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Gajendiran K, Kandasamy S, Narayanan M. Influences of wildfire on the forest ecosystem and climate change: A comprehensive study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 240:117537. [PMID: 37914016 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires have complex impacts on forests, including changes in vegetation, threats to biodiversity, and emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, which exacerbate climate change. The influence of wildfires on animal habitats is particularly noteworthy, as they can lead to significant changes in native environments. The extent of these alterations in species and habitats plays a crucial role in shaping forest ecology. Drought, disease, insect infestations, overgrazing, or their combined effects can amplify the negative effects on specific plant genera and entire ecosystems. In addition to the immediate consequences of plant mortality and altered community dynamics, forest fires have far-reaching implications. They often increase flowering and seed production, further influencing ecological communities. However, one concerning trend is the decline in the diversity of forest biological species within fire-affected areas. Beyond their ecological impacts, wildfires emit substantial quantities of greenhouse gases and fine particulates into the atmosphere, triggering profound changes in climate patterns and contributing to global warming. As vegetation burns during these fires, the carbon stored within is released, rendering large forest fires detrimental to biodiversity and the emission of CO2, a significant contributor to global warming. Measuring the global impact of wildfires on ecological communities and greenhouse gas emissions has become increasingly vital. These research endeavors shed light on the intricate relationships and feedback loops linking wildfires, ecosystem inhabitants, and the evolving climate landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandasamy Gajendiran
- Department of Microbiology, M.G.R. College of Arts and Science, Hosur, Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sabariswaran Kandasamy
- Department of Biotechnology, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, 641004, India
| | - Mathiyazhagan Narayanan
- Division of Research and Innovations, Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Chennai, 602105, Tamil Nadu, India.
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2
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Wang Y, Tian X, Duan M, Zhu D, Liu D, Zhang H, Zhou M, Zhao M, Jin Z, Ding J, Wang T, Piao S. Optimal design of surface CO 2 observation network to constrain China's land carbon sink. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:1678-1686. [PMID: 37474444 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Accurate estimate of the size of land carbon sink is essential for guiding climate mitigation actions to fulfill China's net-zero ambitions before 2060. The atmospheric inversion is an effective approach to provide spatially explicit estimate of surface CO2 fluxes that are optimally consistent with atmospheric CO2 measurements. But atmospheric inversion of China's land carbon sink has enormous uncertainties, with one major source arising from the poor coverage of CO2 observation stations. Here we use a regional atmospheric inversion framework to design an observation network that could minimize uncertainties in inverted estimate of China's land carbon sink. Compared with the large spread of inverted sink (∼1PgCa-1) from state-of-the-art inversions using existing CO2 observations, the uncertainty is constrained within 0.3PgCa-1 when a total of 30 stations were deployed, and is further reduced to approximately 0.2PgCa-1 when 60 stations were deployed. The proposed stations are mostly distributed over areas with high biosphere productivity during the growing season, such as Southeast China, Northeast China, North China, and the Tibetan Plateau. Moreover, the proposed stations can cover areas where existing satellites have limited coverage due to cloud shadowing in the monsoon season or over complex topography. Such ground-based observation network will be a critical component in the future integrated observing system for monitoring China's land carbon fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiangjun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Minzheng Duan
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongqin Zhang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Minqiang Zhou
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Min Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhe Jin
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jinzhi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shilong Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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3
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Role of space station instruments for improving tropical carbon flux estimates using atmospheric data. NPJ Microgravity 2022; 8:51. [PMID: 36404345 PMCID: PMC9676185 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-022-00231-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The tropics is the nexus for many of the remaining gaps in our knowledge of environmental science, including the carbon cycle and atmospheric chemistry, with dire consequences for our ability to describe the Earth system response to a warming world. Difficulties associated with accessibility, coordinated funding models and economic instabilities preclude the establishment of a dense pan-tropical ground-based atmospheric measurement network that would otherwise help to describe the evolving state of tropical ecosystems and the associated biosphere-atmosphere fluxes on decadal timescales. The growing number of relevant sensors aboard sun-synchronous polar orbiters provide invaluable information over the remote tropics, but a large fraction of the data collected along their orbits is from higher latitudes. The International Space Station (ISS), which is in a low-inclination, precessing orbit, has already demonstrated value as a proving ground for Earth observing atmospheric sensors and as a testbed for new technology. Because low-inclination orbits spend more time collecting data over the tropics, we argue that the ISS and its successors, offer key opportunities to host new Earth-observing atmospheric sensors that can lead to a step change in our understanding of tropical carbon fluxes.
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Tropical methane emissions explain large fraction of recent changes in global atmospheric methane growth rate. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1378. [PMID: 35297408 PMCID: PMC8927109 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28989-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Large variations in the growth of atmospheric methane, a prominent greenhouse gas, are driven by a diverse range of anthropogenic and natural emissions and by loss from oxidation by the hydroxyl radical. We used a decade-long dataset (2010–2019) of satellite observations of methane to show that tropical terrestrial emissions explain more than 80% of the observed changes in the global atmospheric methane growth rate over this period. Using correlative meteorological analyses, we show strong seasonal correlations (r = 0.6–0.8) between large-scale changes in sea surface temperature over the tropical oceans and regional variations in methane emissions (via changes in rainfall and temperature) over tropical South America and tropical Africa. Existing predictive skill for sea surface temperature variations could therefore be used to help forecast variations in global atmospheric methane. Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas with emissions that are challenging to constrain. Here the authors use 10 years of satellite observations and show tropical terrestrial emissions account for 80% of observed global methane increases.
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Küçük Ç, Koirala S, Carvalhais N, Miralles DG, Reichstein M, Jung M. Characterizing the Response of Vegetation Cover to Water Limitation in Africa Using Geostationary Satellites. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2022; 14:e2021MS002730. [PMID: 35865621 PMCID: PMC9286687 DOI: 10.1029/2021ms002730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrological interactions between vegetation, soil, and topography are complex, and heterogeneous in semi-arid landscapes. This along with data scarcity poses challenges for large-scale modeling of vegetation-water interactions. Here, we exploit metrics derived from daily Meteosat data over Africa at ca. 5 km spatial resolution for ecohydrological analysis. Their spatial patterns are based on Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC) time series and emphasize limiting conditions of the seasonal wet to dry transition: the minimum and maximum FVC of temporal record, the FVC decay rate and the FVC integral over the decay period. We investigate the relevance of these metrics for large scale ecohydrological studies by assessing their co-variation with soil moisture, and with topographic, soil, and vegetation factors. Consistent with our initial hypothesis, FVC minimum and maximum increase with soil moisture, while the FVC integral and decay rate peak at intermediate soil moisture. We find evidence for the relevance of topographic moisture variations in arid regions, which, counter-intuitively, is detectable in the maximum but not in the minimum FVC. We find no clear evidence for wide-spread occurrence of the "inverse texture effect" on FVC. The FVC integral over the decay period correlates with independent data sets of plant water storage capacity or rooting depth while correlations increase with aridity. In arid regions, the FVC decay rate decreases with canopy height and tree cover fraction as expected for ecosystems with a more conservative water-use strategy. Thus, our observation-based products have large potential for better understanding complex vegetation-water interactions from regional to continental scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çağlar Küçük
- Department of Biogeochemical IntegrationMax Planck Institute for BiogeochemistryJenaGermany
- Hydro‐Climate Extremes Lab (H‐CEL)Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Sujan Koirala
- Department of Biogeochemical IntegrationMax Planck Institute for BiogeochemistryJenaGermany
| | - Nuno Carvalhais
- Department of Biogeochemical IntegrationMax Planck Institute for BiogeochemistryJenaGermany
- Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do AmbienteCENSEFaculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaUniversidade NOVA de LisboaCaparicaPortugal
| | - Diego G. Miralles
- Hydro‐Climate Extremes Lab (H‐CEL)Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Markus Reichstein
- Department of Biogeochemical IntegrationMax Planck Institute for BiogeochemistryJenaGermany
| | - Martin Jung
- Department of Biogeochemical IntegrationMax Planck Institute for BiogeochemistryJenaGermany
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6
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Chagas JKM, Figueiredo CCD, Ramos MLG. Biochar increases soil carbon pools: Evidence from a global meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 305:114403. [PMID: 34991026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is a carbon-rich material that increases soil C sequestration and mitigates climate change. However, due to the variability of experimental conditions, types of biochar and soil, the influence of biochar on the accumulation of different soil carbon fractions remains unclear. Therefore, a meta-analysis was performed that included 586 paired comparisons obtained from 169 studies conducted in various countries around the globe. The data set average showed significant relative increases of 64.3, 84.3, 20.1, 22.9 and 42.1% for total C, organic C, microbial biomass C, labile C and fulvic acid, respectively. The dissolved organic C, humic acid and humin fractions showed no significant variations. The relative increase in TC was favored by increasing biochar rates applied to fine-textured soils with low C content in temperate climate regions seen through short-term experiments conducted under controlled conditions. This behavior was different for each soil C fraction. Therefore, variations between experimental conditions, types of biochar and soil show that it is necessary to consider multiple factors when choosing the conditions of biochar use to maximize C sequestration in the soil and/or the increase of labile C fractions in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhon Kenedy Moura Chagas
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, 70910-970, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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7
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Palmer PI, Feng L, Lunt MF, Parker RJ, Bösch H, Lan X, Lorente A, Borsdorff T. The added value of satellite observations of methane forunderstanding the contemporary methane budget. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2021; 379:20210106. [PMID: 34565220 PMCID: PMC8554821 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Surface observations have recorded large and incompletely understood changes to atmospheric methane (CH4) this century. However, their ability to reveal the responsible surface sources and sinks is limited by their geographical distribution, which is biased towards the northern midlatitudes. Data from Earth-orbiting satellites designed specifically to measure atmospheric CH4 have been available since 2009 with the launch of the Japanese Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT). We assess the added value of GOSAT to data collected by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), which have been the lynchpin for knowledge about atmospheric CH4 since the 1980s. To achieve that we use the GEOS-Chem atmospheric chemistry transport model and an inverse method to infer a posteriori flux estimates from the NOAA and GOSAT data using common a priori emission inventories. We find the main benefit of GOSAT data is from its additional coverage over the tropics where we report large increases since the 2014/2016 El Niño, driven by biomass burning, biogenic emissions and energy production. We use data from the European TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument to show how better spatial coverage and resolution measurements allow us to quantify previously unattainable diffuse sources of CH4, thereby opening up a new research frontier. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Rising methane: is warming feeding warming? (part 1)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul I. Palmer
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Liang Feng
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark F. Lunt
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robert J. Parker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Hartmut Bösch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Xin Lan
- NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Alba Lorente
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias Borsdorff
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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8
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Abstract
The increase in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations of CO2 and CH4, due to human activities, is the main driver of the observed increase in surface temperature by more than 1 °C since the pre-industrial era. At the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference held in Paris, most nations agreed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to limit the increase in global surface temperature to 1.5 °C. Satellite remote sensing of CO2 and CH4 is now well established thanks to missions such as NASA’s OCO-2 and the Japanese GOSAT missions, which have allowed us to build a long-term record of atmospheric GHG concentrations from space. They also give us a first glimpse into CO2 and CH4 enhancements related to anthropogenic emission, which helps to pave the way towards the future missions aimed at a Monitoring & Verification Support (MVS) capacity for the global stock take of the Paris agreement. China plays an important role for the global carbon budget as the largest source of anthropogenic carbon emissions but also as a region of increased carbon sequestration as a result of several reforestation projects. Over the last 10 years, a series of projects on mitigation of carbon emission has been started in China, including the development of the first Chinese greenhouse gas monitoring satellite mission, TanSat, which was successfully launched on 22 December 2016. Here, we summarise the results of a collaborative project between European and Chinese teams under the framework of the Dragon-4 programme of ESA and the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) to characterize and evaluate the datasets from the TanSat mission by retrieval intercomparisons and ground-based validation and to apply model comparisons and surface flux inversion methods to TanSat and other CO2 missions, with a focus on China.
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9
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Bennett AC, Dargie GC, Cuni-Sanchez A, Tshibamba Mukendi J, Hubau W, Mukinzi JM, Phillips OL, Malhi Y, Sullivan MJP, Cooper DLM, Adu-Bredu S, Affum-Baffoe K, Amani CA, Banin LF, Beeckman H, Begne SK, Bocko YE, Boeckx P, Bogaert J, Brncic T, Chezeaux E, Clark CJ, Daniels AK, de Haulleville T, Djuikouo Kamdem MN, Doucet JL, Evouna Ondo F, Ewango CEN, Feldpausch TR, Foli EG, Gonmadje C, Hall JS, Hardy OJ, Harris DJ, Ifo SA, Jeffery KJ, Kearsley E, Leal M, Levesley A, Makana JR, Mbayu Lukasu F, Medjibe VP, Mihindu V, Moore S, Nssi Begone N, Pickavance GC, Poulsen JR, Reitsma J, Sonké B, Sunderland TCH, Taedoumg H, Talbot J, Tuagben DS, Umunay PM, Verbeeck H, Vleminckx J, White LJT, Woell H, Woods JT, Zemagho L, Lewis SL. Resistance of African tropical forests to an extreme climate anomaly. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2003169118. [PMID: 34001597 PMCID: PMC8166131 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003169118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The responses of tropical forests to environmental change are critical uncertainties in predicting the future impacts of climate change. The positive phase of the 2015-2016 El Niño Southern Oscillation resulted in unprecedented heat and low precipitation in the tropics with substantial impacts on the global carbon cycle. The role of African tropical forests is uncertain as their responses to short-term drought and temperature anomalies have yet to be determined using on-the-ground measurements. African tropical forests may be particularly sensitive because they exist in relatively dry conditions compared with Amazonian or Asian forests, or they may be more resistant because of an abundance of drought-adapted species. Here, we report responses of structurally intact old-growth lowland tropical forests inventoried within the African Tropical Rainforest Observatory Network (AfriTRON). We use 100 long-term inventory plots from six countries each measured at least twice prior to and once following the 2015-2016 El Niño event. These plots experienced the highest temperatures and driest conditions on record. The record temperature did not significantly reduce carbon gains from tree growth or significantly increase carbon losses from tree mortality, but the record drought did significantly decrease net carbon uptake. Overall, the long-term biomass increase of these forests was reduced due to the El Niño event, but these plots remained a live biomass carbon sink (0.51 ± 0.40 Mg C ha-1 y-1) despite extreme environmental conditions. Our analyses, while limited to African tropical forests, suggest they may be more resistant to climatic extremes than Amazonian and Asian forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Bennett
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom;
| | - Greta C Dargie
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Aida Cuni-Sanchez
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, YO10 5NG, United Kingdom
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - John Tshibamba Mukendi
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, 3080 Belgium
- Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, R408, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Faculté des Sciences Appliquées, Université de Mbujimayi, Mbujimayi, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Wannes Hubau
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, 3080 Belgium
- Department of Environment, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jacques M Mukinzi
- Democratic Republic of Congo Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Salonga National Park, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- World Wide Fund for Nature, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
| | - Oliver L Phillips
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, Oxford University, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J P Sullivan
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15 6BH, United Kingdom
| | - Declan L M Cooper
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Christian A Amani
- Université Officielle de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor 16115, Indonesia
| | - Lindsay F Banin
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, United Kingdom
| | - Hans Beeckman
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, 3080 Belgium
| | - Serge K Begne
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Yannick E Bocko
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Laboratoire de Botanique et Ecologie, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory (ISOFYS), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Bogaert
- Biodiversity and Landscape Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Terry Brncic
- Congo Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | - Connie J Clark
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Armandu K Daniels
- Forestry Development Authority of the Government of Liberia (FDA), Monrovia, Liberia
| | | | - Marie-Noël Djuikouo Kamdem
- Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Jean-Louis Doucet
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Forest Is Life, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | - Corneille E N Ewango
- Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, R408, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Democratic Republic of Congo Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Centre de Formation et de Recherche en Conservation Forestiere (CEFRECOF), Epulu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Ted R Feldpausch
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QE, United Kingdom
| | - Ernest G Foli
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG), Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Jefferson S Hall
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC 20560
| | - Olivier J Hardy
- Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - David J Harris
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH3 5NZ, United Kingdom
| | - Suspense A Ifo
- École Normale Supérieure, Département des Sciences et Vie de la Terre, Laboratoire de Géomatique et d'Ecologie Tropicale Appliquée, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Kathryn J Jeffery
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Kearsley
- Department of Environment, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Environment, Computational & Applied Vegetation Ecology (Cavelab), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Miguel Leal
- Uganda Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Aurora Levesley
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Remy Makana
- Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire d'écologie et aménagement forestier, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Faustin Mbayu Lukasu
- Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, R408, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | - Vianet Mihindu
- Commission of Central African Forests (COMIFAC), Yaounde, Cameroon
- Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Sam Moore
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, Oxford University, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Jan Reitsma
- Bureau Waardenburg, 4101 CK Culemborg, The Netherlands
| | - Bonaventure Sonké
- Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Terry C H Sunderland
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor 16115, Indonesia
- Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Hermann Taedoumg
- Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Biodiversity International, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Joey Talbot
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Darlington S Tuagben
- Forestry Development Authority of the Government of Liberia (FDA), Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Peter M Umunay
- Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
- Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY 11224
| | - Hans Verbeeck
- Department of Environment, Computational & Applied Vegetation Ecology (Cavelab), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jason Vleminckx
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, University Park, FL 33199
- Faculté des Sciences, Service d'Évolution Biologique et écologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Lee J T White
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
- Ministry of Forests, Seas, Environment and Climate, Libreville, Gabon
- Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, Libreville, Gabon
| | | | - John T Woods
- William R. Tolbert, Jr. College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Lise Zemagho
- Université Officielle de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Simon L Lewis
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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10
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Naidu DGT, Bagchi S. Greening of the earth does not compensate for rising soil heterotrophic respiration under climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2029-2038. [PMID: 33508870 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Stability of the soil carbon (C) pool under decadal scale variability in temperature and precipitation is an important source of uncertainty in our understanding of land-atmosphere climate feedbacks. This depends on how two opposing C-fluxes-influx from net primary production (NPP) and efflux from heterotrophic soil respiration (Rh )-respond to covariation in temperature and precipitation. There is scant evidence to judge whether field experiments which manipulate both temperature and precipitation align with Earth System Models, or not. As a result, even though the world is generally greening, whether the resultant gains in NPP can offset climate change impacts on Rh , where, and by how much, remains uncertain. Here, we use decadal-scale global time-series datasets on NPP, Rh , temperature, and precipitation to estimate the two opposing C-fluxes and address whether one can outpace the other. We implement machine-learning tools on recent (2001-2019) and near-future climate scenarios (2020-2040) to assess the response of both C-fluxes to temperature and precipitation variation. We find that changes in C-influx may not compensate for C-efflux, particularly in wetter and warmer conditions. Soil-C loss can occur in both tropics and at high latitudes since C-influx from NPP can fall behind C-efflux from Rh . Precipitation emerges as the key determinant of soil-C vulnerability in a warmer world, implying that hotspots for soil-C loss/gain can shift rapidly and highlighting that soil-C is vulnerable to climate change despite widespread greening of the world. The direction of covariation between change in temperature and precipitation, rather than their magnitude, can help conceptualize highly variable patterns in C-fluxes to guide soil-C stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip G T Naidu
- Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sumanta Bagchi
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Carbon Stocks and Fluxes in Kenyan Forests and Wooded Grasslands Derived from Earth Observation and Model-Data Fusion. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12152380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of carbon stocks and dynamics at the national level is critical for countries engaging in climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. However, several tropical countries, including Kenya, lack the essential information typically provided by a complete national forest inventory. Here we present the most detailed and rigorous national-scale assessment of aboveground woody biomass carbon stocks and dynamics for Kenya to date. A non-parametric random forest algorithm was trained to retrieve aboveground woody biomass carbon (AGBC) for the year 2014 ± 1 and forest disturbances for the 2014–2017 period using in situ forest inventory plot data and satellite Earth Observation (EO) data. The ecosystem carbon cycling of Kenya’s forests and wooded grassland were assessed using a model-data fusion framework, CARDAMOM, constrained by the woody biomass datasets from this study as well as time series information on leaf area, fire events and soil organic carbon. Our EO-derived AGBC stocks were estimated as 140 Mt C for forests and 199 Mt C for wooded grasslands. The total AGBC loss during the study period was estimated as 1.89 Mt C with a dispersion below 1%. The CARDAMOM analysis estimated woody productivity to be three times larger in forests (mean = 1.9 t C ha−1 yr−1) than wooded grasslands (0.6 t C ha−1 yr−1), and the mean residence time of woody C in forests (16 years) to be greater than in wooded grasslands (10 years). This study stresses the importance of carbon sequestration by forests in the international climate mitigation efforts under the Paris Agreement, but emphasizes the need to include non-forest ecosystems such as wooded grasslands in international greenhouse gas accounting frameworks.
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12
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Wigneron JP, Fan L, Ciais P, Bastos A, Brandt M, Chave J, Saatchi S, Baccini A, Fensholt R. Tropical forests did not recover from the strong 2015-2016 El Niño event. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay4603. [PMID: 32076648 PMCID: PMC7002128 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay4603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Severe drought and extreme heat associated with the 2015-2016 El Niño event have led to large carbon emissions from the tropical vegetation to the atmosphere. With the return to normal climatic conditions in 2017, tropical forest aboveground carbon (AGC) stocks are expected to partly recover due to increased productivity, but the intensity and spatial distribution of this recovery are unknown. We used low-frequency microwave satellite data (L-VOD) to feature precise monitoring of AGC changes and show that the AGC recovery of tropical ecosystems was slow and that by the end of 2017, AGC had not reached predrought levels of 2014. From 2014 to 2017, tropical AGC stocks decreased by1.3 1.2 1.5 Pg C due to persistent AGC losses in Africa (- 0.9 - 1.1 - 0.8 Pg C) and America (- 0.5 - 0.6 - 0.4 Pg C). Pantropically, drylands recovered their carbon stocks to pre-El Niño levels, but African and American humid forests did not, suggesting carryover effects from enhanced forest mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Wigneron
- ISPA, UMR 1391, Inrae Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux, Grande Ferrade, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Lei Fan
- ISPA, UMR 1391, Inrae Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux, Grande Ferrade, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster, School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ana Bastos
- Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Luisenstr. 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Brandt
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jérome Chave
- Laboratoire Evolution and Diversité Biologique, Bâtiment 4R3 Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Sassan Saatchi
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alessandro Baccini
- Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, MA 02540-1644, USA
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rasmus Fensholt
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Tagesson T, Schurgers G, Horion S, Ciais P, Tian F, Brandt M, Ahlström A, Wigneron JP, Ardö J, Olin S, Fan L, Wu Z, Fensholt R. Recent divergence in the contributions of tropical and boreal forests to the terrestrial carbon sink. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:202-209. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-1090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Piao S, Wang X, Wang K, Li X, Bastos A, Canadell JG, Ciais P, Friedlingstein P, Sitch S. Interannual variation of terrestrial carbon cycle: Issues and perspectives. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:300-318. [PMID: 31670435 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With accumulation of carbon cycle observations and model developments over the past decades, exploring interannual variation (IAV) of terrestrial carbon cycle offers the opportunity to better understand climate-carbon cycle relationships. However, despite growing research interest, uncertainties remain on some fundamental issues, such as the contributions of different regions, constituent fluxes and climatic factors to carbon cycle IAV. Here we overviewed the literature on carbon cycle IAV about current understanding of these issues. Observations and models of the carbon cycle unanimously show the dominance of tropical land ecosystems to the signal of global carbon cycle IAV, where tropical semiarid ecosystems contribute as much as the combination of all other tropical ecosystems. Vegetation photosynthesis contributes more than ecosystem respiration to IAV of the global net land carbon flux, but large uncertainties remain on the contribution of fires and other disturbance fluxes. Climatic variations are the major drivers to the IAV of net land carbon flux. Although debate remains on whether the dominant driver is temperature or moisture variability, their interaction,that is, the dependence of carbon cycle sensitivity to temperature on moisture conditions, is emerging as key regulators of the carbon cycle IAV. On timescales from the interannual to the centennial, global carbon cycle variability will be increasingly contributed by northern land ecosystems and oceans. Therefore, both improving Earth system models (ESMs) with the progressive understanding on the fast processes manifested at interannual timescale and expanding carbon cycle observations at broader spatial and longer temporal scales are critical to better prediction on evolution of the carbon-climate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong Piao
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Excellence in Tibetan Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuhui Wang
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyi Li
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ana Bastos
- Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Munchen, Germany
| | - Josep G Canadell
- Global Carbon Project, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pierre Friedlingstein
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Stephen Sitch
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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NAKAZAWA T. Current understanding of the global cycling of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2020; 96:394-419. [PMID: 33177295 PMCID: PMC7725657 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.96.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To address the climate change caused by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, it is essential to understand and quantitatively elucidate their cycling on the Earth's surface. This paper first presents an overview of the global cycling of three greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), followed by a description of their variations in the atmosphere. This paper then presents the recent global budgets of these greenhouse gases estimated using two different approaches, top-down and bottom-up. Discussions on our current knowledge regarding the global cycling of the three gases are also presented.
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