1
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Ouyang Y, Zhang Z. Advancing high thermal conductivity: novel theories, innovative materials, and applications in thermal management technologies. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:463002. [PMID: 39151465 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad7086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Effective thermal management is crucial for the performance and stability of modern electronics, emphasizing the demand for high thermal conductivity (κ). This review summarizes the latest development in highκ, discussing the emerging theories, innovative materials and practical applications for interfacial heat dissipation. Unique phononic thermal transport behaviors are discussed, including four phonon-phonon scattering, hydrodynamic phonons, surface phonon-polaritons, and more. The review also highlights innovative materials with highκ, such as two-dimensional pentagonal structures, boron carbon nitrogen structures, hexagonal boron arsenide andθ-phase tantalum nitride. In addition, the potential of polymer composites reinforced with highκfillers and surface engineering for advanced electronic applications are also discussed. By integrating these theoretical approaches and material innovations, this review offers comprehensive strategies for enhancing thermal management in modern electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulou Ouyang
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang 421002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongwei Zhang
- Center for Phononics and Thermal Energy Science, China-EU Joint Lab for Nanophononics, MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-structured Materials, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
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2
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Reicht L, Legenstein L, Wieser S, Zojer E. Designing Accurate Moment Tensor Potentials for Phonon-Related Properties of Crystalline Polymers. Molecules 2024; 29:3724. [PMID: 39202807 PMCID: PMC11357232 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The phonon-related properties of crystalline polymers are highly relevant for various applications. Their simulation is, however, particularly challenging, as the systems that need to be modeled are often too extended to be treated by ab initio methods, while classical force fields are too inaccurate. Machine-learned potentials parametrized against material-specific ab initio data hold the promise of being extremely accurate and also highly efficient. Still, for their successful application, protocols for their parametrization need to be established to ensure an optimal performance, and the resulting potentials need to be thoroughly benchmarked. These tasks are tackled in the current manuscript, where we devise a protocol for parametrizing moment tensor potentials (MTPs) to describe the structural properties, phonon band structures, elastic constants, and forces in molecular dynamics simulations for three prototypical crystalline polymers: polyethylene (PE), polythiophene (PT), and poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT). For PE, the thermal conductivity and thermal expansion are also simulated and compared to experiments. A central element of the approach is to choose training data in view of the considered use case of the MTPs. This not only yields a massive speedup for complex calculations while essentially maintaining DFT accuracy, but also enables the reliable simulation of properties that, so far, have been entirely out of reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Reicht
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.R.); (L.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Lukas Legenstein
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.R.); (L.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Sandro Wieser
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.R.); (L.L.); (S.W.)
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Egbert Zojer
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.R.); (L.L.); (S.W.)
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3
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Aftab W, Shi J, Jin Y, Usman A, Qin M, Ashraf Z, Shen Z, Zhong R, Zou R. Phase Engineered Composite Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Manipulation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2312134. [PMID: 38618938 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202312134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Phase change materials (PCMs) present a dual thermal management functionality through intrinsic thermal energy storage (TES) capabilities while maintaining a constant temperature. However, the practical application of PCMs encounters challenges, primarily stemming from their low thermal conductivity and shape-stability issues. Despite significant progress in the development of solid-solid PCMs, which offer superior shape-stability compared to their solid-liquid counterparts, they compromise TES capacity. Herein, a universal phase engineering strategy is introduced to address these challenges. The approach involves compositing solid-liquid PCM with a particulate-based conductive matrix followed by surface reaction to form a solid-solid PCM shell, resulting in a core-shell composite with enhanced thermal conductivity, high thermal storage capacity, and optimal shape-stability. The core-shell structure designed in this manner not only encapsulates the energy-rich solid-liquid PCM core but also significantly enhances TES capacity by up to 52% compared to solid-solid PCM counterparts. The phase-engineered high-performance PCMs exhibit excellent thermal management capabilities by reducing battery cell temperature by 15 °C and demonstrating durable solar-thermal-electric power generation under cloudy or no sunshine conditions. This proposed strategy holds promise for extending to other functional PCMs, offering a compelling avenue for the development of high-performance PCMs for thermal energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Aftab
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Theory and Technology of Advanced Battery Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jinming Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Theory and Technology of Advanced Battery Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yongkang Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Theory and Technology of Advanced Battery Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ali Usman
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Theory and Technology of Advanced Battery Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Mulin Qin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Theory and Technology of Advanced Battery Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zubair Ashraf
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Theory and Technology of Advanced Battery Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhenghui Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Theory and Technology of Advanced Battery Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Ruqiang Zou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Theory and Technology of Advanced Battery Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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4
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Roy R, Stevens KC, Treaster KA, Sumerlin BS, McGaughey AJH, Malen JA, Evans AM. Intrinsically thermally conductive polymers. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:3267-3286. [PMID: 38747574 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01796f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Here, we describe the design features that lead to intrinsically thermally conductive polymers. Though polymers are conventionally assumed to be thermal insulators (<0.3 W m-1 K-1), significant efforts by the thermal transport community have shown that polymers can be intrinsically thermally conductive (>1.0 W m-1 K-1). However, these findings have not yet driven comprehensive synthetic efforts to expose how different macromolecular features impact thermal conductivity. Preliminary theoretical and experimental investigations have revealed that high k polymers can be realized by enhancing the alignment, crystallinity, and intermolecular interactions. While a holistic mechanistic framework does not yet exist for thermal transport in polymeric materials, contemporary literature suggests that phonon-like heat carriers may be operative in macromolecules that meet the abovementioned criteria. In this review, we offer a perspective on how high thermal conductivity polymers can be systematically engineered from this understanding. Reports for several classes of macromolecules, including linear polymers, network polymers, liquid-crystalline polymers, and two-dimensional polymers substantiate the design principles we propose. Throughout this work, we offer opportunities for continued fundamental and technological development of polymers with high thermal conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupam Roy
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Kaden C Stevens
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Kiana A Treaster
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Alan J H McGaughey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Jonathan A Malen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Austin M Evans
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
- Deparmtent of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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5
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Wan X, Pan D, Zong Z, Qin Y, Lü JT, Volz S, Zhang L, Yang N. Modulating Thermal Conductivity via Targeted Phonon Excitation. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:6889-6896. [PMID: 38739156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Thermal conductivity is a critical material property in numerous applications, such as those related to thermoelectric devices and heat dissipation. Effectively modulating thermal conductivity has become a great concern in the field of heat conduction. Here, a quantum modulation strategy is proposed to modulate the thermal conductivity/heat flux by exciting targeted phonons. It shows that the thermal conductivity of graphene can be tailored in the range of 1559 W m-1 K-1 (decreased to 49%) to 4093 W m-1 K-1 (increased to 128%), compared with the intrinsic value of 3189 W m-1 K-1. The effects are also observed for graphene nanoribbons and bulk silicon. The results are obtained through both density functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. This novel modulation strategy may pave the way for quantum heat conduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wan
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongkai Pan
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhicheng Zong
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangjun Qin
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Tao Lü
- School of Physics and Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Sebastian Volz
- LIMMS, CNRS-IIS UMI 2820, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Lifa Zhang
- Phonon Engineering Research Center of Jiangsu Province, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of NSLSCS, Center for Quantum Transport and Thermal Energy Science, Institute of Physics Frontiers and Interdisciplinary Sciences, School of Physics and Technology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Nuo Yang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
- Department of Physics, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, People's Republic of China
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6
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Qiu C, He M, Xu SF, Ali AM, Shen L, Wang JS. Self-adhesive, conductive, and multifunctional hybrid hydrogel for flexible/wearable electronics based on triboelectric and piezoresistive sensor. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:131825. [PMID: 38679271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Flexible electronics are highly developed nowadays in human-machine interfaces (HMI). However, challenges such as lack of flexibility, conductivity, and versatility always greatly hindered flexible electronics applications. In this work, a multifunctional hybrid hydrogel (H-hydrogel) was prepared by combining two kinds of 1D polymer chains (polyacrylamide and polydopamine) and two kinds of 2D nanosheets (Ti3C2Tx MXene and graphene oxide nanosheets) as quadruple crosslinkers. The introduced Ti3C2Tx MXene and graphene oxide nanosheets are bonded with the PAM and PDA polymer chains by hydrogen bonds. This unique crosslinking and stable structure endow the H-hydrogel with advantages such as good flexibility, electrical conductivity, self-adhesion, and mechanical robustness. The two kinds of nanosheets not only improved the mechanical strength and conductivity of the H-hydrogel, but also helped to form the double electric layers (DELs) between the nanosheets and the bulk-free water phase inside the H-hydrogel. When utilized as the electrode of a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), high electrical output performances were realized due to the dynamic balance of the DELs between the nanosheets and the H-hydrogel's inside water molecules. Moreover, flexible sensors, including triboelectric, and strain/pressure sensors, were achieved for human motion detection at low frequencies. This hydrogel is promising for HMI and e-skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Qiu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Ming He
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Shi-Feng Xu
- College of Science, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110136, China
| | - Aasi Mohammad Ali
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Lin Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China.
| | - Jia-Shi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China.
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Takezawa Y, Furukawa N, Nachimuthu S, Zhou R, Torbati A. Higher-Order Structural Analysis of a Transparent and Flexible High Thermal Conductive Liquid Crystalline Elastomer Sheet and Its Composite. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:20839-20848. [PMID: 38770267 PMCID: PMC11105003 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Transparency, flexibility, and high thermal conductivity are trade-offs. Specifically, we have investigated a cross-linked acrylic liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) that exhibits both transparency and flexibility while maintaining a high level of thermal conductivity. The transparent monodomain LCE sheet was achieved through a process of stretching an initially opaque polydomain sheet to 80% elongation and subsequently subjecting it to photocuring. The thermal conductivity in the stretching direction (x) of the monodomain LCE sheet was found to be 1.8 times higher than that of the prestretched polydomain sheet, consistent with findings from previous studies. However, in the orthogonal direction (y) to the stretching (x) direction, the thermal conductivity exhibited an even higher value, being 1.7 times greater than in the x-direction, with a value of 3.0 W/(m·K). This unique observation prompted us to conduct further investigation through higher-order structural analysis of these LCE sheets using 2D wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) analysis. In the transparent sheet, the LCE molecules were aligned in the sheet in the stretching x-direction (monodomain structure) for the out-of-plane direction. However, in the in-plane x-direction, the molecular plane spacing exhibited random orientation at a period of 0.45 nm. In contrast, within the y-direction of the inner layer, the molecular plane spacing exhibited a uniaxial horizontal orientation at the same period length as in the x-direction. The heat energy entering into the y-direction once spreads to the x-direction, but it was considered that the reason for the higher thermal conductivity to the y-direction would be forming covalent bonds that function as new heat transmission paths, in the direction intersecting to the x-direction during photocuring. Therefore, we concluded that the synergistic effect of the high level of the ordered inner structure and covalent bonding structure due to cross-linking in the y-direction contributes to its higher thermal conductivity compared to that in the x-direction, which exhibits a random in-plane structure. Additionally, we have fabricated an LCE composite sheet filled with 75 vol % of alumina particles using a polydomain-type LCE as the base material. The composite sheet exhibits remarkable thermal conductivity in the thickness direction, measuring at 9.8 W/(m·K), while maintaining a flexibility characterized by an elastic modulus of 70 MPa. This thermal conductivity surpasses that of a nonmesogenic acrylic composite sheet with identical alumina particle filling, which measured at 3.9 W/(m·K), more than twice as much. The presence of the mesogen skeleton has been demonstrated to enhance heat transfer, even within soft composites, by facilitating the formation of an ordered structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Takezawa
- Institute
for Advanced Integrated Technology, Resonac
Corporation, 48 Wadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki300-4247, Japan
| | - Naoki Furukawa
- Institute
for Advanced Integrated Technology, Resonac
Corporation, 48 Wadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki300-4247, Japan
| | - Senguttuvan Nachimuthu
- Institute
for Advanced Integrated Technology, Resonac
Corporation, 48 Wadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki300-4247, Japan
| | - Risheng Zhou
- Impressio,
Inc., 7270 Gilpin Way,
Suite#120, Denver, Colorado 80229, United States
| | - Amir Torbati
- Impressio,
Inc., 7270 Gilpin Way,
Suite#120, Denver, Colorado 80229, United States
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Ghosh D, Coulter SM, Laverty G, Holland C, Doutch JJ, Vassalli M, Adams DJ. Metal Cross-Linked Supramolecular Gel Noodles: Structural Insights and Antibacterial Assessment. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:3169-3177. [PMID: 38684138 PMCID: PMC11094724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Achieving precise control over gelator alignment and morphology is crucial for crafting tailored materials and supramolecular structures with distinct properties. We successfully aligned the self-assembled micelles formed by a functionalized dipeptide 2NapFF into long 1-D "gel noodles" by cross-linking with divalent metal chlorides. We identify the most effective cross-linker for alignment, enhancing mechanical stability, and imparting functional properties. Our study shows that Group 2 metal ions are particularly suited for creating mechanically robust yet flexible gel noodles because of their ionic and nondirectional bonding with carboxylate groups. In contrast, the covalent nature and high directional bonds of d-block metal ions with carboxylates tend to disrupt the self-assembly of 2NapFF. Furthermore, the 2NapFF-Cu noodles demonstrated selective antibacterial activity, indicating that the potent antibacterial property of the copper(II) ion is preserved within the cross-linked system. By merging insights into molecular alignment, gel extrusion processing, and integrating specific functionalities, we illustrate how the versatility of dipeptide-based gels can be utilized in creating next-generation soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Ghosh
- School
of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Sophie M. Coulter
- School
of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast,
Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, U.K.
| | - Garry Laverty
- School
of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast,
Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, U.K.
| | - Chris Holland
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Sheffield
University, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
| | - James J. Doutch
- ISIS
Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, Harwell
Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Massimo Vassalli
- Centre
for the Cellular Microenvironment, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, U.K.
| | - Dave J. Adams
- School
of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
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Zeng J, Liang T, Zhang J, Liu D, Li S, Lu X, Han M, Yao Y, Xu JB, Sun R, Li L. Correlating Young's Modulus with High Thermal Conductivity in Organic Conjugated Small Molecules. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309338. [PMID: 38102097 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Attaining elevated thermal conductivity in organic materials stands as a coveted objective, particularly within electronic packaging, thermal interface materials, and organic matrix heat exchangers. These applications have reignited interest in researching thermally conductive organic materials. The understanding of thermal transport mechanisms in these organic materials is currently constrained. This study concentrates on N, N'-dioctyl-3,4,9,10-perylenedicarboximide (PTCDI-C8), an organic conjugated crystal. A correlation between elevated thermal conductivity and augmented Young's modulus is substantiated through meticulous experimentation. Achievement via employing the physical vapor transport method, capitalizing on the robust C═C covalent linkages running through the organic matrix chain, bolstered by π-π stacking and noncovalent affiliations that intertwine the chains. The coexistence of these dynamic interactions, alongside the perpendicular alignment of PTCDI-C8 molecules, is confirmed through structural analysis. PTCDI-C8 thin film exhibits an out-of-plane thermal conductivity of 3.1 ± 0.1 W m-1 K-1, as determined by time-domain thermoreflectance. This outpaces conventional organic materials by an order of magnitude. Nanoindentation tests and molecular dynamics simulations elucidate how molecular orientation and intermolecular forces within PTCDI-C8 molecules drive the film's high Young's modulus, contributing to its elevated thermal conductivity. This study's progress offers theoretical guidance for designing high thermal conductivity organic materials, expanding their applications and performance potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Processing and Forming of Advanced Metallic Materials, School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ting Liang
- Department of Electronics Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 166 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Daoqing Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shiang Li
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xinhui Lu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Meng Han
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yimin Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jian-Bin Xu
- Department of Electronics Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rong Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Liejun Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Processing and Forming of Advanced Metallic Materials, School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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10
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Liang Y, Zhao N, Gao W, Bai H. Mechanically and Thermally Guided, Honeycomb-like Nanocomposites with Strain-Insensitive High Thermal Conductivity for Stretchable Electronics. ACS NANO 2024; 18:8199-8208. [PMID: 38457331 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Thermal management materials have become increasingly crucial for stretchable electronic devices and systems. Drastically different from conventional thermally conductive materials, which are applied at static conditions, thermal management materials for stretchable electronics additionally require strain-insensitive thermal conductivity, as they generally undergo cyclic deformation. However, realizing such a property remains challenging mainly because conventional thermally conductive polymer composites generally lack a mechanically guided design. Here, we report a honeycomb-like nanocomposite with a three-dimensional (3D) thermally conductive network fabricated by an arrayed ice-templating technique followed by elastomer infiltration. The hexagonal honeycomb-like structure with thin, compact walls (≈ 40 μm) endows our composite with a high through-plane thermal conductivity (≈ 1.54 W m-1 K-1) at an ultralow boron nitride nanosheet (BNNS) loading (≈ 0.85 vol %), with an enhancement factor of thermal conductivity up to 820% and thermal-insensitive strain up to 200%, which are 2.7 and 2 times higher than those reported in the literature. We report an intelligent strategy for the development of advanced thermal management materials for high-performance stretchable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Nifang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China
- Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Weiwei Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hao Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China
- Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030000, China
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11
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Zhang X, Wang F, Guo H, Sun F, Li X, Zhang C, Yu C, Qin X. Advanced Cooling Textiles: Mechanisms, Applications, and Perspectives. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305228. [PMID: 38140792 PMCID: PMC10933611 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
High-temperature environments pose significant risks to human health and safety. The body's natural ability to regulate temperature becomes overwhelmed under extreme heat, leading to heat stroke, dehydration, and even death. Therefore, the development of effective personal thermal-moisture management systems is crucial for maintaining human well-being. In recent years, significant advancements have been witnessed in the field of textile-based cooling systems, which utilize innovative materials and strategies to achieve effective cooling under different environments. This review aims to provide an overview of the current progress in textile-based personal cooling systems, mainly focusing on the classification, mechanisms, and fabrication techniques. Furthermore, the challenges and potential application scenarios are highlighted, providing valuable insights for further advancements and the eventual industrialization of personal cooling textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of TextilesDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of TextilesDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
| | - Hanyu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of TextilesDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
| | - Fengqiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
| | - Xiangshun Li
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of TextilesDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
| | - Chentian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of TextilesDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
| | - Chongwen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco‐TextileMinistry of EducationCollege of TextilesDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
| | - Xiaohong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of TextilesDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
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12
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He Q, Qin M, Zhang H, Yue J, Peng L, Liu G, Feng Y, Feng W. Patterned liquid metal embedded in brush-shaped polymers for dynamic thermal management. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:531-544. [PMID: 37982197 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01498c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Interface thermal resistance has become a crucial barrier to effective thermal management in high-performance electronics and sensors. The growing complexity of operational conditions, such as irregular and dynamic surfaces, demands thermal interface materials (TIMs) to possess high thermal conductivity and soft elasticity. However, developing materials that simultaneously combine soft elasticity and high thermal conductivity remains a challenging task. Herein, we utilize a vertically oriented graphene aerogel (VGA) and rationally design liquid metal (LM) networks to achieve directional and adjustable pathways within the composite. Subsequently, we leverage the advantages of the low elastic modulus and high deformation capabilities of brush-shaped polydimethylsiloxane (BPDMS), together with the bicontinuous thermal conduction path constructed by VGA and LM networks. Ultimately, the designed composite of patterned liquid metal/vertically oriented graphene aerogel/brush-shaped PDMS (LM-VGA/BPDMS) shows a high thermal conductivity (7.11 W m-1 K-1), an ultra-low elastic modulus (10.13 kPa), excellent resilience, and a low interface thermal resistance (14.1 K mm2 W-1). This LM-VGA/BPDMS soft composite showcases a stable heat dissipation capability at dynamically changing interfaces, as well as excellent adaptability to different irregular surfaces. This strategy holds important application prospects in the fields of interface thermal management and thermal sensing in extremely complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Mengmeng Qin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Heng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Junwei Yue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Lianqiang Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Gejun Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Yiyu Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
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13
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Mingarelli P, Romeo C, Callone E, Fredi G, Dorigato A, D’Arienzo M, Parrino F, Dirè S. Ladder-like Poly(methacryloxypropyl) silsesquioxane-Al 2O 3-polybutadiene Flexible Nanocomposites with High Thermal Conductivity. Gels 2023; 9:810. [PMID: 37888383 PMCID: PMC10606264 DOI: 10.3390/gels9100810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ladder-like poly(methacryloxypropyl)-silsesquioxanes (LPMASQ) are photocurable Si-based gels characterized by a double-stranded structure that ensures superior thermal stability and mechanical properties than common organic polymers. In this work, these attractive features were exploited to produce, in combination with alumina nanoparticles (NPs), both unmodified and functionalized with methacryloxypropyl-trimethoxysilane (MPTMS), LPMASQ/Al2O3 composites displaying remarkable thermal conductivity. Additionally, we combined LPMASQ with polybutadiene (PB) to produce hybrid nanocomposites with the addition of functionalized Al2O3 NPs. The materials underwent thermal stability, structural, and morphological evaluations via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Both blending PB with LPMASQ and surface functionalization of nanoparticles proved to be effective strategies for incorporating a higher ceramic filler amount in the matrices, resulting in significant increases in thermal conductivity. Specifically, a 113.6% increase in comparison to the bare matrix was achieved at relatively low filler content (11.2 vol%) in the presence of 40 wt% LPMASQ. Results highlight the potential of ladder-like silsesquioxanes in the field of thermally conductive polymers and their applications in heat dissipation for flexible electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Mingarelli
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy (C.R.); (E.C.); (G.F.); (A.D.)
| | - Chiara Romeo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy (C.R.); (E.C.); (G.F.); (A.D.)
| | - Emanuela Callone
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy (C.R.); (E.C.); (G.F.); (A.D.)
- “Klaus Müller” Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Giulia Fredi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy (C.R.); (E.C.); (G.F.); (A.D.)
| | - Andrea Dorigato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy (C.R.); (E.C.); (G.F.); (A.D.)
| | - Massimiliano D’Arienzo
- Department of Materials Science, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy;
| | - Francesco Parrino
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy (C.R.); (E.C.); (G.F.); (A.D.)
| | - Sandra Dirè
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy (C.R.); (E.C.); (G.F.); (A.D.)
- “Klaus Müller” Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
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14
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Arumugam C, Velu N, Radhakrishnan P, Roy VAL, Anantha-Iyengar G, Lee DE, Kannan V. Studies on the Functional Properties of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Distributed in Silyl-Alkyl Bridged Polyaniline-Based Nanofluids. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2332. [PMID: 37630918 PMCID: PMC10459259 DOI: 10.3390/nano13162332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, a new kind of nanocomposite (NC)-based solid component was prepared for formulating nanofluids (NFs). The NC comprised metal oxide (titanium dioxide, TiO2) dispersed in a conducting polymer with polyaniline (PANI) and chemically linked silyl-alkyl units in it (PSA) that were designated as T-PSA NC. The NFs with ethylene glycol (EG) as a base fluid were prepared with T-PSA NCs with various compositions of TiO2 and PSA as well for various concentrations of T-PSA NCs. The scanning electron microscopic evaluation of the NC revealed that PSA deposition on TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) decreased particle agglomeration. The PSA coating on the TiO2 NPs did not influence the crystalline structure of the TiO2 NPs, according to the X-ray diffraction patterns. The thermophysical characterization and molecular interaction features of the NFs at 303 K including a novel inorganic-organic T-PSA NC, were detailed. Furthermore, the stability of the T-PSA NC-based NFs was investigated experimentally using the zeta potential, and the particle size distribution change was analyzed using the dynamic light scattering (DLS) method. The T-PSA NCs had particle sizes that were significantly bigger than pristine PSA and pure TiO2. Most of the preparation conditions used to produce the T-PSA NCs resulted in moderately stable suspensions in EG. The results revealed that the ultrasonic velocity increased with the increase in the concentration of T-PSA NC mass % in the NFs, the refractive index and thermal conductivity increased with the increase in the concentration, and the surface tension exhibited a linear change when the ratio of mass % concentration of the T-PSA NCs increased. The combined presence of components that synergistically contribute to the electro, thermal, optical, and rheological properties is expected to attract advanced applications for NFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandravadhana Arumugam
- Department of Physics, Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya, Enathur, Kanchipuram 631561, India; (C.A.); (N.V.); (P.R.)
- Department of Physics, S.A. Engineering College), Chennai 600077, India
| | - Nandakumar Velu
- Department of Physics, Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya, Enathur, Kanchipuram 631561, India; (C.A.); (N.V.); (P.R.)
- Department of Physics, Maharani’s Science College for Women, Mysuru 570005, India
| | - Padmanaban Radhakrishnan
- Department of Physics, Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya, Enathur, Kanchipuram 631561, India; (C.A.); (N.V.); (P.R.)
| | - Vellaisamy A. L. Roy
- School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Gopalan Anantha-Iyengar
- Intelligent Construction Automation Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dong-Eun Lee
- Intelligent Construction Automation Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea;
- School of Architecture, Civil, Environment and Energy, Kyungpook National University, 1370, Sangyeok-dong, Buk-gu, Daegu 702701, Republic of Korea
| | - Venkatramanan Kannan
- Department of Physics, Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya, Enathur, Kanchipuram 631561, India; (C.A.); (N.V.); (P.R.)
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15
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Yang C, Raza S, Li X, Liu J. Thermal Transport in Poly( p-phenylene): Anomalous Dimensionality Dependence and Role of π-π Stacking. J Phys Chem B 2023. [PMID: 37478475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c02947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
For heat conduction along polymer chains, a decrease in the axial thermal conductivity often occurs when the polymer structure changes from one-dimensional (1D) to three-dimensional (3D). For example, a single extended aliphatic chain (e.g., polyethylene or poly(dimethylsiloxane)) usually has a higher axial thermal conductivity than its double-chain or crystal counterparts because coupling between chains induces strong interchain anharmonic scatterings. Intuitively, for chains with an aromatic backbone, the even stronger π-π stacking, once formed between chains, should enhance thermal transport across chains and suppress the thermal conductivity along the chains. However, we show that this trend is the opposite in poly(p-phenylene) (PPP), a typical chain with an aromatic backbone. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we found that the axial thermal conductivity of PPP chains shows an anomalous dimensionality dependence where the thermal conductivity of double-chain and 3D crystal structures is higher than that of a 1D single chain. We analyzed the probability distribution of dihedral angles and found that π-π stacking between phenyl rings restricts the free rotation of phenyl rings and forms a long-range order along the chain, thus enhancing thermal transport along the chain direction. Though possessing a stronger bonding strength and stabilizing the multiple-chain structure, π-π stacking does not lead to a higher interchain thermal conductance between phenyl rings compared with that between aliphatic chains. Our simulation results on the effects of π-π stacking provide insights to engineer thermal transport in polymers at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Saqlain Raza
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Xiaobo Li
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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16
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Rout S, Sahoo RK, Chaudhury K. Measurement of the thermal diffusivities of insulating materials using boiling water. PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 2023; 35. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0152832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
Abstract
We present a method and corresponding experimental setup for estimating thermal diffusivities of insulating materials. The setup consists of a boiling water container placed on a heating plate; the test plate is placed atop the boiling water container. Under this condition, both the steady and transient input-response temperature characteristics are measured. We find that the water in its boiling state causes a nearly stable temperature at one side of the test plate. However, this stable condition is reached only after an initial transient period. Rather than using either steady or transient behavior of the response temperature characteristics exclusively in the analysis, we show the potential of using both by combining the experimental observations with the subsequent theoretical and optimization analyses. The proposed method and experimental setup do not require any prior estimation of other parameters. All the necessary information, including the thermal diffusivity, can be estimated from the input-response temperature characteristics only, as we show here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Rout
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela , Rourkela 769008, India
| | - Ranjit Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela , Rourkela 769008, India
| | - Kaustav Chaudhury
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela , Rourkela 769008, India
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17
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Zimbovskaya NA, Nitzan A. Phonon transport along long polymer chains with varying configurations: Effects of phonon scattering. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:234903. [PMID: 37326160 DOI: 10.1063/5.0155486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Following recent molecular dynamic simulations [M. Dinpajooh and A. Nitzan, J. Chem. Phys. 153, 164903 (2020)], we theoretically analyze how the phonon heat transport along a single polymer chain may be affected by varying the chain configuration. We suggest that phonon scattering controls the phonon heat conduction in strongly compressed (and tangled) chain when multiple random bends act as scattering centers for vibrational phonon modes, which results in the diffusive character of heat transport. As the chain is straightening up, the number of scatterers decreases, and the heat transport acquires nearly ballistic character. To analyze these effects, we introduce a model of a long atomic chain made out of identical atoms where some atoms are put in contact with scatterers and treat the phonon heat transfer through such a system as a multichannel scattering problem. We simulate the changes in the chain configurations by varying the number of the scatterers and mimic a gradual straightening of the chain by a gradual reducing of the number of scatterers attached to the chain atoms. It is demonstrated, in agreement with recently published simulation results, that the phonon thermal conductance shows a threshold-like transition from the limit where nearly all atoms are attached to the scatterers to the opposite limit where the scatterers vanish, which corresponds to a transition from the diffusive to the ballistic phonon transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya A Zimbovskaya
- Department of Physics and Electronics, University of Puerto Rico-Humacao, CUH Station, Humacao, Puerto Rico 00791, USA
| | - Abraham Nitzan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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18
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Wang Q, Liu S, Guo H, Hu B, Li Y, Wang J, Li B. Thermal Conductivity of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Films with a Multi-Scale Framework. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102331. [PMID: 37242904 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The orientation of amorphous regions in pure polymers has been noted to be critical to the enhancement of thermal conductivity (TC), but the available reports are still rather few. Here, we propose to prepare a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film with a multi-scale framework by introducing anisotropic amorphous nanophases in the form of cross-planar alignments among the in-planar oriented extended-chain crystals (ECCs) lamellae, which show an enhanced TC of 1.99 Wm-1 K-1 in the through-plane direction (K⟂) and 4.35 Wm-1 K-1 in the in-plane direction (K∥). Structural characterization determination using scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution synchrotron X-ray scattering showed that shrinking the dimension of the amorphous nanophases can effectively reduce entanglement and lead to alignments formation. Moreover, the thermal anisotropy of the amorphous region is quantitatively discussed with the aid of the two-phase model. Superior thermal dissipation performances are intuitively displayed by means of finite element numerical analysis and heat exchanger applications. Moreover, such unique multi-scale architecture also results in significant benefit in the improvement of dimensional stability and thermal stability. This paper provides a reasonable solution for fabricating inexpensive thermal conducting polymer films from the perspective of practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shixin Liu
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hong Guo
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Ren'ai College, Tianjin 301636, China
| | - Boyang Hu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yi Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jixiao Wang
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Baoan Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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19
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Tian C, Yang Y, Liu Q, Bai Y, Zhao F, Huang L, Yang N, Cai X, Kong W. Molecular Regulation of Flexible Composite Solid-Solid Phase Change Materials with Controllable Isotropic Thermal Conductivity for Thermal Energy Storage. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:13165-13175. [PMID: 36877699 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, graphene has been introduced into phase change materials (PCMs) to improve thermal conductivity to enhance the heat transfer efficiency in thermal energy storage. However, graphenes tend to aggregate in PCMs, leading to the low thermal conductivity efficient enhancement (TCEE), anisotropic thermal conductivity, and deterioration of mechanical performance of PCMs. In this work, we fabricated biomimetic thermally conductive solid-solid PCMs (SSPCMs) by facile blending of the graphene into well-designed polyurethane SSPCMs, in which the graphene established a controllable and highly efficient isotropic thermally conductive pathway based on the π-π stacking between the graphene and the polymer aromatic ring segment. The as-fabricated SSPCMs showed high TCEE (156.78%), excellent flexibility (328% elongation at break), high enthalpy value (>101 J/g), and solid-solid phase transition properties, under 2% loading of graphene. The proportion of in-plane to through-plane thermal conductivity can be adjusted by an elaborate design of the aromatic ring segment in polyurethane SSPCMs. We further demonstrated mechanical flexibility and photothermal property of the composites to reveal their potential in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Tian
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yunyun Yang
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yuting Bai
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Fuqi Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Lei Huang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Na Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xufu Cai
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Weibo Kong
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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20
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Yu Y, Zhang D, Nagayama G. Estimation of surface free energy at microstructured surface to investigate intermediate wetting state for partial wetting model. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:1249-1257. [PMID: 36722932 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01406h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
While partial wetting at nano-/microstructured surfaces can be described using the intermediate wetting state between the Cassie-Baxter and Wenzel states, the limitations of the partial wetting model remain unclear. In this study, we performed surface free energy analysis at a microstructured Si-water interface from both theoretical and experimental viewpoints. We experimentally measured the water contact angle on microstructured Si surfaces with square holes and compared the measured values with theoretical predictions. Furthermore, the surface free energy was analyzed using the effective wetting area estimated from the measured contact angle and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results. We verified the validity of the partial wetting model for fabricated Si surfaces with a hole aperture a less than 230 μm and a hole height h of 12 μm, and for a < 400 μm, h = 40 μm. The model was found to be applicable to microstructured Si surfaces with a/h < 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankun Yu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Sensui 1-1, Tobata, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 804-8550, Japan
| | - Dejian Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Daxue Road 3501, Changqing, Jinan, Shandong 250316, China
| | - Gyoko Nagayama
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Sensui 1-1, Tobata, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 804-8550, Japan.
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21
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Liu C, Ma Y, Xie Y, Zou J, Wu H, Peng S, Qian W, He D, Zhang X, Li BW, Nan CW. Enhanced Electromagnetic Shielding and Thermal Management Properties in MXene/Aramid Nanofiber Films Fabricated by Intermittent Filtration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:4516-4526. [PMID: 36637395 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
High-efficiency electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and heat dissipation synergy materials with flexible, robust, and environmental stability are urgently demanded in next-generation integration electronic devices. In this work, we report the lamellar MXene/Aramid nanofiber (ANF) composite films, which establish a nacre-like structure for EMI shielding and heat dissipation by using the intermittent filtration strategy. The MXene/ANF composite film filled with 50 wt % MXene demonstrates enhanced mechanical properties with a strength of 230.5 MPa, an elongation at break of 6.2%, and a toughness of 11.8 MJ·m3 (50 wt % MXene). These remarkable properties are attributed to the hydrogen bonding and highly oriented structure. Furthermore, due to the formation of the MXene conductive network, the MXene/ANF composite film shows an outstanding conductivity of 624.6 S/cm, an EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of 44.0 dB, and a superior specific SE value (SSE/t) of 18847.6 dB·cm2/g, which is better than the vacuum filtration film. Moreover, the MXene/ANF composite film also shows a great thermal conductivity of 0.43 W/m·K. The multifunctional MXene/ANF composite films with high-performance EMI shielding, heat dissipation, and joule heating show great potential in the field of aerospace, military, microelectronics, microcircuit, and smart wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan430070, China
| | - Yanan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan430070, China
| | - Yimei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan430070, China
| | - Junjie Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan430070, China
| | - Han Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan430070, China
| | - Shaohui Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan430070, China
| | - Wei Qian
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan430070, China
| | - Daping He
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan430070, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan430070, China
| | - Bao-Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan430070, China
| | - Ce-Wen Nan
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
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22
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Analysis of the Structure and the Thermal Conductivity of Semi-Crystalline Polyetheretherketone/Boron Nitride Sheet Composites Using All-Atom Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020450. [PMID: 36679330 PMCID: PMC9862992 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermal transport simulations were performed to investigate the important factors affecting the thermal conductivity based on the structure of semi-crystalline polyetheretherketone (PEEK), and the addition of boron nitride (BN) sheets. The molecular-level structural analysis facilitated the prediction of the thermal conductivity of the optimal structure of PEEK reflecting the best parameter value of the length of amorphous chains, and the ratio of linkage conformations, such as loops, tails, and bridges. It was found that the long heat transfer paths of polymer chains were induced by the addition of BN sheets, which led to the improvement of the thermal conductivities of the PEEK/BN composites. In addition, the convergence of the thermal conductivities of the PEEK/BN composites in relation to BN sheet size was verified by the disconnection of the heat transfer path due to aggregation of the BN sheets.
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23
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Das S, Muthukumar M. Thermal Conduction and Phonon Transport in Folded Polyethylene Chains. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shibananda Das
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Murugappan Muthukumar
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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24
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Rahman MA, Dionne CJ, Giri A. Thermally Conductive Self-Healing Nanoporous Materials Based on Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:8534-8540. [PMID: 36260758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) are a class of nanoporous crystalline materials formed by the assembly of organic building blocks that are held together by a network of hydrogen-bonding interactions. Herein, we show that the dynamic and responsive nature of these hydrogen-bonding interactions endows HOFs with a host of unique physical properties that combine ultraflexibility, high thermal conductivities, and the ability to "self-heal". Our systematic atomistic simulations reveal that their unique mechanical properties arise from the ability of the hydrogen-bond arrays to absorb and dissipate energy during deformation. Moreover, we also show that these materials demonstrate relatively high thermal conductivities for porous crystals with low mass densities due to their extended periodic framework structure that is comprised of light atoms. Our results reveal that HOFs mark a new regime of material design combining multifunctional properties that make them ideal candidates for gas storage and separation, flexible electronics, and thermal switching applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Akif Rahman
- Department of Mechanical Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - C Jaymes Dionne
- Department of Mechanical Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Ashutosh Giri
- Department of Mechanical Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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25
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Wang G, Kudo M, Daicho K, Harish S, Xu B, Shao C, Lee Y, Liao Y, Matsushima N, Kodama T, Lundell F, Söderberg LD, Saito T, Shiomi J. Enhanced High Thermal Conductivity Cellulose Filaments via Hydrodynamic Focusing. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:8406-8412. [PMID: 36283691 PMCID: PMC9650782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose is regarded as a green and renewable nanomaterial that has attracted increased attention. In this study, we demonstrate that nanocellulose materials can exhibit high thermal conductivity when their nanofibrils are highly aligned and bonded in the form of filaments. The thermal conductivity of individual filaments, consisting of highly aligned cellulose nanofibrils, fabricated by the flow-focusing method is measured in dried condition using a T-type measurement technique. The maximum thermal conductivity of the nanocellulose filaments obtained is 14.5 W/m-K, which is approximately five times higher than those of cellulose nanopaper and cellulose nanocrystals. Structural investigations suggest that the crystallinity of the filament remarkably influence their thermal conductivity. Smaller diameter filaments with higher crystallinity, that is, more internanofibril hydrogen bonds and less intrananofibril disorder, tend to have higher thermal conductivity. Temperature-dependence measurements also reveal that the filaments exhibit phonon transport at effective dimension between 2D and 3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guantong Wang
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
| | - Masaki Kudo
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
- Mechanical
Systems Engineering Program, Tokyo Metropolitan
College of Industrial Technology, 1-10-40, Higashioi, Shinagawa-ku,
Tokyo140-0011, Japan
| | - Kazuho Daicho
- Department
of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo113-8657, Japan
| | - Sivasankaran Harish
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
| | - Bin Xu
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
| | - Cheng Shao
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
| | - Yaerim Lee
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
| | - Yuxuan Liao
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
| | - Naoto Matsushima
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
| | - Takashi Kodama
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
| | - Fredrik Lundell
- Linné
FLOW Centre, KTH Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, StockholmSE−100 44, Sweden
| | - L. Daniel Söderberg
- Linné
FLOW Centre, KTH Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, StockholmSE−100 44, Sweden
| | - Tsuguyuki Saito
- Department
of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo113-8657, Japan
| | - Junichiro Shiomi
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
- Institute
of Engineering Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 2-11, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku,
Tokyo113-0032, Japan
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26
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Wang B, Liu M, Liu J, Tian Y, Liu W, Wu G, Cheng J, Zhang Y, Zhao G, Ni Z. Key Factors of Mechanical Strength and Toughness in Oriented Poly(l-lactic acid) Monofilaments for a Bioresorbable Self-Expanding Stent. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:13477-13487. [PMID: 36306177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of the strength and toughness of poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) monofilaments is essential as the fundamental element of a biodegradable braided stent. However, the determining factor remains poorly addressed with respect to influencing the mechanical behavior of PLLA monofilaments. In this work, the electron beam (EB) with different radiation doses was utilized to sterilize PLLA monofilaments. Properties of the monofilaments, including the breaking strength, elongation at break, molecular weight, orientation, and microstructure of the fracture, were characterized. Results showed that a random chain scission of PLLA resulting from EB during this process could cause the decrease in molecular weight, which led to the decline in breaking strength. Meanwhile, the irradiated monofilaments were found to have almost the same elongation at break below a dose of 30 kGy and declined by 71.41% up to a dose of 48 kGy. It was also found that the ductile fracture connection of the monofilament translated to the brittle fracture by comparing the microstructure without and with sterilization. These phenomena could originate from the destruction of the long molecular chains connecting the crystal plates into shorter ones by radiation. PLLA monofilaments with 0, 30, and 48 kGy were used to braid carotid stents. Compared with a carotid Wallstent, the PLLA stent can better provide radial supporting to the carotid lesion. This study provides preliminary experimental references to evaluate and predict the mechanical performance of PLLA braided stents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing211189, China
| | - Muqing Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing211189, China
| | - Jinbo Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing211189, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing211189, China
| | - Wentao Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing211189, China
| | - Gensheng Wu
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing210037, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing211189, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center of Interventional Radiology & Vascular Surgery, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing210044, China
| | - Gutian Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing211189, China
| | - Zhonghua Ni
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing211189, China
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27
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Yu H, Feng Y, Chen C, Zhang H, Peng L, Qin M, Feng W. Highly Thermally Conductive Adhesion Elastomer Enhanced by Vertically Aligned Folded Graphene. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201331. [PMID: 36251921 PMCID: PMC9685443 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Heat and stress transfer at an interface are crucial for the contact-based tactile sensing to measure the temperature, morphology, and modulus. However, fabricating a smart sensing material that combines high thermal conductivity, elasticity, and good adhesion is challenging. In this study, a composite is fabricated using a directional template of vertically aligned folded graphene (VAFG) and a copolymer matrix of poly-2-[[(butylamino)carbonyl]oxy]ethyl ester and polydimethylsiloxane, vinyl-end-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (poly(PBAx-ran-PDMS)). With optimized chemical cross-linking and supermolecular interactions, the poly(PBA-ran-PDMS)/VAFG exhibits high thermal conductivity (15.49 W m-1 K-1 ), an high elastic deformation, and an interfacial adhesion of up to 6500 N m-1 . Poly(PBA-ran-PDMS)/VAFG is highly sensitive to temperature and pressure and demonstrates a self-learning capacity for manipulator applications. The smart manipulator can distinguish and selectively capture unknown materials in the dark. Thermally conductive, elastic, and adhesive poly(PBA-ran-PDMS)/VAFG can be developed into core materials in intelligent soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huitao Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjin300350P. R. China
| | - Yiyu Feng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjin300350P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and MoldMinistry of EducationZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450002P. R. China
| | - Can Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjin300350P. R. China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjin300350P. R. China
| | - Lianqiang Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjin300350P. R. China
| | - Mengmeng Qin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjin300350P. R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjin300350P. R. China
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28
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Li M, Dai L, Hu Y. Machine Learning for Harnessing Thermal Energy: From Materials Discovery to System Optimization. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2022; 7:3204-3226. [PMID: 37325775 PMCID: PMC10264155 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.2c01836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in machine learning (ML) have impacted research communities based on statistical perspectives and uncovered invisibles from conventional standpoints. Though the field is still in the early stage, this progress has driven the thermal science and engineering communities to apply such cutting-edge toolsets for analyzing complex data, unraveling abstruse patterns, and discovering non-intuitive principles. In this work, we present a holistic overview of the applications and future opportunities of ML methods on crucial topics in thermal energy research, from bottom-up materials discovery to top-down system design across atomistic levels to multi-scales. In particular, we focus on a spectrum of impressive ML endeavors investigating the state-of-the-art thermal transport modeling (density functional theory, molecular dynamics, and Boltzmann transport equation), different families of materials (semiconductors, polymers, alloys, and composites), assorted aspects of thermal properties (conductivity, emissivity, stability, and thermoelectricity), and engineering prediction and optimization (devices and systems). We discuss the promises and challenges of current ML approaches and provide perspectives for future directions and new algorithms that could make further impacts on thermal energy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Lingyun Dai
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yongjie Hu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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29
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Progress of Polymer-Based Thermally Conductive Materials by Fused Filament Fabrication: A Comprehensive Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204297. [PMID: 36297876 PMCID: PMC9608148 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
With the miniaturization and integration of electronic products, the heat dissipation efficiency of electronic equipment needs to be further improved. Notably, polymer materials are a choice for electronic equipment matrices because of their advantages of low cost and wide application availability. However, the thermal conductivity of polymers is insufficient to meet heat dissipation requirements, and their improvements remain challenging. For decades, as an efficient manufacturing technology, additive manufacturing has gradually attracted public attention, and researchers have also used this technology to produce new thermally conductive polymer materials. Here, we review the recent research progress of different 3D printing technologies in heat conduction and the thermal conduction mechanism of polymer matrix composites. Based on the classification of fillers, the research progress of thermally conductive materials prepared by fused filament fabrication (FFF) is discussed. It analyzes the internal relationship between FFF process parameters and the thermal conductivity of polymer matrix composites. Finally, this study summarizes the application and future development direction of thermally conductive composites by FFF.
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30
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Wang J, Hu L, Li W, Ouyang Y, Bai L. Development and Perspectives of Thermal Conductive Polymer Composites. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3574. [PMID: 36296762 PMCID: PMC9611299 DOI: 10.3390/nano12203574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the development of electronic appliances and electronic equipment towards miniaturization, lightweight and high-power density, the heat generated and accumulated by devices during high-speed operation seriously reduces the working efficiency and service life of the equipment. The key to solving this problem is to develop high-performance thermal management materials and improve the heat dissipation efficiency of the equipment. This paper mainly summarizes the research progress of polymer composites with high thermal conductivity and electrical insulation, including the thermal conductivity mechanism of composites, the factors affecting the thermal conductivity of composites, and the research status of thermally conductive and electrical insulation polymer composites in recent years. Finally, we look forward to the research focus and urgent problems that should be addressed of high-performance thermal conductive composites, which will provide strategies for further development and application of advanced thermal and electrical insulation composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Lin Hu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Wenhao Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yuge Ouyang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Liuyang Bai
- College of Energy Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
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31
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Cang Y, Liu J, Ryu M, Graczykowski B, Morikawa J, Yang S, Fytas G. On the origin of elasticity and heat conduction anisotropy of liquid crystal elastomers at gigahertz frequencies. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5248. [PMID: 36068238 PMCID: PMC9448779 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32865-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers that offer exceptional load-deformation response at low frequencies often require consideration of the mechanical anisotropy only along the two symmetry directions. However, emerging applications operating at high frequencies require all five true elastic constants. Here, we utilize Brillouin light spectroscopy to obtain the engineering moduli and probe the strain dependence of the elasticity anisotropy at gigahertz frequencies. The Young's modulus anisotropy, E||/E⊥~2.6, is unexpectedly lower than that measured by tensile testing, suggesting disparity between the local mesogenic orientation and the larger scale orientation of the network strands. Unprecedented is the robustness of E||/E⊥ to uniaxial load that it does not comply with continuously transformable director orientation observed in the tensile testing. Likewise, the heat conductivity is directional, κ||/κ⊥~3.0 with κ⊥ = 0.16 Wm-1K-1. Conceptually, this work reveals the different length scales involved in the thermoelastic anisotropy and provides insights for programming liquid crystal elastomers on-demand for high-frequency applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cang
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Zhangwu Road 100, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Meguya Ryu
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan.,National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Umezono, Tsukuba, 305-8563, Japan
| | - Bartlomiej Graczykowski
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany.,Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 2, Poznan, 61-614, Poland
| | - Junko Morikawa
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - George Fytas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany.
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32
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Koziol P, Kosowska K, Liberda D, Borondics F, Wrobel TP. Super-Resolved 3D Mapping of Molecular Orientation Using Vibrational Techniques. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14278-14287. [PMID: 35881536 PMCID: PMC9376951 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
When a sample has an anisotropic structure, it is possible
to obtain
additional information controlling the polarization of incident light.
With their straightforward instrumentation approaches, infrared (IR)
and Raman spectroscopies are widely popular in this area. Single-band-based
determination of molecular in-plane orientation, typically used in
materials science, is here extended by the concurrent use of two vibration
bands, revealing the orientational ordering in three dimension. The
concurrent analysis was applied to IR spectromicroscopic data to obtain
orientation angles of a model polycaprolactone spherulite sample.
The applicability of this method spans from high-resolution, diffraction-limited
Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Raman imaging to super-resolved
optical photothermal infrared (O-PTIR) imaging. Due to the nontomographic
experimental approach, no image distortion is visible and nanometer
scale orientation domains can be observed. Three-dimensional (3D)
bond orientation maps enable in-depth characterization and consequently
precise control of the sample’s physicochemical properties
and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Koziol
- Solaris National Synchrotron Radiation Centre, Jagiellonian University, Czerwone Maki 98, 30-392 Krakow, Poland.,Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Kosowska
- Solaris National Synchrotron Radiation Centre, Jagiellonian University, Czerwone Maki 98, 30-392 Krakow, Poland
| | - Danuta Liberda
- Solaris National Synchrotron Radiation Centre, Jagiellonian University, Czerwone Maki 98, 30-392 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ferenc Borondics
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme Des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin - BP 48, 91192 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Tomasz P Wrobel
- Solaris National Synchrotron Radiation Centre, Jagiellonian University, Czerwone Maki 98, 30-392 Krakow, Poland
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33
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Abstract
The emergence of wearable devices over the recent decades has motivated numerous studies aimed at developing flexible or stretchable materials and structures for their electronic or optoelectronic functionalities. Like in conventional devices, electronic and optoelectronic components in wearable devices must be kept within certain temperature ranges to ensure reliability, performance, and/or functionality. But this must be accomplished without requiring any bulky heat sinks or other heat transfer augmentation elements. At the same time, the proximity of wearable devices to the human skin poses additional requirements of thermal comfort and safety. A growing body of literature is now focusing on the thermal management or control of wearable devices and related development of new materials and structures. The present article aims to provide a broad overview of such materials and structures and offer suggestions for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Sungtaek Ju
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, UCLA, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1597, USA
- Corresponding author
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34
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Luo F, Ma C, Tang Y, Zhou L, Ding Y, Chen G. Sandwich-Structured Flexible PVA/CS@MWCNTs Composite Films with High Thermal Conductivity and Excellent Electrical Insulation. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122512. [PMID: 35746088 PMCID: PMC9228607 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
High thermal conductivity polymer matrix composites have become an urgent need for the thermal management of modern electronic devices. However, increasing the thermal conductivity of polymer-based composites typically results in loss of lightweight, flexibility and electrical insulation. Herein, the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/PVA-chitosan-adsorbed multi-walled carbon nanotubes/PVA (PVA/CS@MWCNTs) composite films with a sandwich structure were designed and fabricated by a self-construction strategy inspired by the surface film formation of milk. The obtained film simultaneously possesses high thermal conductivity, electrical insulation, and excellent flexibility. In this particular structure, the uniform intermediate layer of PVA-CS@MWCNTs contributed to improving the thermal conductivity of composite films, and the PVA distributed on both sides of the sandwich structure maintains the electrical insulation of the films (superior electrical resistivity above 1012 Ω·cm). It has been demonstrated that the fillers could be arranged in a horizontal direction during the scraping process. Thus, the obtained composite film exhibited high in-plane thermal conductivity of 5.312 W·m−1·K−1 at fairly low MWCNTs loading of 5 wt%, which increased by about 1190% compared with pure PVA (0.412 W·m−1·K−1). This work effectively realizes the combination of high thermal conductivity and excellent electrical insulation, which could greatly expand the application of polymer-based composite films in the area of thermal management.
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35
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Feng CP, Wei F, Sun KY, Wang Y, Lan HB, Shang HJ, Ding FZ, Bai L, Yang J, Yang W. Emerging Flexible Thermally Conductive Films: Mechanism, Fabrication, Application. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:127. [PMID: 35699776 PMCID: PMC9198190 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00868-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Effective thermal management is quite urgent for electronics owing to their ever-growing integration degree, operation frequency and power density, and the main strategy of thermal management is to remove excess energy from electronics to outside by thermal conductive materials. Compared to the conventional thermal management materials, flexible thermally conductive films with high in-plane thermal conductivity, as emerging candidates, have aroused greater interest in the last decade, which show great potential in thermal management applications of next-generation devices. However, a comprehensive review of flexible thermally conductive films is rarely reported. Thus, we review recent advances of both intrinsic polymer films and polymer-based composite films with ultrahigh in-plane thermal conductivity, with deep understandings of heat transfer mechanism, processing methods to enhance thermal conductivity, optimization strategies to reduce interface thermal resistance and their potential applications. Lastly, challenges and opportunities for the future development of flexible thermally conductive films are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ping Feng
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Yin Sun
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bo Lan
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Jing Shang
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Fa-Zhu Ding
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China.
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37
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Nagoya A, Kikkawa N, Ohba N, Baba T, Kajita S, Yanai K, Takeno T. Autonomous Search for Polymers with High Thermal Conductivity Using a Rapid Green–Kubo Estimation. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Nagoya
- Quantum Computing Research Division, Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc., 41-1, Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Kikkawa
- Quantum Computing Research Division, Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc., 41-1, Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Nobuko Ohba
- Quantum Computing Research Division, Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc., 41-1, Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Baba
- Quantum Computing Research Division, Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc., 41-1, Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Seiji Kajita
- Quantum Computing Research Division, Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc., 41-1, Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuma Yanai
- Advanced Research and Innovation Center, DENSO Corporation, 500-1, Miyamiyama, Komenoki-cho, Nisshin, Aichi 470-0111, Japan
| | - Takanori Takeno
- Advanced Research and Innovation Center, DENSO Corporation, 500-1, Miyamiyama, Komenoki-cho, Nisshin, Aichi 470-0111, Japan
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38
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Ruan M, Guo D, Zhu D, Liu Z. Bioinspired modification strategy to improve thermal conductivity and dielectric constant of natural rubber composite for thermal management applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Ruan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin Chengjian University Tianjin China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Building Green Functional Materials Tianjin Chengjian University Tianjin China
| | - Dandan Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin Chengjian University Tianjin China
| | - Defu Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin Chengjian University Tianjin China
| | - Zhifeng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin Chengjian University Tianjin China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Building Green Functional Materials Tianjin Chengjian University Tianjin China
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39
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Wang D, Liu D, Xu J, Fu J, Wu K. Highly thermoconductive yet ultraflexible polymer composites with superior mechanical properties and autonomous self-healing functionality via a binary filler strategy. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:640-652. [PMID: 34881768 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01746b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It is still a formidable challenge to develop ideal thermal dissipation materials with simultaneous high thermal conductivity, excellent mechanical softness and toughness, and spontaneous self-healing. Herein, we report the introduction of sandwich-like boron nitride nanosheets-liquid metal binary fillers into an artificial poly(urea-urethane) elastomer to address the above issue, which confers the composite elastomer with a unique thermal-mechanical-healing combination, including a low modulus, high in-plane thermal conductivity and high mass loading of rigid fillers but self-recoverability and room-temperature self-healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
| | - Dingyao Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - JianHua Xu
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - JiaJun Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
| | - Kai Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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40
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Chen S, Luan T, Di C, Lu MH, Yan XJ, Song C, Deng T. Thickness dependent thermal performance of a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) thin film synthesized via an electrochemical approach. RSC Adv 2022; 12:1897-1903. [PMID: 35425151 PMCID: PMC8979183 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07991c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer-based thermal interface materials (TIMs) have attracted wide attention in the field of thermal management because of their outstanding properties including light weight, low cost, corrosion resistance and easy processing. However, the low thermal conductivity (∼0.2 W m-1 K-1) of the intrinsic polymer matrix largely degrades the overall thermal performance of polymer-based TIMs even those containing highly thermal conductive fillers. Hence, enhancing the intrinsic thermal conductivity of the polymer matrix is one of the most critical problems needed to be solved. This paper studies the thermal conductivity of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films fabricated via cyclic voltammetry. By controlling the number of cycles in the electrochemical synthesis, different thickness of PEDOT films could be obtained. A time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) system was employed to evaluate the thermal performance of such as-prepared PEDOT films. We have demonstrated that a PEDOT film with thickness of 40 nm achieves the highest out-of-plane thermal conductivity of ∼0.60 W m-1 K-1, which is almost three folds the thermal conductivity of commercially available pristine PEDOT:PSS film with similar thickness. The X-ray diffraction spectrum reveals that the PEDOT thin film with high crystallinity at the initial stage of electrochemical synthesis leads to enhanced thermal transportation. The findings in this work not only offer an opportunity to fabricate polymer materials exhibiting enhanced thermal conductivity, but also allow one to adjust the thermal performance of conducting polymers in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dong Chuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dong Chuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Tian Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dong Chuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dong Chuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Chen Di
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District Nanjing Jiangsu 210093 P. R. China
| | - Ming-Hui Lu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District Nanjing Jiangsu 210093 P. R. China
| | - Xue-Jun Yan
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District Nanjing Jiangsu 210093 P. R. China
| | - Chengyi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dong Chuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dong Chuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Tao Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dong Chuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dong Chuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
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41
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Liu Y, Zhou Y, Xu Y. State-of-the-Art, Opportunities, and Challenges in Bottom-up Synthesis of Polymers with High Thermal Conductivity. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00272h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to metals, polymers are predominantly thermal and electrical insulators. With their unparalleled advantages such as light weight, turning polymer insulators into heat conductors with metal-like thermal conductivity is...
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42
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Li K, Battegazzore D, Pérez-Camargo RA, Liu G, Monticelli O, Müller AJ, Fina A. Polycaprolactone Adsorption and Nucleation onto Graphite Nanoplates for Highly Flexible, Thermally Conductive, and Thermomechanically Stiff Nanopapers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:59206-59220. [PMID: 34851623 PMCID: PMC8678991 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Free-standing nanopapers based on graphene and its related materials have been widely studied and proposed for flexible heat spreader applications. Given that these materials are typically brittle, this work reports the exploitation of polycaprolactone (PCL) as a polymer binder to enhance resistance and flexibility of nanopapers based on graphite nanoplates (GNP), while maintaining a high thermal conductivity. Properties of nanopapers appear to correlate with the excellent PCL adhesion and strong nucleation of the surface of GNP flakes. Furthermore, different crystalline populations were observed for PCL within the nanopaper and were investigated in detail via differential scanning calorimetry advanced techniques and X-ray diffraction. These demonstrated the coexistence of conventional unoriented PCL crystals, oriented PCL crystals obtained as a consequence of the strong nucleation effect, and highly stable PCL fractions explained by the formation of crystalline pre-freezing layers, the latter having melting temperatures well above the equilibrium melting temperature for pristine PCL. This peculiar crystallization behavior of PCL, reported in this paper for the first time for a tridimensional structure, has a direct impact on material properties. Indeed, the presence of high thermal stability crystals, strongly bound to GNP flakes, coexisting with the highly flexible amorphous fraction, delivers an ideal solution for the strengthening and toughening of GNP nanopapers. Thermomechanical properties of PCL/GNP nanopapers, investigated both on a heating ramp and by creep tests at high temperatures, demonstrated superior stiffness well above the conventional melting temperature of PCL. At the same time, a thermal conductivity > 150 W/m·K was obtained for PCL/GNP nanopapers, representing a viable alternative to traditional metals in terms of heat dissipation, while affording flexibility and light weight, unmatched by conventional thermally conductive metals or ceramics. Besides the obtained performance, the formation of polymer crystals that are stable above the equilibrium melting temperature constitutes a novel approach in the self-assembly of highly ordered nanostructures based on graphene and related materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Genova, Via Dodecaneso
31, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Daniele Battegazzore
- Dipartimento
di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico
di Torino-Alessandria Campus, viale Teresa Michel, 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Ricardo A. Pérez-Camargo
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Guoming Liu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Orietta Monticelli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Genova, Via Dodecaneso
31, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Alejandro J. Müller
- POLYMAT
and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry
and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University
of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Basque
Foundation
for Science, IKERBASQUE, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alberto Fina
- Dipartimento
di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico
di Torino-Alessandria Campus, viale Teresa Michel, 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
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43
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Zhou X, Zong J, Lei J, Li Z. Enhancing thermal conductivity of silicone rubber via constructing hybrid spherical boron nitride thermal network. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Zhou
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Jiyou Zong
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Jun Lei
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Zhongming Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
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Sun W, Yang K, Wang Z, Niu M, Luo T, Su Z, Li R, Fu Q. Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene Lamellar-Thin Framework on Square Meter Scale. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 34:e2107941. [PMID: 34794204 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A new member of low-dimensional structures with a high aspect ratio (LDHA) is introduced. For the first time, commodity polymer is processed into LDHA, which has long been stagnated by the lack of suitable processing techniques. The key to solve the current bottleneck is to overcome the trade-off between kinetic processability and thermodynamic stability. These two factors are both highly determined by intermolecular interaction level (IIL). Thus with a wide tuning range of IIL, ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is selected and investigated to break through the trade-off. Polymeric LDHA preparation needs both thinning and stiffening. By focusing on one then the other sequentially, they are realized simultaneously. Thus the over sixty-year-old material is finally thinned down by seven orders of magnitude into a 65.5 nm thick and 0.64 m2 large lamellar-thin framework (LTF). LTF exhibits a series of exceptional properties such as over-95% transparency, and seven times higher specific strength referred to steel. For the first time, cryogenic electron microscopy (Cryo-EM) is utilized to observe commodity polymers directly. This new LDHA material is promising to expand the scale boundaries of both fundamental research and practical applications, not only for UHMWPE, but also for more commodity polymers to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Sun
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Kailin Yang
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Zirui Wang
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Mingze Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610041 P. R. China
| | - Tao Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Zhaoming Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610041 P. R. China
| | - Runlai Li
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
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45
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Guo Y, Zhou Y, Xu Y. Engineering polymers with metal-like thermal conductivity—Present status and future perspectives. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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46
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Li Z, An L, Khuje S, Tan J, Hu Y, Huang Y, Petit D, Faghihi D, Yu J, Ren S. Solution-shearing of dielectric polymer with high thermal conductivity and electric insulation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabi7410. [PMID: 34586852 PMCID: PMC8480926 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi7410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Polymer dielectrics, an insulating material ubiquitous in electrical power systems, must be ultralight, mechanically and dielectrically strong, and very thermally conductive. However, electric and thermal transport parameters are intercorrelated in a way that works against the occurrence of thermally conductive polymer electric insulators. Here, we describe how solution gel-shearing–strained polyethylene yields an electric insulating material with an outstanding in-plane thermal conductivity of 10.74 W m−1 K−1 and an average dielectric constant of 4.1. The dielectric constant and loss of such sheared polymer electric insulators are nearly independent of the frequency and a wide temperature range. The gel-shearing aligns ultrahigh–molecular weight polymer crystalline chains for the formation of separated and aligned nanoscale fibrous arrays. Together with lattice strains and the presence of boron nitride nanosheets, the dielectric polymer shows high current density carrying and high operating temperature, which is attributed to greatly enhanced heat conduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Lu An
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Saurabh Khuje
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Jingye Tan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Yong Hu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Yulong Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Donald Petit
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Danial Faghihi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Jian Yu
- Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005, USA
| | - Shenqiang Ren
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Research and Education in Energy, Environment and Water (RENEW), University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Corresponding author.
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47
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Zhang Z, Dai X, Li L, Zhou S, Xue W, Liu Y, Liu H. Current Status of Research on the Modification of Thermal Properties of Epoxy Resin-Based Syntactic Foam Insulation Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3185. [PMID: 34578086 PMCID: PMC8469402 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a lightweight and highly insulating composite material, epoxy resin syntactic foam is increasingly widely used for insulation filling in electrical equipment. To avoid core burning and cracking, which are prone to occur during the casting process, the epoxy resin-based syntactic foam insulation materials with high thermal conductivity and low coefficient of thermal expansion are required for composite insulation equipment. The review is divided into three sections concentrating on the two main aspects of modifying the thermal properties of syntactic foam. The mechanism and models, from the aspects of thermal conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion, are presented in the first part. The second part aims to better understand the methods for modifying the thermal properties of syntactic foam by adding functional fillers, including the addition of thermally conductive particles, hollow glass microspheres, negative thermal expansion filler and fibers, etc. The third part concludes by describing the existing challenges in this research field and expanding the applicable areas of epoxy resin-based syntactic foam insulation materials, especially cross-arm composite insulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Distributed Energy Storage and Micro-Grid, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (Z.Z.); (X.D.); (Y.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Xiaohan Dai
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Distributed Energy Storage and Micro-Grid, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (Z.Z.); (X.D.); (Y.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Le Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Distributed Energy Storage and Micro-Grid, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (Z.Z.); (X.D.); (Y.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Songsong Zhou
- China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing 100192, China;
| | - Wei Xue
- State Network Zhejiang Electric Power Co., Ltd. Integrated Services Branch, Hangzhou 310000, China;
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Distributed Energy Storage and Micro-Grid, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (Z.Z.); (X.D.); (Y.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Hechen Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Distributed Energy Storage and Micro-Grid, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (Z.Z.); (X.D.); (Y.L.); (H.L.)
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48
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Qian X, Zhou J, Chen G. Phonon-engineered extreme thermal conductivity materials. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:1188-1202. [PMID: 33686278 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-00918-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Materials with ultrahigh or low thermal conductivity are desirable for many technological applications, such as thermal management of electronic and photonic devices, heat exchangers, energy converters and thermal insulation. Recent advances in simulation tools (first principles, the atomistic Green's function and molecular dynamics) and experimental techniques (pump-probe techniques and microfabricated platforms) have led to new insights on phonon transport and scattering in materials and the discovery of new thermal materials, and are enabling the engineering of phonons towards desired thermal properties. We review recent discoveries of both inorganic and organic materials with ultrahigh and low thermal conductivity, highlighting heat-conduction physics, strategies used to change thermal conductivity, and future directions to achieve extreme thermal conductivities in solid-state materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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49
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Pan Z, Liu Y, Wang F, Lu G, Yang F, Cheng F. Al 2O 3 Dispersion-Induced Micropapillae in an Epoxy Composite Coating and Implications in Thermal Conductivity. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:17870-17879. [PMID: 34308022 PMCID: PMC8295999 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Al2O3 particles with different sizes were dispersed into an epoxy precursor to improve the thermal conductivity (TC) of the epoxy coating. Al2O3 particles tend to aggregate in epoxy, and the aggregation becomes more apparent (formation of micropapillae when the particle size is larger than 1 μm) with the increase of particle size. The calculated fast aggregation rates of various-size Al2O3 particles in epoxy showed that the fast aggregation rate increased to a maximum rate of 6.37 × 10-20 m3·s-1 at a particle size of 200 nm and then decreased to a plateau value with the increase of particle size. The high fast aggregation rate caused the aggregation and the formation of nano- and micropapillae, causing the heterogeneous distribution of Al2O3 particles. These micropapillae were separated by epoxy, which made formation of continuous pathways fail, causing the reduction of TC and heterogeneous heat distribution. The highest thermal conductivity of 2.52 W/m·K and uniform heat distribution were observed at the optimum filler size of 30 nm. The research findings provide the knowledge of optimizing particle size on constructing a thermally conductive polymer composite.
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50
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Zhang Y, Lei C, Wu K, Fu Q. Fully Organic Bulk Polymer with Metallic Thermal Conductivity and Tunable Thermal Pathways. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2004821. [PMID: 34029006 PMCID: PMC8292902 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrically insulating polymers are indispensable for electronic and energy applications, but their poor thermal conduction has increasingly become a bottleneck for high-performance devices. Highly drawn low-dimensional polymeric fibers and thin films can exhibit metallic conductivity. Extending this to bulk materials required by real world applications is prohibitive due to the additional interfacial thermal conduction barriers. It is demonstrated that highly aligned ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene microfibers can be incorporated into a silicone matrix to yield a fully organic bulk polymer composite with a continuous vertical phonon pathway. This leads to a perpendicular thermal conductivity of 38.27 W m-1 K-1 , at par with metals and two orders of magnitude higher than other bulk organic polymers. Taking further advantage of the mechanical flexibility of the microfibers, the processing method offers the freedom to tailor heat transfer pathways in a macroscopic 3D space. The material/process opens up opportunities for efficient thermal management in high-performance devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzheng Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu610065P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringSchool of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and TechnologyNanjing210094P. R. China
| | - Chuxin Lei
- College of Polymer Science and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu610065P. R. China
| | - Kai Wu
- College of Polymer Science and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu610065P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringSchool of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and TechnologyNanjing210094P. R. China
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Polymer Science and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu610065P. R. China
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