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Hu J, Cherkkil A, Surinach DA, Oladepo I, Hossain RF, Fausner S, Saxena K, Ko E, Peters R, Feldkamp M, Konda PC, Pathak V, Horstmeyer R, Kodandaramaiah SB. Pan-cortical cellular imaging in freely behaving mice using a miniaturized micro-camera array microscope (mini-MCAM). BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.04.601964. [PMID: 39005454 PMCID: PMC11245122 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.04.601964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Understanding how circuits in the brain simultaneously coordinate their activity to mediate complex ethnologically relevant behaviors requires recording neural activities from distributed populations of neurons in freely behaving animals. Current miniaturized imaging microscopes are typically limited to imaging a relatively small field of view, precluding the measurement of neural activities across multiple brain regions. Here we present a miniaturized micro-camera array microscope (mini-MCAM) that consists of four fluorescence imaging micro-cameras, each capable of capturing neural activity across a 4.5 mm x 2.55 mm field of view (FOV). Cumulatively, the mini-MCAM images over 30 mm 2 area of sparsely expressed GCaMP6s neurons distributed throughout the dorsal cortex, in regions including the primary and secondary motor, somatosensory, visual, retrosplenial, and association cortices across both hemispheres. We demonstrate cortex-wide cellular resolution in vivo Calcium (Ca 2+ ) imaging using the mini-MCAM in both head-fixed and freely behaving mice.
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2
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Bennett C, Ouellette B, Ramirez TK, Cahoon A, Cabasco H, Browning Y, Lakunina A, Lynch GF, McBride EG, Belski H, Gillis R, Grasso C, Howard R, Johnson T, Loeffler H, Smith H, Sullivan D, Williford A, Caldejon S, Durand S, Gale S, Guthrie A, Ha V, Han W, Hardcastle B, Mochizuki C, Sridhar A, Suarez L, Swapp J, Wilkes J, Siegle JH, Farrell C, Groblewski PA, Olsen SR. SHIELD: Skull-shaped hemispheric implants enabling large-scale electrophysiology datasets in the mouse brain. Neuron 2024:S0896-6273(24)00450-1. [PMID: 38996587 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
To understand the neural basis of behavior, it is essential to measure spiking dynamics across many interacting brain regions. Although new technologies, such as Neuropixels probes, facilitate multi-regional recordings, significant surgical and procedural hurdles remain for these experiments to achieve their full potential. Here, we describe skull-shaped hemispheric implants enabling large-scale electrophysiology datasets (SHIELD). These 3D-printed skull-replacement implants feature customizable insertion holes, allowing dozens of cortical and subcortical structures to be recorded in a single mouse using repeated multi-probe insertions over many days. We demonstrate the procedure's high success rate, biocompatibility, lack of adverse effects on behavior, and compatibility with imaging and optogenetics. To showcase SHIELD's scientific utility, we use multi-probe recordings to reveal novel insights into how alpha rhythms organize spiking activity across visual and sensorimotor networks. Overall, this method enables powerful, large-scale electrophysiological experiments for the study of distributed neural computation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corbett Bennett
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Ben Ouellette
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Hannah Cabasco
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yoni Browning
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Anna Lakunina
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Galen F Lynch
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Hannah Belski
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ryan Gillis
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Conor Grasso
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Robert Howard
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tye Johnson
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Henry Loeffler
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Heston Smith
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Samuel Gale
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Alan Guthrie
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Vivian Ha
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Warren Han
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ben Hardcastle
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Arjun Sridhar
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lucas Suarez
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jackie Swapp
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Joshua Wilkes
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | | | - Shawn R Olsen
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Nietz AK, Popa LS, Carter RE, Gerhart ML, Manikonda K, Ranum LP, Ebner TJ. Cerebral cortical functional hyperconnectivity in a mouse model of spinocerebellar ataxia type 8 (SCA8). BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.20.599947. [PMID: 38948725 PMCID: PMC11212952 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.20.599947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 8 (SCA8) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by a bidirectionally expressed CTG●CAG expansion mutation in the ATXN-8 and ATXN8-OS genes. While primarily a motor disorder, psychiatric and cognitive symptoms have been reported. It is difficult to elucidate how the disease alters brain function in areas with little or no degeneration producing both motor and cognitive symptoms. Using transparent polymer skulls and CNS-wide GCaMP6f expression, we studied neocortical networks throughout SCA8 progression using wide-field Ca2+ imaging in a transgenic mouse model of SCA8. We observed that neocortical networks in SCA8+ mice were hyperconnected globally which led to network configurations with increased global efficiency and centrality. At the regional level, significant network changes occurred in nearly all cortical regions, however mainly involved sensory and association cortices. Changes in functional connectivity in anterior motor regions worsened later in the disease. Near perfect decoding of animal genotype was obtained using a generalized linear model based on canonical correlation strengths between activity in cortical regions. The major contributors to decoding were concentrated in the somatosensory, higher visual and retrosplenial cortices and occasionally extended into the motor regions, demonstrating that the areas with the largest network changes are predictive of disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela K. Nietz
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Laurentiu S. Popa
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Russell E. Carter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Morgan L Gerhart
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Keerthi Manikonda
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Laura P.W. Ranum
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Timothy J. Ebner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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Xie H, Han X, Xiao G, Xu H, Zhang Y, Zhang G, Li Q, He J, Zhu D, Yu X, Dai Q. Multifocal fluorescence video-rate imaging of centimetre-wide arbitrarily shaped brain surfaces at micrometric resolution. Nat Biomed Eng 2024; 8:740-753. [PMID: 38057428 PMCID: PMC11250366 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy allows for the high-throughput imaging of cellular activity across brain areas in mammals. However, capturing rapid cellular dynamics across the curved cortical surface is challenging, owing to trade-offs in image resolution, speed, field of view and depth of field. Here we report a technique for wide-field fluorescence imaging that leverages selective illumination and the integration of focal areas at different depths via a spinning disc with varying thickness to enable video-rate imaging of previously reconstructed centimetre-scale arbitrarily shaped surfaces at micrometre-scale resolution and at a depth of field of millimetres. By implementing the technique in a microscope capable of acquiring images at 1.68 billion pixels per second and resolving 16.8 billion voxels per second, we recorded neural activities and the trajectories of neutrophils in real time on curved cortical surfaces in live mice. The technique can be integrated into many microscopes and macroscopes, in both reflective and fluorescence modes, for the study of multiscale cellular interactions on arbitrarily shaped surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xie
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaofei Han
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Guihua Xiao
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hanyun Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanlong Zhang
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoxun Zhang
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingwei Li
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics - MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinguang Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qionghai Dai
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Edelman BJ, Siegenthaler D, Wanken P, Jenkins B, Schmid B, Ressle A, Gogolla N, Frank T, Macé E. The COMBO window: A chronic cranial implant for multiscale circuit interrogation in mice. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002664. [PMID: 38829885 PMCID: PMC11185485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroscientists studying the neural correlates of mouse behavior often lack access to the brain-wide activity patterns elicited during a specific task of interest. Fortunately, large-scale imaging is becoming increasingly accessible thanks to modalities such as Ca2+ imaging and functional ultrasound (fUS). However, these and other techniques often involve challenging cranial window procedures and are difficult to combine with other neuroscience tools. We address this need with an open-source 3D-printable cranial implant-the COMBO (ChrOnic Multimodal imaging and Behavioral Observation) window. The COMBO window enables chronic imaging of large portions of the brain in head-fixed mice while preserving orofacial movements. We validate the COMBO window stability using both brain-wide fUS and multisite two-photon imaging. Moreover, we demonstrate how the COMBO window facilitates the combination of optogenetics, fUS, and electrophysiology in the same animals to study the effects of circuit perturbations at both the brain-wide and single-neuron level. Overall, the COMBO window provides a versatile solution for performing multimodal brain recordings in head-fixed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J. Edelman
- Brain-Wide Circuits for Behavior Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Planegg, Germany
- Emotion Research Department, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Dynamics of Excitable Cell Networks Research Group, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dominique Siegenthaler
- Brain-Wide Circuits for Behavior Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Planegg, Germany
- Dynamics of Excitable Cell Networks Research Group, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paulina Wanken
- Brain-Wide Circuits for Behavior Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Planegg, Germany
- Dynamics of Excitable Cell Networks Research Group, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bethan Jenkins
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Olfactory Memory Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Planegg, Germany
- Olfactory Memory and Behavior Research Group, European Neuroscience Institute and Faculty for Biology and Psychology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bianca Schmid
- Emotion Research Department, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Ressle
- Emotion Research Department, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Nadine Gogolla
- Emotion Research Department, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Frank
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Olfactory Memory Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Planegg, Germany
- Olfactory Memory and Behavior Research Group, European Neuroscience Institute and Faculty for Biology and Psychology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Emilie Macé
- Brain-Wide Circuits for Behavior Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Planegg, Germany
- Dynamics of Excitable Cell Networks Research Group, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Vickers ED, McCormick DA. Pan-cortical 2-photon mesoscopic imaging and neurobehavioral alignment in awake, behaving mice. eLife 2024; 13:RP94167. [PMID: 38808733 PMCID: PMC11136495 DOI: 10.7554/elife.94167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The flow of neural activity across the neocortex during active sensory discrimination is constrained by task-specific cognitive demands, movements, and internal states. During behavior, the brain appears to sample from a broad repertoire of activation motifs. Understanding how these patterns of local and global activity are selected in relation to both spontaneous and task-dependent behavior requires in-depth study of densely sampled activity at single neuron resolution across large regions of cortex. In a significant advance toward this goal, we developed procedures to record mesoscale 2-photon Ca2+ imaging data from two novel in vivo preparations that, between them, allow for simultaneous access to nearly all 0f the mouse dorsal and lateral neocortex. As a proof of principle, we aligned neural activity with both behavioral primitives and high-level motifs to reveal the existence of large populations of neurons that coordinated their activity across cortical areas with spontaneous changes in movement and/or arousal. The methods we detail here facilitate the identification and exploration of widespread, spatially heterogeneous neural ensembles whose activity is related to diverse aspects of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan D Vickers
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | - David A McCormick
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
- Department of Biology, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
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Streng ML, Kottke BW, Wasserman EM, Zecker L, Luong L, Ebner TJ, Krook-Magnuson E. Early and widespread engagement of the cerebellum during hippocampal epileptiform activity Format: Brief Communication. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.14.593969. [PMID: 38798649 PMCID: PMC11118491 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.14.593969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Despite research illustrating the cerebellum may be a critical circuit element in the epilepsies, remarkably little is known about cerebellar engagement during seizures. We therefore implemented a novel method for repeated imaging of the cerebellum in awake, chronically epileptic animals. We found widespread changes in cerebellar calcium signals during behavioral seizures and during hippocampal seizures that remained electrographic only, arguing against cerebellar modulation simply reflecting motor components. Moreover, even brief interictal spikes produced widespread alterations in cerebellar activity. Changes were noted in the anterior and posterior cerebellum, along the midline, and both ipsilaterally and contralaterally to the seizure focus. Remarkably, changes in the cerebellum also occurred prior to any noticeable change in the hippocampal electrographic recordings, suggesting a special relationship between the cerebellum and hippocampal epileptiform activity. Together these results underscore the importance of the cerebellum in epilepsy, warranting a more consistent consideration of the cerebellum when evaluating epilepsy patients.
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8
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Takahashi T, Zhang H, Agetsuma M, Nabekura J, Otomo K, Okamura Y, Nemoto T. Large-scale cranial window for in vivo mouse brain imaging utilizing fluoropolymer nanosheet and light-curable resin. Commun Biol 2024; 7:232. [PMID: 38438546 PMCID: PMC10912766 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05865-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Two-photon microscopy enables in vivo imaging of neuronal activity in mammalian brains at high resolution. However, two-photon imaging tools for stable, long-term, and simultaneous study of multiple brain regions in same mice are lacking. Here, we propose a method to create large cranial windows covering such as the whole parietal cortex and cerebellum in mice using fluoropolymer nanosheets covered with light-curable resin (termed the 'Nanosheet Incorporated into light-curable REsin' or NIRE method). NIRE method can produce cranial windows conforming the curved cortical and cerebellar surfaces, without motion artifacts in awake mice, and maintain transparency for >5 months. In addition, we demonstrate that NIRE method can be used for in vivo two-photon imaging of neuronal ensembles, individual neurons and subcellular structures such as dendritic spines. The NIRE method can facilitate in vivo large-scale analysis of heretofore inaccessible neural processes, such as the neuroplastic changes associated with maturation, learning and neural pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiga Takahashi
- Division of Biophotonics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Higashiyama 5-1, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Biophotonics Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Higashiyama 5-1, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Higashiyama 5-1, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Medical and Robotic Engineering Design, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan
| | - Hong Zhang
- Micro/Nano Technology Center, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Masakazu Agetsuma
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Quantum Regenerative and Biomedical Engineering Team, Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Anagawa 4-9-1, Chiba Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Junichi Nabekura
- School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Higashiyama 5-1, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kohei Otomo
- Division of Biophotonics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Higashiyama 5-1, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Biophotonics Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Higashiyama 5-1, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Higashiyama 5-1, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biomedicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yosuke Okamura
- Micro/Nano Technology Center, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan
- Course of Applied Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nemoto
- Division of Biophotonics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Higashiyama 5-1, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
- Biophotonics Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Higashiyama 5-1, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
- School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Higashiyama 5-1, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
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9
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Mulholland HN, Jayakumar H, Farinella DM, Smith GB. All-optical interrogation of millimeter-scale networks and application to developing ferret cortex. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 403:110051. [PMID: 38145718 PMCID: PMC10872452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2023.110051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perception and behavior require coordinated activity of thousands of neurons operating in networks that span millimeters of brain area. In vivo calcium imaging approaches have proven exceptionally powerful for examining the structure of these networks at large scales, and optogenetics can allow for causal manipulations of large populations of neurons. However, realizing the full potential of these techniques requires the ability to simultaneously measure and manipulate distinct circuit elements on the scale of millimeters. NEW METHOD We describe an opto-macroscope, an artifact-free, all-optical system capable of delivering patterned optogenetic stimulation with high spatial and temporal resolution across millimeters of brain while simultaneously imaging functional neural activity. RESULTS We find that this approach provides direct manipulation of cortical regions ranging from hundreds of microns to several millimeters in area, allowing for the perturbation of individual brain areas or networks of functional domains. Using this system we find that spatially complex endogenous networks in the developing ferret visual cortex can be readily reactivated by precisely designed patterned optogenetic stimuli. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Our opto-macroscope extends current all-optical optogenetic approaches which operate on a cellular scale with multiphoton stimulation, and are poorly suited to investigate the millimeter-scale of many functional networks. It also builds upon other mesoscopic optogenetic techniques that lack simultaneous optical readouts of neural activity. CONCLUSIONS The large-scale all-optical capabilities of our system make it a powerful new tool for investigating the contribution of cortical domains and brain areas to the functional neural networks that underlie perception and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleigh N Mulholland
- Optical Imaging and Brain Sciences Medical Discovery Team, Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 2021 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Harishankar Jayakumar
- Optical Imaging and Brain Sciences Medical Discovery Team, Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 2021 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Deano M Farinella
- Optical Imaging and Brain Sciences Medical Discovery Team, Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 2021 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Gordon B Smith
- Optical Imaging and Brain Sciences Medical Discovery Team, Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 2021 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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10
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Hope J, Beckerle T, Cheng PH, Viavattine Z, Feldkamp M, Fausner S, Saxena K, Ko E, Hryb I, Carter R, Ebner T, Kodandaramaiah S. Brain-wide neural recordings in mice navigating physical spaces enabled by a cranial exoskeleton. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3491330. [PMID: 38014260 PMCID: PMC10680923 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3491330/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Complex behaviors are mediated by neural computations occurring throughout the brain. In recent years, tremendous progress has been made in developing technologies that can record neural activity at cellular resolution at multiple spatial and temporal scales. However, these technologies are primarily designed for studying the mammalian brain during head fixation - wherein the behavior of the animal is highly constrained. Miniaturized devices for studying neural activity in freely behaving animals are largely confined to recording from small brain regions owing to performance limitations. We present a cranial exoskeleton that assists mice in maneuvering neural recording headstages that are orders of magnitude larger and heavier than the mice, while they navigate physical behavioral environments. Force sensors embedded within the headstage are used to detect the mouse's milli-Newton scale cranial forces which then control the x, y, and yaw motion of the exoskeleton via an admittance controller. We discovered optimal controller tuning parameters that enable mice to locomote at physiologically realistic velocities and accelerations while maintaining natural walking gait. Mice maneuvering headstages weighing up to 1.5 kg can make turns, navigate 2D arenas, and perform a navigational decision-making task with the same performance as when freely behaving. We designed an imaging headstage and an electrophysiology headstage for the cranial exoskeleton to record brain-wide neural activity in mice navigating 2D arenas. The imaging headstage enabled recordings of Ca2+ activity of 1000s of neurons distributed across the dorsal cortex. The electrophysiology headstage supported independent control of up to 4 silicon probes, enabling simultaneous recordings from 100s of neurons across multiple brain regions and multiple days. Cranial exoskeletons provide flexible platforms for largescale neural recording during the exploration of physical spaces, a critical new paradigm for unraveling the brain-wide neural mechanisms that control complex behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Hope
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
| | - Travis Beckerle
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
| | - Pin-Hao Cheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
| | - Zoey Viavattine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
| | - Michael Feldkamp
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
| | - Skylar Fausner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
| | - Kapil Saxena
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
| | - Eunsong Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
| | - Ihor Hryb
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
| | - Russell Carter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
| | - Timothy Ebner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
| | - Suhasa Kodandaramaiah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
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11
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Chen N. Embedded 3D printing and pressurized thermo-curing of PMMA for medical implants. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 146:106083. [PMID: 37678106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a synthetic polymer commonly used for medical implants in cranioplasty and orthopedic surgery owing to its excellent mechanical properties, optical transparency, and minimal inflammatory responses. Recently, the development of 3D printing opens new avenues in the fabrication of patient-specific PMMA implants for personalized medicine. However, challenges are confronted when adapting medical-grade PMMA to the 3D printing process due to its dynamic viscosity and nonself-supporting characteristics before cured. In addition, the intrinsically exothermic polymerization of MMA brings about bubble generation issues that reduce its mechanical performance harshly. Therefore, in this study, an embedded 3D printing methodology followed by pressurized thermo-curing is proposed and developed: a granular alginate microgel is designed for serving as a supporting matrix when jamming formed between the granules to structurally support the extruded precursor filaments of PMMA-MMA ink during both 3D printing and post-curing; moreover, the autoclave reactor enclosing the alginate matrix and as-sculpted PMMA structures is utilized to generate temperature-dependent pressure, which serves for suppressing the bubbles and solidifying the polymerized MMA during the post-curing process. The 3D printed PMMA is comparably matchable to traditional PMMA castings in terms of their microstructures, density, thermal properties, mechanical performance and biocompatibility. In the future, the proposed embedded 3D printing platform combined with the special post-curing method has great potential for a customized and cost-effective fabrication of patient-specific, complex and functional PMMA implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Chen
- Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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12
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Noorani I, de la Rosa J. Breaking barriers for glioblastoma with a path to enhanced drug delivery. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5909. [PMID: 37737212 PMCID: PMC10517119 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41694-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Noorani
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute and University College London, London, UK.
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
| | - Jorge de la Rosa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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13
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Deán-Ben XL, Robin J, Nozdriukhin D, Ni R, Zhao J, Glück C, Droux J, Sendón-Lago J, Chen Z, Zhou Q, Weber B, Wegener S, Vidal A, Arand M, El Amki M, Razansky D. Deep optoacoustic localization microangiography of ischemic stroke in mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3584. [PMID: 37328490 PMCID: PMC10275987 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Super-resolution optoacoustic imaging of microvascular structures deep in mammalian tissues has so far been impeded by strong absorption from densely-packed red blood cells. Here we devised 5 µm biocompatible dichloromethane-based microdroplets exhibiting several orders of magnitude higher optical absorption than red blood cells at near-infrared wavelengths, thus enabling single-particle detection in vivo. We demonstrate non-invasive three-dimensional microangiography of the mouse brain beyond the acoustic diffraction limit (<20 µm resolution). Blood flow velocity quantification in microvascular networks and light fluence mapping was also accomplished. In mice affected by acute ischemic stroke, the multi-parametric multi-scale observations enabled by super-resolution and spectroscopic optoacoustic imaging revealed significant differences in microvascular density, flow and oxygen saturation in ipsi- and contra-lateral brain hemispheres. Given the sensitivity of optoacoustics to functional, metabolic and molecular events in living tissues, the new approach paves the way for non-invasive microscopic observations with unrivaled resolution, contrast and speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xosé Luís Deán-Ben
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Justine Robin
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniil Nozdriukhin
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruiqing Ni
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Neuroscience Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jim Zhao
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chaim Glück
- Experimental Imaging and Neuroenergetics, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, and Zurich Neuroscience Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jeanne Droux
- Zurich Neuroscience Center, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Juan Sendón-Lago
- Experimental Biomedicine Centre (CEBEGA), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Zhenyue Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Quanyu Zhou
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Weber
- Experimental Imaging and Neuroenergetics, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, and Zurich Neuroscience Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Wegener
- Zurich Neuroscience Center, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anxo Vidal
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Michael Arand
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mohamad El Amki
- Zurich Neuroscience Center, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Razansky
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Zurich Neuroscience Center, Zurich, Switzerland.
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14
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Ahanonu B, Crowther A, Kania A, Casillas MR, Basbaum A. Long-term optical imaging of the spinal cord in awake, behaving animals. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.22.541477. [PMID: 37292913 PMCID: PMC10245895 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.22.541477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Advances in optical imaging approaches and fluorescent biosensors have enabled an understanding of the spatiotemporal and long-term neural dynamics in the brain of awake animals. However, methodological difficulties and the persistence of post-laminectomy fibrosis have greatly limited similar advances in the spinal cord. To overcome these technical obstacles, we combined in vivo application of fluoropolymer membranes that inhibit fibrosis; a redesigned, cost-effective implantable spinal imaging chamber; and improved motion correction methods that together permit imaging of the spinal cord in awake, behaving mice, for months to over a year. We also demonstrate a robust ability to monitor axons, identify a spinal cord somatotopic map, conduct Ca2+ imaging of neural dynamics in behaving animals responding to pain-provoking stimuli, and observe persistent microglial changes after nerve injury. The ability to couple neural activity and behavior at the spinal cord level will drive insights not previously possible at a key location for somatosensory transmission to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biafra Ahanonu
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Andrew Crowther
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Artur Kania
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, and Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B2, Canada
| | - Mariela Rosa Casillas
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Allan Basbaum
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Lead Contact
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15
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West SL, Gerhart ML, Ebner TJ. Wide-field calcium imaging of cortical activation and functional connectivity in externally- and internally-driven locomotion. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.10.536261. [PMID: 37090567 PMCID: PMC10120686 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.10.536261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
The neural dynamics underlying self-initiated versus sensory driven movements is central to understanding volitional action. Upstream motor cortices are associated with the generation of internally-driven movements over externally-driven. Here we directly compare cortical dynamics during internally- versus externally-driven locomotion using wide-field Ca2+ imaging. We find that secondary motor cortex (M2) plays a larger role in internally-driven spontaneous locomotion transitions, with increased M2 functional connectivity during starting and stopping than in the externally-driven, motorized treadmill locomotion. This is not the case in steady-state walk. In addition, motorized treadmill and spontaneous locomotion are characterized by markedly different patterns of cortical activation and functional connectivity at the different behavior periods. Furthermore, the patterns of fluorescence activation and connectivity are uncorrelated. These experiments reveal widespread and striking differences in the cortical control of internally- and externally-driven locomotion, with M2 playing a major role in the preparation and execution of the self-initiated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. West
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Morgan L. Gerhart
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Timothy J. Ebner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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16
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Surinach D, Rynes ML, Saxena K, Ko E, Redish AD, Kodandaramaiah SB. Distinct mesoscale cortical dynamics encode search strategies during spatial navigation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.27.534480. [PMID: 37034682 PMCID: PMC10081171 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.27.534480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Spatial navigation is a complex cognitive process that involves neural computations in distributed regions of the brain. Little is known about how cortical regions are coordinated when animals navigate novel spatial environments or how that coordination changes as environments become familiar. We recorded mesoscale calcium (Ca2+) dynamics across large swathes of the dorsal cortex in mice solving the Barnes maze, a 2D spatial navigation task where mice used random, serial, and spatial search strategies to navigate to the goal. Cortical dynamics exhibited patterns of repeated calcium activity with rapid and abrupt shifts between cortical activation patterns at sub-second time scales. We used a clustering algorithm to decompose the spatial patterns of cortical calcium activity in a low dimensional state space, identifying 7 states, each corresponding to a distinct spatial pattern of cortical activation, sufficient to describe the cortical dynamics across all the mice. When mice used serial or spatial search strategies to navigate to the goal, the frontal regions of the cortex were reliably activated for prolonged durations of time (> 1s) shortly after trial initiation. These frontal cortex activation events coincided with mice approaching the edge of the maze from the center and were preceded by temporal sequences of cortical activation patterns that were distinct for serial and spatial search strategies. In serial search trials, frontal cortex activation events were preceded by activation of the posterior regions of the cortex followed by lateral activation of one hemisphere. In spatial search trials, frontal cortical events were preceded by activation of posterior regions of the cortex followed by broad activation of the lateral regions of the cortex. Our results delineated cortical components that differentiate goal- and non-goal oriented spatial navigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Surinach
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
| | - Mathew L Rynes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
| | - Kapil Saxena
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
| | - Eunsong Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
| | - A David Redish
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
| | - Suhasa B Kodandaramaiah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
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17
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Nietz AK, Streng ML, Popa LS, Carter RE, Flaherty EB, Aronson JD, Ebner TJ. To be and not to be: wide-field Ca2+ imaging reveals neocortical functional segmentation combines stability and flexibility. Cereb Cortex 2023:7024718. [PMID: 36734268 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The stability and flexibility of the functional parcellation of the cerebral cortex is fundamental to how familiar and novel information is both represented and stored. We leveraged new advances in Ca2+ sensors and microscopy to understand the dynamics of functional segmentation in the dorsal cerebral cortex. We performed wide-field Ca2+ imaging in head-fixed mice and used spatial independent component analysis (ICA) to identify independent spatial sources of Ca2+ fluorescence. The imaging data were evaluated over multiple timescales and discrete behaviors including resting, walking, and grooming. When evaluated over the entire dataset, a set of template independent components (ICs) were identified that were common across behaviors. Template ICs were present across a range of timescales, from days to 30 seconds, although with lower occurrence probability at shorter timescales, highlighting the stability of the functional segmentation. Importantly, unique ICs emerged at the shorter duration timescales that could act to transiently refine the cortical network. When data were evaluated by behavior, both common and behavior-specific ICs emerged. Each behavior is composed of unique combinations of common and behavior-specific ICs. These observations suggest that cerebral cortical functional segmentation exhibits considerable spatial stability over time and behaviors while retaining the flexibility for task-dependent reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela K Nietz
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 2001 Sixth Street S.E., Minneapolis 55455, MN, United States
| | - Martha L Streng
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 2001 Sixth Street S.E., Minneapolis 55455, MN, United States
| | - Laurentiu S Popa
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 2001 Sixth Street S.E., Minneapolis 55455, MN, United States
| | - Russell E Carter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 2001 Sixth Street S.E., Minneapolis 55455, MN, United States
| | - Evelyn B Flaherty
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 2001 Sixth Street S.E., Minneapolis 55455, MN, United States
| | - Justin D Aronson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 2001 Sixth Street S.E., Minneapolis 55455, MN, United States
| | - Timothy J Ebner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 2001 Sixth Street S.E., Minneapolis 55455, MN, United States
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18
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Gray MM, Naik A, Ebner TJ, Carter RE. Altered brain state during episodic dystonia in tottering mice decouples primary motor cortex from limb kinematics. DYSTONIA 2023; 2:10974. [PMID: 37800168 PMCID: PMC10554815 DOI: 10.3389/dyst.2023.10974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Episodic Ataxia Type 2 (EA2) is a rare neurological disorder caused by a mutation in the CACNA1A gene, encoding the P/Q-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channel important for neurotransmitter release. Patients with this channelopathy exhibit both cerebellar and cerebral pathologies, suggesting the condition affects both regions. The tottering (tg/tg) mouse is the most commonly used EA2 model due to an orthologous mutation in the cacna1a gene. The tg/tg mouse has three prominent behavioral phenotypes: a dramatic episodic dystonia; absence seizures with generalized spike and wave discharges (GSWDs); and mild ataxia. We previously observed a novel brain state, transient low-frequency oscillations (LFOs) in the cerebellum and cerebral cortex under anesthesia. In this study, we examine the relationships among the dystonic attack, GSWDs, and LFOs in the cerebral cortex. Previous studies characterized LFOs in the motor cortex of anesthetized tg/tg mice using flavoprotein autofluorescence imaging testing the hypothesis that LFOs provide a mechanism for the paroxysmal dystonia. We sought to obtain a more direct understanding of motor cortex (M1) activity during the dystonic episodes. Using two-photon Ca2+ imaging to investigate neuronal activity in M1 before, during, and after the dystonic attack, we show that there is not a significant change in the activity of M1 neurons from baseline through the attack. We also conducted simultaneous, multi-electrode recordings to further understand how M1 cellular activity and local field potentials change throughout the progression of the dystonic attack. Neither putative pyramidal nor inhibitory interneuron firing rate changed during the dystonic attack. However, we did observe a near complete loss of GSWDs during the dystonic attack in M1. Finally, using spike triggered averaging to align simultaneously recorded limb kinematics to the peak Ca2+ response, and vice versa, revealed a reduction in the spike triggered average during the dystonic episodes. Both the loss of GSWDs and the reduction in the coupling suggest that, during the dystonic attack, M1 is effectively decoupled from other structures. Overall, these results indicate that the attack is not initiated or controlled in M1, but elsewhere in the motor circuitry. The findings also highlight that LFOs, GSWDs, and dystonic attacks represent three brain states in tg/tg mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelyn M Gray
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Anant Naik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Timothy J Ebner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Russell E Carter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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19
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Durand S, Heller GR, Ramirez TK, Luviano JA, Williford A, Sullivan DT, Cahoon AJ, Farrell C, Groblewski PA, Bennett C, Siegle JH, Olsen SR. Acute head-fixed recordings in awake mice with multiple Neuropixels probes. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:424-457. [PMID: 36477710 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00768-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multi-electrode arrays such as Neuropixels probes enable electrophysiological recordings from large populations of single neurons with high temporal resolution. By using such probes, the activity from functionally interacting, yet distinct, brain regions can be measured simultaneously by inserting multiple probes into the same subject. However, the use of multiple probes in small animals such as mice requires the removal of a sizable fraction of the skull, while also minimizing tissue damage and keeping the brain stable during the recordings. Here, we describe a step-by-step process designed to facilitate reliable recordings from up to six Neuropixels probes simultaneously in awake, head-fixed mice. The procedure involves four stages: the implantation of a headframe and a removable glass coverslip, the precise positioning of the Neuropixels probes at targeted points on the brain surface, the placement of a perforated plastic imaging window and the insertion of the probes into the brain of an awake mouse. The approach provides access to multiple brain regions and has been successfully applied across hundreds of mice. The procedure has been optimized for dense recordings from the mouse visual system, but it can be adapted for alternative recording configurations to target multiple probes in other brain areas. The protocol is suitable for users with experience in stereotaxic surgery in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Greggory R Heller
- Allen Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachussetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tamina K Ramirez
- Allen Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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20
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Hu J, Hossain RF, Navabi ZS, Tillery A, Laroque M, Donaldson PD, Swisher SL, Kodandaramaiah SB. Fully desktop fabricated flexible graphene electrocorticography (ECoG) arrays. J Neural Eng 2023; 20:10.1088/1741-2552/acae08. [PMID: 36548995 PMCID: PMC10027363 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/acae08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective:Flexible Electrocorticography (ECoG) electrode arrays that conform to the cortical surface and record surface field potentials from multiple brain regions provide unique insights into how computations occurring in distributed brain regions mediate behavior. Specialized microfabrication methods are required to produce flexible ECoG devices with high-density electrode arrays. However, these fabrication methods are challenging for scientists without access to cleanroom fabrication equipment.Results:Here we present a fully desktop fabricated flexible graphene ECoG array. First, we synthesized a stable, conductive ink via liquid exfoliation of Graphene in Cyrene. Next, we established a stencil-printing process for patterning the graphene ink via laser-cut stencils on flexible polyimide substrates. Benchtop tests indicate that the graphene electrodes have good conductivity of ∼1.1 × 103S cm-1, flexibility to maintain their electrical connection under static bending, and electrochemical stability in a 15 d accelerated corrosion test. Chronically implanted graphene ECoG devices remain fully functional for up to 180 d, with averagein vivoimpedances of 24.72 ± 95.23 kΩ at 1 kHz. The ECoG device can measure spontaneous surface field potentials from mice under awake and anesthetized states and sensory stimulus-evoked responses.Significance:The stencil-printing fabrication process can be used to create Graphene ECoG devices with customized electrode layouts within 24 h using commonly available laboratory equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities
| | | | - Zahra S. Navabi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities
| | | | - Michael Laroque
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities
| | - Preston D. Donaldson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities
| | - Sarah L. Swisher
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities
| | - Suhasa B. Kodandaramaiah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Twin Cities
- Send manuscript correspondence to: Suhasa B. Kodandaramaiah, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Address: 111 Church St SE, Room 303, Minneapolis, MN 55455,
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21
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Fekete Z, Zátonyi A, Kaszás A, Madarász M, Slézia A. Transparent neural interfaces: challenges and solutions of microengineered multimodal implants designed to measure intact neuronal populations using high-resolution electrophysiology and microscopy simultaneously. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:66. [PMID: 37213820 PMCID: PMC10195795 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00519-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to present a comprehensive overview of the feasibility of using transparent neural interfaces in multimodal in vivo experiments on the central nervous system. Multimodal electrophysiological and neuroimaging approaches hold great potential for revealing the anatomical and functional connectivity of neuronal ensembles in the intact brain. Multimodal approaches are less time-consuming and require fewer experimental animals as researchers obtain denser, complex data during the combined experiments. Creating devices that provide high-resolution, artifact-free neural recordings while facilitating the interrogation or stimulation of underlying anatomical features is currently one of the greatest challenges in the field of neuroengineering. There are numerous articles highlighting the trade-offs between the design and development of transparent neural interfaces; however, a comprehensive overview of the efforts in material science and technology has not been reported. Our present work fills this gap in knowledge by introducing the latest micro- and nanoengineered solutions for fabricating substrate and conductive components. Here, the limitations and improvements in electrical, optical, and mechanical properties, the stability and longevity of the integrated features, and biocompatibility during in vivo use are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Fekete
- Research Group for Implantable Microsystems, Faculty of Information Technology & Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience & Psychology, Eotvos Lorand Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - A. Zátonyi
- Research Group for Implantable Microsystems, Faculty of Information Technology & Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - A. Kaszás
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Département BEL, F - 13541 Gardanne, France
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, CNRS UMR 7289 & Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - M. Madarász
- János Szentágothai PhD Program of Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- BrainVision Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - A. Slézia
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, CNRS UMR 7289 & Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France
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22
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Cramer SW, Haley SP, Popa LS, Carter RE, Scott E, Flaherty EB, Dominguez J, Aronson JD, Sabal L, Surinach D, Chen CC, Kodandaramaiah SB, Ebner TJ. Wide-field calcium imaging reveals widespread changes in cortical functional connectivity following mild traumatic brain injury in the mouse. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 176:105943. [PMID: 36476979 PMCID: PMC9972226 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
>2.5 million individuals in the United States suffer mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) annually. Mild TBI is characterized by a brief period of altered consciousness, without objective findings of anatomic injury on clinical imaging or physical deficit on examination. Nevertheless, a subset of mTBI patients experience persistent subjective symptoms and repeated mTBI can lead to quantifiable neurological deficits, suggesting that each mTBI alters neurophysiology in a deleterious manner not detected using current clinical methods. To better understand these effects, we performed mesoscopic Ca2+ imaging in mice to evaluate how mTBI alters patterns of neuronal interactions across the dorsal cerebral cortex. Spatial Independent Component Analysis (sICA) and Localized semi-Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (LocaNMF) were used to quantify changes in cerebral functional connectivity (FC). Repetitive, mild, controlled cortical impacts induce temporary neuroinflammatory responses, characterized by increased density of microglia exhibiting de-ramified morphology. These temporary neuro-inflammatory changes were not associated with compromised cognitive performance in the Barnes maze or motor function as assessed by rotarod. However, long-term alterations in functional connectivity (FC) were observed. Widespread, bilateral changes in FC occurred immediately following impact and persisted for up to 7 weeks, the duration of the experiment. Network alterations include decreases in global efficiency, clustering coefficient, and nodal strength, thereby disrupting functional interactions and information flow throughout the dorsal cerebral cortex. A subnetwork analysis shows the largest disruptions in FC were concentrated near the impact site. Therefore, mTBI induces a transient neuroinflammation, without alterations in cognitive or motor behavior, and a reorganized cortical network evidenced by the widespread, chronic alterations in cortical FC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Cramer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Samuel P Haley
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Laurentiu S Popa
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Russell E Carter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Earl Scott
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Evelyn B Flaherty
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Judith Dominguez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Justin D Aronson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Luke Sabal
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daniel Surinach
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Clark C Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Timothy J Ebner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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23
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Wide-Field Calcium Imaging of Neuronal Network Dynamics In Vivo. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11111601. [PMID: 36358302 PMCID: PMC9687960 DOI: 10.3390/biology11111601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A central tenet of neuroscience is that sensory, motor, and cognitive behaviors are generated by the communications and interactions among neurons, distributed within and across anatomically and functionally distinct brain regions. Therefore, to decipher how the brain plans, learns, and executes behaviors requires characterizing neuronal activity at multiple spatial and temporal scales. This includes simultaneously recording neuronal dynamics at the mesoscale level to understand the interactions among brain regions during different behavioral and brain states. Wide-field Ca2+ imaging, which uses single photon excitation and improved genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators, allows for simultaneous recordings of large brain areas and is proving to be a powerful tool to study neuronal activity at the mesoscopic scale in behaving animals. This review details the techniques used for wide-field Ca2+ imaging and the various approaches employed for the analyses of the rich neuronal-behavioral data sets obtained. Also discussed is how wide-field Ca2+ imaging is providing novel insights into both normal and altered neural processing in disease. Finally, we examine the limitations of the approach and new developments in wide-field Ca2+ imaging that are bringing new capabilities to this important technique for investigating large-scale neuronal dynamics.
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24
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Machado TA, Kauvar IV, Deisseroth K. Multiregion neuronal activity: the forest and the trees. Nat Rev Neurosci 2022; 23:683-704. [PMID: 36192596 PMCID: PMC10327445 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-022-00634-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed remarkable advances in the simultaneous measurement of neuronal activity across many brain regions, enabling fundamentally new explorations of the brain-spanning cellular dynamics that underlie sensation, cognition and action. These recently developed multiregion recording techniques have provided many experimental opportunities, but thoughtful consideration of methodological trade-offs is necessary, especially regarding field of view, temporal acquisition rate and ability to guarantee cellular resolution. When applied in concert with modern optogenetic and computational tools, multiregion recording has already made possible fundamental biological discoveries - in part via the unprecedented ability to perform unbiased neural activity screens for principles of brain function, spanning dozens of brain areas and from local to global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Machado
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Isaac V Kauvar
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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25
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Grienberger C, Giovannucci A, Zeiger W, Portera-Cailliau C. Two-photon calcium imaging of neuronal activity. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2022; 2:67. [PMID: 38124998 PMCID: PMC10732251 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-022-00147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
In vivo two-photon calcium imaging (2PCI) is a technique used for recording neuronal activity in the intact brain. It is based on the principle that, when neurons fire action potentials, intracellular calcium levels rise, which can be detected using fluorescent molecules that bind to calcium. This Primer is designed for scientists who are considering embarking on experiments with 2PCI. We provide the reader with a background on the basic concepts behind calcium imaging and on the reasons why 2PCI is an increasingly powerful and versatile technique in neuroscience. The Primer explains the different steps involved in experiments with 2PCI, provides examples of what ideal preparations should look like and explains how data are analysed. We also discuss some of the current limitations of the technique, and the types of solutions to circumvent them. Finally, we conclude by anticipating what the future of 2PCI might look like, emphasizing some of the analysis pipelines that are being developed and international efforts for data sharing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Grienberger
- Department of Biology and Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Giovannucci
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - William Zeiger
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carlos Portera-Cailliau
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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26
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Donaldson PD, Navabi ZS, Carter RE, Fausner SML, Ghanbari L, Ebner TJ, Swisher SL, Kodandaramaiah SB. Polymer Skulls With Integrated Transparent Electrode Arrays for Cortex-Wide Opto-Electrophysiological Recordings. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200626. [PMID: 35869830 PMCID: PMC9573805 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Electrophysiology and optical imaging provide complementary neural sensing capabilities - electrophysiological recordings have high temporal resolution, while optical imaging allows recording of genetically-defined populations at high spatial resolution. Combining these two modalities for simultaneous large-scale, multimodal sensing of neural activity across multiple brain regions can be very powerful. Here, transparent, inkjet-printed electrode arrays with outstanding optical and electrical properties are seamlessly integrated with morphologically conformant transparent polymer skulls. Implanted on transgenic mice expressing the Calcium (Ca2+ ) indicator GCaMP6f in excitatory neurons, these "eSee-Shells" provide a robust opto-electrophysiological interface for over 100 days. eSee-Shells enable simultaneous mesoscale Ca2+ imaging and electrocorticography (ECoG) acquisition from multiple brain regions covering 45 mm2 of cortex under anesthesia and in awake animals. The clarity and transparency of eSee-Shells allow recording single-cell Ca2+ signals directly below the electrodes and interconnects. Simultaneous multimodal measurement of cortical dynamics reveals changes in both ECoG and Ca2+ signals that depend on the behavioral state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preston D Donaldson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 200 Union St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Zahra S Navabi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 117 Pleasant St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Russell E Carter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, 312 Church St. SE, 7-105 Nils Hasselmo Hall, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Skylar M L Fausner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 117 Pleasant St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Leila Ghanbari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 117 Pleasant St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Timothy J Ebner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, 312 Church St. SE, 7-105 Nils Hasselmo Hall, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Sarah L Swisher
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 200 Union St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Suhasa B Kodandaramaiah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 117 Pleasant St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, 312 Church St. SE, 7-105 Nils Hasselmo Hall, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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27
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Wei W, Hao M, Zhou K, Wang Y, Lu Q, Zhang H, Wu Y, Zhang T, Liu Y. In situ multimodal transparent electrophysiological hydrogel for in vivo miniature two-photon neuroimaging and electrocorticogram analysis. Acta Biomater 2022; 152:86-99. [PMID: 36041650 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels are widely used in nerve tissue repair and show good histocompatibility. There remain, however, challenges with hydrogels for applications related to neural signal recording, which requires a tissue-like biomechanical property, high optical transmission, and low impedance. Here, we describe a transparent hydrogel that is highly biocompatible and has a low Young's modulus (0.15 MPa). Additionally, it functions well as an implantable electrode, as it conformably adheres to brain tissue, results in minimal inflammation and has a low impedance of 150 Ω at 1 kHz. Its high transmittance, corresponding to 93.35% at a wavelength of 300 nm to 1100 nm, supports its application in two-photon imaging. Consistent with these properties, this flexible multimodal transparent electrophysiological hydrogel (MTEHy) electrode was able to record neuronal Ca2+ activity using miniature two-photon microscopy. It also used to monitor electrocorticogram (ECoG) activity in real time in freely moving mice. Moreover, its compatibility with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), indicates that MTEHy is a new tool for studying activity in the cerebral cortex. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: : Future brain science research requires better-performing implantable electrodes to detect neuronal signaling in the brain. In this study, we developed a new hydrogel material, MTEHy-3, that shows high biocompatibility, high optical transmittance (93.35%) and a low Young's modulus (0.15 MPa). Using as high-biocompatible metal-free hydrogel electrode, MTEHy-3 can be implanted for a long time to study the cerebral cortex, and synchronously record the Ca2+ signaling activity of individual neurons and monitor electrocorticogram activity through ionic conduction in freely moving mice. At the same time, non-metallic MTEHy-3 is also suitable for magnetic resonance imaging. Thus MTEHy-3 provides one in situ multimodal tool to detect neuronal signaling with both high spatial resolution and high temporal resolution in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University; Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Mingming Hao
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; i-Lab., Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China; Lihuili Hospital Affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University; Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- i-Lab., Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qifeng Lu
- School of CHIPS, XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang), Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University; Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yue Wu
- i-Lab., Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; i-Lab., Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China; Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China..
| | - Yaobo Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University; Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
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28
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Xiao M, Li X, Pifferi S, Pastore B, Liu Y, Lazzarino M, Torre V, Yang X, Menini A, Tang M. 2D MXene interfaces preserve the basal electrophysiology of targeted neural circuits. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:10992-11002. [PMID: 35861380 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01542k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Neural interfaces enable the monitoring of the state of the brain and its composite cell networks, as well as stimulate them to treat nervous disorders. In addition to their highly efficient charge transduction and stability during operation, the neural electrodes should avoid altering the physiological properties of targeted neuronal tissues. Two-dimensional (2D) MXene materials integrate the advantages of metallic conductivity, high specific-surface area and surface functionality in aqueous dispersions, showing promising potential in neural interface applications. Here, we apply uncoated Ti3C2Tx MXene to interface neuronal development. The impacts of the uncoated Ti3C2Tx MXene interface on neuronal development and neuronal microcircuit activity were tested for the first time. Compared to the standard neuronal culture with a poly-L-ornithine coated coverslip, uncoated Ti3C2Tx MXene surfaces did not affect the cell morphology, density, neuron ratios, maturation or the compositions of the neuronal network. Moreover, calcium imaging, spontaneous postsynaptic currents (sPSCs) and also miniature postsynaptic currents (mPSCs) were recorded to demonstrate that Ti3C2Tx MXene interfaces preserved the basal physiology of neuronal activity. The ability to interface neuronal circuit development without altering neuronal signaling properties enables the construction of MXene-based neural prosthetic devices for neuroscience research, diagnosis, and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Xiao
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.
- Neurobiology Sector, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), via Bonomea 265, Trieste 34136, Italy.
- Suzhou Fishseeds Bio-Technology, Ltd, Suzhou 215138, China
- Anhui Isotex Biotech Co., Xuancheng 242300, China
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.
- Neurobiology Sector, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), via Bonomea 265, Trieste 34136, Italy.
| | - Simone Pifferi
- Neurobiology Sector, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), via Bonomea 265, Trieste 34136, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Pastore
- Neurobiology Sector, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), via Bonomea 265, Trieste 34136, Italy.
| | - Yun Liu
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | | | - Vincent Torre
- Neurobiology Sector, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), via Bonomea 265, Trieste 34136, Italy.
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Anna Menini
- Neurobiology Sector, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), via Bonomea 265, Trieste 34136, Italy.
| | - Mingliang Tang
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
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29
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Donaldson PD, Swisher SL. Transparent, Low-Impedance Inkjet-Printed PEDOT:PSS Microelectrodes for Multi-modal Neuroscience. PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI. A, APPLICATIONS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE : PSS 2022; 219:2100683. [PMID: 37641661 PMCID: PMC10461862 DOI: 10.1002/pssa.202100683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Transparent microelectrodes that facilitate simultaneous optical and electrophysiological interfacing are desirable tools for neuroscience. Electrodes made from transparent conductors such as graphene and indium tin oxide (ITO) show promise but are often limited by poor interfacial charge-transfer properties. Here, microelectrodes are demonstrated that take advantage of the transparency and volumetric capacitance of the mixed ion-electron conductor Poly(3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). Ring-shaped microelectrodes are fabricated by inkjet-printing PEDOT:PSS, encapsulating with Parylene-C, and then exposing a contact site that is much smaller than the microelectrode outer diameter. This unique structure allows the encapsulated portion of the microelectrode volume surrounding the contact site to participate in signal transduction, which reduces impedance and enhances charge storage capacity. While using the same 100 μm diameter contact site, increasing the outer diameter of the encapsulated electrode from 300 to 550 μm reduces the impedance from 294±21 to 98±2 kΩ, respectively, at 1 Hz. Similarly, the charge storage capacity is enhanced from 6 to 21 mC cm-2. The PEDOT:PSS microelectrodes provide a low-haze, high-transmittance optical interface, demonstrating their suitability for optical neuroscience applications. They remain functional after a million 1 V stimulation cycles, up to 600 μA of stimulation current, and more than 1000 mechanical bending cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preston D Donaldson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sarah L Swisher
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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30
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Adams JK, Yan D, Wu J, Boominathan V, Gao S, Rodriguez AV, Kim S, Carns J, Richards-Kortum R, Kemere C, Veeraraghavan A, Robinson JT. In vivo lensless microscopy via a phase mask generating diffraction patterns with high-contrast contours. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:617-628. [PMID: 35256759 PMCID: PMC9142365 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00851-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The simple and compact optics of lensless microscopes and the associated computational algorithms allow for large fields of view and the refocusing of the captured images. However, existing lensless techniques cannot accurately reconstruct the typical low-contrast images of optically dense biological tissue. Here we show that lensless imaging of tissue in vivo can be achieved via an optical phase mask designed to create a point spread function consisting of high-contrast contours with a broad spectrum of spatial frequencies. We built a prototype lensless microscope incorporating the 'contour' phase mask and used it to image calcium dynamics in the cortex of live mice (over a field of view of about 16 mm2) and in freely moving Hydra vulgaris, as well as microvasculature in the oral mucosa of volunteers. The low cost, small form factor and computational refocusing capability of in vivo lensless microscopy may open it up to clinical uses, especially for imaging difficult-to-reach areas of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse K Adams
- Applied Physics Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dong Yan
- Applied Physics Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jimin Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vivek Boominathan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sibo Gao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alex V Rodriguez
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Soonyoung Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer Carns
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rebecca Richards-Kortum
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Caleb Kemere
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ashok Veeraraghavan
- Applied Physics Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Computer Science, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Jacob T Robinson
- Applied Physics Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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31
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Kim JU, Park H, Ok J, Lee J, Jung W, Kim J, Kim J, Kim S, Kim YH, Suh M, Kim TI. Cerebrospinal Fluid-philic and Biocompatibility-Enhanced Soft Cranial Window for Long-Term In Vivo Brain Imaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:15035-15046. [PMID: 35344336 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soft, transparent poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS)-based cranial windows in animal models have created many opportunities to investigate brain functions with multiple in vivo imaging modalities. However, due to the hydrophobic nature of PDMS, the wettability by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is poor, which may cause air bubble trapping beneath the window during implantation surgery, and favorable heterogeneous bubble nucleation at the interface between hydrophobic PDMS and CSF. This may result in excessive growth of the entrapped bubble under the soft cranial window. Herein, to yield biocompatibility-enhanced, trapped bubble-minimized, and soft cranial windows, this report introduces a CSF-philic PDMS window coated with hydroxyl-enriched poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) for long-term in vivo imaging. The PVA-coated PDMS (PVA/PDMS) film exhibits a low contact angle θACA (33.7 ± 1.9°) with artificial CSF solution and maintains sustained CSF-philicity. The presence of the PVA layer achieves air bubble-free implantation of the soft cranial window, as well as induces the formation of a thin wetting film that shows anti-biofouling performance through abundant water molecules on the surface, leading to long-term optical clarity. In vivo studies on the mice cortex verify that the soft and CSF-philic features of the PVA/PDMS film provide minimal damage to neuronal tissues and attenuate immune response. These advantages of the PVA/PDMS window are strongly correlated with the enhancement of cortical hemodynamic changes and the local field potential recorded through the PVA/PDMS film, respectively. This collection of results demonstrates the potential for future microfluidic platforms for minimally invasive CSF extraction utilizing a CSF-philic fluidic passage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Uk Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Park
- IMNEWRUN Inc., N Center Bldg. A 5F, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehyung Ok
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Juheon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojin Jung
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyun Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyeon Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Minah Suh
- IMNEWRUN Inc., N Center Bldg. A 5F, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research (CNIR), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Il Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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32
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Zhang Q, Turner KL, Gheres KW, Hossain MS, Drew PJ. Behavioral and physiological monitoring for awake neurovascular coupling experiments: a how-to guide. NEUROPHOTONICS 2022; 9:021905. [PMID: 35639834 PMCID: PMC8802326 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.9.2.021905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Functional brain imaging in awake animal models is a popular and powerful technique that allows the investigation of neurovascular coupling (NVC) under physiological conditions. However, ubiquitous facial and body motions (fidgeting) are prime drivers of spontaneous fluctuations in neural and hemodynamic signals. During periods without movement, animals can rapidly transition into sleep, and the hemodynamic signals tied to arousal state changes can be several times larger than sensory-evoked responses. Given the outsized influence of facial and body motions and arousal signals in neural and hemodynamic signals, it is imperative to detect and monitor these events in experiments with un-anesthetized animals. Aim: To cover the importance of monitoring behavioral state in imaging experiments using un-anesthetized rodents, and describe how to incorporate detailed behavioral and physiological measurements in imaging experiments. Approach: We review the effects of movements and sleep-related signals (heart rate, respiration rate, electromyography, intracranial pressure, whisking, and other body movements) on brain hemodynamics and electrophysiological signals, with a focus on head-fixed experimental setup. We summarize the measurement methods currently used in animal models for detection of those behaviors and arousal changes. We then provide a guide on how to incorporate this measurements with functional brain imaging and electrophysiology measurements. Results: We provide a how-to guide on monitoring and interpreting a variety of physiological signals and their applications to NVC experiments in awake behaving mice. Conclusion: This guide facilitates the application of neuroimaging in awake animal models and provides neuroscientists with a standard approach for monitoring behavior and other associated physiological parameters in head-fixed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingguang Zhang
- The Pennsylvania State University, Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kevin L. Turner
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kyle W. Gheres
- The Pennsylvania State University, Graduate Program in Molecular Cellular and Integrative Biosciences, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Md Shakhawat Hossain
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Patrick J. Drew
- The Pennsylvania State University, Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Neurosurgery, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
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33
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Yang N, Liu F, Zhang X, Chen C, Xia Z, Fu S, Wang J, Xu J, Cui S, Zhang Y, Yi M, Wan Y, Li Q, Xu S. A Hybrid Titanium-Softmaterial, High-Strength, Transparent Cranial Window for Transcranial Injection and Neuroimaging. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12020129. [PMID: 35200389 PMCID: PMC8870569 DOI: 10.3390/bios12020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A transparent and penetrable cranial window is essential for neuroimaging, transcranial injection and comprehensive understanding of cortical functions. For these applications, cranial windows made from glass coverslip, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polymethylmethacrylate, crystal and silicone hydrogel have offered remarkable convenience. However, there is a lack of high-strength, high-transparency, penetrable cranial window with clinical application potential. We engineer high-strength hybrid Titanium-PDMS (Ti-PDMS) cranial windows, which allow large transparent area for in vivo two-photon imaging, and provide a soft window for transcranial injection. Laser scanning and 3D printing techniques are used to match the hybrid cranial window to different skull morphology. A multi-cycle degassing pouring process ensures a good combination of PDMS and Ti frame. Ti-PDMS cranial windows have a high fracture strength matching human skull bone, excellent light transmittance up to 94.4%, and refractive index close to biological tissue. Ti-PDMS cranial windows show excellent bio-compatibility during 21-week implantation in mice. Dye injection shows that the PDMS window has a "self-sealing" to keep liquid from leaking out. Two-photon imaging for brain tissues could be achieved up to 450 µm in z-depth. As a novel brain-computer-interface, this Ti-PDMS device offers an alternative choice for in vivo drug delivery, optical experiments, ultrasonic treatment and electrophysiology recording.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Yang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics & Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (N.Y.); (J.X.)
| | - Fengyu Liu
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (C.C.); (S.F.); (J.W.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (S.X.)
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China; (X.Z.); (Q.L.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chenni Chen
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (C.C.); (S.F.); (J.W.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhiyuan Xia
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Su Fu
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (C.C.); (S.F.); (J.W.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (C.C.); (S.F.); (J.W.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics & Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (N.Y.); (J.X.)
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shuang Cui
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (C.C.); (S.F.); (J.W.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (C.C.); (S.F.); (J.W.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ming Yi
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (C.C.); (S.F.); (J.W.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - You Wan
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (C.C.); (S.F.); (J.W.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qing Li
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China; (X.Z.); (Q.L.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shengyong Xu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics & Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (N.Y.); (J.X.)
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (S.X.)
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34
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Guimarães Backhaus R, Fu T, Backhaus H, Stroh A. Pipeline for 2-photon all-optical physiology in mouse: From viral titration and optical window implantation to binarization of calcium transients. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:101010. [PMID: 35079708 PMCID: PMC8776863 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.101010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
2-photon all-optical physiology combines in vivo 2-photon calcium imaging and optogenetics, which enables both the read out and manipulation of neuronal microcircuits with single-cell resolution. Here, we describe a protocol for achieving optimized co-expression of calcium indicator and opsin. To enable longitudinal designs, we introduce a template for virus injection and chronic window implantation. We also highlight key aspects of performing 2-photon imaging and suggest an analysis algorithm for the binarization of putatively action-potential (AP)-related calcium transients. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Fu et al. (2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Guimarães Backhaus
- Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 19, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Wallstr. 7, 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ting Fu
- Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 19, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Wallstr. 7, 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hendrik Backhaus
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Wallstr. 7, 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Albrecht Stroh
- Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 19, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Wallstr. 7, 55122 Mainz, Germany
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35
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Functional ultrasound imaging: A useful tool for functional connectomics? Neuroimage 2021; 245:118722. [PMID: 34800662 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional ultrasound (fUS) is a hemodynamic-based functional neuroimaging technique, primarily used in animal models, that combines a high spatiotemporal resolution, a large field of view, and compatibility with behavior. These assets make fUS especially suited to interrogating brain activity at the systems level. In this review, we describe the technical capabilities offered by fUS and discuss how this technique can contribute to the field of functional connectomics. First, fUS can be used to study intrinsic functional connectivity, namely patterns of correlated activity between brain regions. In this area, fUS has made the most impact by following connectivity changes in disease models, across behavioral states, or dynamically. Second, fUS can also be used to map brain-wide pathways associated with an external event. For example, fUS has helped obtain finer descriptions of several sensory systems, and uncover new pathways implicated in specific behaviors. Additionally, combining fUS with direct circuit manipulations such as optogenetics is an attractive way to map the brain-wide connections of defined neuronal populations. Finally, technological improvements and the application of new analytical tools promise to boost fUS capabilities. As brain coverage and the range of behavioral contexts that can be addressed with fUS keep on increasing, we believe that fUS-guided connectomics will only expand in the future. In this regard, we consider the incorporation of fUS into multimodal studies combining diverse techniques and behavioral tasks to be the most promising research avenue.
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36
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Sciortino VM, Tran A, Sun N, Cao R, Sun T, Sun YY, Yan P, Zhong F, Zhou Y, Kuan CY, Lee JM, Hu S. Longitudinal cortex-wide monitoring of cerebral hemodynamics and oxygen metabolism in awake mice using multi-parametric photoacoustic microscopy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:3187-3199. [PMID: 34304622 PMCID: PMC8669277 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211034096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Multi-parametric photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) has emerged as a promising new technique for high-resolution quantification of hemodynamics and oxygen metabolism in the mouse brain. In this work, we have extended the scope of multi-parametric PAM to longitudinal, cortex-wide, awake-brain imaging with the use of a long-lifetime (24 weeks), wide-field (5 × 7 mm2), light-weight (2 g), dual-transparency (i.e., light and ultrasound) cranial window. Cerebrovascular responses to the window installation were examined in vivo, showing a complete recovery in 18 days. In the 22-week monitoring after the recovery, no dura thickening, skull regrowth, or changes in cerebrovascular structure and function were observed. The promise of this technique was demonstrated by monitoring vascular and metabolic responses of the awake mouse brain to ischemic stroke throughout the acute, subacute, and chronic stages. Side-by-side comparison of the responses in the ipsilateral (injury) and contralateral (control) cortices shows that despite an early recovery of cerebral blood flow and an increase in microvessel density, a long-lasting deficit in cerebral oxygen metabolism was observed throughout the chronic stage in the injured cortex, part of which proceeded to infarction. This longitudinal, functional-metabolic imaging technique opens new opportunities to study the chronic progression and therapeutic responses of neurovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent M Sciortino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2358University of Virginia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Angela Tran
- Department of Biology, 2358University of Virginia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Naidi Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2358University of Virginia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rui Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2358University of Virginia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2358University of Virginia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yu-Yo Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ping Yan
- Department of Neuroscience, 2358University of Virginia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Fenghe Zhong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2358University of Virginia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yifeng Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2358University of Virginia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chia-Yi Kuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jin-Moo Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, 2358University of Virginia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Song Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2358University of Virginia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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37
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West SL, Aronson JD, Popa LS, Feller KD, Carter RE, Chiesl WM, Gerhart ML, Shekhar AC, Ghanbari L, Kodandaramaiah SB, Ebner TJ. Wide-Field Calcium Imaging of Dynamic Cortical Networks during Locomotion. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:2668-2687. [PMID: 34689209 PMCID: PMC9201596 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor behavior results in complex exchanges of motor and sensory information across cortical regions. Therefore, fully understanding the cerebral cortex’s role in motor behavior requires a mesoscopic-level description of the cortical regions engaged, their functional interactions, and how these functional interactions change with behavioral state. Mesoscopic Ca2+ imaging through transparent polymer skulls in mice reveals elevated activation of the dorsal cerebral cortex during locomotion. Using the correlations between the time series of Ca2+ fluorescence from 28 regions (nodes) obtained using spatial independent component analysis (sICA), we examined the changes in functional connectivity of the cortex from rest to locomotion with a goal of understanding the changes to the cortical functional state that facilitate locomotion. Both the transitions from rest to locomotion and from locomotion to rest show marked increases in correlation among most nodes. However, once a steady state of continued locomotion is reached, many nodes, including primary motor and somatosensory nodes, show decreases in correlations, while retrosplenial and the most anterior nodes of the secondary motor cortex show increases. These results highlight the changes in functional connectivity in the cerebral cortex, representing a series of changes in the cortical state from rest to locomotion and on return to rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L West
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Justin D Aronson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Laurentiu S Popa
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kathryn D Feller
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Union College Biological Sciences Department, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA
| | - Russell E Carter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - William M Chiesl
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Morgan L Gerhart
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Aditya C Shekhar
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Leila Ghanbari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Suhasa B Kodandaramaiah
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Timothy J Ebner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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38
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Call CL, Bergles DE. Cortical neurons exhibit diverse myelination patterns that scale between mouse brain regions and regenerate after demyelination. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4767. [PMID: 34362912 PMCID: PMC8346564 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Axons in the cerebral cortex show a broad range of myelin coverage. Oligodendrocytes establish this pattern by selecting a cohort of axons for myelination; however, the distribution of myelin on distinct neurons and extent of internode replacement after demyelination remain to be defined. Here we show that myelination patterns of seven distinct neuron subtypes in somatosensory cortex are influenced by both axon diameter and neuronal identity. Preference for myelination of parvalbumin interneurons was preserved between cortical areas with varying myelin density, suggesting that regional differences in myelin abundance arises through local control of oligodendrogenesis. By imaging loss and regeneration of myelin sheaths in vivo we show that myelin distribution on individual axons was altered but overall myelin content on distinct neuron subtypes was restored. Our findings suggest that local changes in myelination are tolerated, allowing regenerated oligodendrocytes to restore myelin content on distinct neurons through opportunistic selection of axons. Myelination patterns of different neurons in grey matter have not been fully defined. Here, the authors show that axon diameter and neuronal identity influence myelination patterns in the intact mouse somatosensory cortex. In vivo imaging revealed that remyelination altered myelin patterns but restored overall myelin content on distinct neuron subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody L Call
- The Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dwight E Bergles
- The Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Johns Hopkins University, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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39
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High-sensitivity detection of optogenetically-induced neural activity with functional ultrasound imaging. Neuroimage 2021; 242:118434. [PMID: 34333106 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-brain imaging approaches and optogenetic manipulations are powerful tools to map brain-wide neural circuits in vivo. To date, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides the most comprehensive evaluation of such large-scale circuitry. However, functional ultrasound imaging (fUSI) has recently emerged as a complementary imaging modality that can extend such measurements towards the context of diverse behavioral states and tasks. Nevertheless, in order to properly interpret the fUSI signal during these complicated scenarios, it must first be carefully validated against well-established technologies, such as fMRI, in highly controlled experimental settings. Here, to address this need, we compared subsequent fMRI and fUSI recordings in response to direct neuronal activation via optogenetics in the same animals under an identical anesthetic protocol. Specifically, we applied various intensities of light stimulation to the primary motor cortex (M1) of mice and compared the spatiotemporal dynamics of the elicited fMRI and fUSI signals. Overall, our general linear model analysis (t-scores) and time series analysis (z-scores) revealed that fUSI was more sensitive than fMRI for detecting optogenetically-induced neuronal activation. Local field potential recordings in the bilateral M1 and striatum also better co-localized with fUSI activation patterns than those of fMRI. Finally, the fUSI response contained distinct arterial and venous components that provide vascular readouts of neuronal activity with vessel-type specificity.
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40
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Couto J, Musall S, Sun XR, Khanal A, Gluf S, Saxena S, Kinsella I, Abe T, Cunningham JP, Paninski L, Churchland AK. Chronic, cortex-wide imaging of specific cell populations during behavior. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:3241-3263. [PMID: 34075229 PMCID: PMC8788140 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00527-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of neuronal activity across brain areas are important for understanding the neural correlates of cognitive and motor processes such as attention, decision-making and action selection. However, techniques that allow cellular resolution measurements are expensive and require a high degree of technical expertise, which limits their broad use. Wide-field imaging of genetically encoded indicators is a high-throughput, cost-effective and flexible approach to measure activity of specific cell populations with high temporal resolution and a cortex-wide field of view. Here we outline our protocol for assembling a wide-field macroscope setup, performing surgery to prepare the intact skull and imaging neural activity chronically in behaving, transgenic mice. Further, we highlight a processing pipeline that leverages novel, cloud-based methods to analyze large-scale imaging datasets. The protocol targets laboratories that are seeking to build macroscopes, optimize surgical procedures for long-term chronic imaging and/or analyze cortex-wide neuronal recordings. The entire protocol, including steps for assembly and calibration of the macroscope, surgical preparation, imaging and data analysis, requires a total of 8 h. It is designed to be accessible to laboratories with limited expertise in imaging methods or interest in high-throughput imaging during behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Couto
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Neuroscience, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Simon Musall
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Biology 2, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Xiaonan R Sun
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Neuroscience, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zucker School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Anup Khanal
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Neuroscience, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven Gluf
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Neuroscience, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Shreya Saxena
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Statistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Grossman Center for the Statistics of Mind, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ian Kinsella
- Department of Statistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Grossman Center for the Statistics of Mind, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Taiga Abe
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Grossman Center for the Statistics of Mind, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - John P Cunningham
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Statistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Grossman Center for the Statistics of Mind, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Liam Paninski
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Statistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Grossman Center for the Statistics of Mind, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anne K Churchland
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Neuroscience, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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41
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Brunner C, Grillet M, Urban A, Roska B, Montaldo G, Macé E. Whole-brain functional ultrasound imaging in awake head-fixed mice. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:3547-3571. [PMID: 34089019 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00548-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Most brain functions engage a network of distributed regions. Full investigation of these functions thus requires assessment of whole brains; however, whole-brain functional imaging of behaving animals remains challenging. This protocol describes how to follow brain-wide activity in awake head-fixed mice using functional ultrasound imaging, a method that tracks cerebral blood volume dynamics. We describe how to set up a functional ultrasound imaging system with a provided acquisition software (miniScan), establish a chronic cranial window (timing surgery: ~3-4 h) and image brain-wide activity associated with a stimulus at high resolution (100 × 110 × 300 µm and 10 Hz per brain slice, which takes ~45 min per imaging session). We include codes that enable data to be registered to a reference atlas, production of 3D activity maps, extraction of the activity traces of ~250 brain regions and, finally, combination of data from multiple sessions (timing analysis averages ~2 h). This protocol enables neuroscientists to observe global brain processes in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Brunner
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Imec, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Micheline Grillet
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Imec, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alan Urban
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Imec, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Botond Roska
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- NCCR Molecular Systems Engineering, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Montaldo
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium.
- VIB, Leuven, Belgium.
- Imec, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Emilie Macé
- Brain-Wide Circuits for Behavior Lab, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany.
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42
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Jacquemin G, Benavente-Diaz M, Djaber S, Bore A, Dangles-Marie V, Surdez D, Tajbakhsh S, Fre S, Lloyd-Lewis B. Longitudinal high-resolution imaging through a flexible intravital imaging window. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/25/eabg7663. [PMID: 34134982 PMCID: PMC8208712 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg7663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful technique that enables imaging of internal tissues at (sub)cellular resolutions in living animals. Here, we present a silicone-based imaging window consisting of a fully flexible, sutureless design that is ideally suited for long-term, longitudinal IVM of growing tissues and tumors. Crucially, we show that this window, without any customization, is suitable for numerous anatomical locations in mice using a rapid and standardized implantation procedure. This low-cost device represents a substantial technological and performance advance that facilitates intravital imaging in diverse contexts in higher organisms, opening previously unattainable avenues for in vivo imaging of soft and fragile tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Jacquemin
- Institut Curie, Laboratory of Genetics and Developmental Biology, PSL Research University, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Maria Benavente-Diaz
- Stem Cells & Development Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Complexité du Vivant, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Samir Djaber
- Institut Curie, Laboratory of Genetics and Developmental Biology, PSL Research University, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Aurélien Bore
- Institut Curie, Laboratory of Genetics and Developmental Biology, PSL Research University, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
- CRISPR'it, Platform for Genetic Screens, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Virginie Dangles-Marie
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- In vivo Experiment Platform, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Didier Surdez
- INSERM U830, Équipe Labellisée LNCC, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, PSL Research University, SIREDO Oncology Centre, Institut Curie Research Centre, Paris, France
| | - Shahragim Tajbakhsh
- Stem Cells & Development Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Silvia Fre
- Institut Curie, Laboratory of Genetics and Developmental Biology, PSL Research University, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Bethan Lloyd-Lewis
- Institut Curie, Laboratory of Genetics and Developmental Biology, PSL Research University, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
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43
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Edelman BJ, Macé E. Functional ultrasound brain imaging: Bridging networks, neurons, and behavior. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2021.100286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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44
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Rynes ML, Surinach DA, Linn S, Laroque M, Rajendran V, Dominguez J, Hadjistamoulou O, Navabi ZS, Ghanbari L, Johnson GW, Nazari M, Mohajerani MH, Kodandaramaiah SB. Miniaturized head-mounted microscope for whole-cortex mesoscale imaging in freely behaving mice. Nat Methods 2021; 18:417-425. [PMID: 33820987 PMCID: PMC8034419 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The advent of genetically encoded calcium indicators, along with surgical preparations such as thinned skulls or refractive index matched skulls, have enabled mesoscale cortical activity imaging in head-fixed mice. However, neural activity during unrestrained behavior substantially differs from neural activity in head-fixed animals. For whole-cortex imaging in freely behaving mice, we here present the “mini-mScope,” a wide-field, miniaturized, and head-mounted fluorescence microscope compatible with transparent polymer skull preparations. With a field of view of 8 mm x 10 mm and weighing less than 4 g, the mini-mScope can image most of the mouse dorsal cortex with resolution ranging from 39 to 56 μm. We have used the mini-mScope to record mesoscale calcium activity across the dorsal cortex during sensory-evoked stimuli, open field behaviors, social interactions, and transitions from wakefulness to sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew L Rynes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Daniel A Surinach
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Samantha Linn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael Laroque
- Schools of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Vijay Rajendran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Judith Dominguez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Orestes Hadjistamoulou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Zahra S Navabi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Leila Ghanbari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Gregory W Johnson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mojtaba Nazari
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Majid H Mohajerani
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Suhasa B Kodandaramaiah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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45
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Cramer SW, Carter RE, Aronson JD, Kodandaramaiah SB, Ebner TJ, Chen CC. Through the looking glass: A review of cranial window technology for optical access to the brain. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 354:109100. [PMID: 33600850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering neurologic function is a daunting task, requiring understanding the neuronal networks and emergent properties that arise from the interactions among single neurons. Mechanistic insights into neuronal networks require tools that simultaneously assess both single neuron activity and the consequent mesoscale output. The development of cranial window technologies, in which the skull is thinned or replaced with a synthetic optical interface, has enabled monitoring neuronal activity from subcellular to mesoscale resolution in awake, behaving animals when coupled with advanced microscopy techniques. Here we review recent achievements in cranial window technologies, appraise the relative merits of each design and discuss the future research in cranial window design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Cramer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, Mayo D429, MMC 96, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Russell E Carter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Room 421, 2001 Sixth Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455 MN, USA
| | - Justin D Aronson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Room 421, 2001 Sixth Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455 MN, USA
| | - Suhasa B Kodandaramaiah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - Timothy J Ebner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Room 421, 2001 Sixth Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455 MN, USA.
| | - Clark C Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, Mayo D429, MMC 96, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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46
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Pinkert MA, Hall TJ, Eliceiri KW. Challenges of conducting quantitative ultrasound with a multimodal optical imaging system. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66:035008. [PMID: 33171448 PMCID: PMC8349544 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abc93c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
High-frequency quantitative ultrasound is a potential non-invasive source of imaging cell-tissue scale biomarkers for major diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and preterm birth. However, one of the barriers to developing such biomarkers is that it is labor-intensive to compare quantitative ultrasound images to optical images of the tissue structure. We have previously developed a multiscale imaging system that can obtain registered qualitative ultrasound and optical images, but there are further technical challenges to obtaining quantitative data: System-specific details of obtaining and processing data with Verasonics high-frequency transducers; the need for high-frequency reference phantoms; and off-axis clutter from imaging above a glass coverslip. This paper provides a characterization of the Verasonics ultrasound system with the 18.5 MHz L22-14v and 28.5 MHz L38-22v transducers, describes the construction of high-frequency reference phantoms, and details methods for reducing off-axis clutter. The paper features a demonstration multiscale image of a wild type mouse mammary gland that incorporates quantitative ultrasound with both transducers and second harmonic generation microscopy. These advances demonstrate a way to obtain, on a single system with a cohesive and integrated pipeline, quantitative ultrasound data that is correlated with optical imaging without the need for extensive sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Pinkert
- Morgridge Institute for Research, 330 N Orchard St, Madison, WI 53715, United States of America
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Medical Physics, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, United States of America
| | - Timothy J Hall
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Medical Physics, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, United States of America
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- Morgridge Institute for Research, 330 N Orchard St, Madison, WI 53715, United States of America
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Medical Physics, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, United States of America
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America
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47
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Takahashi T, Zhang H, Kawakami R, Yarinome K, Agetsuma M, Nabekura J, Otomo K, Okamura Y, Nemoto T. PEO-CYTOP Fluoropolymer Nanosheets as a Novel Open-Skull Window for Imaging of the Living Mouse Brain. iScience 2020; 23:101579. [PMID: 33083745 PMCID: PMC7554658 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo two-photon deep imaging with a broad field of view has revealed functional connectivity among brain regions. Here, we developed a novel observation method that utilizes a polyethylene-oxide-coated CYTOP (PEO-CYTOP) nanosheet with a thickness of ∼130 nm that exhibited a water retention effect and a hydrophilized adhesive surface. PEO-CYTOP nanosheets firmly adhered to brain surfaces, which suppressed bleeding from superficial veins. By taking advantage of the excellent optical properties of PEO-CYTOP nanosheets, we performed in vivo deep imaging in mouse brains at high resolution. Moreover, PEO-CYTOP nanosheets enabled to prepare large cranial windows, achieving in vivo imaging of neural structure and Ca2+ elevation in a large field of view. Furthermore, the PEO-CYTOP nanosheets functioned as a sealing material, even after the removal of the dura. These results indicate that this method would be suitable for the investigation of neural functions that are composed of interactions among multiple regions. PEO-CYTOP nanosheet enables in vivo deep brain imaging in a vast field of view The 130 nm thickness and the hydrophilized surface realize the strong adhesiveness Suppressions of bleeding from the surface and inflammation in long-term are achieved The vast and transparent cranial window with natural curvature of the surface
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiga Takahashi
- Biophotonics Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Higashiyama 5-1, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Division of Biophotonics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Higashiyama 5-1, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Higashiyama 5-1, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Kita 20 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.,Graduate School of Information Science and Technology Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Kita 20 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan.,Micro/Nano Technology Center, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kawakami
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Kita 20 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.,Graduate School of Information Science and Technology Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Kita 20 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.,Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Graduate School of Medicine Ehime University, Shitsukawa 454, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Kenji Yarinome
- Course of Applied Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Masakazu Agetsuma
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Junichi Nabekura
- School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Higashiyama 5-1, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kohei Otomo
- Biophotonics Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Higashiyama 5-1, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Division of Biophotonics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Higashiyama 5-1, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Higashiyama 5-1, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Kita 20 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.,Graduate School of Information Science and Technology Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Kita 20 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Yosuke Okamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan.,Micro/Nano Technology Center, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan.,Course of Applied Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nemoto
- Biophotonics Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Higashiyama 5-1, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Division of Biophotonics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Higashiyama 5-1, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Higashiyama 5-1, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Kita 20 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.,Graduate School of Information Science and Technology Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Kita 20 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
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48
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Gao S, Webb J, Mridha Z, Banta A, Kemere C, McGinley M. Novel Virtual Reality System for Auditory Tasks in Head-fixed Mice. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:2925-2928. [PMID: 33018619 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An emerging corpus of research seeks to use virtual realities (VRs) to understand the neural mechanisms underlying spatial navigation and decision making in rodents. These studies have primarily used visual stimuli to represent the virtual world. However, auditory cues play an important role in navigation for animals, especially when the visual system cannot detect objects or predators. We have developed a virtual reality environment defined exclusively by free-field acoustic landmarks for head-fixed mice. We trained animals to run in a virtual environment with 3 acoustic landmarks. We present evidence that they can learn to navigate in our context: we observed anticipatory licking and modest anticipatory slowing preceding the reward region. Furthermore, we found that animals were highly aware of changes in landmark cues: licking behavior changed dramatically when the familiar virtual environment was switched to a novel one, and then rapidly reverted to normal when the familiar virtual environment was re-introduced, all within the same session. Finally, while animals executed the task, we performed in-vivo calcium imaging in the CA1 region of the hippocampus using a modified Miniscope.org system. Our experiments point to a future in which auditory virtual reality can be used to expand our understanding of the neural bases of audition in locomoting animals and the variety of sensory cues which anchor spatial representations in a new virtual environment.
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49
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Tanimoto S, Kondo M, Morita K, Yoshida E, Matsuzaki M. Non-action Learning: Saving Action-Associated Cost Serves as a Covert Reward. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:141. [PMID: 33100979 PMCID: PMC7498735 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
“To do or not to do” is a fundamental decision that has to be made in daily life. Behaviors related to multiple “to do” choice tasks have long been explained by reinforcement learning, and “to do or not to do” tasks such as the go/no-go task have also been recently discussed within the framework of reinforcement learning. In this learning framework, alternative actions and/or the non-action to take are determined by evaluating explicitly given (overt) reward and punishment. However, we assume that there are real life cases in which an action/non-action is repeated, even though there is no obvious reward or punishment, because implicitly given outcomes such as saving physical energy and regret (we refer to this as “covert reward”) can affect the decision-making. In the current task, mice chose to pull a lever or not according to two tone cues assigned with different water reward probabilities (70% and 30% in condition 1, and 30% and 10% in condition 2). As the mice learned, the probability that they would choose to pull the lever decreased (<0.25) in trials with a 30% reward probability cue (30% cue) in condition 1, and in trials with a 10% cue in condition 2, but increased (>0.8) in trials with a 70% cue in condition 1 and a 30% cue in condition 2, even though a non-pull was followed by neither an overt reward nor avoidance of overt punishment in any trial. This behavioral tendency was not well explained by a combination of commonly used Q-learning models, which take only the action choice with an overt reward outcome into account. Instead, we found that the non-action preference of the mice was best explained by Q-learning models, which regarded the non-action as the other choice, and updated non-action values with a covert reward. We propose that “doing nothing” can be actively chosen as an alternative to “doing something,” and that a covert reward could serve as a reinforcer of “doing nothing.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Tanimoto
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Kondo
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Morita
- Physical and Health Education, Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Yoshida
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Matsuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, Tokyo, Japan.,Brain Functional Dynamics Collaboration Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
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50
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Rynes ML, Ghanbari L, Schulman DS, Linn S, Laroque M, Dominguez J, Navabi ZS, Sherman P, Kodandaramaiah SB. Assembly and operation of an open-source, computer numerical controlled (CNC) robot for performing cranial microsurgical procedures. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:1992-2023. [PMID: 32405052 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-0318-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cranial microsurgery is an essential procedure for accessing the brain through the skull that can be used to introduce neural probes that measure and manipulate neural activity. Neuroscientists have typically used tools such as high-speed drills adapted from dentistry to perform these procedures. As the number of technologies available for neuroscientists has increased, the corresponding cranial microsurgery procedures to deploy them have become more complex. Using a robotic tool that automatically performs these procedures could standardize cranial microsurgeries across neuroscience laboratories and democratize the more challenging procedures. We have recently engineered a robotic surgery platform that utilizes principles of computer numerical control (CNC) machining to perform a wide variety of automated cranial procedures. Here, we describe how to adapt, configure and use an inexpensive desktop CNC mill equipped with a custom-built surface profiler for performing CNC-guided microsurgery on mice. Detailed instructions are provided to utilize this 'Craniobot' for performing circular craniotomies for coverslip implantation, large craniotomies for implanting transparent polymer skulls for cortex-wide imaging access and skull thinning for intact skull imaging. The Craniobot can be set up in <2 weeks using parts that cost <$1,500, and we anticipate that the Craniobot could be easily adapted for use in other small animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew L Rynes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Leila Ghanbari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Daniel Sousa Schulman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Samantha Linn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael Laroque
- Schools of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Judith Dominguez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Zahra S Navabi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Peter Sherman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Suhasa B Kodandaramaiah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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