which are a new class of hormones that are essential in phosphate (Pi) signaling during plant development. Carotenoid metabolism is a finely tuned pathway, but our understanding of the regulation mechanisms is still limited. In this study, we isolated a protein designated as CsPHL3 from citrus. CsPHL3 belonged to the Pi starvation response factor (PHR)-like subclade and was upregulated by low Pi. Acting as a nucleus-localized protein with transactivation activity, CsPHL3 bound directly to activate the promoter of a key metabolic gene, lycopene β-cyclase1 (LCYb1). Transgenic analysis revealed that the CsPHL3-overexpressing tomato plants exhibited abnormal growth, like the plants grew under limited Pi conditions. The transgenic lines showed reduced carotenoid contents and elevated expression of LCYb genes but downregulation of other key carotenogenic genes, including phytoene synthase (PSY). Moreover, CsPHL3 induced anthocyanin biosynthesis and affected Pi signaling in the transgenic plants. We further demonstrated that the expression of PSY was negatively regulated by CsPHL3 and high Pi. It is concluded that CsPHL3 is a Pi starvation response factor that negatively regulates carotenoid metabolism by modulating the expression of carotenogenic genes. Establishment of the CsPHL3-CsLCYb1 network provides new valuable knowledge of the function and underlying mechanism of PHR transcription factors and expands our understanding of the complex regulation mechanisms of carotenoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwen Lu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junli Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaijie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Qiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Yuan P, Umer MJ, He N, Zhao S, Lu X, Zhu H, Gong C, Diao W, Gebremeskel H, Kuang H, Liu W. Transcriptome regulation of carotenoids in five flesh-colored watermelons (Citrullus lanatus). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:203. [PMID: 33910512 PMCID: PMC8082968 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02965-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit flesh color in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is a great index for evaluating the appearance quality and a key contributor influencing consumers' preferences. But the molecular mechanism of this intricate trait remains largely unknown. Here, the carotenoids and transcriptome dynamics during the fruit development of cultivated watermelon with five different flesh colors were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 13 carotenoids and 16,781 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 1295 transcription factors (TFs), were detected in five watermelon genotypes during the fruit development. The comprehensive accumulation patterns of carotenoids were closely related to flesh color. A number of potential structural genes and transcription factors were found to be associated with the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway using comparative transcriptome analysis. The differentially expressed genes were divided into six subclusters and distributed in different GO terms and metabolic pathways. Furthermore, we performed weighted gene co-expression network analysis and predicted the hub genes in six main modules determining carotenoid contents. Cla018406 (a chaperone protein dnaJ-like protein) may be a candidate gene for β-carotene accumulation and highly expressed in orange flesh-colored fruit. Cla007686 (a zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein) was highly expressed in the red flesh-colored watermelon, maybe a key regulator of lycopene accumulation. Cla003760 (membrane protein) and Cla021635 (photosystem I reaction center subunit II) were predicted to be the hub genes and may play an essential role in yellow flesh formation. CONCLUSIONS The composition and contents of carotenoids in five watermelon genotypes vary greatly. A series of candidate genes were revealed through combined analysis of metabolites and transcriptome. These results provide an important data resource for dissecting candidate genes and molecular basis governing flesh color formation in watermelon fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingli Yuan
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Jawad Umer
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan He
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengjie Zhao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuqiang Lu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongju Zhu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengsheng Gong
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, People's Republic of China
| | - Weinan Diao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, People's Republic of China
| | - Haileslassie Gebremeskel
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanhui Kuang
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenge Liu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, People's Republic of China.
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Li L, Ye J, Li H, Shi Q. Characterization of Metabolites and Transcripts Involved in Flower Pigmentation in Primula vulgaris. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:572517. [PMID: 33329630 PMCID: PMC7714730 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.572517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Primula vulgaris exhibits a wide range of flower colors and is a valuable ornamental plant. The combination of flavonols/anthocyanins and carotenoids provides various colorations ranging from yellow to violet-blue. However, the complex metabolic networks and molecular mechanisms underlying the different flower colors of P. vulgaris remain unclear. Based on comprehensive analysis of morphological anatomy, metabolites, and gene expression in different-colored flowers of P. vulgaris, the mechanisms relating color-determining compounds to gene expression profiles were revealed. In the case of P. vulgaris flower color, hirsutin, rosinin, petunidin-, and cyanidin-type anthocyanins and the copigment herbacetin contributed to the blue coloration, whereas peonidin-, cyandin-, and delphinidin-type anthocyanins showed high accumulation levels in pink flowers. The color formation of blue and pink were mainly via the regulation of F3'5'H (c53168), AOMT (c47583, c44905), and 3GT (c50034). Yellow coloration was mainly due to gossypetin and carotenoid, which were regulated by F3H (c43100), F3 1 (c53714), 3GT (c53907) as well as many carotenoid biosynthetic pathway-related genes. Co-expression network and transient expression analysis suggested a potential direct link between flavonoid and carotenoid biosynthetic pathways through MYB transcription factor regulation. This work reveals that transcription changes influence physiological characteristics, and biochemistry characteristics, and subsequently results in flower coloration in P. vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jing Ye
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Houhua Li
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qianqian Shi
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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35
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Luo M, Zhou X, Hao Y, Sun H, Zhou Q, Sun Y, Ji SJ. Methyl jasmonate pretreatment improves aroma quality of cold-stored 'Nanguo' pears by promoting ester biosynthesis. Food Chem 2020; 338:127846. [PMID: 32836001 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cold storage is widely used for delaying ripening and senescence; however, fruit aroma diminishes noticeably after long-term cold storage. The esters synthesized by the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway are responsible for 'Nanguo' pear aroma. As methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is known to act on various fruit qualities, we investigated whether it acts via the LOX pathway in cold-stored 'Nanguo' pears. MeJA treatment increased the content of volatile esters and unsaturated fatty acids and the activities of alcohol acyltransferase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and LOX. It also up-regulated the expression of key genes (PuAAT, PuADH3, PuADH5, PuADH9, PuLOX1, and PuLOX3) in the LOX pathway and that of transcription factors (PuMYB21-like, PuMYB108-like, PuWRKY61, PuWRKY72, and PuWRKY31), whose genes were differentially expressed in preliminary transcriptome analysis. Therefore, considering its effects on LOX pathway-related genes and transcription factors, MeJA may be useful in preventing cold-storage-induced decline in ester biosynthesis, aroma, and consequently the quality of cold-stored 'Nanguo' pears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manli Luo
- Department of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China
| | - Yi Hao
- Liao Ning Institute of Pomology, Yingkou 115009, PR China
| | - Huajun Sun
- Department of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Department of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China
| | - Yangyang Sun
- Department of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China
| | - Shu-Juan Ji
- Department of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China.
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36
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Stanley LE, Ding B, Sun W, Mou F, Hill C, Chen S, Yuan YW. A Tetratricopeptide Repeat Protein Regulates Carotenoid Biosynthesis and Chromoplast Development in Monkeyflowers ( Mimulus). THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:1536-1555. [PMID: 32132132 PMCID: PMC7203930 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the factors regulating carotenoid biosynthesis in flowers. Here, we characterized the REDUCED CAROTENOID PIGMENTATION2 (RCP2) locus from two monkeyflower (Mimulus) species, the bumblebee-pollinated species Mimulus lewisii and the hummingbird-pollinated species Mimulus verbenaceus We show that loss-of-function mutations of RCP2 cause drastic down-regulation of the entire carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. The causal gene underlying RCP2 encodes a tetratricopeptide repeat protein that is closely related to the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) REDUCED CHLOROPLAST COVERAGE proteins. RCP2 appears to regulate carotenoid biosynthesis independently of RCP1, a previously identified R2R3-MYB master regulator of carotenoid biosynthesis. We show that RCP2 is necessary and sufficient for chromoplast development and carotenoid accumulation in floral tissues. Simultaneous down-regulation of RCP2 and two closely related paralogs, RCP2-L1 and RCP2-L2, yielded plants with pale leaves deficient in chlorophyll and carotenoids and with reduced chloroplast compartment size. Finally, we demonstrate that M. verbenaceus is just as amenable to chemical mutagenesis and in planta transformation as the more extensively studied M. lewisii, making these two species an excellent platform for comparative developmental genetics studies of closely related species with dramatic phenotypic divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Stanley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - Baoqing Ding
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - Wei Sun
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Fengjuan Mou
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
- Faculty of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China
| | - Connor Hill
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - Shilin Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yao-Wu Yuan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
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37
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Zhu LS, Liang SM, Chen LL, Wu CJ, Wei W, Shan W, Chen JY, Lu WJ, Su XG, Kuang JF. Banana MaSPL16 Modulates Carotenoid Biosynthesis during Fruit Ripening through Activating the Transcription of Lycopene β-Cyclase Genes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:1286-1296. [PMID: 31891496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are a class of bioactive compounds that exhibit health-promoting properties for humans, but their regulation in bananas during fruit ripening remains largely unclear. Here, we found that the total carotenoid content continued to be elevated along the course of banana ripening and peaked at the ripening stage followed by a decrease, which is presumably caused by the transcript abundances of carotenoid biosynthetic genes MaLCYB1.1 and MaLCYB1.2. Moreover, a ripening-inducible transcription factor MaSPL16 was characterized, which was a nuclear protein with transactivation activity. Transient transformation of MaSPL16 in banana fruits led to enhanced transcript levels of MaLCYB1.1 and MaLCYB1.2 and hence the total carotenoid accumulation. Importantly, MaSPL16 stimulated the transcription of MaLCYB1.1 and MaLCYB1.2 through directly binding to their promoters. Collectively, our findings indicate that MaSPL16 behaves as an activator to modulate banana carotenoid biosynthesis, which may provide a new target for molecular improvement of the nutritional and bioactive qualities of agricultural crops that accumulate carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Sha Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , P. R. China
| | - Shu-Min Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , P. R. China
| | - Lu-Lu Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , P. R. China
| | - Chao-Jie Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Shan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , P. R. China
| | - Jian-Ye Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , P. R. China
| | - Wang-Jin Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , P. R. China
| | - Xin-Guo Su
- Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College , Longdongbei Road 321 , Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510520 , P. R. China
| | - Jian-Fei Kuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , P. R. China
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38
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Sun T, Li L. Toward the 'golden' era: The status in uncovering the regulatory control of carotenoid accumulation in plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 290:110331. [PMID: 31779888 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential pigments to plants and important natural products to humans. Carotenoids as both primary and specialized metabolites fulfill multifaceted functions in plants. As such, carotenoid accumulation (a net process of biosynthesis, degradation and sequestration) is subjected to complicated regulation throughout plant life cycle in response to developmental and environmental signals. Investigation of transcriptional regulation of carotenoid metabolic genes remains the focus in understanding the regulatory control of carotenoid accumulation. While discovery of bona fide carotenoid metabolic regulators is still challenging, the recent progress of identification of various transcription factors and regulators helps us to construct hierarchical regulatory network of carotenoid accumulation. The elucidation of carotenoid regulatory mechanisms at protein level and in chromoplast provides some insights into post-translational regulation of carotenogenic enzymes and carotenoid sequestration in plastid sink. This review briefly describes the pathways and main flux-controlling steps for carotenoid accumulation in plants. It highlights our recent understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying carotenoid accumulation at both transcriptional and post-translational levels. It also discusses the opportunities to expand toolbox for further shedding light upon the intrinsic regulation of carotenoid accumulation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhu Sun
- Robert W Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Li Li
- Robert W Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA.
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39
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Stanley L, Yuan YW. Transcriptional Regulation of Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Plants: So Many Regulators, So Little Consensus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1017. [PMID: 31447877 PMCID: PMC6695471 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway (CBP) is essential for the production of photosynthetic and protective pigments, plant hormones, and visual/olfactory attractants for animal pollinators and seed dispersers. The regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis at the transcriptional level is vitally important for all of these functions and has been the subject of intensive research. Many putative transcriptional regulators, both direct and indirect, have been identified through conventional mutant analysis, transcriptome profiling, yeast one-hybrid screening, and candidate gene approaches. Despite this progress, our understanding of the transcriptional regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis remains fragmented and incomplete. Frequently, a stimulus or regulator is known, but the mechanism by which it affects transcription has not been elucidated. In other cases, mechanisms have been proposed (such as direct binding of a CBP gene promoter by a transcription factor), but function was tested only in vitro or in heterologous systems, making it unclear whether these proteins actually play a role in carotenoid regulation in their endogenous environments. Even in cases where the mechanism is relatively well understood, regulators are often studied in isolation, either in a single plant species or outside the context of other known regulators. This presents a conundrum: why so many candidate regulators but so little consensus? Here we summarize current knowledge on transcriptional regulation of the CBP, lay out the challenges contributing to this conundrum, identify remaining knowledge gaps, and suggest future research directions to address these challenges and knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Stanley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Yao-Wu Yuan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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