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Cao X, Yang H, Wu ZL, Li BB. Ultrasound sensing with optical microcavities. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:159. [PMID: 38982066 PMCID: PMC11233744 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasound sensors play an important role in biomedical imaging, industrial nondestructive inspection, etc. Traditional ultrasound sensors that use piezoelectric transducers face limitations in sensitivity and spatial resolution when miniaturized, with typical sizes at the millimeter to centimeter scale. To overcome these challenges, optical ultrasound sensors have emerged as a promising alternative, offering both high sensitivity and spatial resolution. In particular, ultrasound sensors utilizing high-quality factor (Q) optical microcavities have achieved unprecedented performance in terms of sensitivity and bandwidth, while also enabling mass production on silicon chips. In this review, we focus on recent advances in ultrasound sensing applications using three types of optical microcavities: Fabry-Perot cavities, π-phase-shifted Bragg gratings, and whispering gallery mode microcavities. We provide an overview of the ultrasound sensing mechanisms employed by these microcavities and discuss the key parameters for optimizing ultrasound sensors. Furthermore, we survey recent advances in ultrasound sensing using these microcavity-based approaches, highlighting their applications in diverse detection scenarios, such as photoacoustic imaging, ranging, and particle detection. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the latest advances in ultrasound sensing with optical microcavities and their potential for future development in high-performance ultrasound imaging and sensing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuening Cao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zu-Lei Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Bei-Bei Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China.
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2
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Wu D, Tang J, Yu Z, Gao Y, Zeng Y, Tang D, Liu X. Pt/Zn-TCPP Nanozyme-Based Flexible Immunoassay for Dual-Mode Pressure-Temperature Monitoring of Low-Abundance Proteins. Anal Chem 2024; 96:8740-8746. [PMID: 38722256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Pressure and temperature, as common physical parameters, are important for monitoring human health. In contrast, single-mode monitoring is prone to causing experimental errors. Herein, we innovatively designed a dual-mode flexible sensing platform based on a platinum/zinc-meso-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (Pt/Zn-TCPP) nanozyme for the quantitative monitoring of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in biological fluids with pressure and temperature readouts. The Pt/Zn-TCPP nanozyme with catalytic and photothermal efficiencies was synthesized by means of integrating photosensitizers into porous materials. The flexible sensing system after the antigen-antibody reaction recognized the pressure using a flexible skin-like pressure sensor with a digital multimeter readout, whereas the temperature was acquired via the photoheat conversion system of the Pt/Zn-TCPP nanozyme under 808 nm near-infrared (NIR) irradiation using a portable NIR imaging camera on a smartphone. Meanwhile, the dual-mode flexible sensing system was carried out on a homemade three-dimensional (3D)-printed device. Results revealed that the developed dual-mode immunosensing platform could exhibit good pressure and temperature responses within the dynamic range of 0.5-100 ng mL-1 CEA with the detection limits of 0.24 and 0.13 ng mL-1, respectively. In addition, the pressure and temperature were sensed simultaneously without crosstalk interference. Importantly, the dual-mode flexible immunosensing system can effectively avoid false alarms during the measurement, thus providing great potential for simple and low-cost development for point-of-care testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology (MOE & Fujian Province), Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Tang
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Department of Chemistry and chemical engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhichao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology (MOE & Fujian Province), Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology (MOE & Fujian Province), Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongyi Zeng
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, People's Republic of China
| | - Dianping Tang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology (MOE & Fujian Province), Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, People's Republic of China
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3
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Chang W, Song W, Zhang M, Yin P. Retrospective Analysis of Structure-Property Relationship of Emergent Metallo-Supramolecular Polymer Networks. Chempluschem 2024:e202400270. [PMID: 38752655 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Metallo-supramolecular polymer networks (MSPNs) are fabricated from the crosslinking of polymers by discrete supramolecular coordination complexes. Due to the availability of various coordination complexes, e. g., 2D macrocycles and 3D nanocages, the MSPNs have been recently developed with broadly tunable visco-elasticity and enriched functions inherited from the coordination complexes. The coordination complexes possess enriched topologies and unique structural relaxation dynamics, rendering them the capability to break the traditional tradeoffs of polymer systems for the design of materials with enhanced mechanical performance. The structure-property relationship studies are critical for the material-by-design of MSPNs, while the spatiotemporal investigations are desired for the exploration of dynamics information. The work summarizes recent studies on the unique ligand-exchange kinetics and the multi-level structural relaxation dynamics of MSPNs. The MSPNs' mechanical properties can be quantitatively correlated with the dynamics for understanding the structure-property relationship. This concept will not only serve to attract more researchers to engage in the study of the structure-activity relationship of MSPNs but also inspire innovative research findings pertaining to the application of MSPNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Weihua Song
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China
| | - Mingxin Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China
| | - Panchao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
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4
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Xu X, Zhu H, Chen S, Li F, Zhang X. Nonlinear dynamics of cavity optomechanical-thermal systems. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:7611-7621. [PMID: 38439438 DOI: 10.1364/oe.515095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Cavity optomechanics is concerned with the interaction between optical cavities and mechanical resonators. Here, we present systematic research on the dynamic behaviors of cavity optomechanical systems incorporating the influence of thermal nonlinearity. A dimensionless theoretical model was established to describe the system and numerical simulations were performed to study the dynamic behaviors. We theoretically identify the staircase effect, which can abruptly alter the system parameters when adiabatically sweeping the pump laser frequency across the optical cavity resonance and driving the mechanical resonator into oscillation. Moreover, we found bistability effects in several detuning intervals when sweeping the laser forward and backward. Both effects are analyzed theoretically and the roots lie in the thermal instability between averaged cavity energy and laser detuning. Our study shows the dynamic behaviors in an optomechanical-thermal system and provides guidance in leveraging the systems for applications in optical frequency comb, phonon laser, etc.
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Sentre-Arribas E, Aparicio-Millán A, Lemaître A, Favero I, Tamayo J, Calleja M, Gil-Santos E. Simultaneous Optical and Mechanical Sensing Based on Optomechanical Resonators. ACS Sens 2024; 9:371-378. [PMID: 38156765 PMCID: PMC10825865 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Optical and mechanical resonators have each been abundantly employed in sensing applications, albeit following separate development. Here we show that bringing together optical and mechanical resonances in a unique sensing device significantly improves the sensor performance. To that purpose, we employ nanoscale optomechanical disk resonators that simultaneously support high quality optical and mechanical modes localized in tiny volumes, which provide extraordinary sensitivities. We perform environmental sensing, but the conclusions of our work extend to other sensing applications. First, we determine optical and mechanical responsivities to temperature and relative humidity changes. Second, by characterizing mechanical and optical frequency stabilities, we determine the corresponding limits of detection. Mechanical modes appear more sensitive to relative humidity changes, while optical modes appear more sensitive to temperature ones, reaching, respectively, 0.05% and 0.6 mK of independent resolution. We then prove that simultaneous optical and mechanical monitoring enables disentangling both effects and demonstrates 0.1% and 1 mK resolution, even considering that both parameters may change at the same time. Finally, we highlight the importance of actively tracking the optical mode when optomechanical sensor devices. Not doing so enforces tedious independent calibration, influences the device sensitivity during the experiment, and shortens the sensing range. The present work hence clarifies the requirements for the optimal operation of optomechanical sensors, which will be of importance for chemical and biological sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sentre-Arribas
- OptoMechanicalSensors Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid Spain
| | - Alicia Aparicio-Millán
- OptoMechanicalSensors Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid Spain
| | - Aristide Lemaître
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR 9001, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Ivan Favero
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 7162, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Javier Tamayo
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid Spain
| | - Montserrat Calleja
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid Spain
| | - Eduardo Gil-Santos
- OptoMechanicalSensors Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid Spain
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6
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Kaynak B, Alkhaled M, Kartal E, Yanik C, Hanay MS. Atmospheric-Pressure Mass Spectrometry by Single-Mode Nanoelectromechanical Systems. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:8553-8559. [PMID: 37681677 PMCID: PMC10540252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Weighing particles above the megadalton mass range has been a persistent challenge in commercial mass spectrometry. Recently, nanoelectromechanical systems-based mass spectrometry (NEMS-MS) has shown remarkable performance in this mass range, especially with the advance of performing mass spectrometry under entirely atmospheric conditions. This advance reduces the overall complexity and cost while increasing the limit of detection. However, this technique required the tracking of two mechanical modes and the accurate knowledge of mode shapes that may deviate from their ideal values, especially due to air damping. Here, we used a NEMS architecture with a central platform, which enables the calculation of mass by single-mode measurements. Experiments were conducted using polystyrene and gold nanoparticles to demonstrate the successful acquisition of mass spectra using a single mode with an improved areal capture efficiency. This advance represents a step forward in NEMS-MS, bringing it closer to becoming a practical application for the mass sensing of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batuhan
E. Kaynak
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
- UNAM
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mohammed Alkhaled
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
- UNAM
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Enise Kartal
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
- UNAM
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cenk Yanik
- SUNUM,
Sabancı University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M. Selim Hanay
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
- UNAM
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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7
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Reynaud A, Trzpil W, Dartiguelongue L, Çumaku V, Fortin T, Sansa M, Hentz S, Masselon C. Compact and modular system architecture for a nano-resonator-mass spectrometer. Front Chem 2023; 11:1238674. [PMID: 37841207 PMCID: PMC10569461 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1238674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass measurements in the mega-to giga-Dalton range are essential for the characterization of natural and synthetic nanoparticles, but very challenging to perform using conventional mass spectrometers. Nano-electro-mechanical system (NEMS) based MS has demonstrated unique capabilities for the analysis of ultra-high mass analytes. Yet, system designs to date included constraints transferred from conventional MS instruments, such as ion guides and high vacuum requirements. Encouraged by other reports, we investigated the influence of pressure on the performances of the NEMS sensor and the aerodynamic focusing lens that equipped our first-generation instrument. We thus realized that the NEMS spectrometer could operate at significantly higher pressures than anticipated without compromising particle focusing nor mass measurement quality. Based on these observations, we designed and constructed a new NEMS-MS prototype considerably more compact than our original system, and which features an improved aerodynamic lens alignment concept, yielding superior particle focusing. We evaluated this new prototype by performing nanoparticle deposition to characterize aerodynamic focusing, and mass measurements of calibrated gold nanoparticles samples. The particle capture efficiency showed nearly two orders of magnitude improvement compared to our previous prototype, while operating at two orders of magnitude greater pressure, and without compromising mass resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Louis Dartiguelongue
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
- INSERM UA13 Biosciences et bioingénérie pour la santé, Grenoble, France
| | - Vaitson Çumaku
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
- INSERM UA13 Biosciences et bioingénérie pour la santé, Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas Fortin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
- INSERM UA13 Biosciences et bioingénérie pour la santé, Grenoble, France
| | - Marc Sansa
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA-Leti, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Christophe Masselon
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
- INSERM UA13 Biosciences et bioingénérie pour la santé, Grenoble, France
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8
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Ren X, Pan J, Yan M, Sheng J, Yang C, Zhang Q, Ma H, Wen Z, Huang K, Wu H, Zeng H. Dual-comb optomechanical spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5037. [PMID: 37596269 PMCID: PMC10439198 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40771-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical cavities are essential for enhancing the sensitivity of molecular absorption spectroscopy, which finds widespread high-sensitivity gas sensing applications. However, the use of high-finesse cavities confines the wavelength range of operation and prevents broader applications. Here, we take a different approach to ultrasensitive molecular spectroscopy, namely dual-comb optomechanical spectroscopy (DCOS), by integrating the high-resolution multiplexing capabilities of dual-comb spectroscopy with cavity optomechanics through photoacoustic coupling. By exciting the molecules photoacoustically with dual-frequency combs and sensing the molecular-vibration-induced ultrasound waves with a cavity-coupled mechanical resonator, we measure high-resolution broadband ( > 2 THz) overtone spectra for acetylene gas and obtain a normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient of 1.71 × 10-11 cm-1·W·Hz-1/2 with 30 GHz simultaneous spectral bandwidth. Importantly, the optomechanical resonator allows broadband dual-comb excitation. Our approach not only enriches the practical applications of the emerging cavity optomechanics technology but also offers intriguing possibilities for multi-species trace gas detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Jin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Ming Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing, 401120, China.
- Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Guangyang Bay Laboratory, Chongqing, 400064, China.
| | - Jiteng Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
| | - Cheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Qiankun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Hui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Zhaoyang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Kun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Haibin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai, 201315, China.
- Shanghai Branch, Hefei National Laboratory, Shanghai, 201315, China.
| | - Heping Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing, 401120, China.
- Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Guangyang Bay Laboratory, Chongqing, 400064, China.
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan, Shandong, 250101, China.
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Navarathna A, Bennett JS, Bowen WP. Continuous Optical-to-Mechanical Quantum State Transfer in the Unresolved Sideband Regime. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:263603. [PMID: 37450795 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.263603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Optical-to-mechanical quantum state transfer is an important capability for future quantum networks, quantum communication, and distributed quantum sensing. However, existing continuous state transfer protocols operate in the resolved sideband regime, necessitating a high-quality optical cavity and a high mechanical resonance frequency. Here, we propose a continuous protocol that operates in the unresolved sideband regime. The protocol is based on feedback cooling, can be implemented with current technology, and is able to transfer non-Gaussian quantum states with high fidelity. Our protocol significantly expands the kinds of optomechanical devices for which continuous optical-to-mechanical state transfer is possible, paving the way toward quantum technological applications and the preparation of macroscopic superpositions to test the fundamentals of quantum science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Navarathna
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - James S Bennett
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Warwick P Bowen
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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10
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Chang H, Zhang J. Detecting nanoparticles by "listening". FRONTIERS OF PHYSICS 2023; 18:53602. [PMID: 37192844 PMCID: PMC10163296 DOI: 10.1007/s11467-023-1287-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In the macroscopic world, we can obtain some important information through the vibration of objects, that is, listening to the sound. Likewise, we can also get some information of the nanoparticles that we want to know by the means of "listening" in the microscopic world. In this review, we will introduce two sensing methods (cavity optomechanical sensing and surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensing) which can be used to detect the nanoparticles. The cavity optomechanical systems are mainly used to detect sub-gigahertz nanoparticle or cavity vibrations, while surface-enhanced Raman scattering is a well-known technique to detect molecular vibrations whose frequency generally exceeds terahertz. Therefore, the vibrational information of nanoparticles from low-frequency to high-frequency could be obtained by these two methods. The size of the viruses is at the nanoscale and we can regard it as a kind of nanoparticles. Rapid and ultrasensitive detection of the viruses is the key strategies to break the spread of the viruses in the community. Cavity optomechanical sensing enables rapid, ultrasensitive detection of nanoparticles through the interaction of light and mechanical oscillators and surface-enhanced Raman scattering is an attractive qualitatively analytical technique for chemical sensing and biomedical applications, which has been used to detect the SARS-CoV-2 infected. Hence, investigation in these two fields is of vital importance in preventing the spread of the virus from affecting human's life and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083 China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083 China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
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11
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Wu N, Cui K, Xu Q, Feng X, Liu F, Zhang W, Huang Y. On-chip mechanical exceptional points based on an optomechanical zipper cavity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabp8892. [PMID: 36652517 PMCID: PMC9848635 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abp8892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Exceptional points (EPs) represent a distinct type of spectral singularity in non-Hermitian systems, and intriguing physics concepts have been studied with optical EPs recently. As a system beyond photonics, the mechanical oscillators coupling with many physical systems are expected to be further exploited EPs for mechanical sensing, topology energy transfer, nonreciprocal dynamics, etc. In this study, we demonstrated on-chip mechanical EPs with a silicon optomechanical zipper cavity, wherein two near-degenerate mechanical breathing modes are coupled via a single colocalized optical mode. By tailoring the dissipative and coherent couplings between two mechanical oscillators, the spectral splitting with 1/2 order response, a distinctive feature of EP, was observed successfully. Our work provides an integrated platform for investigating the physics related to mechanical EPs on silicon chips and suggests their possible applications for ultrasensitive measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kaiyu Cui
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiancheng Xu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xue Feng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yidong Huang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Graphene nano-electromechanical mass sensor with high resolution at room temperature. iScience 2023; 26:105958. [PMID: 36718371 PMCID: PMC9883292 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.105958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The inherent properties of 2D materials-light mass, high out-of-plane flexibility, and large surface area-promise great potential for precise and accurate nanomechanical mass sensing, but their application is often hampered by surface contamination. Here we demonstrate a tri-layer graphene nanomechanical resonant mass sensor with sub-attogram resolution at room temperature, fabricated by a bottom-up process. We found that Joule-heating is effective in cleaning the graphene membrane surface, which results in a large improvement in the stability of the resonance frequency. We characterized the sensor by depositing Cr metal using a stencil mask and found a mass-resolution that is sufficient to weigh very small particles, like large proteins and protein complexes, with potential applications in the fields of nanobiology and medicine.
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13
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Stachiv I, Kuo CY, Li W. Protein adsorption by nanomechanical mass spectrometry: Beyond the real-time molecular weighting. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 9:1058441. [PMID: 36685281 PMCID: PMC9849248 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1058441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During past decades, enormous progress in understanding the mechanisms of the intermolecular interactions between the protein and surface at the single-molecule level has been achieved. These advances could only be possible by the ongoing development of highly sophisticated experimental methods such as atomic force microscopy, optical microscopy, surface plasmon resonance, ellipsometry, quartz crystal microbalance, conventional mass spectrometry, and, more recently, the nanomechanical systems. Here, we highlight the main findings of recent studies on the label-free single-molecule (protein) detection by nanomechanical systems including those focusing on the protein adsorption on various substrate surfaces. Since the nanomechanical techniques are capable of detecting and manipulating proteins even at the single-molecule level, therefore, they are expected to open a new way of studying the dynamics of protein functions. It is noteworthy that, in contrast to other experimental methods, where only given protein properties like molecular weight or protein stiffness can be determined, the nanomechanical systems enable a real-time measurement of the multiple protein properties (e.g., mass, stiffness, and/or generated surface stress), making them suitable for the study of protein adsorption mechanisms. Moreover, we also discuss the possible future trends in label-free detection and analysis of dynamics of protein complexes with these nanomechanical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Stachiv
- Department of Functional Materials, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia,*Correspondence: Ivo Stachiv,
| | - Chih-Yun Kuo
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Functional Materials, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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14
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Pal A, Kaswan K, Barman SR, Lin YZ, Chung JH, Sharma MK, Liu KL, Chen BH, Wu CC, Lee S, Choi D, Lin ZH. Microfluidic nanodevices for drug sensing and screening applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 219:114783. [PMID: 36257116 PMCID: PMC9533638 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of pandemics (e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 in 2019), influenza A viruses (H1N1 in 2009), etc.), and worldwide spike in the aging population have created unprecedented urgency for developing new drugs to improve disease treatment. As a result, extensive efforts have been made to design novel techniques for efficient drug monitoring and screening, which form the backbone of drug development. Compared to traditional techniques, microfluidics-based platforms have emerged as promising alternatives for high-throughput drug screening due to their inherent miniaturization characteristics, low sample consumption, integration, and compatibility with diverse analytical strategies. Moreover, the microfluidic-based models utilizing human cells to produce in-vitro biomimetics of the human body pave new ways to predict more accurate drug effects in humans. This review provides a comprehensive summary of different microfluidics-based drug sensing and screening strategies and briefly discusses their advantages. Most importantly, an in-depth outlook of the commonly used detection techniques integrated with microfluidic chips for highly sensitive drug screening is provided. Then, the influence of critical parameters such as sensing materials and microfluidic platform geometries on screening performance is summarized. This review also outlines the recent applications of microfluidic approaches for screening therapeutic and illicit drugs. Moreover, the current challenges and the future perspective of this research field is elaborately highlighted, which we believe will contribute immensely towards significant achievements in all aspects of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Pal
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan; International Intercollegiate PhD Program, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kuldeep Kaswan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan; International Intercollegiate PhD Program, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Snigdha Roy Barman
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan; International Intercollegiate PhD Program, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Zih Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Hsuan Chung
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Manish Kumar Sharma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Lin Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Huan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan; International Intercollegiate PhD Program, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan; Center of Quality Management, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, 30059, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan; Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Zhunan, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Sangmin Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea.
| | - Dongwhi Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering (Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi, 17104, South Korea.
| | - Zong-Hong Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan; International Intercollegiate PhD Program, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan; Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan; Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering (Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi, 17104, South Korea.
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15
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Asano M, Yamaguchi H, Okamoto H. Free-access optomechanical liquid probes using a twin-microbottle resonator. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq2502. [PMID: 36322654 PMCID: PMC9629741 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq2502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cavity optomechanics provides high-performance sensor technology, and the scheme is also applicable to liquid samples for biological and rheological applications. However, previously reported methods using fluidic capillary channels and liquid droplets are based on fixed-by-design structures and therefore do not allow an active free access to the samples. Here, we demonstrate an alternate technique using a probe-based architecture with a twin-microbottle resonator. The probe consists of two microbottle optomechanical resonators, where one bottle (for detection) is immersed in liquid and the other bottle (for readout) is placed in air, which retains excellent detection performance through the high optical Q (~107) of the readout bottle. The scheme allows the detection of thermomechanical motion of the detection bottle as well as optomechanical drive and frequency tracking with a phase-locked loop. This technique could lead to in situ metrology at the target location in arbitrary media and could be extended to ultrasensitive biochips and rheometers.
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16
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Shin J, Ryu Y, Miri MA, Shim SB, Choi H, Alù A, Suh J, Cha J. On-Chip Microwave Frequency Combs in a Superconducting Nanoelectromechanical Device. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:5459-5465. [PMID: 35708318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanomechanical resonances coupled to microwave cavities can be excited, measured, and controlled simultaneously using electromechanical back-action phenomena. Examples of these effects include sideband cooling and amplification, which are commonly described through linear equations of motion governed by an effective optomechanical Hamiltonian. However, this linear approximation is invalid when the pump-induced cavity microwave field is large enough to trigger optomechanical nonlinearities, resulting in phenomena like frequency combs. Here, we employ a niobium-based superconducting electromechanical device to explore the generation of microwave frequency combs. We observe the formation of combs around a microwave resonant frequency (3.78 GHz) with 8-MHz frequency spacing, equal to the mechanical resonant frequency. We investigate their dynamics for different optomechanical parameters, including detuning, pump powers, and cavity decay rates. Our experimental results show excellent agreement with numerical modeling. These electromechanical frequency combs can be beneficial in nanomechanical sensing applications that require precise electrical tracking of mechanical resonant frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Shin
- Quantum Technology Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
| | - Younghun Ryu
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Mohammad-Ali Miri
- Department of Physics, Queens College of the City University of New York, Queens, New York 11367, United States
- Physics Program, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Seung-Bo Shim
- Quantum Technology Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
| | - Hyoungsoon Choi
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Andrea Alù
- Physics Program, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Junho Suh
- Quantum Technology Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
| | - Jinwoong Cha
- Quantum Technology Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
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17
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Reschovsky BJ, Long DA, Zhou F, Bao Y, Allen RA, LeBrun TW, Gorman JJ. Intrinsically accurate sensing with an optomechanical accelerometer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:19510-19523. [PMID: 36221725 DOI: 10.1364/oe.457499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a microfabricated optomechanical accelerometer that is capable of percent-level accuracy without external calibration. To achieve this capability, we use a mechanical model of the device behavior that can be characterized by the thermal noise response along with an optical frequency comb readout method that enables high sensitivity, high bandwidth, high dynamic range, and SI-traceable displacement measurements. The resulting intrinsic accuracy was evaluated over a wide frequency range by comparing to a primary vibration calibration system and local gravity. The average agreement was found to be 2.1 % for the calibration system between 0.1 kHz and 15 kHz and better than 0.2 % for the static acceleration. This capability has the potential to replace costly external calibrations and improve the accuracy of inertial guidance systems and remotely deployed accelerometers. Due to the fundamental nature of the intrinsic accuracy approach, it could be extended to other optomechanical transducers, including force and pressure sensors.
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18
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Li G, Wu Y, Zhang YL, He B, Lin Q. Ultra-high resolution mass sensing based on an optomechanical nonlinearity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:15858-15876. [PMID: 36221442 DOI: 10.1364/oe.454812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-high resolution mass sensing used to be realized by measuring the changed mechanical oscillation frequency by a small mass that should be detected. In this work we present a different approach of mass sensing without directly measuring such mechanical frequency change but relying on the modified light field due to a previously less explored nonlinear mechanism of optomechanical interaction. The concerned optomechanical setup used for the mass sensing is driven by a sufficiently strong two-tone field satisfying a condition that the difference of these two drive frequencies matches the frequency of the mechanical oscillation, so that a nonlinear effect will come into being and lock the mechanical motion under the radiation pressure into a series of fixed orbits. A small mass attached to the mechanical resonator slightly changes the mechanical frequency, thus violating the exact frequency match condition. Such small change can be detected by the amplitude modification on the higher order sidebands of the cavity field. Even given a moderate mechanical quality factor for the setup, the added mass can still be detected to the levels corresponding to a mechanical frequency shift from 5 to 7 order less than the mechanical damping rate. Because the output cavity field difference for very close values of mechanical frequency is not blurred by thermal noise, such mass sensing can be well performed at room temperature. The previous tough requirements for ultra-high resolution mass sensing can be significantly relaxed by the method.
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19
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Erdogan RT, Alkhaled M, Kaynak BE, Alhmoud H, Pisheh HS, Kelleci M, Karakurt I, Yanik C, Şen ZB, Sari B, Yagci AM, Özkul A, Hanay MS. Atmospheric Pressure Mass Spectrometry of Single Viruses and Nanoparticles by Nanoelectromechanical Systems. ACS NANO 2022; 16:3821-3833. [PMID: 35785967 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c08423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry of intact nanoparticles and viruses can serve as a potent characterization tool for material science and biophysics. Inaccessible by widespread commercial techniques, the mass of single nanoparticles and viruses (>10MDa) can be readily measured by nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS)-based mass spectrometry, where charged and isolated analyte particles are generated by electrospray ionization (ESI) in air and transported onto the NEMS resonator for capture and detection. However, the applicability of NEMS as a practical solution is hindered by their miniscule surface area, which results in poor limit-of-detection and low capture efficiency values. Another hindrance is the necessity to house the NEMS inside complex vacuum systems, which is required in part to focus analytes toward the miniscule detection surface of the NEMS. Here, we overcome both limitations by integrating an ion lens onto the NEMS chip. The ion lens is composed of a polymer layer, which charges up by receiving part of the ions incoming from the ESI tip and consequently starts to focus the analytes toward an open window aligned with the active area of the NEMS electrostatically. With this integrated system, we have detected the mass of gold and polystyrene nanoparticles under ambient conditions and with two orders-of-magnitude improvement in capture efficiency compared to the state-of-the-art. We then applied this technology to obtain the mass spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 and BoHV-1 virions. With the increase in analytical throughput, the simplicity of the overall setup, and the operation capability under ambient conditions, the technique demonstrates that NEMS mass spectrometry can be deployed for mass detection of engineered nanoparticles and biological samples efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cenk Yanik
- Sabancı University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Burak Sari
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabancı University, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Aykut Özkul
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Ankara University, 06110 Ankara, Turkey
- Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, 06135 Ankara, Turkey
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20
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Lamberti FR, Palanchoke U, Geurts TPJ, Gely M, Regord S, Banniard L, Sansa M, Favero I, Jourdan G, Hentz S. Real-Time Sensing with Multiplexed Optomechanical Resonators. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:1866-1873. [PMID: 35170318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanoelectromechanical resonators have been successfully used for a variety of sensing applications. Their extreme resolution comes from their small size, which strongly limits their capture area. This leads to a long analysis time and the requirement for large sample quantity. Moreover, the efficiency of the electrical transductions commonly used for silicon resonators degrades with increasing frequency, limiting the achievable mechanical bandwidth and throughput. Multiplexing a large number of high-frequency resonators appears to be a solution, but this is complex with electrical transductions. We propose here a route to solve these issues, with a multiplexing scheme for very high-frequency optomechanical resonators. We demonstrate the simultaneous frequency measurement of three silicon microdisks fabricated with a 200 mm wafer large-scale process. The readout architecture is simple and does not degrade the sensing resolutions. This paves the way toward the realization of sensors for multiparametric analysis with an extremely low limit of detection and response time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marc Gely
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Louise Banniard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marc Sansa
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ivan Favero
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, CNRS UMR 7162, Université de Paris, 75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Sébastien Hentz
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000 Grenoble, France
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21
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Sbarra S, Waquier L, Suffit S, Lemaître A, Favero I. Multimode Optomechanical Weighting of a Single Nanoparticle. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:710-715. [PMID: 35020404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate multimode optomechanical sensing of individual nanoparticles with a radius between 75 and 150 nm. A semiconductor optomechanical disk resonator is optically driven and detected under ambient conditions, as nebulized nanoparticles land on it. Multiple mechanical and optical resonant signals of the disk are tracked simultaneously, providing access to several pieces of physical information about the landing analyte in real time. Thanks to a fast camera registering the time and position of landing, these signals can be employed to weight each nanoparticle with precision. Sources of error and deviation are discussed and modeled, indicating a path to evaluate the elasticity of the nanoparticles on top of their mere mass. The device is optimized for the future investigation of biological particles in the high megadalton range, such as large viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Sbarra
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS, UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, Paris 75013, France
| | - Louis Waquier
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS, UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, Paris 75013, France
| | - Stephan Suffit
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS, UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, Paris 75013, France
| | - Aristide Lemaître
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, UMR 9001, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau 91120, France
| | - Ivan Favero
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS, UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, Paris 75013, France
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22
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Requirements and attributes of nano-resonator mass spectrometry for the analysis of intact viral particles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:7147-7156. [PMID: 34235570 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03511-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
When studying viruses, the most prevalent aspects that come to mind are their structural and functional features, but this leaves in the shadows a quite universal characteristic: their mass. Even if approximations can be derived from size and density measurements, the multi MDa to GDa mass range, featuring a majority of viruses, has so far remained largely unexplored. Recently, nano-electromechanical resonator-based mass spectrometry (NEMS-MS) has demonstrated the ability to measure the mass of intact DNA filled viral capsids in excess of 100 MDa. However, multiple factors have to be taken in consideration when performing NEMS-MS measurements. In this article, phenomena influencing NEMS-MS mass estimates are listed and discussed, including some particle's extraneous physical properties (size, aspect ratio, stiffness), and the influence of frequency noise and device fabrication defects. These factors being accounted for, we could begin to notice subtler effects linked with (e.g.) particle desolvation as a function of operating parameters. Graphical abstract.
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23
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Allain PE, Guha B, Baker C, Parrain D, Lemaître A, Leo G, Favero I. Electro-Optomechanical Modulation Instability in a Semiconductor Resonator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:243901. [PMID: 34213944 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.243901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In semiconductor nano-optomechanical resonators, several forms of light-matter interaction can enrich the canonical radiation pressure coupling of light and mechanical motion and give rise to new dynamical regimes. Here, we observe an electro-optomechanical modulation instability in a gallium arsenide disk resonator. The regime is evidenced by the concomitant formation of regular and dense combs in the radio-frequency and optical spectrums of the resonator associated with a permanent pulsatory dynamics of the mechanical motion and optical intensity. The mutual coupling between light, mechanical oscillations, carriers, and heat, notably through photothermal interactions, stabilizes an extended mechanical comb in the ultrahigh frequency range that can be controlled optically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Etienne Allain
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
| | - Biswarup Guha
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Baker
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
| | - David Parrain
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
| | - Aristide Lemaître
- Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies, CNRS UMR 9001, Université Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Giuseppe Leo
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
| | - Ivan Favero
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
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24
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Rodriguez A, Priya P, Ortiz O, Senellart P, Gomez-Carbonell C, Lemaître A, Esmann M, Lanzillotti-Kimura ND. Fiber-based angular filtering for high-resolution Brillouin spectroscopy in the 20-300 GHz frequency range. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:2637-2646. [PMID: 33726455 DOI: 10.1364/oe.415228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Brillouin spectroscopy emerges as a promising non-invasive tool for nanoscale imaging and sensing. One-dimensional semiconductor superlattice structures are eminently used for selectively enhancing the generation or detection of phonons at few GHz. While commercially available Brillouin spectrometers provide high-resolution spectra, they consist of complex experimental techniques and are not suitable for semiconductor cavities operating at a wide range of optical wavelengths. We develop a pragmatic experimental approach for conventional Brillouin spectroscopy that can integrate a widely tunable excitation-source. Our setup combines a fibered-based angular filtering and a spectral filtering based on a rotating single etalon and a double grating spectrometer for sequential reconstruction of Brillouin spectra. This configuration allows probing confined acoustic phonon modes in the 20-300 GHz frequency range with excellent laser rejection and high spectral resolution. Remarkably, our scheme based on the excitation and collection of the enhanced Brillouin scattering signals through the optical cavity allows for better angular filtering with decreasing phonon frequency. It can be implemented for the study of cavity optomechanics and stimulated Brillouin scattering over broadband optical and acoustic frequency ranges.
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