In vivo functional analysis of non-conserved human lncRNAs associated with cardiometabolic traits

Thousands of oscillating LncRNAs in the mouse testis

The long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in numerous fundamental biological processes, including circadian regulation. Although recent studies have revealed insights into the functions of lncRNAs, how the lncRNAs regulate circadian rhythms still requires a deeper investigation. In this study, we generate two datasets of RNA-seq profiles of the mouse (Mus musculus) testis under light-dark (LD) cycle. The first dataset included 18,613 unannotated transcripts measured at 12 time points, each with duplicate samples, under LD conditions; while the second dataset included 21,414 unannotated transcripts measured at six time points, each with three replicates, under desynchronized and control conditions. We identified 5964 testicular lncRNAs in each dataset by BLASTing these transcripts against the known mouse lncRNAs from the NONCODE database. MetaCycle analyses were performed to identify 519, 475, and 494 rhythmically expressed mouse testicular lncRNAs in the 12-time-point dataset, the six-time-point control dataset, and the six-time-point desynchronized dataset, respectively. A comparison of the expression profiles of the lncRNAs under desynchronized and control conditions revealed that 427 rhythmically expressed lncRNAs from the control condition became arrhythmic under the desynchronized condition, suggesting a possible loss of rhythmicity. In contrast, 446 arrhythmic lncRNAs from the control condition became rhythmic under the desynchronized condition, suggesting a possible gain of rhythmicity. Interestingly, 48 lncRNAs were rhythmically expressed under both desynchronized and control conditions. These oscillating lncRNAs were divided into morning lncRNAs, evening lncRNAs, and night lncRNAs based on their time-course expression patterns. We interrogated the promoter regions of these rhythmically expressed mouse testicular lncRNAs to predict their possible regulation by the E-box, D-box, or RORE promoter motifs. GO and KEGG analyses were performed to identify the possible biological functions of these rhythmically expressed mouse testicular lncRNAs. Further, we conducted conservation analyses of the rhythmically expressed mouse testicular lncRNAs with lncRNAs from humans, rats, and zebrafish, and uncovered three mouse testicular lncRNAs conserved across these four species. Finally, we computationally predicted the conserved lncRNA-encoded peptides and their 3D structures from each of the four species. Taken together, our study revealed thousands of rhythmically expressed lncRNAs in the mouse testis, setting the stage for further computational and experimental validations.

Systemic identification of functionally conserved lncRNA metabolic regulators in human and mouse livers

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Unlike protein-coding genes, the majority of human long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) lack conservation based on their sequences, posing a challenge for investigating their role in a pathophysiological context for clinical translation. This study explores the hypothesis that non-conserved lncRNAs in human and mouse livers may share similar metabolic functions, giving rise to functionally conserved lncRNA metabolic regulators (fcLMRs).

METHODS

We developed a sequence-independent strategy to select putative fcLMRs, and performed extensive analysis to determine the functional similarities of putative human and mouse LMR pairs (h/mLMRs).

RESULTS

We found that several pairs of putative fcLMRs share similar functions in regulating gene expression. We further demonstrated that a pair of fcLMRs, h/mLMR1, robustly regulated triglyceride levels by modulating the expression of a similar set of lipogenic genes. Mechanistically, h/mLMR1 binds to PABPC1, a regulator of protein translation, via short motifs on either lncRNA with divergent sequences but similar structures. This interaction inhibits protein translation, activating an amino acid-mTOR-SREBP1 axis to regulate lipogenic gene expression. Intriguingly, PABPC1-binding motifs on each lncRNA fully rescued the functions of their corresponding LMRs in the opposite species. Given the elevated expression of h/mLMR1 in humans and mice with hepatic steatosis, the PABPC1-binding motif on hLMR1 emerges as a potential non-conserved human drug target whose functions can be fully validated in a physiologically relevant setting before clinical studies.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study supports that fcLMRs represent a novel and prevalent biological phenomenon, and deep phenotyping of genetic mLMR mouse models constitutes a powerful approach to understand the pathophysiological role of lncRNAs in the human liver.

Repurposing AS1411 for constructing ANM-PROTACs

Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are heterobifunctional molecules consisting of two ligands joined by a linker, enabling them to simultaneously bind with an E3 ligase and a protein of interest (POI) and trigger proteasomal degradation of the POI. Limitations of PROTAC include lack of potent E3 ligands, poor cell selectivity, and low permeability. AS1411 is an antitumor aptamer specifically recognizing a membrane-nucleus shuttling nucleolin (NCL). Here, we repurpose AS1411 as a ligand for an E3 ligase mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) via anchoring the NCL-MDM2 complex. Then, we construct an AS1411-NCL-MDM2-based PROTAC (ANM-PROTAC) by conjugating AS1411 with large-molecular-weight ligands for "undruggable" oncogenic STAT3, c-Myc, p53-R175H, and AR-V7. We show that the ANM-PROTAC efficiently penetrates tumor cells, recruits MDM2 and degrades the POIs. The ANM-PROTAC achieves tumor-selective distribution and exhibits excellent antitumor activity with no systemic toxicity. This is a PROTAC with built-in tumor-targeting and cell-penetrating capacities.

Discovery and functional characterization of LncRNAs associated with inflammation and macrophage activation

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) are emerging players in regulation of gene expression and cell signaling and their dysregulation has been implicated in a multitude of human diseases. Recent studies from our laboratory revealed that lncRNAs play critical roles in cytokine regulation, inflammation, and metabolism. We demonstrated that lncRNA HOTAIR, which is a well-known regulator of gene silencing, plays critical roles in modulation of cytokines and proinflammatory genes, and glucose metabolism in macrophages during inflammation. In addition, we recently discovered a series of novel lncRNAs that are closely associated with inflammation and macrophage activation. We termed these as long-noncoding inflammation associated RNAs (LinfRNAs). We are currently engaged in the functional characterization of these hLinfRNAs (human LinfRNAs) with a focus on their roles in inflammation, and we are investigating their potential implications in chronic inflammatory human diseases. Here, we have summarized experimental methods that have been utilized for the discovery and functional characterization of lncRNAs in inflammation and macrophage activation.

Tumour-regulatory role of long non-coding RNA HOXA-AS3

Dysregulation of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) HOXA-AS3 has been shown to contribute to the development of multiple cancer types. Several studies have presented the tumour-modulatory role or prognostic significance of this lncRNA in various kinds of cancer. Overall, HOXA-AS3 can act as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) that inhibits the activity of seven microRNAs (miRNAs), including miR-29a-3p, miR-29 b-3p, miR-29c, miR-218-5p, miR-455-5p, miR-1286, and miR-4319. This relieves the downstream messenger RNA (mRNA) targets of these miRNAs from miRNA-mediated translational repression, allowing them to exert their effect in regulating cellular activities. Examples of the pathways regulated by lncRNA HOXA-AS3 and its associated downstream targets include the WNT/β-catenin and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) activities. Besides, HOXA-AS3 can interact with other cellular proteins like homeobox HOXA3 and HOXA6, influencing the oncogenic signaling pathways associated with these proteins. Generally, HOXA-AS3 is overexpressed in most of the discussed human cancers, making this lncRNA a potential candidate to diagnose cancer or predict the clinical outcomes of cancer patients. Hence, targeting HOXA-AS3 could be a new therapeutic approach to slowing cancer progression or as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target. A drawback of using lncRNA HOXA-AS3 as a biomarker or therapeutic target is that most of the studies that have reported the tumour-regulatory roles of lncRNA HOXA-AS3 are single observational, in vitro, or in vivo studies. More in-depth mechanistic and large-scale clinical trials must be conducted to confirm the tumour-modulatory roles of lncRNA HOXA-AS3 further. Besides, no lncRNA HOXA-AS3 inhibitor has been tested preclinically and clinically, and designing such an inhibitor is crucial as it may potentially slow cancer progression.

Integrative regulation of hLMR1 by dietary and genetic factors in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hyperlipidemia

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) genes represent a large class of transcripts that are widely expressed across species. As most human lncRNAs are non-conserved, we recently employed a unique humanized liver mouse model to study lncRNAs expressed in human livers. We identified a human hepatocyte-specific lncRNA, hLMR1 (human lncRNA metabolic regulator 1), which is induced by feeding and promotes hepatic cholesterol synthesis. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) found that several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the hLMR1 gene locus are associated with blood lipids and markers of liver damage. These results suggest that dietary and genetic factors may regulate hLMR1 to affect disease progression. In this study, we first screened for nutritional/hormonal factors and found that hLMR1 was robustly induced by insulin/glucose in cultured human hepatocytes, and this induction is dependent on the transcription factor SREBP1. We then tested if GWAS SNPs genetically linked to hLMR1 could regulate hLMR1 expression. We found that DNA sequences flanking rs9653945, a SNP from the last exon of the hLMR1 gene, functions as an enhancer that can be robustly activated by SREBP1c depending on the presence of rs9653945 major allele (G). We further performed CRISPR base editing in human HepG2 cells and found that rs9653945 major (G) to minor (A) allele modification resulted in blunted insulin/glucose-induced expression of hLMR1. Finally, we performed genotyping and gene expression analyses using a published human NAFLD RNA-seq dataset and found that individuals homozygous for rs9653945-G have a higher expression of hLMR1 and risk of NAFLD. Taken together, our data support a model that rs9653945-G predisposes individuals to insulin/glucose-induced hLMR1, contributing to the development of hyperlipidemia and NAFLD.

An Integrative Transcriptome Subtraction Strategy to Identify Human lncRNAs That Specifically Play a Role in Activation of Human Hepatic Stellate Cells

Fibrotic liver features excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), primarily produced from "activated" hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). While targeting human HSCs (hHSCs) in fibrosis therapeutics shows promise, the overall understanding of hHSC activation remains limited, in part because it is very challenging to define the role of human long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in hHSC activation. To address this challenge, we identified another cell type that acts via a diverse gene network to promote fibrogenesis. Then, we identified the lncRNAs that were differentially regulated in activated hHSCs and the other profibrotic cell. Next, we conducted concurrent analysis to identify those lncRNAs that were specifically involved in fibrogenesis. We tested and confirmed that transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) represents such a process. By overlapping TGFβ-regulated lncRNAs in multiple sets of hHSCs and VSMCs, we identified a highly selected list of lncRNA candidates that could specifically play a role in hHSC activation. We experimentally characterized one human lncRNA, named CARMN, which was significantly regulated by TGFβ in all conditions above. CARMN knockdown significantly reduced the expression levels of a panel of marker genes for hHSC activation, as well as the levels of ECM deposition and hHSC migration. Conversely, gain of function of CARMN using CRISPR activation (CRISPR-a) yielded the completely opposite effects. Taken together, our work addresses a bottleneck in identifying human lncRNAs that specifically play a role in hHSC activation and provides a framework to effectively select human lncRNAs with significant pathophysiological role.

ERβ-activated LINC01018 promotes endometriosis development by regulating the CDC25C/CDK1/CyclinB1 pathway

Endometriosis refers to as an estrogen-dependent disease. Estrogen receptor β (ERβ), the main estrogen receptor subtype which is encoded by the estrogen receptor 2 (ESR2) gene, can mediate the action of estrogen in endometriosis. Although selective estrogen receptor modulators can target the ERβ, they are not specific due to the wide distribution of ERβ. Recently, long noncoding RNAs have been implicated in endometriosis. Therefore, we aim to explore and validate the downstream regulatory mechanism of ERβ, and to investigate the potential role of long intergenic noncoding RNA 1018 (LINC01018) as a nonhormonal treatment for endometriosis. Our study demonstrates that the expression levels of ESR2 and LINC01018 are increased in ectopic endometrial tissues and reveals a significant positive correlation between the ESR2 and LINC01018 expression. Mechanistically, ERβ directly binds to an estrogen response element located in the LINC01018 promoter region and activates LINC01018 transcription. Functionally, ERβ can regulate the CDC25C/CDK1/CyclinB1 pathway and promote ectopic endometrial stromal cell proliferation via LINC01018 in vitro. Consistent with these findings, the knockdown of LINC01018 inhibits endometriotic lesion proliferation in vivo. In summary, our study demonstrates that the ERβ/LINC01018/CDC25C/CDK1/CyclinB1 signaling axis regulates endometriosis progression.

Comprehensive gene profiling of the metabolic landscape of humanized livers in mice

BACKGROUND & AIMS

The human liver transcriptome is complex and highly dynamic, e.g. one gene may produce multiple distinct transcripts, each with distinct posttranscriptional modifications. Direct knowledge of transcriptome dynamics, however, is largely obscured by the inaccessibility of the human liver to treatments and the insufficient annotation of the human liver transcriptome at transcript and RNA modification levels.

METHODS

We generated mice that carry humanized livers of identical genetic background and subjected them to representative metabolic treatments. We then analyzed the humanized livers with nanopore single-molecule direct RNA sequencing to determine the expression level, m6A modification and poly(A) tail length of all RNA transcript isoforms. Our system allows for the de novo annotation of human liver transcriptomes to reflect metabolic responses and for the study of transcriptome dynamics in parallel.

RESULTS

Our analysis uncovered a vast number of novel genes and transcripts. Our transcript-level analysis of human liver transcriptomes also identified a multitude of regulated metabolic pathways that were otherwise invisible using conventional short-read RNA sequencing. We revealed for the first time the dynamic changes in m6A and poly(A) tail length of human liver transcripts, many of which are transcribed from key metabolic genes. Furthermore, we performed comparative analyses of gene regulation between humans and mice, and between two individuals using the liver-specific humanized mice, revealing that transcriptome dynamics are highly species- and genetic background-dependent.

CONCLUSION

Our work revealed a complex metabolic response landscape of the human liver transcriptome and provides a novel resource to understand transcriptome dynamics of the human liver in response to physiologically relevant metabolic stimuli (https://caolab.shinyapps.io/human_hepatocyte_landscape/).

IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS

Direct knowledge of the human liver transcriptome is currently very limited, hindering the overall understanding of human liver pathophysiology. We combined a liver-specific humanized mouse model and long-read direct RNA sequencing technology to establish a de novo annotation of the human liver transcriptome and identified a multitude of regulated metabolic pathways that were otherwise invisible using conventional technologies. The extensive regulatory information on human genes we provided could enable basic scientists to infer the pathological relevance of their genes of interest and physician scientists to better pinpoint the changes in metabolic networks underlying a specific pathophysiology.

The role of long noncoding RNAs in ocular angiogenesis and vascular oculopathy

BACKGROUND

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNA transcripts over 200 nucleotides in length that do not code for proteins. Initially considered a genomic mystery, an increasing number of lncRNAs have been shown to have vital roles in physiological and pathological conditions by regulating gene expression through diverse mechanisms depending on their subcellular localization. Dysregulated angiogenesis is responsible for various vascular oculopathies, including diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, age-related macular degeneration, and corneal neovascularization. While anti-VEGF treatment is available, it is not curative, and long-term outcomes are suboptimal, and some patients are unresponsive. To better understand these diseases, researchers have investigated the role of lncRNAs in regulating angiogenesis and models of vascular oculopathies. This review summarizes recent research on lncRNAs in ocular angiogenesis, including the pro-angiogenic lncRNAs ANRIL, HOTAIR, HOTTIP, H19, IPW, MALAT1, MIAT, NEAT1, and TUG1, the anti-angiogenic lncRNAs MEG3 and PKNY, and the human/primate specific lncRNAs lncEGFL7OS, discussing their functions and mechanisms of action in vascular oculopathies.

Single-cell profiling and functional screening reveal crucial roles for lncRNAs in the epidermal re-epithelialization of human acute wounds

Objectives

Re-epithelialization is an important physiological process for repairing skin barrier function during wound healing. It is primarily mediated by coordinated migration, proliferation, and differentiation of keratinocytes. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are essential components of the noncoding genome and participate in various biological processes; however, their expression profiles and function in re-epithelialization during wound healing have not been established.

Methods

We investigated the distribution of lncRNAs during wound re-epithelialization by comparing the genomic profiles of uninjured skin and acute wound (AW) from healthy donors. We performed functional screening of differentially expressed lncRNAs to identify the important lncRNAs for re-epithelialization.

Results

The expression of multiple lncRNAs is changed during human wound re-epithelialization process. We identified VIM-AS1, SMAD5-AS1, and LINC02581 as critical regulators involved in keratinocyte migration, proliferation, and differentiation, respectively.

Conclusion

LncRNAs play crucial regulatory roles in wound re-epithelialization. We established lncRNA expression profile in human acute wounds compared with intact skin, offering valuable insights into the physiological mechanisms underlying wound healing and potential therapeutic targets.

Unveiling Polysomal Long Non-Coding RNA Expression on the First Day of Adipogenesis and Osteogenesis in Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells

Understanding the intricate molecular mechanisms governing the fate of human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) is essential for elucidating the delicate balance between adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation in both healthy and pathological conditions. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as key regulators involved in lineage commitment and differentiation of stem cells, operating at various levels of gene regulation, including transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational processes. To gain deeper insights into the role of lncRNAs' in hASCs' differentiation, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the lncRNA transcriptome (RNA-seq) and translatome (polysomal-RNA-seq) during a 24 h period of adipogenesis and osteogenesis. Our findings revealed distinct expression patterns between the transcriptome and translatome during both differentiation processes, highlighting 90 lncRNAs that are exclusively regulated in the polysomal fraction. These findings underscore the significance of investigating lncRNAs associated with ribosomes, considering their unique expression patterns and potential mechanisms of action, such as translational regulation and potential coding capacity for microproteins. Additionally, we identified specific lncRNA gene expression programs associated with adipogenesis and osteogenesis during the early stages of cell differentiation. By shedding light on the expression and potential functions of these polysome-associated lncRNAs, we aim to deepen our understanding of their involvement in the regulation of adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation, ultimately paving the way for novel therapeutic strategies and insights into regenerative medicine.

Prognostic value of lncRNA LINC01018 in prostate cancer by regulating miR-182-5p (The role of LINC01018 in prostate cancer)

LncRNAs are abnormally expressed in a variety of cancers and play unique roles in therapy. Based on this, the prognostic value of lncRNA LINC01018 in prostate cancer was discussed in this study. LINC01018 was underexpressed in prostate cancer tissues and cells, while miR-182-5p was elevated (***p < 0.001). Overexpression of LINC01018 may inhibit the progression of prostate cancer by targeting miR-182-5p. This study revealed that upregulated LINC01018 may prolong the overall survival of patients with prostate cancer (log-rank p = 0.042), and LINC01018 may become a prognostic biomarker for patients with prostate cancer, which brings a new direction for the treatment of patients.

Expression of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Activated Human Retinal Vascular Endothelial Cells

PURPOSE

Retinal endothelial cell activation is a central event in non-infectious posterior uveitis. There is recent interest in long non-coding (lnc)RNA-targeted therapeutics for retinal diseases. We aimed to identify human retinal endothelial cell lncRNAs that might be involved in activation.

METHODS

Eleven candidate lncRNAs were identified: GAS5, KCNQ1OT1, LINC00294, MALAT1, MEG3, MIR155HG, NEAT1, NORAD, OIP5-AS1, SENCR, TUG1. Expression was assessed by RT-PCR in human retinal endothelial cells, at baseline and following activation with interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α.

RESULTS

IL-1β significantly upregulated MEG3 and SENCR at 4 and 24 hours; LINC00294, NORAD, OIP5-AS1 and TUG1 at 24 hours; and MIR155HG at 4, 24 and 48 hours; but downregulated GAS5 at 24 and 48 hours. TNF-α significantly upregulated KCNQ1OT1, LINC00294, MEG3, NORAD and SENCR at 4 hours; SENCR and TUG1 at 24 hours; and MIR155HG at all time points.

CONCLUSIONS

Future studies involving manipulation of MIR155HG may be warranted to explore potential therapeutic applications for non-infectious posterior uveitis.

The obesity-linked human lncRNA AATBC stimulates mitochondrial function in adipocytes

Adipocytes are critical regulators of metabolism and energy balance. While white adipocyte dysfunction is a hallmark of obesity-associated disorders, thermogenic adipocytes are linked to cardiometabolic health. As adipocytes dynamically adapt to environmental cues by functionally switching between white and thermogenic phenotypes, a molecular understanding of this plasticity could help improving metabolism. Here, we show that the lncRNA Apoptosis associated transcript in bladder cancer (AATBC) is a human-specific regulator of adipocyte plasticity. Comparing transcriptional profiles of human adipose tissues and cultured adipocytes we discovered that AATBC was enriched in thermogenic conditions. Using primary and immortalized human adipocytes we found that AATBC enhanced the thermogenic phenotype, which was linked to increased respiration and a more fragmented mitochondrial network. Expression of AATBC in adipose tissue of mice led to lower plasma leptin levels. Interestingly, this association was also present in human subjects, as AATBC in adipose tissue was inversely correlated with plasma leptin levels, BMI, and other measures of metabolic health. In conclusion, AATBC is a novel obesity-linked regulator of adipocyte plasticity and mitochondrial function in humans.

High-density lipoprotein regulates angiogenesis by long non-coding RNA HDRACA

Normal high-density lipoprotein (nHDL) can induce angiogenesis in healthy individuals. However, HDL from patients with coronary artery disease undergoes various modifications, becomes dysfunctional (dHDL), and loses its ability to promote angiogenesis. Here, we identified a long non-coding RNA, HDRACA, that is involved in the regulation of angiogenesis by HDL. In this study, we showed that nHDL downregulates the expression of HDRACA in endothelial cells by activating WW domain-containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2, which catalyzes the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of its transcription factor, Kruppel-like factor 5, via sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor 1. In contrast, dHDL with lower levels of S1P than nHDL were much less effective in decreasing the expression of HDRACA. HDRACA was able to bind to Ras-interacting protein 1 (RAIN) to hinder the interaction between RAIN and vigilin, which led to an increase in the binding between the vigilin protein and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) mRNA, resulting in a decrease in the expression of PCNA and inhibition of angiogenesis. The expression of human HDRACA in a hindlimb ischemia mouse model inhibited the recovery of angiogenesis. Taken together, these findings suggest that HDRACA is involved in the HDL regulation of angiogenesis, which nHDL inhibits the expression of HDRACA to induce angiogenesis, and that dHDL is much less effective in inhibiting HDRACA expression, which provides an explanation for the decreased ability of dHDL to stimulate angiogenesis.

CircRNA/lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network and gene landscape in calcific aortic valve disease

BACKGROUND

Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a common valve disease with an increasing incidence, but no effective drugs as of yet. With the development of sequencing technology, non-coding RNAs have been found to play roles in many diseases as well as CAVD, but no circRNA/lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction axis has been established. Moreover, valve interstitial cells (VICs) and valvular endothelial cells (VECs) play important roles in CAVD, and CAVD differed between leaflet phenotypes and genders. This work aims to explore the mechanism of circRNA/lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network in CAVD, and perform subgroup analysis on the important characteristics of CAVD, such as key cells, leaflet phenotypes and genders.

RESULTS

We identified 158 differentially expressed circRNAs (DEcircRNAs), 397 DElncRNAs, 45 DEmiRNAs and 167 DEmRNAs, and constructed a hsa-circ-0073813/hsa-circ-0027587-hsa-miR-525-5p-SPP1/HMOX1/CD28 network in CAVD after qRT-PCR verification. Additionally, 17 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in VICs, 9 DEGs in VECs, 7 DEGs between different leaflet phenotypes and 24 DEGs between different genders were identified. Enrichment analysis suggested the potentially important pathways in inflammation and fibro-calcification during the pathogenesis of CAVD, and immune cell patterns in CAVD suggest that M0 macrophages and memory B cells memory were significantly increased, and many genes in immune cells were also differently expressed.

CONCLUSIONS

The circRNA/lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction axis constructed in this work and the DEGs identified between different characteristics of CAVD provide a direction for a deeper understanding of CAVD and provide possible diagnostic markers and treatment targets for CAVD in the future.

Current advancements and future perspectives of long noncoding RNAs in lipid metabolism and signaling

BACKGROUND

The investigation of lncRNAs has provided a novel perspective for elucidating mechanisms underlying diverse physiological and pathological processes. Compelling evidence has revealed an intrinsic link between lncRNAs and lipid metabolism, demonstrating that lncRNAs-induced disruption of lipid metabolism and signaling contribute to the development of multiple cancers and some other diseases, including obesity, fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular disease.

AIMOF REVIEW

The current review summarizes the recent advances in basic research about lipid metabolism and lipid signaling-related lncRNAs. Meanwhile, the potential and challenges of targeting lncRNA for the therapy of cancers and other lipid metabolism-related diseases are also discussed.

KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPT OF REVIEW

Compared with the substantial number of lncRNA loci, we still know little about the role of lncRNAs in metabolism. A more comprehensive understanding of the function and mechanism of lncRNAs may provide a new standpoint for the study of lipid metabolism and signaling. Developing lncRNA-based therapeutic approaches is an effective strategy for lipid metabolism-related diseases.

Multidimensional conservation analysis decodes the expression of conserved long noncoding RNAs

Although long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) experience weaker evolutionary constraints and exhibit lower sequence conservation than coding genes, they can still conserve their features in various aspects. Here, we used multiple approaches to systemically evaluate the conservation between human and mouse lncRNAs from various dimensions including sequences, promoter, global synteny, and local synteny, which led to the identification of 1,731 conserved lncRNAs with 427 high-confidence ones meeting multiple criteria. Conserved lncRNAs, compared with non-conserved ones, generally have longer gene bodies, more exons and transcripts, stronger connections with human diseases, and are more abundant and widespread across different tissues. Transcription factor (TF) profile analysis revealed a significant enrichment of TF types and numbers in the promoters of conserved lncRNAs. We further identified a set of TFs that preferentially bind to conserved lncRNAs and exert stronger regulation on conserved than non-conserved lncRNAs. Our study has reconciled some discrepant interpretations of lncRNA conservation and revealed a new set of transcriptional factors ruling the expression of conserved lncRNAs.

Long noncoding RNA ENST00000436340 promotes podocyte injury in diabetic kidney disease by facilitating the association of PTBP1 with RAB3B

Dysfunction of podocytes has been regarded as an important early pathologic characteristic of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), but the regulatory role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in this process remains largely unknown. Here, we performed RNA sequencing in kidney tissues isolated from DKD patients and nondiabetic renal cancer patients undergoing surgical resection and discovered that the novel lncRNA ENST00000436340 was upregulated in DKD patients and high glucose-induced podocytes, and we showed a significant correlation between ENST00000436340 and kidney injury. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments showed that silencing ENST00000436340 alleviated high glucose-induced podocyte injury and cytoskeleton rearrangement. Mechanistically, we showed that fat mass and obesity- associate gene (FTO)-mediated m6A induced the upregulation of ENST00000436340. ENST00000436340 interacted with polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1 (PTBP1) and augmented PTBP1 binding to RAB3B mRNA, promoted RAB3B mRNA degradation, and thereby caused cytoskeleton rearrangement and inhibition of GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane, leading to podocyte injury and DKD progression. Together, our results suggested that upregulation of ENST00000436340 could promote podocyte injury through PTBP1-dependent RAB3B regulation, thus suggesting a novel form of lncRNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of podocytes that contributes to the pathogenesis of DKD.

Downregulation of hepatic lncRNA Gm19619 improves gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis following vertical sleeve gastrectomy in mice

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging important epigenetic regulators in metabolic processes. Whether they contribute to the metabolic effects of vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), one of the most effective treatments for sustainable weight loss and metabolic improvement, is unknown. Herein, we identify a hepatic lncRNA Gm19619, which is strongly repressed by VSG but highly up-regulated by diet-induced obesity and overnight-fasting in mice. Forced transcription of Gm19619 in the mouse liver significantly promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis with the elevated expression of G6pc and Pck1. In contrast, AAV-CasRx mediated knockdown of Gm19619 in high-fat diet-fed mice significantly improves hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism. Mechanistically, Gm19619 is enriched along genomic regions encoding leptin receptor (Lepr) and transcription factor Foxo1, as revealed in chromatin isolation by RNA purification (ChIRP) assay and is confirmed to modulate their transcription in the mouse liver. In conclusion, Gm19619 may enhance gluconeogenesis and lipid accumulation in the liver.

INKILN is a novel long noncoding RNA promoting vascular smooth muscle inflammation via scaffolding MKL1 and USP10

Background

Activation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) inflammation is vital to initiate vascular disease. However, the role of human-specific long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in VSMC inflammation is poorly understood.

Methods

Bulk RNA-seq in differentiated human VSMCs revealed a novel human-specific lncRNA called IN flammatory M K L1 I nteracting L ong N oncoding RNA ( INKILN ). INKILN expression was assessed in multiple in vitro and ex vivo models of VSMC phenotypic modulation and human atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) samples. The transcriptional regulation of INKILN was determined through luciferase reporter system and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Both loss- and gain-of-function approaches and multiple RNA-protein and protein-protein interaction assays were utilized to uncover the role of INKILN in VSMC proinflammatory gene program and underlying mechanisms. Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) transgenic (Tg) mice were utilized to study INKLIN expression and function in ligation injury-induced neointimal formation.

Results

INKILN expression is downregulated in contractile VSMCs and induced by human atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm. INKILN is transcriptionally activated by the p65 pathway, partially through a predicted NF-κB site within its proximal promoter. INKILN activates the proinflammatory gene expression in cultured human VSMCs and ex vivo cultured vessels. Mechanistically, INKILN physically interacts with and stabilizes MKL1, a key activator of VSMC inflammation through the p65/NF-κB pathway. INKILN depletion blocks ILIβ-induced nuclear localization of both p65 and MKL1. Knockdown of INKILN abolishes the physical interaction between p65 and MKL1, and the luciferase activity of an NF-κB reporter. Further, INKILN knockdown enhances MKL1 ubiquitination, likely through the reduced physical interaction with the deubiquitinating enzyme, USP10. INKILN is induced in injured carotid arteries and exacerbates ligation injury-induced neointimal formation in BAC Tg mice.

Conclusions

These findings elucidate an important pathway of VSMC inflammation involving an INKILN /MKL1/USP10 regulatory axis. Human BAC Tg mice offer a novel and physiologically relevant approach for investigating human-specific lncRNAs under vascular disease conditions.

RUNX2 stabilization by long non-coding RNAs contributes to hypertrophic changes in human chondrocytes

Background: Chondrocyte hypertrophy has been implicated in endochondral ossification and osteoarthritis (OA). In OA, hypertrophic chondrocytes contribute to the destruction and focal calcification of the joint cartilage. Although studies in this field have remarkably developed the modulation of joint inflammation using gene therapy and regeneration of damaged articular cartilage using cell therapy, studies that can modulate or prevent hypertrophic changes in articular chondrocytes are still lacking. Methods: In vitro hypertrophic differentiation and inflammation assays were conducted using human normal chondrocyte cell lines, TC28a2 cells. Human cartilage tissues and primary articular chondrocytes were obtained from OA patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), LINC02035 and LOC100130207, were selected through RNA-sequencing analysis using RNAs extracted from TC28a2 cells cultured in hypertrophic medium. The regulatory mechanism was evaluated using western blotting, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, osteocalcin reporter assay, RNA-immunoprecipitation (RNA-IP), RNA-in situ hybridization, and IP. Results: LncRNAs are crucial regulators of various biological processes. In this study, we identified two important lncRNAs, LINC02035 and LOC100130207, which play important roles in hypertrophic changes in normal chondrocytes, through RNA sequencing. Interestingly, the expression level of RUNX2, a master regulator of chondrocyte hypertrophy, was regulated at the post-translational level during hypertrophic differentiation of the normal human chondrocyte cell line, TC28a2. RNA-immunoprecipitation proved the potential interaction between RUNX2 protein and both lncRNAs. Knockdown (KD) of LINC02035 or LOC100130207 promoted ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation of RUNX2 and prevented hypertrophic differentiation of normal chondrocyte cell lines, whereas overexpression of both lncRNAs stabilized RUNX2 protein and generated hypertrophic changes. Furthermore, the KD of the two lncRNAs mitigated the destruction of important cartilage matrix proteins, COL2A1 and ACAN, by hypertrophic differentiation or inflammatory conditions. We also confirmed that the phenotypic changes raised by the two lncRNAs could be rescued by modulating RUNX2 expression. In addition, the KD of these two lncRNAs suppressed hypertrophic changes during chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Conclusion: Therefore, this study suggests that LINC02035 and LOC100130207 contribute to hypertrophic changes in normal chondrocytes by regulating RUNX2, suggesting that these two novel lncRNAs could be potential therapeutic targets for delaying or preventing OA development, especially for preventing chondrocyte hypertrophy.

LncRNA LINC01018/miR-942-5p/KNG1 axis regulates the malignant development of glioma in vitro and in vivo

AIMS

Since the inhibitory effect of KNG1 on glioma has been proved, this study further explores the regulation of the lncRNA/miRNA axis on KNG1 in glioma.

METHODS

The miRNAs that target KNG1 and the lncRNA that targets miR-942-5p were predicted by bioinformatics analysis and verified by experiments. The correlations between miR-942-5p and the survival of patients and between KNG1 and miR-942-5p were analyzed. After transfection, cell migration, invasion, proliferation, and cell cycle were detected through wound healing, Transwell, colony formation, and flow cytometry assays. A mouse subcutaneous xenotransplanted tumor model was established. The expressions of miR-942-5p, KNG1, LINC01018, and related genes were evaluated by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), Western blot, or immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

MiR-942-5p targeted KNG1, and LINC01018 sponged miR-942-5p. The high survival rate of patients was related to low miR-942-5p level. MiR-942-5p was highly expressed, whereas KNG1 was lowly expressed in glioma. MiR-942-5p was negatively correlated with KNG1. Silent LINC01018 or KNG1 and miR-942-5p mimic enhanced the migration, invasion, and proliferation of glioma cells, and regulated the expressions of metastasis-related and proliferation-related genes. LINC01018 knockdown and miR-942-5p mimic promoted glioma tumor growth in mice. The levels of miR-942-5p and KNG1 were decreased by LINC01018 knockdown, and LINC01018 expression was suppressed by miR-942-5p mimic. MiR-942-5p inhibitor, KNG1, and LINC01018 had the opposite effect to miR-942-5p mimic.

CONCLUSION

LINC01018/miR-942-5p/KNG1 pathway regulates the development of glioma cells in vitro and in vivo.

Is Evolutionary Conservation a Useful Predictor for Cancer Long Noncoding RNAs? Insights from the Cancer LncRNA Census 3

Evolutionary conservation is a measure of gene functionality that is widely used to prioritise long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) in cancer research. Intriguingly, while updating our Cancer LncRNA Census (CLC), we observed an inverse relationship between year of discovery and evolutionary conservation. This observation is specific to cancer over other diseases, implying a sampling bias in the selection of lncRNA candidates and casting doubt on the value of evolutionary metrics for the prioritisation of cancer-related lncRNAs.

The long noncoding RNA FEDORA is a cell type- and sex-specific regulator of depression

Women suffer from depression at twice the rate of men, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we identify marked baseline sex differences in the expression of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), a class of regulatory transcripts, in human postmortem brain tissue that are profoundly lost in depression. One such human lncRNA, RP11-298D21.1 (which we termed FEDORA), is enriched in oligodendrocytes and neurons and up-regulated in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of depressed females only. We found that virally expressing FEDORA selectively either in neurons or in oligodendrocytes of PFC promoted depression-like behavioral abnormalities in female mice only, changes associated with cell type-specific regulation of synaptic properties, myelin thickness, and gene expression. We also found that blood FEDORA levels have diagnostic implications for depressed women and are associated with clinical response to ketamine. These findings demonstrate the important role played by lncRNAs, and FEDORA in particular, in shaping the sex-specific landscape of the brain and contributing to sex differences in depression.

Comprehensive analysis of ESR1-related ceRNA axis as a novel prognostic biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma

Aims: To further understand, detect and treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), it is urgent to conduct more in-depth research on the mechanism of sex-associated differences. Materials & methods: We established a ceRNA triple regulatory axis associated with ESR1 in HCC and performed expression, survival and nuclear-cytoplasmic localization analyses. In addition to this, we performed methylation analysis and immune infiltration analysis of the ceRNA axis. Results: We constructed the LINC01018/hsa-miR-197-3p/GNA14 (lncRNA/miRNA/mRNA) ceRNA axis to further explain the mechanism of sex-related prognosis in the development of HCC and to provide new insights into candidate biomarkers for targeted therapies. Conclusion: Our study is an innovative attempt at demonstrating the mechanism underlying the prognosis associated with sex differences in HCC by constructing a ceRNA axis (LINC01018/hsa-miR-197-3p/GNA14).

Selective RNA Labeling by RNA-Compatible Type II Restriction Endonuclease and RNA-Extending DNA Polymerase

RNAs not only offer valuable information regarding our bodies but also regulate cellular functions, allowing for their specific manipulations to be extensively explored for many different biological and clinical applications. In particular, rather than temporary hybridization, permanent labeling is often required to introduce functional tags to target RNAs; however, direct RNA labeling has been revealed to be challenging, as native RNAs possess unmodifiable chemical moieties or indefinable dummy sequences at the ends of their strands. In this work, we demonstrate the combinatorial use of RNA-compatible restriction endonucleases (REs) and RNA-extending polymerases for sequence-specific RNA cleavage and subsequent RNA functionalization. Upon the introduction of complementary DNAs to target RNAs, Type II REs, such as AvrII and AvaII, could precisely cut the recognition site in the RNA-DNA heteroduplexes with exceptionally high efficiency. Subsequently, the 3′ ends of the cleaved RNAs were selectively and effectively modified when Therminator DNA polymerase template-dependently extended the RNA primers with a variety of modified nucleotides. Based on this two-step RNA labeling, only the target RNA could be chemically labeled with the desired moieties, such as bioconjugation tags or fluorophores, even in a mixture of various RNAs, demonstrating the potential for efficient and direct RNA modifications.

Flnc: Machine Learning Improves the Identification of Novel Long Noncoding RNAs from Stand-Alone RNA-Seq Data

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical regulatory roles in human development and disease. Although there are over 100,000 samples with available RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data, many lncRNAs have yet to be annotated. The conventional approach to identifying novel lncRNAs from RNA-seq data is to find transcripts without coding potential but this approach has a false discovery rate of 30–75%. Other existing methods either identify only multi-exon lncRNAs, missing single-exon lncRNAs, or require transcriptional initiation profiling data (such as H3K4me3 ChIP-seq data), which is unavailable for many samples with RNA-seq data. Because of these limitations, current methods cannot accurately identify novel lncRNAs from existing RNA-seq data. To address this problem, we have developed software, Flnc, to accurately identify both novel and annotated full-length lncRNAs, including single-exon lncRNAs, directly from RNA-seq data without requiring transcriptional initiation profiles. Flnc integrates machine learning models built by incorporating four types of features: transcript length, promoter signature, multiple exons, and genomic location. Flnc achieves state-of-the-art prediction power with an AUROC score over 0.92. Flnc significantly improves the prediction accuracy from less than 50% using the conventional approach to over 85%. Flnc is available via GitHub platform.

Long Non-Coding RNAs: Tools for Understanding and Targeting Cancer Pathways

The regulatory nature of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) has been well established in various processes of cellular growth, development, and differentiation. Therefore, it is vital to examine their contribution to cancer development. There are ample examples of lncRNAs whose cellular levels are significantly associated with clinical outcomes. However, whether these non-coding molecules can work as either key drivers or barriers to cancer development remains unknown. The current review aims to discuss some well-characterised lncRNAs in the process of oncogenesis and extrapolate the extent of their decisive contribution to tumour development. We ask if these lncRNAs can independently initiate neoplastic lesions or they always need the modulation of well characterized oncogenes or tumour suppressors to exert their functional properties. Finally, we discuss the emerging genetic approaches and appropriate animal and humanised models that can significantly contribute to the functional dissection of lncRNAs in cancer development and progression.

The potential of mecciRNA in hepatic stellate cell to regulate progression of nonalcoholic hepatitis

BACKGROUND

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) occupies a substantial proportion of chronic liver disease worldwide, of which pathogenesis needs further research. Recent studies have demonstrated the significant roles of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in NASH, while the function of a novel type of circRNAs, namely mitochondria-encoded circRNAs (mecciRNAs), remains elusive. Therefore, we aimed to investigate their potential to regulate the progression of NASH in this study.

METHODS

GSE134146 was used to screen for differentially expressed mecciRNAs in NASH, while GSE46300 was used to identify NASH-related genes. To establish the mecciRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks, circMINE and miRNet databases were used for predicting downstream targets. Then, consensus clustering analysis was used to determine immune subtypes of NASH. Finally, we successfully validated our findings in vitro (LPS-treated hepatic stellate cells [HSCs]) and in vivo (MCD-diet mice) NASH models.

RESULTS

We confirmed that circRNomics balance is disrupted in HSCs of NASH, while two mecciRNAs (hsa_circ_0089761 and hsa_circ_0089763) could function as competing for endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) to regulate fibrosis-related signals. Furthermore, we constructed two ceRNA networks based on mecciRNAs for the first time. Cell and animal NASH models validated our findings that c-MYC and SMAD2/3 were upregulated in HSCs, while THBS1 and p-STAT3 were upregulated in hepatocytes. Moreover, we identified 21 core genes by overlapping the differentially expressed genes (NASH vs. Normal) with mecciRNA-targeted genes. According to their expression profiles, NASH patients could be divided in 2 different clusters, in which proinflammatory signals (TNF and IL-17 pathways) are significantly activated in Cluster 1.

CONCLUSION

We successfully established two novel mecciRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks in HSCs and hepatocytes, which were further confirmed by in vitro and in vivo models. Meanwhile, the novel immunotyping model revealed the heterogeneity of NASH, thereby might guiding treatment options. Altogether, our study brought a distinct perspective on the relationship between mecciRNAs and NASH.

Noncoding RNAs in liver physiology and metabolic diseases

The liver holds central roles in detoxification, energy metabolism and whole-body homeostasis but can develop malignant phenotypes when being chronically overwhelmed with fatty acids and glucose. The global rise of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is already affecting a quarter of the global population. Pharmaceutical treatment options against different stages of MAFLD do not yet exist and several clinical trials against hepatic transcription factors and other proteins have failed. However, emerging roles of noncoding RNAs, including long (lncRNA) and short noncoding RNAs (sRNA), in various cellular processes pose exciting new avenues for treatment interventions. Actions of noncoding RNAs mostly rely on interactions with proteins, whereby the noncoding RNA fine-tunes protein function in a process termed riboregulation. The developmental stage-, disease stage- and cell type-specific nature of noncoding RNAs harbors enormous potential to precisely target certain cellular pathways in a spatio-temporally defined manner. Proteins interacting with RNAs can be categorized into canonical or non-canonical RNA binding proteins (RBPs) depending on the existence of classical RNA binding domains. Both, RNA- and RBP-centric methods have generated new knowledge of the RNA-RBP interface and added an additional regulatory layer. In this review, we summarize recent advances of how of RBP-lncRNA interactions and various sRNAs shape cellular physiology and the development of liver diseases such as MAFLD and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Emerging Roles of Long Noncoding RNAs in Breast Cancer Epigenetics and Epitranscriptomics

Breast carcinogenesis is a multistep process that involves both genetic and epigenetic changes. Epigenetics refers to reversible changes in gene expression that are not accompanied by changes in gene sequence. In breast cancer (BC), dysregulated epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, are accompanied by epitranscriptomic changes, in particular adenine to inosine modifications within RNA molecules. Factors that trigger these phenomena are largely unknown, but there is evidence for widespread participation of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that already have been linked to virtually any aspect of BC biology, making them promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets in BC patients. Here, we provide a systematic review of known and possible roles of lncRNAs in epigenetic and epitranscriptomic processes, along with methods and tools to study them, followed by a brief overview of current challenges regarding the use of lncRNAs in medical applications.

Designing libraries for pooled CRISPR functional screens of long noncoding RNAs

Human and other genomes encode tens of thousands of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), the vast majority of which remain uncharacterised. High-throughput functional screening methods, notably those based on pooled CRISPR-Cas perturbations, promise to unlock the biological significance and biomedical potential of lncRNAs. Such screens are based on libraries of single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) whose design is critical for success. Few off-the-shelf libraries are presently available, and lncRNAs tend to have cell-type-specific expression profiles, meaning that library design remains in the hands of researchers. Here we introduce the topic of pooled CRISPR screens for lncRNAs and guide readers through the three key steps of library design: accurate annotation of transcript structures, curation of optimal candidate sets, and design of sgRNAs. This review is a starting point and reference for researchers seeking to design custom CRISPR screening libraries for lncRNAs.

Down-regulation of Risa improves podocyte injury by enhancing autophagy in diabetic nephropathy

BACKGROUND

LncRNA AK044604 (regulator of insulin sensitivity and autophagy, Risa) and autophagy-related factors Sirt1 and GSK3β play important roles in diabetic nephropathy (DN). In this study, we sought to explore the effect of Risa on Sirt1/GSK3β-induced podocyte injury.

METHODS

Diabetic db/db mice received Risa-inhibition adeno-associated virus (AAV) via tail vein injection, and intraperitoneal injection of lithium chloride (LiCl). Blood, urine, and kidney tissue samples were collected and analyzed at different time points. Immortalized mouse podocyte cells (MPCs) were cultured and treated with Risa-inhibition lentivirus (LV), EX-527, and LiCl. MPCs were collected under different stimulations as noted. The effects of Risa on podocyte autophagy were examined by qRT-PCR, Western blotting analysis, transmission electron microscopy, Periodic Acid-Schiff staining, and immunofluorescence staining.

RESULTS

Risa and activated GSK3β were overexpressed, but Sirt1 was downregulated in DN mice and high glucose-treated MPCs (P < 0.001, db/m vs. db/db, NG or HM vs. HG), which was correlated with poor prognosis. Risa overexpression attenuated Sirt1-mediated downstream autophagy levels and aggravated podocyte injury by inhibiting the expression of Sirt1 (P < 0.001, db/m vs. db/db, NG or HM vs. HG). In contrast, Risa suppression enhanced Sirt1-induced autophagy and attenuated podocyte injury, which could be abrogated by EX-527 (P < 0.001, db/db + Risa-AAV vs. db/db, HG + Risa-LV vs. HG). Furthermore, LiCl treatment could restore GSK3β-mediated autophagy of podocytes (P < 0.001, db/db + LiCl vs. db/db, HG + LiCl vs. HG), suggesting that Risa overexpression aggravated podocyte injury by decreasing autophagy.

CONCLUSION

Risa could inhibit autophagy by regulating the Sirt1/GSK3β axis, thereby aggravating podocyte injury in DN. Risa may serve as a therapeutic target for the treatment of DN.

Gaur genome reveals expansion of sperm odorant receptors in domesticated cattle

Background

The gaur (Bos gaurus) is the largest extant wild bovine species, native to South and Southeast Asia, with unique traits, and is listed as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

Results

We report the first gaur reference genome and identify three biological pathways including lysozyme activity, proton transmembrane transporter activity, and oxygen transport with significant changes in gene copy number in gaur compared to other mammals. These may reflect adaptation to challenges related to climate and nutrition. Comparative analyses with domesticated indicine (Bos indicus) and taurine (Bos taurus) cattle revealed genomic signatures of artificial selection, including the expansion of sperm odorant receptor genes in domesticated cattle, which may have important implications for understanding selection for male fertility.

Conclusions

Apart from aiding dissection of economically important traits, the gaur genome will also provide the foundation to conserve the species.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08561-1.

LINC00473-modified bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells incorporated thermosensitive PLGA hydrogel transplantation for steroid-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head: A detailed mechanistic study and validity evaluation

The pathogenesis of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (SONFH) involves a glucocorticoid-induced imbalance of osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation, and apoptosis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). An increasing number of genes, especially noncoding RNAs, have been implicated in the function of BMSCs. Our previous studies have confirmed the key role of LINC00473 and miR-23a-3p on the osteogenic, adipogenic differentiation, and apoptosis of BMSCs. However, the underlying mechanism of this process is still unclear. Based on bioinformatics analysis, here we investigated the effects of LINC00473 on the LRP5/Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in the osteogenesis and adipogenesis of BMSCs, as well as the PEBP1/Akt/Bad/Bcl-2 signaling pathway in dexamethasone- (Dex-) induced apoptosis of BMSCs. Our data showed that LINC00473 could promote osteogenesis and suppress the adipogenesis of BMSCs through the activation of the miR-23a-3p/LRP5/Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway axis, while rescuing BMSCs from Dex-induced apoptosis by activating the miR-23a-3p/PEBP1/Akt/Bad/Bcl-2 signaling pathway axis. Notably, we observed that LINC00473 interacted with miR-23a-3p in an Argonaute 2 (AGO2)-dependent manner based on dual-luciferase reporter assay, AGO2-related RNA immunoprecipitation, and RNA antisense purification assay. Furthermore, injectable thermosensitive polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) hydrogel loaded with rat-derived BMSCs (rBMSCs) modified by LINC00473 were used for the treatment of SONFH in a rat model. Our results demonstrated that PLGA hydrogels provided a suitable environment for harboring rBMSCs. Besides, transplantation of PLGA hydrogels loaded with rBMSCs modified by LINC00473 could significantly promote the bone repair and reconstruction of the necrotic area at the femoral head in our SONFH rat model. Surprisingly, compared with the transplantation of BMSCs alone, the transplanted rBMSCs encapsulated within the PLGA hydrogel could migrate from the medullary cavity to the femoral head. In summary, LINC00473 promoted osteogenesis, inhibited adipogenesis, and antagonized Dex-induced apoptosis of BMSCs. Therefore, LINC00473 could provide a new strategy for the treatment of SONFH.

Long non-coding RNAs and microRNAs as crucial regulators in cardio-oncology

Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Significant improvements in the modern era of anticancer therapeutic strategies have increased the survival rate of cancer patients. Unfortunately, cancer survivors have an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, which is believed to result from anticancer therapies. The emergence of cardiovascular diseases among cancer survivors has served as the basis for establishing a novel field termed cardio-oncology. Cardio-oncology primarily focuses on investigating the underlying molecular mechanisms by which anticancer treatments lead to cardiovascular dysfunction and the development of novel cardioprotective strategies to counteract cardiotoxic effects of cancer therapies. Advances in genome biology have revealed that most of the genome is transcribed into non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which are recognized as being instrumental in cancer, cardiovascular health, and disease. Emerging studies have demonstrated that alterations of these ncRNAs have pathophysiological roles in multiple diseases in humans. As it relates to cardio-oncology, though, there is limited knowledge of the role of ncRNAs. In the present review, we summarize the up-to-date knowledge regarding the roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) in cancer therapy-induced cardiotoxicities. Moreover, we also discuss prospective therapeutic strategies and the translational relevance of these ncRNAs.

LncRNAs and Cardiovascular Disease

A novel class of RNA molecule emerged from human transcriptome sequencing studies termed long non-coding RNAs. These RNA molecules differ from other classes of non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs in their sizes, sequence motifs and structures. Studies have demonstrated that long non-coding RNAs play a prominent role in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease. They provide the cell with tiered levels of gene regulation interacting with DNA, other RNA molecules or proteins acting in various capacities to control a variety of cellular mechanisms. Cell specificity is a hallmark of lncRNA studies and they have been identified in macrophages, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and hepatocytes. Recent lncRNA studies have uncovered functional micropeptides encoded within lncRNA genes that can have a different function to the lncRNA. Disease associated mutations in the genome tend to occur in non-coding regions signifying the importance of non-coding genes in disease associations. There is a great deal of work to be done in the non-coding RNA field and tremendous therapeutic potential due to their cell type specificity. A better understanding of the functions and interactions of lncRNAs will inevitably have clinical implications.

Liver-humanized mice: A translational strategy to study metabolic disorders

The liver is the metabolic core of the whole body. Tools commonly used to study the human liver metabolism include hepatocyte cell lines, primary human hepatocytes, and pluripotent stem cells-derived hepatocytes in vitro, and liver genetically humanized mouse model in vivo. However, none of these systems can mimic the human liver in physiological and pathological states satisfactorily. Liver-humanized mice, which are established by reconstituting mouse liver with human hepatocytes, have emerged as an attractive animal model to study drug metabolism and evaluate the therapeutic effect in "human liver" in vivo because the humanized livers greatly replicate enzymatic features of human hepatocytes. The application of liver-humanized mice in studying metabolic disorders is relatively less common due to the largely uncertain replication of metabolic profiles compared to humans. Here, we summarize the metabolic characteristics and current application of liver-humanized mouse models in metabolic disorders that have been reported in the literature, trying to evaluate the pros and cons of using liver-humanized mice as novel mouse models to study metabolic disorders.

Role of Non-Coding RNA of Human Platelet in Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the major cause of death in the world. Numerous genetic studies involving transcriptomic approaches aimed at the detailed understanding of the disease and the development of new therapeutic strategies have been conducted over recent years. There has been an increase in research on platelets, which are implicated in CVD due to their capacity to release regulatory molecules that affect various pathways. Platelets secrete over 500 various kinds of molecules to plasma including large amounts of non-coding (nc) RNA (miRNA, lncRNA or circRNA). These ncRNA correspond to 98% of transcripts that are not translated into proteins as they are important regulators in physiology and disease. Thus, miRNAs can direct protein complexes to mRNAs through base-pairing interactions, thus causing translation blockage or/and transcript degradation. The lncRNAs act via different mechanisms by binding to transcription factors. Finally, circRNAs act as regulators of miRNAs, interfering with their action. Alteration in the repertoire and/or the amount of the platelet-secreted ncRNA can trigger CVD as well as other diseases. NcRNAs can serve as effective biomarkers for the disease or as therapeutic targets due to their disease involvement. In this review, we will focus on the most important ncRNAs that are secreted by platelets (9 miRNA, 9 lncRNA and 5 circRNA), their association with CVD, and the contribution of these ncRNA to CVD risk to better understand the relation between ncRNA of human platelet and CVD.

Identification and characterization of a 25-lncRNA prognostic signature for early recurrence in hepatocellular carcinoma

Background

Early recurrence is the major cause of poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are deeply involved in HCC prognosis. In this study, we aimed to establish a prognostic lncRNA signature for HCC early recurrence.

Methods

The lncRNA expression profile and corresponding clinical data were retrieved from total 299 HCC patients in TCGA database. LncRNA candidates correlated to early recurrence were selected by differentially expressed gene (DEG), univariate Cox regression and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analyses. A 25-lncRNA prognostic signature was constructed according to receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to evaluate the performance of this signature. ROC and nomogram were used to evaluate the integrated models based on this signature with other independent clinical risk factors. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to reveal enriched gene sets in the high-risk group. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) levels were analyzed with single sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA). Immune therapy response prediction was performed with TIDE and SubMap. Chemotherapeutic response prediction was conducted by using Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC) pharmacogenomics database.

Results

Compared to low-risk group, patients in high-risk group showed reduced disease-free survival (DFS) in the training (p < 0.0001) and validation cohort (p = 0.0132). The 25-lncRNA signature, AFP, TNM and vascular invasion could serve as independent risk factors for HCC early recurrence. Among them, the 25-lncRNA signature had the best predictive performance, and combination of those four risk factors further improves the prognostic potential. Moreover, GSEA showed significant enrichment of “E2F TARGETS”, “G2M CHECKPOINT”, “MYC TARGETS V1” and “DNA REPAIR” pathways in the high-risk group. In addition, increased TILs were observed in the low-risk group compared to the high-risk group. The 25-lncRNA signature negatively associates with the levels of some types of antitumor immune cells. Immunotherapies and chemotherapies prediction revealed differential responses to PD-1 inhibitor and several chemotherapeutic drugs in the low- and high-risk group.

Conclusions

Our study proposed a 25-lncRNA prognostic signature for predicting HCC early recurrence, which may guide postoperative treatment and recurrence surveillance in HCC patients.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08827-z.

Identification of human long noncoding RNAs associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic homeostasis

A growing number of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as vital metabolic regulators. However, most human lncRNAs are nonconserved and highly tissue specific, vastly limiting our ability to identify human lncRNA metabolic regulators (hLMRs). In this study, we established a pipeline to identify putative hLMRs that are metabolically sensitive, disease relevant, and population applicable. We first progressively processed multilevel human transcriptome data to select liver lncRNAs that exhibit highly dynamic expression in the general population, show differential expression in a nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) population, and respond to dietary intervention in a small NAFLD cohort. We then experimentally demonstrated the responsiveness of selected hepatic lncRNAs to defined metabolic milieus in a liver-specific humanized mouse model. Furthermore, by extracting a concise list of protein-coding genes that are persistently correlated with lncRNAs in general and NAFLD populations, we predicted the specific function for each hLMR. Using gain- and loss-of-function approaches in humanized mice as well as ectopic expression in conventional mice, we validated the regulatory role of one nonconserved hLMR in cholesterol metabolism by coordinating with an RNA-binding protein, PTBP1, to modulate the transcription of cholesterol synthesis genes. Our work overcame the heterogeneity intrinsic to human data to enable the efficient identification and functional definition of disease-relevant human lncRNAs in metabolic homeostasis.

Long Noncoding RNAs and Human Liver Disease

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are pervasively transcribed in the genome, exhibit a diverse range of biological functions, and exert effects through a variety of mechanisms. The sheer number of lncRNAs in the human genome has raised important questions about their potential biological significance and roles in human health and disease. Technological and computational advances have enabled functional annotation of a large number of lncRNAs. Though the number of publications related to lncRNAs has escalated in recent years, relatively few have focused on those involved in hepatic physiology and pathology. We provide an overview of evolving lncRNA classification systems and characteristics and highlight important advances in our understanding of the contribution of lncRNAs to liver disease, with a focus on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and cholestatic liver disease. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 17 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The Role of Non-coding RNAs in the Pathogenesis of Glial Tumors

Among the many malignant neoplasms, glioblastoma (GBM) leads to one of the worst prognosis for patients and has an almost 100% recurrence rate. The only chemotherapeutic drug that is widely used for treating glioblastoma is temozolomide, a DNA alkylating agent. Its impact, however, is only minor; it increases patients' survival just by 12 to 14 months. Multiple highly selective compounds that affect specific proteins and have performed well in other types of cancer have proved ineffective against glioblastoma. Hence, there is an urgent need for novel methods that could help achieve the long-awaited progress in glioblastoma treatment. One of the potentially promising approaches is the targeting of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). These molecules are characterized by extremely high multifunctionality and often act as integrators by coordinating multiple key signaling pathways within the cell. Thus, the impact on ncRNAs has the potential to lead to a broader and stronger impact on cells, as opposed to the more focused action of inhibitors targeting specific proteins. In this review, we summarize the functions of long noncoding RNAs, circular RNAs, as well as microRNAs, PIWI-interacting RNAs, small nuclear and small nucleolar RNAs. We provide a classification of these transcripts and describe their role in various signaling pathways and physiological processes. We also provide examples of oncogenic and tumor suppressor ncRNAs belonging to each of these classes in the context of their involvement in the pathogenesis of gliomas and glioblastomas. In conclusion, we considered the potential use of ncRNAs as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for the treatment of glioblastoma.

Emerging Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Diabetic Vascular Complications

Chronic metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes are associated with accelerated rates of macrovascular and microvascular complications, which are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Further understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms can aid in the development of novel drug targets and therapies to manage these disorders more effectively. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that do not have protein-coding potential are expressed in a tissue- and species-specific manner and regulate diverse biological processes. LncRNAs regulate gene expression in cis or in trans through various mechanisms, including interaction with chromatin-modifying proteins and other regulatory proteins and via posttranscriptional mechanisms, including acting as microRNA sponges or as host genes of microRNAs. Emerging evidence suggests that major pathological factors associated with diabetes such as high glucose, free fatty acids, proinflammatory cytokines, and growth factors can dysregulate lncRNAs in inflammatory, cardiac, vascular, and renal cells leading to altered expression of key inflammatory genes and fibrotic genes associated with diabetic vascular complications. Here we review recent reports on lncRNA characterization, functions, and mechanisms of action in diabetic vascular complications and translational approaches to target them. These advances can provide new insights into the lncRNA-dependent actions and mechanisms underlying diabetic vascular complications and uncover novel lncRNA-based biomarkers and therapies to reduce disease burden and mortality.

Functional examination of lncRNAs in allotetraploid Gossypium hirsutum

BACKGROUND

An evolutionary model using diploid and allotetraploid cotton species identified 80 % of non-coding transcripts in allotetraploid cotton as being uniquely activated in comparison with its diploid ancestors. The function of the lncRNAs activated in allotetraploid cotton remain largely unknown.

RESULTS

We employed transcriptome analysis to examine the relationship between the lncRNAs and mRNAs of protein coding genes (PCGs) in cotton leaf tissue under abiotic stresses. LncRNA expression was preferentially associated with that of the flanking PCGs. Selected highly-expressed lncRNA candidates (n = 111) were subjected to a functional screening pilot test in which virus-induced gene silencing was integrated with abiotic stress treatment. From this low-throughput screen, we obtained candidate lncRNAs relating to plant height and tolerance to drought and other abiotic stresses.

CONCLUSIONS

Low-throughput screen is an effective method to find functional lncRNA for further study. LncRNAs were more active in abiotic stresses than PCG expression, especially temperature stress. LncRNA XLOC107738 may take a cis-regulatory role in response to environmental stimuli. The degree to which lncRNAs are constitutively expressed may impact expression patterns and functions on the individual gene level rather than in genome-wide aggregate.