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Roser LA, Sakellariou C, Lindstedt M, Neuhaus V, Dehmel S, Sommer C, Raasch M, Flandre T, Roesener S, Hewitt P, Parnham MJ, Sewald K, Schiffmann S. IL-2-mediated hepatotoxicity: knowledge gap identification based on the irAOP concept. J Immunotoxicol 2024; 21:2332177. [PMID: 38578203 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2024.2332177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced hepatotoxicity constitutes a major reason for non-approval and post-marketing withdrawal of pharmaceuticals. In many cases, preclinical models lack predictive capacity for hepatic damage in humans. A vital concern is the integration of immune system effects in preclinical safety assessment. The immune-related Adverse Outcome Pathway (irAOP) approach, which is applied within the Immune Safety Avatar (imSAVAR) consortium, presents a novel method to understand and predict immune-mediated adverse events elicited by pharmaceuticals and thus targets this issue. It aims to dissect the molecular mechanisms involved and identify key players in drug-induced side effects. As irAOPs are still in their infancy, there is a need for a model irAOP to validate the suitability of this tool. For this purpose, we developed a hepatotoxicity-based model irAOP for recombinant human IL-2 (aldesleukin). Besides producing durable therapeutic responses against renal cell carcinoma and metastatic melanoma, the boosted immune activation upon IL-2 treatment elicits liver damage. The availability of extensive data regarding IL-2 allows both the generation of a comprehensive putative irAOP and to validate the predictability of the irAOP with clinical data. Moreover, IL-2, as one of the first cancer immunotherapeutics on the market, is a blueprint for various biological and novel treatment regimens that are under investigation today. This review provides a guideline for further irAOP-directed research in immune-mediated hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise A Roser
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Malin Lindstedt
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Vanessa Neuhaus
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Preclinical Pharmacology and In-Vitro Toxicology, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
| | - Susann Dehmel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Preclinical Pharmacology and In-Vitro Toxicology, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
| | - Charline Sommer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Preclinical Pharmacology and In-Vitro Toxicology, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Thierry Flandre
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sigrid Roesener
- Chemical and Preclinical Safety, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Philip Hewitt
- Chemical and Preclinical Safety, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael J Parnham
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- EpiEndo Pharmaceuticals ehf, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Katherina Sewald
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Preclinical Pharmacology and In-Vitro Toxicology, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
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Andrabi SBA, Kalim UU, Palani S, Khan MM, Khan MH, Fagersund J, Orpana J, Paulin N, Batkulwar K, Junttila S, Buchacher T, Grönroos T, Toikka L, Ammunet T, Sen P, Orešič M, Kumpulainen V, Tuomisto JEE, Sinha R, Marson A, Rasool O, Elo LL, Lahesmaa R. Long noncoding RNA LIRIL2R modulates FOXP3 levels and suppressive function of human CD4 + regulatory T cells by regulating IL2RA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315363121. [PMID: 38805281 PMCID: PMC11161746 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315363121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are central in controlling immune responses, and dysregulation of their function can lead to autoimmune disorders or cancer. Despite extensive studies on Tregs, the basis of epigenetic regulation of human Treg development and function is incompletely understood. Long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNA)s are important for shaping and maintaining the epigenetic landscape in different cell types. In this study, we identified a gene on the chromosome 6p25.3 locus, encoding a lincRNA, that was up-regulated during early differentiation of human Tregs. The lincRNA regulated the expression of interleukin-2 receptor alpha (IL2RA), and we named it the lincRNA regulator of IL2RA (LIRIL2R). Through transcriptomics, epigenomics, and proteomics analysis of LIRIL2R-deficient Tregs, coupled with global profiling of LIRIL2R binding sites using chromatin isolation by RNA purification, followed by sequencing, we identified IL2RA as a target of LIRIL2R. This nuclear lincRNA binds upstream of the IL2RA locus and regulates its epigenetic landscape and transcription. CRISPR-mediated deletion of the LIRIL2R-bound region at the IL2RA locus resulted in reduced IL2RA expression. Notably, LIRIL2R deficiency led to reduced expression of Treg-signature genes (e.g., FOXP3, CTLA4, and PDCD1), upregulation of genes associated with effector T cells (e.g., SATB1 and GATA3), and loss of Treg-mediated suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Bilal Ahmad Andrabi
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES – Innovation Ecosystem Based on the Immune System Flagship University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Ubaid Ullah Kalim
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES – Innovation Ecosystem Based on the Immune System Flagship University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Senthil Palani
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Mohd Moin Khan
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES – Innovation Ecosystem Based on the Immune System Flagship University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Meraj Hasan Khan
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES – Innovation Ecosystem Based on the Immune System Flagship University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Jimmy Fagersund
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES – Innovation Ecosystem Based on the Immune System Flagship University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Julius Orpana
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES – Innovation Ecosystem Based on the Immune System Flagship University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Niklas Paulin
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES – Innovation Ecosystem Based on the Immune System Flagship University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Kedar Batkulwar
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES – Innovation Ecosystem Based on the Immune System Flagship University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Sini Junttila
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES – Innovation Ecosystem Based on the Immune System Flagship University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Tanja Buchacher
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES – Innovation Ecosystem Based on the Immune System Flagship University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Toni Grönroos
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Lea Toikka
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Tea Ammunet
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES – Innovation Ecosystem Based on the Immune System Flagship University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Partho Sen
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Matej Orešič
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES – Innovation Ecosystem Based on the Immune System Flagship University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro702 81, Sweden
| | - Venla Kumpulainen
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna E. E. Tuomisto
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Rahul Sinha
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Alexander Marson
- Gladstone-University of California San Francisco Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA94158
| | - Omid Rasool
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES – Innovation Ecosystem Based on the Immune System Flagship University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura L. Elo
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES – Innovation Ecosystem Based on the Immune System Flagship University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Lahesmaa
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES – Innovation Ecosystem Based on the Immune System Flagship University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520Turku, Finland
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Atehortua L, Sean Davidson W, Chougnet CA. Interactions Between HDL and CD4+ T Cells: A Novel Understanding of HDL Anti-Inflammatory Properties. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:1191-1201. [PMID: 38660807 PMCID: PMC11111342 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.124.320851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Several studies in animal models and human cohorts have recently suggested that HDLs (high-density lipoproteins) not only modulate innate immune responses but also adaptative immune responses, particularly CD4+ T cells. CD4+ T cells are central effectors and regulators of the adaptive immune system, and any alterations in their homeostasis contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, autoimmunity, and inflammatory diseases. In this review, we focus on how HDLs and their components affect CD4+ T-cell homeostasis by modulating cholesterol efflux, immune synapsis, proliferation, differentiation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. While the effects of apoB-containing lipoproteins on T cells have been relatively well established, this review focuses specifically on new connections between HDL and CD4+ T cells. We present a model where HDL may modulate T cells through both direct and indirect mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Atehortua
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - W. Sean Davidson
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Claire A. Chougnet
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
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Zhou L, Velegraki M, Wang Y, Mandula JK, Chang Y, Liu W, Song NJ, Kwon H, Xiao T, Bolyard C, Hong F, Xin G, Ma Q, Rubinstein MP, Wen H, Li Z. Spatial and functional targeting of intratumoral Tregs reverses CD8+ T cell exhaustion and promotes cancer immunotherapy. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e180080. [PMID: 38787791 PMCID: PMC11245154 DOI: 10.1172/jci180080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Intratumoral Tregs are key mediators of cancer immunotherapy resistance, including anti-programmed cell death (ligand) 1 [anti-PD-(L)1] immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). The mechanisms driving Treg infiltration into the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the consequence on CD8+ T cell exhaustion remain elusive. Here, we report that heat shock protein gp96 (also known as GRP94) was indispensable for Treg tumor infiltration, primarily through the roles of gp96 in chaperoning integrins. Among various gp96-dependent integrins, we found that only LFA-1 (αL integrin), and not αV, CD103 (αE), or β7 integrin, was required for Treg tumor homing. Loss of Treg infiltration into the TME by genetic deletion of gp96/LFA-1 potently induced rejection of tumors in multiple ICB-resistant murine cancer models in a CD8+ T cell-dependent manner, without loss of self-tolerance. Moreover, gp96 deletion impeded Treg activation primarily by suppressing IL-2/STAT5 signaling, which also contributed to tumor regression. By competing for intratumoral IL-2, Tregs prevented the activation of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, drove thymocyte selection-associated high mobility group box protein (TOX) induction, and induced bona fide CD8+ T cell exhaustion. By contrast, Treg ablation led to striking CD8+ T cell activation without TOX induction, demonstrating clear uncoupling of the 2 processes. Our study reveals that the gp96/LFA-1 axis plays a fundamental role in Treg biology and suggests that Treg-specific gp96/LFA-1 targeting represents a valuable strategy for cancer immunotherapy without inflicting autoinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology (PIIO), The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute (OSUCCC), Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Maria Velegraki
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology (PIIO), The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute (OSUCCC), Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology (PIIO), The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute (OSUCCC), Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - J K Mandula
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology (PIIO), The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute (OSUCCC), Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Yuzhou Chang
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology (PIIO), The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute (OSUCCC), Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology (PIIO), The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute (OSUCCC), Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - No-Joon Song
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology (PIIO), The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute (OSUCCC), Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Hyunwoo Kwon
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology (PIIO), The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute (OSUCCC), Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, USA
| | - Tong Xiao
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology (PIIO), The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute (OSUCCC), Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Chelsea Bolyard
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology (PIIO), The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute (OSUCCC), Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Feng Hong
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology (PIIO), The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute (OSUCCC), Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, USA
| | - Gang Xin
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology (PIIO), The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute (OSUCCC), Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, USA
| | - Qin Ma
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology (PIIO), The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute (OSUCCC), Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics
| | - Mark P. Rubinstein
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology (PIIO), The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute (OSUCCC), Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, USA
| | - Haitao Wen
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology (PIIO), The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute (OSUCCC), Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, USA
| | - Zihai Li
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology (PIIO), The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute (OSUCCC), Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, USA
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Wong VA, Dinh KN, Chen G, Wrenshall LE. IL-2Rα KO mice exhibit maternal microchimerism and reveal nuclear localization of IL-2Rα in lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1369818. [PMID: 38812502 PMCID: PMC11133634 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1369818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction IL-2Rα knock out (KO) mice have been instrumental to discovering the immunoregulatory properties of IL-2Rα. While initially thought of only as a stimulatory cytokine, IL-2 and IL-2Rα KO mice revealed that this cytokine-receptor system controls immune responses through restimulation-induced cell death and by promoting the survival of T regulatory cells. Although described mostly in the context of lymphocytes, recent studies by our laboratory showed that IL-2R is expressed in smooth muscle cells. Given this finding, we sought to use IL-2Rα KO to determine the function of this receptor in vascular smooth muscle cells. Surprisingly, we found that IL-2Rα KO vascular smooth muscle cells had detectable IL-2Rα. Methods We used multiple gene and protein-based methods to determine why IL-2Rα KO vascular smooth muscle cells exhibited IL-2Rα protein. These methods included: genomic sequencing, assessing cells and tissues for evidence of maternal microchimerism, and determining the half-life of IL-2Rα protein. Results Our studies demonstrated the following: (1) in addition to the cell surface, IL-2Rα is localized to the nucleus; (2) the genetic deletion of IL-2Rα is intact in IL-2Rα KO mice; (3) both IL-2Rα KO and WT tissues show evidence of maternal microchimerism, the likely source of IL-2Rα (4) IL-2Rα is transmitted between cells; (5) IL-2Rα has a long half-life; and (6) nuclear IL-2Rα contributes to the regulation of cell proliferation and size. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the phenotype of complete IL-2Rα loss is more severe than demonstrated by IL-2Rα KO mice, and that IL-2Rα plays a here-to-fore unrecognized role in regulating cell proliferation in non-lymphoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Wong
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Kristie N. Dinh
- Fertility Wellness Institute of Ohio West Chester Township, OH, United States
| | - Guangchun Chen
- Genomics and Microarray Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Lucile E. Wrenshall
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
- Department of Medical Education, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
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Zhang R, Zhao Y, Chen X, Zhuang Z, Li X, Shen E. Low-dose IL-2 therapy in autoimmune diseases: An update review. Int Rev Immunol 2024; 43:113-137. [PMID: 37882232 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2023.2274574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are essential for maintaining self-immune tolerance. Reduced numbers or functions of Treg cells have been involved in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases and allograft rejection. Therefore, the approaches that increase the pool or suppressive function of Treg cells in vivo could be a general strategy to treat different autoimmune diseases and allograft rejection. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is essential for the development, survival, maintenance, and function of Treg cells, constitutively expressing the high-affinity receptor of IL-2 and sensitive response to IL-2 in vivo. And low-dose IL-2 therapy in vivo could restore the imbalance between autoimmune response and self-tolerance toward self-tolerance via promoting Treg cell expansion and inhibiting follicular helper T (Tfh) and IL-17-producing helper T (Th17) cell differentiation. Currently, low-dose IL-2 treatment is receiving extensive attention in autoimmune disease and transplantation treatment. In this review, we summarize the biology of IL-2/IL-2 receptor, the mechanisms of low-dose IL-2 therapy in autoimmune diseases, the application in the progress of different autoimmune diseases, including Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH), Alopecia Areata (AA), Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) and Chronic graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD). We also discuss the future directions to optimize low-dose IL-2 treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhi Zhang
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuyang Zhao
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangming Chen
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoqing Zhuang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Erxia Shen
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Cheng C, Liang S, Yue K, Wu N, Li Z, Dong T, Dong X, Ling M, Jiang Q, Liu J, Huang XJ. STAT5 is essential for inducing the suppressive subset and attenuate cytotoxicity of Vδ2 + T cells in acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Lett 2024; 587:216730. [PMID: 38360140 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Under the sustained exposure to tumor microenvironment, effector lymphocytes may transform into the suppressive populations. γδ T cells are recognized as a crucial mediator and effector of immune surveillance and thereby a promising candidate for anti-tumor immunotherapy. Emerging clinical studies implicate that some γδ T subsets play an important role in promoting tumor progression. Our previous study identified an abnormal Vδ2+ T cells subset with regulatory features (Reg-Vδ2) in the patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and demonstrated that Reg-Vδ2 cells significantly suppressed the anti-AML effects of effector Vδ2 cells (Eff-Vδ2). The molecular mechanism underlying the subset transformation of Vδ2 cells remains unclear. Here, we found that the expression and activity of STAT5 were significantly induced in Reg-Vδ2 cells compared with Eff-Vδ2 cells, which was consistent with the differences found in primary Vδ2 cells between AML patients and healthy donors. In-vitro experiments further indicated that STAT5 was required for the induction of Reg-Vδ2 cells. The combined immunophenotypical and functional assays showed that blockage of STAT5 alleviated the immunosuppressive effect of Reg-Vδ2 cells on Eff-Vδ2 cells and enhanced the anti-AML capacity of Vδ2 cells from health donors and AML patients. Collectively, these results suggest that STAT5 acts as a critical regulator in the transformation of effector Vδ2 cells into a subset with immunosuppressive characteristics, providing a potential target for the improvement the efficacy of γδ T cells-based immunotherapy to treat AML and other hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Cheng
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China; Research Unit of Key Technique for Diagnosis and Treatments of Hematologic Malignancies, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (2019RU029), Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Keli Yue
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Wu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Zongru Li
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Tianhui Dong
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Dong
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Min Ling
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangying Liu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China; Research Unit of Key Technique for Diagnosis and Treatments of Hematologic Malignancies, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (2019RU029), Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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8
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Sommer C, Cohen JN, Dehmel S, Neuhaus V, Schaudien D, Braun A, Sewald K, Rosenblum MD. Interleukin-2-induced skin inflammation. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350580. [PMID: 38430129 PMCID: PMC11015984 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Recombinant human IL-2 has been used to treat inflammatory diseases and cancer; however, side effects like skin rashes limit the use of this therapeutic. To identify key molecules and cells inducing this side effect, we characterized IL-2-induced cutaneous immune reactions and investigated the relevance of CD25 (IL-2 receptor α) in the process. We injected IL-2 intradermally into WT mice and observed increases in immune cell subsets in the skin with preferential increases in frequencies of IL-4- and IL-13-producing group 2 innate lymphoid cells and IL-17-producing dermal γδ T cells. This overall led to a shift toward type 2/type 17 immune responses. In addition, using a novel topical genetic deletion approach, we reduced CD25 on skin, specifically on all cutaneous cells, and found that IL-2-dependent effects were reduced, hinting that CD25 - at least partly - induces this skin inflammation. Reduction of CD25 specifically on skin Tregs further augmented IL-2-induced immune cell infiltration, hinting that CD25 on skin Tregs is crucial to restrain IL-2-induced inflammation. Overall, our data support that innate lymphoid immune cells are key cells inducing side effects during IL-2 therapy and underline the significance of CD25 in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Sommer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jarish N Cohen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Susann Dehmel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vanessa Neuhaus
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Schaudien
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
| | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katherina Sewald
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael D Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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9
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Shouse AN, LaPorte KM, Malek TR. Interleukin-2 signaling in the regulation of T cell biology in autoimmunity and cancer. Immunity 2024; 57:414-428. [PMID: 38479359 PMCID: PMC11126276 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a critical cytokine for T cell peripheral tolerance and immunity. Here, we review how IL-2 interaction with the high-affinity IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) supports the development and homeostasis of regulatory T cells and contributes to the differentiation of helper, cytotoxic, and memory T cells. A critical element for each T cell population is the expression of CD25 (Il2rα), which heightens the receptor affinity for IL-2. Signaling through the high-affinity IL-2R also reinvigorates CD8+ exhausted T (Tex) cells in response to checkpoint blockade. We consider the molecular underpinnings reflecting how IL-2R signaling impacts these various T cell subsets and the implications for enhancing IL-2-dependent immunotherapy of autoimmunity, other inflammatory disorders, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acacia N Shouse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Kathryn M LaPorte
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Thomas R Malek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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10
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Mortezaee K. Selective targeting or reprogramming of intra-tumoral Tregs. Med Oncol 2024; 41:71. [PMID: 38341821 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical immunosuppressive cells that are frequently present in the tumor microenvironment of solid cancers and enable progression of tumors toward metastasis. The cells expand in response to tumor-associated antigens and are actively involved in bypassing immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors through integrating numerous environmental signals. A point here is that Tregs are clonally distinct in peripheral blood from tumor area. Currently, an effective and novel task in cancer immunotherapy is to selectively destabilize or deplete intra-tumoral Tregs in order to avoid systemic inflammatory events. Helios is a transcription factor expressed selectively by Tregs and promotes their stabilization, and Trps1 is a master regulator of intra-tumoral Tregs. Anti-CCR8 and the IL-2Rβγ agonist Bempegaldesleukin selectively target intra-tumoral Treg population, with the former approved to not elicit autoimmunity. Disarming Treg-related immunosuppression in tumors through diverting their reprogramming or promoting naïve T cell differentiation into cells with effector immune activating profile is another promising area of research in cancer immunotherapy. Blimp-1 inhibitors and glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein agonists are example approaches that can be used for diverting Treg differentiation into Th1-like CD4+ T cells, thereby powering immunogenicity against cancer. Finally, selective target of intra-tumoral Tregs and their reprogramming into effector T cells is applicable using low-dose chemotherapy, and high-salt and high-tryptophan diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
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11
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Cohen JN, Gouirand V, Macon CE, Lowe MM, Boothby IC, Moreau JM, Gratz IK, Stoecklinger A, Weaver CT, Sharpe AH, Ricardo-Gonzalez RR, Rosenblum MD. Regulatory T cells in skin mediate immune privilege of the hair follicle stem cell niche. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadh0152. [PMID: 38181095 PMCID: PMC11003870 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adh0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Immune tolerance is maintained in lymphoid organs (LOs). Despite the presence of complex immune cell networks in non-LOs, it is unknown whether self-tolerance is maintained in these tissues. We developed a technique to restrict genetic recombination to regulatory T cells (Tregs) only in skin. Selective depletion of skin Tregs resulted in T cell-mediated inflammation of hair follicles (HFs). Suppression did not rely on CTLA-4, but instead on high-affinity interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor expression by skin Tregs, functioning exclusively in a cell-extrinsic manner. In a novel model of HF stem cell (HFSC)-driven autoimmunity, we reveal that skin Tregs immunologically protect the HFSC niche. Finally, we used spatial transcriptomics to identify aberrant IL-2 signaling at stromal-HF interfaces in a rare form of human alopecia characterized by HFSC destruction and alopecia areata. Collectively, these results reveal the fundamental biology of Tregs in skin uncoupled from the systemic pool and elucidate a mechanism of self-tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarish N. Cohen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Victoire Gouirand
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Courtney E. Macon
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Margaret M. Lowe
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ian C. Boothby
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joshua M. Moreau
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Iris K. Gratz
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Angelika Stoecklinger
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Casey T. Weaver
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Arlene H. Sharpe
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunological Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Michael D. Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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12
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Sehgal ANA, Tauber PA, Stieger RB, Kratzer B, Pickl WF. The T-Cell Growth Factor Interleukin-2, Which Is Occasionally Targeted by Autoantibodies, Qualifies as Drug for the Treatment of Allergy, Autoimmunity, and Cancer: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum (CIA) Update 2024. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2023; 185:286-300. [PMID: 38086339 PMCID: PMC10911178 DOI: 10.1159/000533677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin(IL)-2 was originally characterized as an important T-cellular growth factor but later on, turned out to be a pivotal homeostatic factor for the establishment and maintenance of both natural(n)Treg and peripheral(p)Treg. In this review, it was aimed to connect the peculiar structural and functional aspects of IL-2 to the innovative advancements in tailoring its multifaceted functional behavior for targeting various IL-2 receptor types. The article includes detailed descriptions of modified versions of IL-2, obtained by either mutating or fusing IL-2 to heterologous molecules or by forming IL-2/(monoclonal) antibody complexes (IL-2C), and discusses their functional implications for addressing such heterologous pathological conditions in cancer, autoimmunity, and allergy. Additionally, this review sheds light on the underexplored contribution of autoantibodies to the endogenous regulation of IL-2 within the realms of both health and disease. The ongoing efforts to fine-tune IL-2 responses through antibody-dependent targeting or molecular engineering offer considerable translational potential for the future utility of this important cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al Nasar Ahmed Sehgal
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Peter A. Tauber
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Robert B. Stieger
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Bernhard Kratzer
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Winfried F. Pickl
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University, Krems, Austria
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13
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Jamison BL, Lawrance M, Wang CJ, DeBerg HA, Sansom DM, Gavin MA, Walker LS, Campbell DJ. An IL-2 mutein increases IL-10 and CTLA-4-dependent suppression of dendritic cells by regulatory T cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.01.569613. [PMID: 38106196 PMCID: PMC10723345 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.01.569613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) variants with increased CD25 dependence that selectively expand Foxp3+ regulatory T (TR) cells are in clinical trials for treating inflammatory diseases. Using an Fc-fused IL-2 mutein (Fc.IL-2 mutein) we developed that prevents diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, we show that Fc.IL-2 mutein induced an activated TR population with elevated proliferation, a transcriptional program associated with Stat5- and TCR-dependent gene modules, and high IL-10 and CTLA-4 expression. Increased IL-10 signaling limited surface MHC class II upregulation during conventional dendritic cell (cDC) maturation, while increased CTLA-4-dependent transendocytosis led to the transfer of CD80 and CD86 costimulatory ligands from maturing cDCs to TR cells. In NOD mice, Fc.IL-2 mutein treatment promoted the suppression of cDCs in the inflamed pancreas and pancreatic lymph nodes resulting in T cell anergy. Thus, IL-2 mutein-expanded TR cells have enhanced functional properties and restrict cDC function, offering promise for targeted immunotherapy use in autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braxton L. Jamison
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Chun Jing Wang
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Pears Building, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, London, UK
| | | | - David M. Sansom
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Pears Building, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, London, UK
| | | | - Lucy S.K. Walker
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Pears Building, University College London Division of Infection & Immunity, London, UK
| | - Daniel J. Campbell
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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14
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Qiao Z, Zhao W, Liu Y, Feng W, Ma Y, Jin H. Low-dose Interleukin-2 For Psoriasis Therapy Based on the Regulation of Th17/Treg Cell Balance in Peripheral Blood. Inflammation 2023; 46:2359-2373. [PMID: 37596509 PMCID: PMC10673739 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01883-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
The imbalance between regulatory T (Treg) cells and efficient T cells plays an important role in psoriasis. Low-dose interleukin (IL)-2 can preferentially activate Treg cells and ameliorate the imbalance of Treg/efficient T cells. This study focused on the status of circulating CD4+ T subsets and the clinical efficacy of low-dose IL-2 therapies in psoriasis. This retrospective study included peripheral blood samples obtained from 45 psoriatic patients and 40 healthy controls. The 45 psoriatic patients received three cycles of subcutaneous low-dose IL-2 treatment (0.5 million IU/day for 2 weeks) combined with conventional therapies. Inflammatory indices, CD4+ T-lymphocyte subsets, and cytokines were measured in all patients before and after treatment. The percentage of Treg cells was dramatically decreased in the psoriasis group compared to the healthy group, and the percentage of Treg cells negatively correlated with the disease indices and the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) (P < 0.001). The Th17/Treg ratio was significantly increased in the psoriasis group compared to the healthy group, and the Th17/Treg ratio positively correlated with disease indices and PASI (P < 0.001). Low-dose IL-2 treatment significantly amplified the percentage of Treg cells and restored the Th17 and Treg immune balance in psoriasis (P < 0.001). Low-dose IL-2 combination therapy effectively improved the clinical manifestations of psoriasis but decreased the inflammatory indicators of the disease activity, with no apparent side effects. Thus, low-dose IL-2 provides a new strategy for the treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zusha Qiao
- Department of Dermatology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Wenpeng Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Cancer prevention and control office, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital/Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wenli Feng
- Department of Dermatology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hongzhong Jin
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, 100730, China.
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15
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Wong VA, Dinh KN, Chen G, Wrenshall LE. IL-2RαKO mice exhibit maternal microchimerism and reveal nuclear localization of IL-2Rα in lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.03.565571. [PMID: 37961725 PMCID: PMC10635137 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.03.565571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
IL-2Rα KO mice have been instrumental to discovering the immunoregulatory properties of IL-2Rα. While initially thought of only as a stimulatory cytokine, IL-2 and IL-2Rα knock out (KO) mice revealed that this cytokine-receptor system controls immune responses through restimulation-induced cell death and by promoting the survival of T regulatory cells. Although described mostly in the context of lymphocytes, recent studies by our laboratory showed that IL-2R is expressed in smooth muscle cells. Given this finding, we sought to use IL-2Rα knock mice to determine the function of this receptor in vascular smooth muscle cells. Surprisingly, we found that IL-2Rα knock out vascular smooth muscle cells had detectable IL-2Rα. Further studies suggested that the source of IL-2Rα protein was likely maternal heterozygous cells present in KO offspring due to maternal microchimerism. Because the KO was generated by using a neomycin resistance gene insert, we treated cells with G418 and were able to eliminate the majority of IL-2Rα expressing cells. This elimination revealed that IL-2Rα KO vascular smooth muscle cells exhibited increased proliferation, decreased size, and hypodiploid DNA content when compared to wildtype cells. Our findings suggest that the phenotype of complete IL-2Rα loss is more severe than demonstrated by IL-2Rα KO mice, and that IL-2Rα plays a here-to-fore unrecognized role in regulating cell proliferation in non-lymphoid cells.
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16
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Spolski R, Li P, Chandra V, Shin B, Goel S, Sakamoto K, Liu C, Oh J, Ren M, Enomoto Y, West EE, Christensen SM, Wan ECK, Ge M, Lin JX, Yan B, Kazemian M, Yu ZX, Nagao K, Vijayanand P, Rothenberg EV, Leonard WJ. Distinct use of super-enhancer elements controls cell type-specific CD25 transcription and function. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadi8217. [PMID: 37922339 PMCID: PMC10832512 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adi8217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
The IL-2 receptor α chain (IL-2Rα/CD25) is constitutively expressed on double-negative (DN2/DN3 thymocytes and regulatory T cells (Tregs) but induced by IL-2 on T and natural killer (NK) cells, with Il2ra expression regulated by a STAT5-dependent super-enhancer. We investigated CD25 regulation and function using a series of mice with deletions spanning STAT5-binding elements. Deleting the upstream super-enhancer region mainly affected constitutive CD25 expression on DN2/DN3 thymocytes and Tregs, with these mice developing autoimmune alopecia, whereas deleting an intronic region decreased IL-2-induced CD25 on peripheral T and NK cells. Thus, distinct super-enhancer elements preferentially control constitutive versus inducible expression in a cell type-specific manner. The mediator-1 coactivator colocalized with specific STAT5-binding sites. Moreover, both upstream and intronic regions had extensive chromatin interactions, and deletion of either region altered the super-enhancer structure in mature T cells. These results demonstrate differential functions for distinct super-enhancer elements, thereby indicating previously unknown ways to manipulate CD25 expression in a cell type-specific fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanne Spolski
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peng Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vivek Chandra
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Boyoung Shin
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Shubham Goel
- Cutaneous Leukocyte Biology Section, Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Keiko Sakamoto
- Cutaneous Leukocyte Biology Section, Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Chengyu Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jangsuk Oh
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Min Ren
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yutaka Enomoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Erin E West
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen M Christensen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Edwin C K Wan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Meili Ge
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jian-Xin Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bingyu Yan
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Majid Kazemian
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Zu-Xi Yu
- Pathology Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Keisuke Nagao
- Cutaneous Leukocyte Biology Section, Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Ellen V Rothenberg
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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17
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Tuomela K, Salim K, Levings MK. Eras of designer Tregs: Harnessing synthetic biology for immune suppression. Immunol Rev 2023; 320:250-267. [PMID: 37522861 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery, CD4+ CD25hi FOXP3hi regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been firmly established as a critical cell type for regulating immune homeostasis through a plethora of mechanisms. Due to their immunoregulatory power, delivery of polyclonal Tregs has been explored as a therapy to dampen inflammation in the settings of transplantation and autoimmunity. Evidence shows that Treg therapy is safe and well-tolerated, but efficacy remains undefined and could be limited by poor persistence in vivo and lack of antigen specificity. With the advent of new genetic engineering tools, it is now possible to create bespoke "designer" Tregs that not only overcome possible limitations of polyclonal Tregs but also introduce new features. Here, we review the development of designer Tregs through the perspective of three 'eras': (1) the era of FOXP3 engineering, in which breakthroughs in the biological understanding of this transcription factor enabled the conversion of conventional T cells to Tregs; (2) the antigen-specificity era, in which transgenic T-cell receptors and chimeric antigen receptors were introduced to create more potent and directed Treg therapies; and (3) the current era, which is harnessing advanced genome-editing techniques to introduce and refine existing and new engineering approaches. The year 2022 marked the entry of "designer" Tregs into the clinic, with exciting potential for application and efficacy in a wide variety of immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoliina Tuomela
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kevin Salim
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Megan K Levings
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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18
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Tatsumi N, El-Fenej J, Davila-Pagan A, Kumamoto Y. Rapid activation of IL-2 receptor signaling by CD301b + DC-derived IL-2 dictates the outcome of helper T cell differentiation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.26.564276. [PMID: 37961107 PMCID: PMC10634899 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.26.564276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Effector T helper (Th) cell differentiation is fundamental to functional adaptive immunity. Different subsets of dendritic cells (DCs) preferentially induce different types of Th cells, but the fate instruction mechanism for Th type 2 (Th2) differentiation remains enigmatic, as the critical DC-derived cue has not been clearly identified. Here, we show that CD301b+ DCs, a major Th2-inducing DC subset, drive Th2 differentiation through cognate interaction by 'kick-starting' IL-2 receptor signaling in CD4T cells. Mechanistically, CD40 engagement induces IL-2 production selectively from CD301b+ DCs to maximize CD25 expression in CD4 T cells, which is required specifically for the Th2 fate decision. On the other hand, CD25 in CD301b+ DCs facilitates directed action of IL-2 toward cognate CD4T cells. Furthermore, CD301b+ DC-derived IL-2 skews CD4T cells away from the T follicular helper fate. These results highlight the critical role of DC-intrinsic CD40-IL-2 axis in bifurcation of Th cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Tatsumi
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Jihad El-Fenej
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Alejandro Davila-Pagan
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Yosuke Kumamoto
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
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19
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Johansson K, Gagnon JD, Zhou SK, Fassett MS, Schroeder AW, Kageyama R, Bautista RA, Pham H, Woodruff PG, Ansel KM. An essential role for miR-15/16 in Treg suppression and restriction of proliferation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113298. [PMID: 37862171 PMCID: PMC10664750 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The miR-15/16 family targets a large network of genes in T cells to restrict their cell cycle, memory formation, and survival. Upon T cell activation, miR-15/16 are downregulated, allowing rapid expansion of differentiated effector T cells to mediate a sustained response. Here, we used conditional deletion of miR-15/16 in regulatory T cells (Tregs) to identify immune functions of the miR-15/16 family in T cells. miR-15/16 are indispensable to maintain peripheral tolerance by securing efficient suppression by a limited number of Tregs. miR-15/16 deficiency alters expression of critical Treg proteins and results in accumulation of functionally impaired FOXP3loCD25loCD127hi Tregs. Excessive proliferation in the absence of miR-15/16 shifts Treg fate and produces an effector Treg phenotype. These Tregs fail to control immune activation, leading to spontaneous multi-organ inflammation and increased allergic inflammation in a mouse model of asthma. Together, our results demonstrate that miR-15/16 expression in Tregs is essential to maintain immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Johansson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John D Gagnon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Simon K Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Marlys S Fassett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Andrew W Schroeder
- Department of Medicine, Genomics CoLab, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Robin Kageyama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Rodriel A Bautista
- Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Hewlett Pham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Prescott G Woodruff
- Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - K Mark Ansel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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20
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Jeyamogan S, Leventhal JR, Mathew JM, Zhang ZJ. CD4 +CD25 +FOXP3 + regulatory T cells: a potential "armor" to shield "transplanted allografts" in the war against ischemia reperfusion injury. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1270300. [PMID: 37868962 PMCID: PMC10587564 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1270300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the advances in therapeutic interventions, solid organ transplantation (SOT) remains the "gold standard" treatment for patients with end-stage organ failure. Recently, vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) has reemerged as a feasible treatment option for patients with complex composite tissue defects. In both SOT and VCA, ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is inevitable and is a predominant factor that can adversely affect transplant outcome by potentiating early graft dysfunction and/or graft rejection. Restoration of oxygenated blood supply to an organ which was previously hypoxic or ischemic for a period of time triggers cellular oxidative stress, production of both, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, infiltration of innate immune cells and amplifies adaptive alloimmune responses in the affected allograft. Currently, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs for the treatment of IRI are unavailable, therefore an efficacious therapeutic modality to prevent, reduce and/or alleviate allograft damages caused by IRI induced inflammation is warranted to achieve the best-possible transplant outcome among recipients. The tolerogenic capacity of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), have been extensively studied in the context of transplant rejection, autoimmunity, and cancer. It was not until recently that Tregs have been recognized as a potential cell therapeutic candidate to be exploited for the prevention and/or treatment of IRI, owing to their immunomodulatory potential. Tregs can mitigate cellular oxidative stress, produce anti-inflammatory cytokines, promote wound healing, and tissue repair and prevent the infiltration of pro-inflammatory immune cells in injured tissues. By using strategic approaches to increase the number of Tregs and to promote targeted delivery, the outcome of SOT and VCA can be improved. This review focuses on two sections: (a) the therapeutic potential of Tregs in preventing and mitigating IRI in the context of SOT and VCA and (b) novel strategies on how Tregs could be utilized for the prevention and/or treatment of IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shareni Jeyamogan
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Joseph R. Leventhal
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - James M. Mathew
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Zheng Jenny Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Microsurgery and Pre-Clinical Research Core, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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21
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Abu-Romman A, Scholand KK, Pal-Ghosh S, Yu Z, Kelagere Y, Yazdanpanah G, Kao WWY, Coulson-Thomas VJ, Stepp MA, de Paiva CS. Conditional deletion of CD25 in the corneal epithelium reveals sex differences in barrier disruption. Ocul Surf 2023; 30:57-72. [PMID: 37516317 PMCID: PMC10812880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE IL-2 promotes activation, clonal expansion, and deletion of T cells. IL-2 signals through its heterotrimeric receptor (IL-2R) consisting of the CD25, CD122 and CD132 chains. CD25 knockout (KO) mice develop Sjögren Syndrome-like disease. This study investigates whether corneal CD25/IL-2 signaling is critical for ocular health. METHODS Eyes from C57BL/6 mice were collected and prepared for immunostaining or in-situ hybridization. Bulk RNA sequencing was performed on the corneal epithelium from wild-type and CD25KO mice. We generated a conditional corneal-specific deletion of CD25 in the corneal epithelium (CD25Δ/ΔCEpi). Corneal barrier function was evaluated based on the uptake of a fluorescent dye. Mice were subjected to unilateral corneal debridement, followed by epithelial closure over time. RESULTS In C57BL/6 mice, CD25 mRNA was expressed in ocular tissues. Protein expression of CD25, CD122, and CD132 was confirmed in the corneal epithelium. Delayed corneal re-epithelization was seen in female but not male CD25KO mice. There were 771 differentially expressed genes in the corneal epithelium of CD25KO compared to wild-type mice. While barrier function is disrupted in CD25Δ/ΔCEpi mice, re-epithelialization rates are not delayed. CONCLUSIONS All three chains of the IL-2R are expressed in the corneal epithelium. Our results indicate for the first time, deleting CD25 systemically in all tissues in the mouse and deleting CD25 locally in just the corneal epithelium compromises corneal epithelial barrier function, leading to dry eye disease in female mice. Future studies are needed to delineate the pathways used by IL-2 signaling to influence cornea homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmar Abu-Romman
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Kaitlin K Scholand
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Sonali Pal-Ghosh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States.
| | - Zhiyuan Yu
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Yashaswini Kelagere
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Ghasem Yazdanpanah
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Winston W-Y Kao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
| | | | - Mary Ann Stepp
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States.
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States.
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22
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Pham D, Silberger DJ, Nguyen KN, Gao M, Weaver CT, Hatton RD. Batf stabilizes Th17 cell development via impaired Stat5 recruitment of Ets1-Runx1 complexes. EMBO J 2023; 42:e109803. [PMID: 36917143 PMCID: PMC10106990 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the activator protein-1 (AP-1) factor Batf is required for Th17 cell development, its mechanisms of action to underpin the Th17 program are incompletely understood. Here, we find that Batf ensures Th17 cell identity in part by restricting alternative gene programs through its actions to restrain IL-2 expression and IL-2-induced Stat5 activation. This, in turn, limits Stat5-dependent recruitment of Ets1-Runx1 factors to Th1- and Treg-cell-specific gene loci. Thus, in addition to pioneering regulatory elements in Th17-specific loci, Batf acts indirectly to inhibit the assembly of a Stat5-Ets1-Runx1 complex that enhances the transcription of Th1- and Treg-cell-specific genes. These findings unveil an important role for Stat5-Ets1-Runx1 interactions in transcriptional networks that define alternate T cell fates and indicate that Batf plays an indispensable role in both inducing and maintaining the Th17 program through its actions to regulate the competing actions of Stat5-assembled enhanceosomes that promote Th1- and Treg-cell developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Pham
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | - Daniel J Silberger
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | - Kim N Nguyen
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | - Min Gao
- Informatics InstituteUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | - Casey T Weaver
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | - Robin D Hatton
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
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23
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Johansson K, Gagnon JD, Zhou S, Fassett MS, Schroeder AW, Kageyama R, Bautista RA, Pham H, Woodruff PG, Ansel KM. An essential role for miR-15/16 in Treg suppression and restriction of proliferation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.26.533356. [PMID: 36993421 PMCID: PMC10055372 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.26.533356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The miR-15/16 family is a highly expressed group of tumor suppressor miRNAs that target a large network of genes in T cells to restrict their cell cycle, memory formation and survival. Upon T cell activation, miR-15/16 are downregulated, allowing rapid expansion of differentiated effector T cells to mediate a sustained immune response. Here, using conditional deletion of miR-15/16 in immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) that express FOXP3, we identify new functions of the miR-15/16 family in T cell immunity. miR-15/16 are indispensable to maintain peripheral tolerance by securing efficient suppression by a limited number of Tregs. miR-15/16-deficiency alters Treg expression of critical functional proteins including FOXP3, IL2Rα/CD25, CTLA4, PD-1 and IL7Rα/CD127, and results in accumulation of functionally impaired FOXP3loCD25loCD127hi Tregs. Excessive proliferation in the absence of miR-15/16 inhibition of cell cycle programs shifts Treg diversity and produces an effector Treg phenotype characterized by low expression of TCF1, CD25 and CD62L, and high expression of CD44. These Tregs fail to control immune activation of CD4+ effector T cells, leading to spontaneous multi-organ inflammation and increased allergic airway inflammation in a mouse model of asthma. Together, our results demonstrate that miR-15/16 expression in Tregs is essential to maintain immune tolerance.
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24
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Tay C, Tanaka A, Sakaguchi S. Tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells as targets of cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Cell 2023; 41:450-465. [PMID: 36917950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are abundant in tumor tissues, raising a question of whether immunosuppressive tumor-infiltrating Tregs (TI-Tregs) can be selectively depleted or functionally attenuated to evoke effective anti-tumor immune responses by conventional T cells (Tconvs), without perturbing Treg-dependent immune homeostasis in healthy organs and causing autoimmunity. Here, we review current cancer immunotherapy strategies, including immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) antibodies against CTLA-4 and PD-1 and discuss their effects on TI-Tregs. We also discuss approaches that exploit differentially regulated molecules on the cell surface (e.g., CTLA-4) and intracellularly (e.g., T cell receptor signaling molecules) between TI-Tregs and Tconvs as well as their dependence on cytokines (e.g., IL-2) and metabolites (e.g., lactate). We envisage that targeting TI-Tregs could be effective as a monotherapy and/or when combined with ICB antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Tay
- Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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25
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Research advances on targeted-Treg therapies on immune-mediated kidney diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2023; 22:103257. [PMID: 36563769 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The primary function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) is blocking the pathogenic immunological response mediated by autoreactive cells, establishing and maintaining immune homeostasis in tissues. Kidney diseases are often caused by Immune imbalance, including alloimmune graft damage after renal transplantation, direct immune-mediated kidney diseases like membranous nephropathy (MN) and anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) glomerulonephritis, as well as indirect immune-mediated ones like Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAVs), IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and lupus nephritis (LN). Treg cells are deficient numerically and/or functionally in those kidney diseases. Targeted-Treg therapies, including adoptive Tregs transfer therapy and low-dose IL-2 therapy, have begun to thrive in treating autoimmune diseases in recent years. However, the clinical use of targeted Treg-therapies is rarely mentioned in those kidney diseases above except for kidney transplantation. This article mainly discusses the newest progressions of targeted-Treg therapies in those specific examples of immune-mediated kidney diseases. Meanwhile, we also reviewed the main factors that affect Treg development and differentiation, hoping to inspire new strategies to develop target Tregs-therapies. Lastly, we emphasize the significant impediments and prospects to the clinical translation of target-Treg therapy. We advocate for more preclinical and clinical studies on target Tregs-therapies to decipher Tregs in those diseases.
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26
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Nickle RA, DeOca KB, Garcia BL, Mannie MD. Soluble CD25 imposes a low-zone IL-2 signaling environment that favors competitive outgrowth of antigen-experienced CD25 high regulatory and memory T cells. Cell Immunol 2023; 384:104664. [PMID: 36642016 PMCID: PMC10257407 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2023.104664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on soluble (s)CD25-mediated regulation of IL-2 signaling in murine and human CD4+ T cells. Recombinant sCD25 reversibly sequestered IL-2 to limit acute maximal proliferative responses while preserving IL-2 bioavailability to subsequently maintain low-zone IL-2 signaling during prolonged culture. By inhibiting IL-2 signaling during acute activation, sCD25 suppressed T-cell growth and inhibited IL-2-evoked transmembrane CD25 expression, thereby resulting in lower prevalence of CD25high T cells. By inhibiting IL-2 signaling during quiescent IL-2-mediated growth, sCD25 competed with transmembrane CD25, IL2Rβγ, and IL2Rαβγ receptors for limited pools of IL-2 such that sCD25 exhibited strong or weak inhibitory efficacy in IL-2-stimulated cultures of CD25low or CD25high T cells, respectively. Preferential blocking of IL-2 signaling in CD25low but not CD25high T cells caused competitive enrichment of CD25high memory/effector and regulatory FOXP3+ subsets. In conclusion, sCD25 modulates IL-2 bioavailability to limit CD25 expression during acute activation while enhancing CD25highT-cell dominance during low-zone homeostatic IL-2-mediated expansion, thereby 'flattening' the inflammatory curve over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Nickle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
| | - Kayla B DeOca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
| | - Brandon L Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
| | - Mark D Mannie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
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27
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Tauber PA, Kratzer B, Schatzlmaier P, Smole U, Köhler C, Rausch L, Kranich J, Trapin D, Neunkirchner A, Zabel M, Jutz S, Steinberger P, Gadermaier G, Brocker T, Stockinger H, Derdak S, Pickl WF. The small molecule inhibitor BX-795 uncouples IL-2 production from inhibition of Th2 inflammation and induces CD4 + T cells resembling iTreg. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1094694. [PMID: 37090735 PMCID: PMC10117943 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1094694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Treg cells have been shown to be an important part of immune-homeostasis and IL-2 which is produced upon T cell receptor (TCR)-dependent activation of T lymphocytes has been demonstrated to critically participate in Treg development. Objective To evaluate small molecule inhibitors (SMI) for the identification of novel IL-2/Treg enhancing compounds. Materials and methods We used TCR-dependent and allergen-specific cytokine secretion of human and mouse T cells, next generation messenger ribonucleic acid sequencing (RNA-Seq) and two different models of allergic airway inflammation to examine lead SMI-compounds. Results We show here that the reported 3-phosphoinositide dependent kinase-1 (PDK1) SMI BX-795 increased IL-2 in culture supernatants of Jurkat E6-1 T cells, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMC) and allergen-specific mouse T cells upon TCR-dependent and allergen-specific stimulation while concomitantly inhibiting Th2 cytokine secretion. RNA-Seq revealed that the presence of BX-795 during allergen-specific activation of T cells induces a bona fide Treg cell type highly similar to iTreg but lacking Foxp3 expression. When applied in mugwort pollen and house dust mite extract-based models of airway inflammation, BX-795 significantly inhibited Th2 inflammation including expression of Th2 signature transcription factors and cytokines and influx into the lungs of type 2-associated inflammatory cells such as eosinophils. Conclusions BX-795 potently uncouples IL-2 production from Th2 inflammation and induces Th-IL-2 cells, which highly resemble induced (i)Tregs. Thus, BX-795 may be a useful new compound for the treatment of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Tauber
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Kratzer
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Schatzlmaier
- Institute of Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Smole
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cordula Köhler
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Rausch
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Kranich
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Doris Trapin
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alina Neunkirchner
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maja Zabel
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabrina Jutz
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Brocker
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hannes Stockinger
- Institute of Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophia Derdak
- Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried F. Pickl
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University of Healthcare, Krems, Austria
- *Correspondence: Winfried F. Pickl,
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28
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Hernandez R, Põder J, LaPorte KM, Malek TR. Engineering IL-2 for immunotherapy of autoimmunity and cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:614-628. [PMID: 35217787 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00680-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies of the T cell growth factor activity of IL-2 resulted in this cytokine becoming the first immunotherapy to be approved nearly 30 years ago by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of cancer. Since then, we have learnt the important role of IL-2 in regulating tolerance through regulatory T cells (Treg cells) besides promoting immunity through its action on effector T cells and memory T cells. Another pivotal event in the history of IL-2 research was solving the crystal structure of IL-2 bound to its tripartite receptor, which spurred the development of cell type-selective engineered IL-2 products. These new IL-2 analogues target Treg cells to counteract the dysregulated immune system in the context of autoimmunity and inflammatory disorders or target effector T cells, memory T cells and natural killer cells to enhance their antitumour responses. IL-2 biologics have proven to be effective in preclinical studies and clinical assessment of some is now underway. These studies will soon reveal whether engineered IL-2 biologics are truly capable of harnessing the IL-2-IL-2 receptor pathway as effective monotherapies or combination therapies for autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosmely Hernandez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Janika Põder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kathryn M LaPorte
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Thomas R Malek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
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29
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Gao F, Wang T. Two-sample testing of high-dimensional linear regression coefficients via complementary sketching. Ann Stat 2022. [DOI: 10.1214/22-aos2216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fengnan Gao
- School of Data Science, Shanghai Center for Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Tengyao Wang
- Department of Statistics, London School of Economics
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30
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Apert C, Galindo-Albarrán AO, Castan S, Detraves C, Michaud H, McJannett N, Haegeman B, Fillatreau S, Malissen B, Holländer G, Žuklys S, Santamaria JC, Joffre OP, Romagnoli P, van Meerwijk JPM. IL-2 and IL-15 drive intrathymic development of distinct periphery-seeding CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:965303. [PMID: 36159793 PMCID: PMC9495261 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.965303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of Foxp3-expressing regulatory T-lymphocytes (Treg) in the thymus is controlled by signals delivered in T-cell precursors via the TCR, co-stimulatory receptors, and cytokine receptors. In absence of IL-2, IL-15 or their receptors, fewer Treg apparently develop in the thymus. However, it was recently shown that a substantial part of thymic Treg are cells that had recirculated from the periphery back to the thymus, troubling interpretation of these results. We therefore reassessed the involvement of IL-2 and IL-15 in the development of Treg, taking into account Treg-recirculation. At the age of three weeks, when in wt and IL-15-deficient (but not in IL-2-deficient) mice substantial amounts of recirculating Treg are present in the thymus, we found similarly reduced proportions of newly developed Treg in absence of IL-2 or IL-15, and in absence of both cytokines even less Treg developed. In neonates, when practically no recirculating Treg were found in the thymus, the absence of IL-2 led to substantially more reduced Treg-development than deficiency in IL-15. IL-2 but not IL-15 modulated the CD25, GITR, OX40, and CD73-phenotypes of the thymus-egress-competent and periphery-seeding Treg-population. Interestingly, IL-2 and IL-15 also modulated the TCR-repertoire expressed by developing Treg. Upon transfer into Treg-less Foxp3sf mice, newly developed Treg from IL-2- (and to a much lesser extent IL-15-) deficient mice suppressed immunopathology less efficiently than wt Treg. Taken together, our results firmly establish important non-redundant quantitative and qualitative roles for IL-2 and, to a lesser extent, IL-15 in intrathymic Treg-development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Apert
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), INSERM UMR1291 – CNRS UMR5051 – University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Ariel O. Galindo-Albarrán
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), INSERM UMR1291 – CNRS UMR5051 – University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, Moulis, France
| | - Sarah Castan
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), INSERM UMR1291 – CNRS UMR5051 – University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Detraves
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), INSERM UMR1291 – CNRS UMR5051 – University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Héloise Michaud
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), INSERM UMR1291 – CNRS UMR5051 – University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicola McJannett
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), INSERM UMR1291 – CNRS UMR5051 – University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Bart Haegeman
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, Moulis, France
| | - Simon Fillatreau
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Inserm U1151, CNRS UMR8253, Paris, France
- Université de Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d’Immunophénomique (CIPHE), Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Georg Holländer
- Paediatric Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Children’s Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Paediatrics and the Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Saulius Žuklys
- Paediatric Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Children’s Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jérémy C. Santamaria
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), INSERM UMR1291 – CNRS UMR5051 – University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier P. Joffre
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), INSERM UMR1291 – CNRS UMR5051 – University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Paola Romagnoli
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), INSERM UMR1291 – CNRS UMR5051 – University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Joost P. M. van Meerwijk
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), INSERM UMR1291 – CNRS UMR5051 – University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
- *Correspondence: Joost P. M. van Meerwijk,
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Dittrich-Salamon M, Meyer A, Yan S, Steinbach-Knödgen E, Kotschenreuther K, Stahl D, tho Pesch C, Schiller J, Byrtus F, Jochimsen D, Golumba-Nagy V, Kofler DM. Regulatory T Cells from Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Are Characterized by Reduced Expression of Ikaros Zinc Finger Transcription Factors. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142171. [PMID: 35883614 PMCID: PMC9316388 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells play an important role in immune tolerance and contribute to the prevention of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The differentiation, function and stability of Treg cells is controlled by members of the Ikaros zinc finger transcription factor family. In this study, we aimed to reveal how the expression of Ikaros transcription factors is affected by disease activity in RA. Therefore, we analyzed the ex vivo expression of Ikaros, Helios, Aiolos and Eos in Treg cells, Th17 cells and Th1 cells from RA patients by flow cytometry. We found significantly reduced expression of Helios, Aiolos and Eos in Treg cells from RA patients as compared to healthy controls. Moreover, Helios and Aiolos levels correlated with disease activity, as assessed by DAS28-CRP. In addition, Ikaros, Helios and Aiolos were significantly downregulated in Th1 cells from RA patients, while no difference between healthy individuals and RA was observed in Th17 cells. In summary, Helios and Aiolos expression in Treg cells correlates with disease activity and the expression levels of Ikaros transcription factors are diminished in Treg cells from RA patients. This observation could explain the reduced stability of Treg cells in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Dittrich-Salamon
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.D.-S.); (A.M.); (S.Y.); (E.S.-K.); (K.K.); (V.G.-N.)
| | - Anja Meyer
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.D.-S.); (A.M.); (S.Y.); (E.S.-K.); (K.K.); (V.G.-N.)
| | - Shuaifeng Yan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.D.-S.); (A.M.); (S.Y.); (E.S.-K.); (K.K.); (V.G.-N.)
| | - Eva Steinbach-Knödgen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.D.-S.); (A.M.); (S.Y.); (E.S.-K.); (K.K.); (V.G.-N.)
| | - Konstantin Kotschenreuther
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.D.-S.); (A.M.); (S.Y.); (E.S.-K.); (K.K.); (V.G.-N.)
| | - David Stahl
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (D.S.); (C.t.P.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (D.J.)
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Carola tho Pesch
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (D.S.); (C.t.P.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (D.J.)
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Joanna Schiller
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (D.S.); (C.t.P.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (D.J.)
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Franziska Byrtus
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (D.S.); (C.t.P.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (D.J.)
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Dorothee Jochimsen
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (D.S.); (C.t.P.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (D.J.)
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Viktoria Golumba-Nagy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.D.-S.); (A.M.); (S.Y.); (E.S.-K.); (K.K.); (V.G.-N.)
| | - David M. Kofler
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (M.D.-S.); (A.M.); (S.Y.); (E.S.-K.); (K.K.); (V.G.-N.)
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (D.S.); (C.t.P.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (D.J.)
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-221-47842882; Fax: +49-221-4781422322
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Copsel SN, Wolf D, Pfeiffer B, Barreras H, Perez VL, Levy RB. Recipient Tregs: Can They Be Exploited for Successful Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Outcomes? Front Immunol 2022; 13:932527. [PMID: 35799783 PMCID: PMC9253768 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.932527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human and mouse CD4+FoxP3+ T cells (Tregs) comprise non-redundant regulatory compartments which maintain self-tolerance and have been found to be of potential therapeutic usefulness in autoimmune disorders and transplants including allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). There is substantial literature interrogating the application of donor derived Tregs for the prevention of graft versus host disease (GVHD). This Mini-Review will focus on the recipient's Tregs which persist post-transplant. Although treatment in patients with low dose IL-2 months post-HSCT are encouraging, manipulating Tregs in recipients early post-transplant is challenging, in part likely an indirect consequence of damage to the microenvironment required to support Treg expansion of which little is understood. This review will discuss the potential for manipulating recipient Tregs in vivo prior to and after HSCT (fusion proteins, mAbs). Strategies that would circumvent donor/recipient peripheral blood harvest, cell culture and ex-vivo Treg expansion will be considered for the translational application of Tregs to improve HSCT outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina N. Copsel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Dietlinde Wolf
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Brent Pfeiffer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Henry Barreras
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Victor L. Perez
- Foster Center for Ocular Immunology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Robert B. Levy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States,*Correspondence: Robert B. Levy,
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33
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Brown ME, Peters LD, Hanbali SR, Arnoletti JM, Sachs LK, Nguyen KQ, Carpenter EB, Seay HR, Fuhrman CA, Posgai AL, Shapiro MR, Brusko TM. Human CD4 +CD25 +CD226 - Tregs Demonstrate Increased Purity, Lineage Stability, and Suppressive Capacity Versus CD4 +CD25 +CD127 lo/- Tregs for Adoptive Cell Therapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:873560. [PMID: 35693814 PMCID: PMC9178079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.873560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cell (Treg) adoptive cell therapy (ACT) represents an emerging strategy for restoring immune tolerance in autoimmune diseases. Tregs are commonly purified using a CD4+CD25+CD127lo/- gating strategy, which yields a mixed population: 1) cells expressing the transcription factors, FOXP3 and Helios, that canonically define lineage stable thymic Tregs and 2) unstable FOXP3+Helios- Tregs. Our prior work identified the autoimmune disease risk-associated locus and costimulatory molecule, CD226, as being highly expressed not only on effector T cells but also, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) producing peripheral Tregs (pTreg). Thus, we sought to determine whether isolating Tregs with a CD4+CD25+CD226- strategy yields a population with increased purity and suppressive capacity relative to CD4+CD25+CD127lo/- cells. After 14d of culture, expanded CD4+CD25+CD226- cells displayed a decreased proportion of pTregs relative to CD4+CD25+CD127lo/- cells, as measured by FOXP3+Helios- expression and the epigenetic signature at the FOXP3 Treg-specific demethylated region (TSDR). Furthermore, CD226- Tregs exhibited decreased production of the effector cytokines, IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-17A, along with increased expression of the immunoregulatory cytokine, TGF-β1. Lastly, CD226- Tregs demonstrated increased in vitro suppressive capacity as compared to their CD127lo/- counterparts. These data suggest that the exclusion of CD226-expressing cells during Treg sorting yields a population with increased purity, lineage stability, and suppressive capabilities, which may benefit Treg ACT for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Brown
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Leeana D. Peters
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Seif R. Hanbali
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Juan M. Arnoletti
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Lindsey K. Sachs
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Kayla Q. Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Emma B. Carpenter
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Howard R. Seay
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States,ROSALIND, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Christopher A. Fuhrman
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States,NanoString Technologies, Inc., Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Amanda L. Posgai
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Melanie R. Shapiro
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Todd M. Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States,*Correspondence: Todd M. Brusko, ; orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-9296
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34
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Moro A, Gao Z, Wang L, Yu A, Hsiung S, Ban Y, Yan A, Sologon CM, Chen XS, Malek TR. Dynamic transcriptional activity and chromatin remodeling of regulatory T cells after varied duration of interleukin-2 receptor signaling. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:802-813. [PMID: 35449416 PMCID: PMC9106907 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01179-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells require (interleukin-2) IL-2 for their homeostasis by affecting their proliferation, survival and activation. Here we investigated transcriptional and epigenetic changes after acute, periodic and persistent IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) signaling in mouse peripheral Treg cells in vivo using IL-2 or the long-acting IL-2-based biologic mouse IL-2-CD25. We show that initially IL-2R-dependent STAT5 transcription factor-dependent pathways enhanced gene activation, chromatin accessibility and metabolic reprogramming to support Treg cell proliferation. Unexpectedly, at peak proliferation, less accessible chromatin prevailed and was associated with Treg cell contraction. Restimulation of IL-2R signaling after contraction activated signature IL-2-dependent genes and others associated with effector Treg cells, whereas genes associated with signal transduction were downregulated to somewhat temper expansion. Thus, IL-2R-dependent Treg cell homeostasis depends in part on a shift from more accessible chromatin and expansion to less accessible chromatin and contraction. Mouse IL-2-CD25 supported greater expansion and a more extensive transcriptional state than IL-2 in Treg cells, consistent with greater efficacy to control autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Moro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Zhen Gao
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lily Wang
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Aixin Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sunnie Hsiung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yuguang Ban
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Aimin Yan
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Corneliu M Sologon
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - X Steven Chen
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Thomas R Malek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
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35
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Tan J, Taitz J, Sun SM, Langford L, Ni D, Macia L. Your Regulatory T Cells Are What You Eat: How Diet and Gut Microbiota Affect Regulatory T Cell Development. Front Nutr 2022; 9:878382. [PMID: 35529463 PMCID: PMC9067578 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.878382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern industrial practices have transformed the human diet over the last century, increasing the consumption of processed foods. Dietary imbalance of macro- and micro-nutrients and excessive caloric intake represent significant risk factors for various inflammatory disorders. Increased ingestion of food additives, residual contaminants from agricultural practices, food processing, and packaging can also contribute deleteriously to disease development. One common hallmark of inflammatory disorders, such as autoimmunity and allergies, is the defect in anti-inflammatory regulatory T cell (Treg) development and/or function. Treg represent a highly heterogeneous population of immunosuppressive immune cells contributing to peripheral tolerance. Tregs either develop in the thymus from autoreactive thymocytes, or in the periphery, from naïve CD4+ T cells, in response to environmental antigens and cues. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that various dietary factors can directly regulate Treg development. These dietary factors can also indirectly modulate Treg differentiation by altering the gut microbiota composition and thus the production of bacterial metabolites. This review provides an overview of Treg ontogeny, both thymic and peripherally differentiated, and highlights how diet and gut microbiota can regulate Treg development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tan
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jemma Taitz
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shir Ming Sun
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lachlan Langford
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Duan Ni
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Laurence Macia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and The Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Laurence Macia
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Liu M, Starenki D, Scharer CD, Silva-Sanchez A, Molina PA, Pollock JS, Cooper SJ, Arend RC, Rosenberg AF, Randall TD, Meza-Perez S. Circulating Tregs accumulate in omental tumors and acquire adipose-resident features. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:641-655. [PMID: 35263766 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumors that metastasize in the peritoneal cavity typically end up in the omental adipose tissue, a particularly immune-suppressive environment that includes specialized adipose-resident regulatory T cells (Tregs). Tregs rapidly accumulate in the omentum after tumor implantation and potently suppress anti-tumor immunity. However, it is unclear whether these Tregs are recruited from the circulation or derived from pre-existing adipose-resident Tregs by clonal expansion. Here we show that Tregs in tumor-bearing omenta predominantly have thymus-derived characteristics. Moreover, naïve tumor antigen-specific CD4+ T cells fail to differentiate into Tregs in tumor-bearing omenta. In fact, Tregs derived from the pre-tumor repertoire are sufficient to suppress anti-tumor immunity and promote tumor growth. However, tumor implantation in the omentum does not promote Treg clonal expansion, but instead leads to increased clonal diversity. Parabiosis experiments show that despite tissue-resident (non-circulating) characteristics of omental Tregs in naïve mice, tumor implantation promotes a rapid influx of circulating Tregs, many of which come from the spleen. Finally, we show that newly recruited Tregs rapidly acquire characteristics of adipose-resident Tregs in tumor-bearing omenta. These data demonstrate that most Tregs in omental tumors are recruited from the circulation and adapt to their environment by altering their homing, transcriptional and metabolic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyong Liu
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | | | | | | | - Patrick A Molina
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | | | - Sara J Cooper
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Rebecca C Arend
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | | | - Troy D Randall
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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37
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Vorkas CK, Krishna C, Li K, Aubé J, Fitzgerald DW, Mazutis L, Leslie CS, Glickman MS. Single-Cell Transcriptional Profiling Reveals Signatures of Helper, Effector, and Regulatory MAIT Cells during Homeostasis and Activation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1042-1056. [PMID: 35149530 PMCID: PMC9012082 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like lymphocytes that recognize microbial vitamin B metabolites and have emerging roles in infectious disease, autoimmunity, and cancer. Although MAIT cells are identified by a semi-invariant TCR, their phenotypic and functional heterogeneity is not well understood. Here we present an integrated single cell transcriptomic analysis of over 76,000 human MAIT cells during early and prolonged Ag-specific activation with the MR1 ligand 5-OP-RU and nonspecific TCR stimulation. We show that MAIT cells span a broad range of homeostatic, effector, helper, tissue-infiltrating, regulatory, and exhausted phenotypes, with distinct gene expression programs associated with CD4+ or CD8+ coexpression. During early activation, MAIT cells rapidly adopt a cytotoxic phenotype characterized by high expression of GZMB, IFNG and TNF In contrast, prolonged stimulation induces heterogeneous states defined by proliferation, cytotoxicity, immune modulation, and exhaustion. We further demonstrate a FOXP3 expressing MAIT cell subset that phenotypically resembles conventional regulatory T cells. Moreover, scRNAseq-defined MAIT cell subpopulations were also detected in individuals recently exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, confirming their presence during human infection. To our knowledge, our study provides the first comprehensive atlas of human MAIT cells in activation conditions and defines substantial functional heterogeneity, suggesting complex roles in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Kyriakos Vorkas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY;,Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Chirag Krishna
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Kelin Li
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Daniel W. Fitzgerald
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY;,Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Linas Mazutis
- Single Cell Research Initiative, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and
| | - Christina S. Leslie
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Michael S. Glickman
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY;,Division of Infectious Diseases, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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38
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Haddadi MH, Negahdari B. Clinical and diagnostic potential of regulatory T cell markers: From bench to bedside. Transpl Immunol 2021; 70:101518. [PMID: 34922022 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2021.101518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are heterogeneous immune cell populations residing in the thymus and peripheral lymphatic tissues. This immune cell plays a central and critical role in maintaining immune tolerance against undesirable immune responses. Treg cells' phenotypic heterogeneity caused by different pathological conditions makes their identification and differentiation from non-suppressive T cells difficult. On the other hand, using nonspecific markers and variable isolation panels leads to undesirable outcomes. There are a variety of markers to identify functional Treg cells, including CD25, FOXP3, and CTLA-4, as well as the epigenetic signature of forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), which can be used for both natural and induced Treg cells. Phenotypic heterogeneity is a major concern in Treg purification when using nonspecific markers, which can be addressed by utilizing suitable isolation panels designed for different purposes. This review presents a clinical framework for Treg detection and isolation, focusing on Treg markers such as CD25, FOXP3, CTLA-4, CD127, GPA-33, and TSDR demethylation to design Treg isolation panels suitable for different Treg therapy purposes. The current review also highlights new reliable Treg markers applicable for different purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Babak Negahdari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Prakhar P, Alvarez-DelValle J, Keller H, Crossman A, Tai X, Park YK, Park JH. The small intestine epithelium exempts Foxp3+ Tregs from their IL-2 requirement for homeostasis and effector function. JCI Insight 2021; 6:149656. [PMID: 34747370 PMCID: PMC8663555 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.149656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxp3+ Tregs are potent immunosuppressive CD4+ T cells that are critical to maintain immune quiescence and prevent autoimmunity. Both the generation and maintenance of Foxp3+ Tregs depend on the cytokine IL-2. Hence, the expression of the IL-2 receptor α-chain (CD25) is not only considered a specific marker, but also a nonredundant requirement for Tregs. Here, we report that Foxp3+ Tregs in the small intestine (SI) epithelium, a critical barrier tissue, are exempt from such an IL-2 requirement, since they had dramatically downregulated CD25 expression, showed minimal STAT5 phosphorylation ex vivo, and were unable to respond to IL-2 in vitro. Nonetheless, SI epithelial Tregs survived and were present at the same frequency as in other lymphoid organs, and they retained potent suppressor function that was associated with high levels of CTLA-4 expression and the production of copious amounts of IL-10. Moreover, adoptive transfer experiments of Foxp3+ Tregs revealed that such IL-2–independent survival and effector functions were imposed by the SI epithelial tissue, suggesting that tissue adaptation is a mechanism that tailors the effector function and survival requirements of Foxp3+ Tregs specific to the tissue environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Prakhar
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jaylene Alvarez-DelValle
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hilary Keller
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Surgery, Guthrie Robert Packer Hospital, Sayre, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Assiatu Crossman
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xuguang Tai
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yoo Kyoung Park
- Department of Medical Nutrition-AgeTech-Service Convergence Major, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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40
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Cao Q, Li Y, Li Y, Li L. miR-151-5p alleviates corneal allograft rejection by activating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and balancing Th17/Treg after corneal transplantation via targeting IL-2Rɑ. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1410. [PMID: 34733962 PMCID: PMC8506781 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-2054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Worldwide, corneal transplantation (CT) is the most common type of tissue replacement and the increased rate of corneal graft rejection (CGR) after CT is a critical problem. Corneal endothelium cells (CECs) are often targets of the immune response mediated by graft-attacking effector T cells. However, the molecular mechanism underlying CGR remains poorly understood. Methods The differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) and mRNA of graft-fail corneas were measured by transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq). real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to measure gene expression levels. Western blot and immunofluorescence staining were used to measure protein expression levels. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were constructed to assess corneal graft survival. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used for histopathological examination. CCK-8 and ELISA staining were used to detect cell viability and inflammatory cytokines levels, respectively. Flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis and the population of Treg and Th17. Transwell migration and wound-healing assays were used to measure cell migration. Results We identified 453 miRNAs and 4,279 mRNAs aberrant expression in the corneas showing CGR. The differentially expressed miR-151-5p and its potential target gene [interleukin 2 receptor subunit alpha (IL-2Rɑ)] were selected from the RNA-Seq microarrays. The levels of miR-151-5p and IL-2Rɑ were respectively downregulated and upregulated in the CGR. The luciferase activity assay suggested that IL-2Rɑ is a target of miR-151-5p in 293 T cells. In addition, the miR-151-5p inhibitor, si-IL-2Rɑ, and oe-IL-2Rɑ transfection tests in CECs further confirmed that miR-151-5p downregulation and IL-2Rɑ overexpression promoted apoptosis of CECs and inhibited CEC migration, tight junction-related protein ZO-1 and Claudin-5 expression, and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway activity; however, downregulation of IL-2Rɑ abolished the inhibitor effect of miR-151-5p. Similarly, upregulation of miR-151-5p alleviated CGR via activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and balancing of Th17/Treg, and upregulation of IL-2Rɑ abolished the alleviating effect of miR-151-5p. Conclusions Upregulation of miR-151-5p alleviated CGR by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and balancing Th17/Treg via targeting of IL-2Rɑ, which contributes to improving the results of CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yunchuan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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41
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Wong HS, Germain RN. Mesoscale T cell antigen discrimination emerges from intercellular feedback. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:865-875. [PMID: 34493455 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mature T cells must distinguish between foreign and self-antigens to promote host defense while limiting autoimmunity. How such discrimination occurs reproducibly has been explored extensively regarding mechanisms regulating initial T cell activation at short time and length scales. Here, we suggest that T cells encounter a higher-level discriminatory boundary post-activation, empowering or constraining their responses over greater spatiotemporal scales. This boundary emerges from coordinated communication among at least three cell types, forming a control system governed by intercellular circuits, including negative feedback from regulatory T cells (Tregs). We propose that the nonlinearities inherent to this system can amplify subtle baseline imbalances in a single cell type's functional state, altering the threshold for productive T cell responses and autoimmune disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harikesh S Wong
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1892, USA.
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1892, USA.
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42
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Hsieh EW, Hernandez JD. Clean up by aisle 2: roles for IL-2 receptors in host defense and tolerance. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 72:298-308. [PMID: 34479098 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although IL-2 was first recognized as growth factor for T cells, it is now also appreciated to be a key regulator of T cells through its effects on regulatory T cells (Treg). The IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) subunits' different (i) ligand affinities, (ii) dimerization or trimerization relationships with other cytokine subunits, (iii) expression across multiple cell types, and (iv) downstream signaling effects, largely dictate cellular tolerance and antimicrobial processes. Defects in IL-2Rγ result in profound and almost universally fatal immune deficiency, unless treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Defects in IL-2Rα and IL-2Rβ result in more limited infection susceptibility, particularly to herpesviruses. However, the most prominent clinical symptomatology for IL-2Rα and IL-2Rβ defects include multi-organ autoimmunity and inflammation, consistent with the critical role of IL-2 in establishing and maintaining immune tolerance. Here, we review how we have arrived at our current understanding of the complex roles of IL-2/2R in host defense and tolerance focusing on the insights gained from human clinical immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Wy Hsieh
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Children's Hospital Colorado, United States; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, United States.
| | - Joseph D Hernandez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, United States
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43
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Intestinal immunoregulation: lessons from human mendelian diseases. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:1017-1037. [PMID: 33859369 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00398-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms that maintain intestinal homeostasis despite constant exposure of the gut surface to multiple environmental antigens and to billions of microbes have been scrutinized over the past 20 years with the goals to gain basic knowledge, but also to elucidate the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and to identify therapeutic targets for these severe diseases. Considerable insight has been obtained from studies based on gene inactivation in mice as well as from genome wide screens for genetic variants predisposing to human IBD. These studies are, however, not sufficient to delineate which pathways play key nonredundant role in the human intestinal barrier and to hierarchize their respective contribution. Here, we intend to illustrate how such insight can be derived from the study of human Mendelian diseases, in which severe intestinal pathology results from single gene defects that impair epithelial and or hematopoietic immune cell functions. We suggest that these diseases offer the unique opportunity to study in depth the pathogenic mechanisms leading to perturbation of intestinal homeostasis in humans. Furthermore, molecular dissection of monogenic intestinal diseases highlights key pathways that might be druggable and therapeutically targeted in common forms of IBD.
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44
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Muth S, Klaric A, Radsak M, Schild H, Probst HC. CD27 expression on Treg cells limits immune responses against tumors. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 100:439-449. [PMID: 34423375 PMCID: PMC8843905 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress immune responses and thus contribute to immune homeostasis. On the downside, Tregs also limit immune responses against tumors promoting the progression of cancer. Among the many mechanisms implied in Treg-mediated suppression, the inhibition of dendritic cells (DCs) has been shown to be central in peripheral tolerance induction as well as in cancers. We have shown previously that the maintenance of peripheral T cell tolerance critically depends on cognate interactions between Tregs and DCs and that the CTL priming by unsuppressed steady state DCs is mediated via CD70. Here, we have investigated whether the CD70/CD27 axis is also involved in Treg-mediated suppression of anti-tumor immunity. Using a mixed bone marrow chimeric mouse model in which we can deplete regulatory T cells in a temporally controlled fashion, we show that Treg-expressed CD27 prevents the breakdown of peripheral tolerance and limits anti-tumor immunity. Furthermore, ablation of Treg expressed CD27 acts synergistically with PD-1 checkpoint inhibition to improve CTL mediated immunity against a solid tumor. Our data thus identify Treg-expressed CD27 as a potential target in cancer immunotherapy. KEY MESSAGES : Treg expressed CD27 maintains steady state DC tolerogenic Treg expressed CD27 limits anti-tumor immunity Ablation of Treg expressed CD27 synergizes with PD-1 blockade to improve CTL mediated tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Muth
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
- Research Centre for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Annekatrin Klaric
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Centre for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Radsak
- Research Centre for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- IIIrd Department of Medicine Hematology, Oncology, Pneumology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Schild
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Centre for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans Christian Probst
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
- Research Centre for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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45
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Giovannelli I, Bayatti N, Brown A, Wang D, Mickunas M, Camu W, Veyrune JL, Payan C, Garlanda C, Locati M, Juntas-Morales R, Pageot N, Malaspina A, Andreasson U, Suehs C, Saker S, Masseguin C, de Vos J, Zetterberg H, Al-Chalabi A, Leigh PN, Tree T, Bensimon G, Heath PR, Shaw PJ, Kirby J. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis transcriptomics reveals immunological effects of low-dose interleukin-2. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab141. [PMID: 34409288 PMCID: PMC8364666 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a fatal neurodegenerative disease causing upper and lower motor neuron loss and currently no effective disease-modifying treatment is available. A pathological feature of this disease is neuroinflammation, a mechanism which involves both CNS-resident and peripheral immune system cells. Regulatory T-cells are immune-suppressive agents known to be dramatically and progressively decreased in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Low-dose interleukin-2 promotes regulatory T-cell expansion and was proposed as an immune-modulatory strategy for this disease. A randomized placebo-controlled pilot phase-II clinical trial called Immuno-Modulation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis was carried out to test safety and activity of low-dose interleukin-2 in 36 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients (NCT02059759). Participants were randomized to 1MIU, 2MIU-low-dose interleukin-2 or placebo and underwent one injection daily for 5 days every 28 days for three cycles. In this report, we describe the results of microarray gene expression profiling of trial participants' leukocyte population. We identified a dose-dependent increase in regulatory T-cell markers at the end of the treatment period. Longitudinal analysis revealed an alteration and inhibition of inflammatory pathways occurring promptly at the end of the first treatment cycle. These responses are less pronounced following the end of the third treatment cycle, although an activation of immune-regulatory pathways, involving regulatory T-cells and T helper 2 cells, was evident only after the last cycle. This indicates a cumulative effect of repeated low-dose interleukin-2 administration on regulatory T-cells. Our analysis suggested the existence of inter-individual variation amongst trial participants and we therefore classified patients into low, moderate and high-regulatory T-cell-responders. NanoString profiling revealed substantial baseline differences between participant immunological transcript expression profiles with the least responsive patients showing a more inflammatory-prone phenotype at the beginning of the trial. Finally, we identified two genes in which pre-treatment expression levels correlated with the magnitude of drug responsiveness. Therefore, we proposed a two-biomarker based regression model able to predict patient regulatory T-cell-response to low-dose interleukin-2. These findings and the application of this methodology could be particularly relevant for future precision medicine approaches to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Giovannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Nadhim Bayatti
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Abigail Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Dennis Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK.,Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Marius Mickunas
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DP, UK
| | - William Camu
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jean-Luc Veyrune
- Clinique du Motoneurone, CHU Gui de Chaliac, University of Montpellier, Montpellier 34295, France
| | - Christine Payan
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier 34000, France.,Department of Biostatistics, Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health and Innovation in Methodology (BESPIM), Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes 30029, France
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- Department of Pharmacology, AP-HP Sorbonne University, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, F-75013 Paris, 75013 France.,Humanitas Clinical & Research Center-IRCCS, Milan 20089, Italy
| | - Massimo Locati
- Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan 20090, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Raul Juntas-Morales
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Nicolas Pageot
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Andrea Malaspina
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Neuroscience and Trauma Centre, Institute of Cell and Molecular Medicine, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Ulf Andreasson
- Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal 41345, Sweden
| | - Carey Suehs
- Department of Biostatistics, Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health and Innovation in Methodology (BESPIM), Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes 30029, France.,Department of Medical Information, University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Department of Respiratory Diseases, University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Safa Saker
- DNA and Cell Bank, Genethon, Evry 91000, France
| | - Christophe Masseguin
- Delegation for Clinical Research and Innovation, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes 30029, France
| | - John de Vos
- Clinique du Motoneurone, CHU Gui de Chaliac, University of Montpellier, Montpellier 34295, France
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal 41345, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal 43180, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ammar Al-Chalabi
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London SE5 9RX, UK.,Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - P Nigel Leigh
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, The Trafford Centre for Biomedical Research, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RY, UK
| | - Timothy Tree
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DP, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Gilbert Bensimon
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier 34000, France.,Department of Biostatistics, Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health and Innovation in Methodology (BESPIM), Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes 30029, France.,Department of Pharmacology, Sorbonne University Médecine, F-75013 Paris 75013, France
| | - Paul R Heath
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Janine Kirby
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
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46
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Van Zeebroeck L, Arroyo Hornero R, Côrte-Real BF, Hamad I, Meissner TB, Kleinewietfeld M. Fast and Efficient Genome Editing of Human FOXP3 + Regulatory T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:655122. [PMID: 34408743 PMCID: PMC8365355 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.655122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are central for maintaining peripheral tolerance and immune homeostasis. Because of their immunosuppressive characteristics, Tregs are a potential therapeutic target in various diseases such as autoimmunity, transplantation and infectious diseases like COVID-19. Numerous studies are currently exploring the potential of adoptive Treg therapy in different disease settings and novel genome editing techniques like CRISPR/Cas will likely widen possibilities to strengthen its efficacy. However, robust and expeditious protocols for genome editing of human Tregs are limited. Here, we describe a rapid and effective protocol for reaching high genome editing efficiencies in human Tregs without compromising cell integrity, suitable for potential therapeutic applications. By deletion of IL2RA encoding for IL-2 receptor α-chain (CD25) in Tregs, we demonstrated the applicability of the method for downstream functional assays and highlighted the importance for CD25 for in vitro suppressive function of human Tregs. Moreover, deletion of IL6RA (CD126) in human Tregs elicits cytokine unresponsiveness and thus may prevent IL-6-mediated instability of Tregs, making it an attractive target to potentially boost functionality in settings of adoptive Treg therapies to contain overreaching inflammation or autoimmunity. Thus, our rapid and efficient protocol for genome editing in human Tregs may advance possibilities for Treg-based cellular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Van Zeebroeck
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Rebeca Arroyo Hornero
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Beatriz F. Côrte-Real
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ibrahim Hamad
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Torsten B. Meissner
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Markus Kleinewietfeld
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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47
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Yue X, Samaniego-Castruita D, González-Avalos E, Li X, Barwick BG, Rao A. Whole-genome analysis of TET dioxygenase function in regulatory T cells. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52716. [PMID: 34288360 PMCID: PMC8339674 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TET methylcytosine dioxygenases are essential for the stability and function of regulatory T cells (Treg cells), which maintain immune homeostasis and self‐tolerance and express the lineage‐determining transcription factor Foxp3. Here, we use whole‐genome analyses to show that the transcriptional program and epigenetic features (DNA modification, chromatin accessibility) of Treg cells are attenuated in the absence of Tet2 and Tet3. Conversely, the addition of the TET activator vitamin C during TGFβ‐induced iTreg cell differentiation in vitro potentiates the expression of Treg signature genes and alters the epigenetic landscape to better resemble that of Treg cells generated in vivo. Vitamin C enhances IL‐2 responsiveness in iTreg cells by increasing IL2Rα expression, STAT5 phosphorylation, and STAT5 binding, mimicking the IL‐2/STAT5 dependence of Treg cells generated in vivo. In summary, TET proteins play essential roles in maintaining Treg molecular features and promoting their dependence on IL‐2. TET activity during endogenous Treg development and potentiation of TET activity by vitamin C during iTreg differentiation are necessary to maintain the transcriptional and epigenetic features of Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Yue
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Samaniego-Castruita
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Edahí González-Avalos
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiang Li
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin G Barwick
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anjana Rao
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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48
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Dikiy S, Li J, Bai L, Jiang M, Janke L, Zong X, Hao X, Hoyos B, Wang ZM, Xu B, Fan Y, Rudensky AY, Feng Y. A distal Foxp3 enhancer enables interleukin-2 dependent thymic Treg cell lineage commitment for robust immune tolerance. Immunity 2021; 54:931-946.e11. [PMID: 33838102 PMCID: PMC8317508 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the STAT5 transcription factor downstream of the Interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) induces expression of Foxp3, a critical step in the differentiation of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Due to the pleiotropic effects of IL-2R signaling, it is unclear how STAT5 acts directly on the Foxp3 locus to promote its expression. Here, we report that IL-2 - STAT5 signaling converged on an enhancer (CNS0) during Foxp3 induction. CNS0 facilitated the IL-2 dependent CD25+Foxp3- precursor to Treg cell transition in the thymus. Its deficiency resulted in impaired Treg cell generation in neonates, which was partially mitigated with age. While the thymic Treg cell paucity caused by CNS0 deficiency did not result in autoimmunity on its own, it exacerbated autoimmune manifestations caused by disruption of the Aire gene. Thus, CNS0 enhancer activity ensures robust Treg cell differentiation early in postnatal life and cooperatively with other tolerance mechanisms minimizes autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Dikiy
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Lu Bai
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Menglin Jiang
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Laura Janke
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Xinying Zong
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Xiaolei Hao
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Beatrice Hoyos
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Zhong-Min Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Beisi Xu
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yiping Fan
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Alexander Y Rudensky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Yongqiang Feng
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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49
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Shapiro MR, Thirawatananond P, Peters L, Sharp RC, Ogundare S, Posgai AL, Perry DJ, Brusko TM. De-coding genetic risk variants in type 1 diabetes. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:496-508. [PMID: 33483996 PMCID: PMC8119379 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The conceptual basis for a genetic predisposition underlying the risk for developing type 1 diabetes (T1D) predates modern human molecular genetics. Over half of the genetic risk has been attributed to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II gene region and to the insulin (INS) gene locus - both thought to confer direction of autoreactivity and tissue specificity. Notwithstanding, questions still remain regarding the functional contributions of a vast array of minor polygenic risk variants scattered throughout the genome that likely influence disease heterogeneity and clinical outcomes. Herein, we summarize the available literature related to the T1D-associated coding variants defined at the time of this review, for the genes PTPN22, IFIH1, SH2B3, CD226, TYK2, FUT2, SIRPG, CTLA4, CTSH and UBASH3A. Data from genotype-selected human cohorts are summarized, and studies from the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse are presented to describe the functional impact of these variants in relation to innate and adaptive immunity as well as to β-cell fragility, with expression profiles in tissues and peripheral blood highlighted. The contribution of each variant to progression through T1D staging, including environmental interactions, are discussed with consideration of how their respective protein products may serve as attractive targets for precision medicine-based therapeutics to prevent or suspend the development of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Shapiro
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Puchong Thirawatananond
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Leeana Peters
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Robert C Sharp
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Similoluwa Ogundare
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Amanda L Posgai
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Daniel J Perry
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
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50
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Bach2 attenuates IL-2R signaling to control Treg homeostasis and Tfr development. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109096. [PMID: 33979619 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation and homeostasis of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are tightly controlled by the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) signaling, yet the mechanisms governing these processes are incompletely understood. Here, we report that transcription factor Bach2 attenuates IL-2R signaling to coordinate Treg differentiation and homeostasis. Bach2 is required for the quiescence, survival, and maintenance of resting Treg cells (rTregs). Unexpectedly, Bach2 directly represses CD25 (IL-2Rα) and subsequently attenuates IL-2R signaling in Tregs. Upregulated CD25/IL-2R signaling in Bach2-deficient rTregs acts as a parallel pathway to partially counteract their poor survival and maintenance. Furthermore, Bach2 suppresses CD25/IL-2R signaling in T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells. Bach2 deficiency in Tregs prevents the formation of highly differentiated Tfr cells, associated with aberrant GC response. Finally, a mild and late onset of autoimmune disease is observed in mice with Bach2-deficient Tregs. Thus, Bach2 balances IL-2R signaling to orchestrate development and homeostasis of various Treg subsets.
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