1
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Li Y, Singh S, Breckenridge HA, Cui TX, Vigil TM, Kreger JE, Lei J, Wong HKA, Sajjakulnukit P, Zhou X, Kelley Bentley J, Lyssiotis CA, Mortensen RM, Hershenson MB. Itaconate suppresses house dust mite-induced allergic airways disease and Th2 cell differentiation. Mucosal Immunol 2024:S1933-0219(24)00082-5. [PMID: 39147278 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Itaconate was initially identified as an antimicrobial compound produced by myeloid cells. Beyond its antimicrobial role, itaconate may also serve as a crucial metabolic and immune modulator. We therefore examined the roles of aconitate decarboxylase 1 (Acod1) and itaconate in house dust mite (HDM)-sensitized and -challenged mice, a model of T helper 2 (Th2)-driven allergic airways disease. HDM treatment induced lung Acod1 mRNA expression and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) itaconate levels in wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Acod1 knockout mice (Acod1-KO) with negligible BAL itaconate showed heightened HDM-induced type 2 cytokine expression, increased serum IgE, and enhanced recruitment of Th2 cells in the lung, indicating a shift towards a more pronounced Th2 immune response. Acod1-KO mice also showed increased eosinophilic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. Experiments in chimeric mice demonstrated that bone marrow from Acod1-KO mice is sufficient to increase type 2 cytokine expression in wild-type mice, and that restitution of bone marrow from wild type mice attenuates mRNA expression of Th2 cytokines in Acod1-KO mice. Specific deletion of Acod1 in lysozyme-secreting macrophages (LysM-cre+Acod1flox/flox) recapitulated the exaggerated phenotype observed in whole-body Acod1-KO mice. Adoptive transfer of Acod1-KO bone marrow-derived macrophages also increased lung mRNA expression of Th2 cytokines. In addition, treatment of Th2-polarized CD4 cells with itaconate impeded Th2 cell differentiation, as shown by reduced expression of Gata3 and decreased release of IL-5 and IL-13. Finally, public datasets of human samples show lower Acod1 expression in subjects with allergic asthma, consistent with a protective role of itaconate in asthma pathogenesis. Together, these data suggest that itaconate plays a protective, immunomodulatory role in limiting airway type 2 inflammation after allergen challenge by attenuating T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Tracy X Cui
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Jing Lei
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Harrison K A Wong
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter Sajjakulnukit
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard M Mortensen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marc B Hershenson
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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2
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Chen C, Liu C, Sun P, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Liu P, Li X. Itaconate uptake via SLC13A3 improves hepatic antibacterial innate immunity. Dev Cell 2024:S1534-5807(24)00448-9. [PMID: 39116875 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Itaconate is an immunoregulatory metabolite produced by the mitochondrial enzyme immune-responsive gene 1 (IRG1) in inflammatory macrophages. We recently identified an important mechanism by which itaconate is released from inflammatory macrophages. However, it remains unknown whether extracellular itaconate is taken up by non-myeloid cells to exert immunoregulatory functions. Here, we used a custom-designed CRISPR screen to identify the dicarboxylate transporter solute carrier family 13 member 3 (SLC13A3) as an itaconate importer and to characterize the role of SLC13A3 in itaconate-improved hepatic antibacterial innate immunity. Functionally, liver-specific deletion of Slc13a3 impairs hepatic antibacterial innate immunity in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, itaconate uptake via SLC13A3 induces transcription factor EB (TFEB)-dependent lysosomal biogenesis and subsequently improves antibacterial innate immunity in mouse hepatocytes. These findings identify SLC13A3 as a key itaconate importer in mouse hepatocytes and will aid in the development of potent itaconate-based antibacterial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Caiyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengkai Sun
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xinjian Li
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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3
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Danieli MG, Casciaro M, Paladini A, Bartolucci M, Sordoni M, Shoenfeld Y, Gangemi S. Exposome: Epigenetics and autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2024; 23:103584. [PMID: 39097180 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Systemic autoimmune diseases are complex conditions characterized by an immune system dysregulation and an aberrant activation against self-antigens, leading to tissue and organ damage. Even though genetic predisposition plays a role, it cannot fully explain the onset of these diseases, highlighting the significant impact of non-heritable influences such as environment, hormones and infections. The exposome represents all those factors, ranging from chemical pollutants and dietary components to psychological stressors and infectious agents. Epigenetics, which studies changes in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence, is a crucial link between exposome and the development of autoimmune diseases. Key epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs. These epigenetic modifications could provide a potential piece of the puzzle in understanding systemic autoimmune diseases and their connection with the exposome. In this work we have collected the most important and recent evidence in epigenetic changes linked to systemic autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus, idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, ANCA-associated vasculitis, and rheumatoid arthritis), emphasizing the roles these changes may play in disease pathogenesis, their potential as diagnostic biomarkers and their prospective in the development of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Danieli
- SOS Immunologia delle Malattie Rare e dei Trapianti, AOU delle Marche & Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Torrette di Ancona, Italy; Postgraduate School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Marco Casciaro
- Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Alberto Paladini
- PostGraduate School of Internal Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Martina Bartolucci
- Postgraduate School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Martina Sordoni
- Postgraduate School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel; Reichman University, Herzelia 46101, Israel.
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy.
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Kong X, Xu L, Mou Z, Lyu W, Shan K, Wang L, Liu F, Rong F, Li J, Wei P. The anti-inflammatory effects of itaconate and its derivatives in neurological disorders. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 78:37-49. [PMID: 38981775 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Almost 16 % of the global population is affected by neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative and cerebral neuroimmune diseases, triggered by acute or chronic inflammation. Neuroinflammation is recognized as a common pathogenic mechanism in a wide array of neurological conditions including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, postoperative cognitive dysfunction, stroke, traumatic brain injury, and multiple sclerosis. Inflammatory process in the central nervous system (CNS) can lead to neuronal damage and neuronal apoptosis, consequently exacerbating these diseases. Itaconate, an immunomodulatory metabolite from the tricarboxylic acid cycle, suppresses neuroinflammation and modulates the CNS immune response. Emerging human studies suggest that itaconate levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid may serve as biomarkers associated with inflammatory responses in neurological disorders. Preclinical studies have shown that itaconate and its highly cell-permeable derivatives are promising candidates for preventing and treating neuroinflammation-related neurological disorders. The underlying mechanism may involve the regulation of immune cells in the CNS and neuroinflammation-related signaling pathways and molecules including Nrf2/KEAP1 signaling pathway, reactive oxygen species, and NLRP3 inflammasome. Here, we introduce the metabolism and function of itaconate and the synthesis and development of its derivatives. We summarize the potential impact and therapeutic potential of itaconate and its derivatives on brain immune cells and the associated signaling pathways and molecules, based on preclinical evidence via various neurological disorder models. We also discuss the challenges and potential solutions for clinical translation to promote further research on itaconate and its derivatives for neuroinflammation-related neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Kong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, China; Laboratory of Anesthesia and Brain Function, Qilu hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, China; Laboratory of Anesthesia and Brain Function, Qilu hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Zheng Mou
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenyuan Lyu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, China; Laboratory of Anesthesia and Brain Function, Qilu hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Kaiyue Shan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, China; Laboratory of Anesthesia and Brain Function, Qilu hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Longfei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, China; Laboratory of Anesthesia and Brain Function, Qilu hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Fanghao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, China; Laboratory of Anesthesia and Brain Function, Qilu hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Fei Rong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, China; Laboratory of Anesthesia and Brain Function, Qilu hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, China; Laboratory of Anesthesia and Brain Function, Qilu hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Penghui Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, China; Laboratory of Anesthesia and Brain Function, Qilu hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, China.
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5
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McGettrick AF, Bourner LA, Dorsey FC, O'Neill LAJ. Metabolic Messengers: itaconate. Nat Metab 2024:10.1038/s42255-024-01092-x. [PMID: 39060560 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-01092-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The metabolite itaconate has emerged as an important immunoregulator with roles in antibacterial defence, inhibition of inflammation and, more recently, as an inhibitory factor in obesity. Itaconate is one of the most upregulated metabolites in inflammatory macrophages. It is produced owing to the disturbance of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the diversion of aconitate to itaconate via the enzyme aconitate decarboxylase 1. In immunology, initial studies concentrated on the role of itaconate in inflammatory macrophages where it was shown to be inhibitory, but this has expanded as the impact of itaconate on other cell types is starting to emerge. This review focuses on itaconate as a key immunoregulatory metabolite and describes its diverse mechanisms of action and its many impacts on the immune and inflammatory responses and in cancer. We also examine the clinical relevance of this immunometabolite and its therapeutic potential for immune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F McGettrick
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - L A Bourner
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - F C Dorsey
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - L A J O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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6
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Booty LM. Highlight of 2023: The metabolic symphony - orchestrating T-cell immunity. Immunol Cell Biol 2024; 102:414-418. [PMID: 38629880 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The significance of metabolites in orchestrating immune cells is now recognized to be on par with other key immune modulators, such as cytokines or chemokines. Seminal discoveries have now been built upon with discoveries that have acted to take the discipline to new heights, particularly in T-cell immunity. This accelerated progress has uncovered a plethora of opportunities for pharmacological intervention, with the aim of harnessing immunometabolism for refined immune modulation across several pathologies. This Research Highlight focuses on the latest breakthroughs during 2023 from the preceding year that provide mechanistic insight, as well as viable translational opportunities, in the field of T-cell immunometabolism.
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7
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Shan W, Cui J, Song Y, Yan D, Feng L, Jian Y, Yi W, Sun Y. Itaconate as a key player in cardiovascular immunometabolism. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 219:64-75. [PMID: 38604314 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.04.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally, resulting in a major health burden. Thus, an urgent need exists for exploring effective therapeutic targets to block progression of CVDs and improve patient prognoses. Immune and inflammatory responses are involved in the development of atherosclerosis, ischemic myocardial damage responses and repair, calcification, and stenosis of the aortic valve. These responses can involve both large and small blood vessels throughout the body, leading to increased blood pressure and end-organ damage. While exploring potential avenues for therapeutic intervention in CVDs, researchers have begun to focus on immune metabolism, where metabolic changes that occur in immune cells in response to exogenous or endogenous stimuli can influence immune cell effector responses and local immune signaling. Itaconate, an intermediate metabolite of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, is related to pathophysiological processes, including cellular metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammatory immune responses. The expression of immune response gene 1 (IRG1) is upregulated in activated macrophages, and this gene encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the production of itaconate from the TCA cycle intermediate, cis-aconitate. Itaconate and its derivatives have exerted cardioprotective effects through immune modulation in various disease models, such as ischemic heart disease, valvular heart disease, vascular disease, heart transplantation, and chemotherapy drug-induced cardiotoxicity, implying their therapeutic potential in CVDs. In this review, we delve into the associated signaling pathways through which itaconate exerts immunomodulatory effects, summarize its specific roles in CVDs, and explore emerging immunological therapeutic strategies for managing CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenju Shan
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Cui
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yujie Song
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dongxu Yan
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Linqi Feng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuhong Jian
- Department of General Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Yi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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8
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Verheijen FWM, Tran TNM, Chang J, Broere F, Zaal EA, Berkers CR. Deciphering metabolic crosstalk in context: lessons from inflammatory diseases. Mol Oncol 2024; 18:1759-1776. [PMID: 38275212 PMCID: PMC11223610 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolism plays a crucial role in regulating the function of immune cells in both health and disease, with altered metabolism contributing to the pathogenesis of cancer and many inflammatory diseases. The local microenvironment has a profound impact on the metabolism of immune cells. Therefore, immunological and metabolic heterogeneity as well as the spatial organization of cells in tissues should be taken into account when studying immunometabolism. Here, we highlight challenges of investigating metabolic communication. Additionally, we review the capabilities and limitations of current technologies for studying metabolism in inflamed microenvironments, including single-cell omics techniques, flow cytometry-based methods (Met-Flow, single-cell energetic metabolism by profiling translation inhibition (SCENITH)), cytometry by time of flight (CyTOF), cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing (CITE-Seq), and mass spectrometry imaging. Considering the importance of metabolism in regulating immune cells in diseased states, we also discuss the applications of metabolomics in clinical research, as well as some hurdles to overcome to implement these techniques in standard clinical practice. Finally, we provide a flowchart to assist scientists in designing effective strategies to unravel immunometabolism in disease-relevant contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenne W. M. Verheijen
- Division of Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Thi N. M. Tran
- Division of Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular ResearchUtrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Jung‐Chin Chang
- Division of Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Femke Broere
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Esther A. Zaal
- Division of Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Celia R. Berkers
- Division of Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
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Tada M, Kudo Y, Kono M, Kanda M, Takeyama S, Sakiyama K, Ishizu H, Shimizu T, Endo T, Hisada R, Fujieda Y, Kato M, Amengual O, Iwasaki N, Atsumi T. Itaconate reduces proliferation and migration of fibroblast-like synoviocytes and ameliorates arthritis models. Clin Immunol 2024; 264:110255. [PMID: 38763433 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) play critical roles in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Itaconate (ITA), an endogenous metabolite derived from the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, has attracted attention because of its anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antimicrobial effects. This study evaluated the effect of ITA on FLS and its potential to treat RA. ITA significantly decreased FLS proliferation and migration in vitro, as well as mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis measured by an extracellular flux analyzer. ITA accumulates metabolites including succinate and citrate in the TCA cycle. In rats with type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), intra-articular injection of ITA reduced arthritis and bone erosion. Irg1-deficient mice lacking the ability to produce ITA had more severe arthritis than control mice in the collagen antibody-induced arthritis. ITA ameliorated CIA by inhibiting FLS proliferation and migration. Thus, ITA may be a novel therapeutic agent for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tada
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kudo
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Michihito Kono
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Masatoshi Kanda
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shuhei Takeyama
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kodai Sakiyama
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hotaka Ishizu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Shimizu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Endo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryo Hisada
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Fujieda
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaru Kato
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Olga Amengual
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Norimasa Iwasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Atsumi
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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10
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Ye D, Wang P, Chen LL, Guan KL, Xiong Y. Itaconate in host inflammation and defense. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024; 35:586-606. [PMID: 38448252 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Immune cells undergo rapid and extensive metabolic changes during inflammation. In addition to contributing to energetic and biosynthetic demands, metabolites can also function as signaling molecules. Itaconate (ITA) rapidly accumulates to high levels in myeloid cells under infectious and sterile inflammatory conditions. This metabolite binds to and regulates the function of diverse proteins intracellularly to influence metabolism, oxidative response, epigenetic modification, and gene expression and to signal extracellularly through binding the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Administration of ITA protects against inflammatory diseases and blockade of ITA production enhances antitumor immunity in preclinical models. In this article, we review ITA metabolism and its regulation, discuss its target proteins and mechanisms, and conjecture a rationale for developing ITA-based therapeutics to treat inflammatory diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ye
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Pu Wang
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei-Lei Chen
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Xiong
- Cullgen Inc., 12730 High Bluff Drive, San Diego, CA 92130, USA.
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11
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Certo M, Rahimzadeh M, Mauro C. Immunometabolism in atherosclerosis: a new understanding of an old disease. Trends Biochem Sci 2024:S0968-0004(24)00146-4. [PMID: 38937222 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2024.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory condition, remains a leading cause of death globally, necessitating innovative approaches to target pro-atherogenic pathways. Recent advancements in the field of immunometabolism have highlighted the crucial interplay between metabolic pathways and immune cell function in atherogenic milieus. Macrophages and T cells undergo dynamic metabolic reprogramming to meet the demands of activation and differentiation, influencing plaque progression. Furthermore, metabolic intermediates intricately regulate immune cell responses and atherosclerosis development. Understanding the metabolic control of immune responses in atherosclerosis, known as athero-immunometabolism, offers new avenues for preventive and therapeutic interventions. This review elucidates the emerging intricate interplay between metabolism and immunity in atherosclerosis, underscoring the significance of metabolic enzymes and metabolites as key regulators of disease pathogenesis and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelangelo Certo
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Mahsa Rahimzadeh
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Claudio Mauro
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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12
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Carbone F, Colamatteo A, La Rocca C, Lepore MT, Russo C, De Rosa G, Matarese A, Procaccini C, Matarese G. Metabolic Plasticity of Regulatory T Cells in Health and Autoimmunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1859-1866. [PMID: 38830147 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2400079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Immunometabolism has been demonstrated to control immune tolerance and the pathogenic events leading to autoimmunity. Compelling experimental evidence also suggests that intracellular metabolic programs influence differentiation, phenotype, proliferation, and effector functions of anti-inflammatory CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells. Indeed, alterations in intracellular metabolism associate with quantitative and qualitative impairments of Treg cells in several pathological conditions. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances linking how metabolic pathways control Treg cell homeostasis and their alterations occurring in autoimmunity. Also, we analyze how metabolic manipulations could be employed to restore Treg cell frequency and function with the aim to create novel therapeutic opportunities to halt immune-mediated disorders.
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Grants
- 2022LNHZAP Ministero dell''''Istruzione, dell''''Università e della Ricerca (MIUR)
- PE00000007 Ministero dell''''Istruzione, dell''''Università e della Ricerca (MIUR)
- PE00000006 Ministero dell''''Istruzione, dell''''Università e della Ricerca (MIUR)
- RF-2019-12371111 Italy Ministry of Health | Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco, Ministero della Salute (AIFA)
- PNRR-MAD-2022-12375634 Italy Ministry of Health | Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco, Ministero della Salute (AIFA)
- GR-2018-12366154 Italy Ministry of Health | Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco, Ministero della Salute (AIFA)
- 2022-PRsingle/013 Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla (FISM)
- P2022T4PKT Ministero dell''''Istruzione, dell''''Università e della Ricerca (MIUR)
- PNRR-MAD-2022-12376126 Italy Ministry of Health | Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco, Ministero della Salute (AIFA)
- GR-2021-12373337 Italy Ministry of Health | Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco, Ministero della Salute (AIFA)
- 2022YMJXYT Ministero dell''''Istruzione, dell''''Università e della Ricerca (MIUR)
- P2022CMK43 Ministero dell''''Istruzione, dell''''Università e della Ricerca (MIUR)
- 20225KH7BZ Ministero dell''''Istruzione, dell''''Università e della Ricerca (MIUR)
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Affiliation(s)
- Fortunata Carbone
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore," Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy
- Unità di Neuroimmunologia, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Colamatteo
- Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II," Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudia La Rocca
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore," Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Lepore
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore," Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudia Russo
- D.A.I. Medicina di Laboratorio e Trasfusionale, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria "Federico II," Napoli, Italy
| | - Giusy De Rosa
- Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II," Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandro Matarese
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II," Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudio Procaccini
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore," Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy
- Unità di Neuroimmunologia, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore," Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy
- Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II," Napoli, Italy
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13
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Hisada R, Kono M. Potential therapies targeting metabolic pathways in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Immunol 2024; 263:110224. [PMID: 38648959 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is multifactorial and involves alterations in metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Increased glycolysis in SLE T cells, which is associated with elevated glucose transporter 1 expression, suggests targeting glucose transporters and hexokinase as potential treatments. Abnormalities in lipid metabolism, particularly in lipid rafts and enzymes, present new therapeutic targets. This review discusses how changes in glutaminolysis and tryptophan metabolism affect T-cell function, suggesting new therapeutic interventions, as well as mitochondrial dysfunction in SLE, which increases reactive oxygen species. The review also emphasizes that modulating metabolic pathways in immune cells is a promising approach for SLE treatment, and can facilitate personalized therapies based on individual metabolic profiles of patients with SLE. The review provides novel insights into strategies for managing SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Hisada
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan.
| | - Michihito Kono
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan.
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14
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Tang Y, Cui G, Liu H, Han Y, Cai C, Feng Z, Shen H, Zeng S. Converting "cold" to "hot": epigenetics strategies to improve immune therapy effect by regulating tumor-associated immune suppressive cells. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2024; 44:601-636. [PMID: 38715348 PMCID: PMC11194457 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Significant developments in cancer treatment have been made since the advent of immune therapies. However, there are still some patients with malignant tumors who do not benefit from immunotherapy. Tumors without immunogenicity are called "cold" tumors which are unresponsive to immunotherapy, and the opposite are "hot" tumors. Immune suppressive cells (ISCs) refer to cells which can inhibit the immune response such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), regulatory T (Treg) cells and so on. The more ISCs infiltrated, the weaker the immunogenicity of the tumor, showing the characteristics of "cold" tumor. The dysfunction of ISCs in the tumor microenvironment (TME) may play essential roles in insensitive therapeutic reaction. Previous studies have found that epigenetic mechanisms play an important role in the regulation of ISCs. Regulating ISCs may be a new approach to transforming "cold" tumors into "hot" tumors. Here, we focused on the function of ISCs in the TME and discussed how epigenetics is involved in regulating ISCs. In addition, we summarized the mechanisms by which the epigenetic drugs convert immunotherapy-insensitive tumors into immunotherapy-sensitive tumors which would be an innovative tendency for future immunotherapy in "cold" tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Tang
- Department of OncologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP. R. China
| | - Guangzu Cui
- Department of OncologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP. R. China
| | - Haicong Liu
- Department of OncologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP. R. China
| | - Ying Han
- Department of OncologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP. R. China
| | - Changjing Cai
- Department of OncologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP. R. China
| | - Ziyang Feng
- Department of OncologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP. R. China
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of OncologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP. R. China
- National Clinical Resaerch Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Shan Zeng
- Department of OncologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP. R. China
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15
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Choudhury SR, Byrum SD, Blossom SJ. Trichloroethylene metabolite modulates DNA methylation-dependent gene expression in Th1-polarized CD4+ T cells from autoimmune-prone mice. Toxicol Sci 2024; 199:289-300. [PMID: 38518092 PMCID: PMC11131021 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is an industrial solvent and widespread environmental contaminant associated with CD4+ T-cell activation and autoimmune disease. Prior studies showed that exposure to TCE in the drinking water of autoimmune-prone mice expanded effector/memory CD4+ T cells with an interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-secreting Th1-like phenotype. However, very little is known how TCE exposure skews CD4+ T cells towards this pro-inflammatory Th1 subset. As observed previously, TCE exposure was associated with hypermethylation of regions of the genome related to transcriptional repression in purified effector/memory CD4 T cells. We hypothesized that TCE modulates transcriptional and/or epigenetic programming of CD4+ T cells as they differentiate from a naive to effector phenotype. In the current study, purified naive CD4 T cells from both male and female autoimmune-prone MRL/MpJ mice were activated ex vivo and polarized towards a Th1 subset for 4 days in the presence or absence of the oxidative metabolite of TCE, trichloroacetaldehyde hydrate (TCAH) in vitro. An RNA-seq assessment and reduced representation bisulfite sequencing for DNA methylation were conducted on Th1 cells or activated, non-polarized cells. The results demonstrated TCAH's ability to regulate key genes involved in the immune response and autoimmunity, including Ifng, by altering the level of DNA methylation at the gene promoter. Intriguing sex differences were observed and for the most part, the effects were more robust in females compared to males. In conclusion, TCE via TCAH epigenetically regulates gene expression in CD4+ T cells. These results may have implications for mechanistic understanding or future therapeutics for autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrat Roy Choudhury
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA
| | - Stephanie D Byrum
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
| | - Sarah J Blossom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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16
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Zhao N, Yi M, Zhang LJ, Zhang QX, Yang L. 4-Octyl Itaconate Attenuates Neuroinflammation in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Via Regulating Microglia. Inflammation 2024:10.1007/s10753-024-02050-1. [PMID: 38761250 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-024-02050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Abnormal activation of microglia, the resident macrophages in the central nervous system, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). The immune responsive gene 1(IRG1)/itaconate axis is involved in regulating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. 4-Octyl itaconate (4-OI), a derivative of itaconate, plays a crucial immunomodulatory role in macrophages. This study investigated the effects and mechanisms of action of 4-OI on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and inflammatory BV2 microglia. In an EAE mouse model, clinical evaluation was conducted during the disease course. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to assess inflammatory infiltration and Luxol Fast Blue was used to visualize pathological damage. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to evaluate inflammatory response and microglial function status in EAE mice. BV2 microglia were used to further investigate the effects and mechanisms of action of 4-OI in vitro. 4-OI significantly alleviated the clinical symptoms of EAE, the inflammatory infiltration, and demyelination; reduced the levels of inflammatory factors; and inhibited the classical activation of microglia in the spinal cord. 4-OI successfully suppressed the classical activation of BV2 microglia and decreased the levels of inflammatory factors by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, 4-OI downregulated IRG1 expression in both EAE mice and inflammatory BV2 microglia. 4-OI attenuates the microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and has promising therapeutic effects in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Ming Yi
- Department of The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, China
- Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin-Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Qiu-Xia Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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17
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Yang Y, Li Y, Yang W, Yang X, Luo M, Qin L, Zhu J. Protecting effects of 4-octyl itaconate on neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy via Nrf2 pathway in astrocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:132. [PMID: 38760862 PMCID: PMC11102208 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03121-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is one of the most common neurological problems occurring in the perinatal period. However, there still is not a promising approach to reduce long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of HIE. Recently, itaconate has been found to exhibit anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the therapeutic efficacy of itaconate in HIE remains inconclusive. Therefore, this study attempts to explore the pathophysiological mechanisms of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in HIE as well as the potential therapeutic role of a derivative of itaconate, 4-octyl itaconate (4OI). METHODS We used 7-day-old mice to induce hypoxic-ischemic (HI) model by right common carotid artery ligation followed by 1 h of hypoxia. Behavioral experiments including the Y-maze and novel object recognition test were performed on HI mice at P60 to evaluate long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. We employed an approach combining non-targeted metabolomics with transcriptomics to screen alterations in metabolic profiles and gene expression in the hippocampal tissue of the mice at 8 h after hypoxia. Immunofluorescence staining and RT-PCR were used to evaluate the pathological changes in brain tissue cells and the expression of mRNA and proteins. 4OI was intraperitoneally injected into HI model mice to assess its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. BV2 and C8D1A cells were cultured in vitro to study the effect of 4OI on the expression and nuclear translocation of Nrf2. We also used Nrf2-siRNA to further validate 4OI-induced Nrf2 pathway in astrocytes. RESULTS We found that in the acute phase of HI, there was an accumulation of pyruvate and lactate in the hippocampal tissue, accompanied by oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory, as well as increased expression of antioxidative stress and anti-inflammatory genes. Treatment of 4OI could inhibit activation and proliferation of microglial cells and astrocytes, reduce neuronal death and relieve cognitive dysfunction in HI mice. Furthermore, 4OI enhanced nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor (Nfe2l2; Nrf2) expression and nuclear translocation in astrocytes, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and increased antioxidant enzyme expression. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that 4OI has a potential therapeutic effect on neuronal damage and cognitive deficits in HIE, potentially through the modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress pathways by Nrf2 in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Wenyi Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xueying Yang
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Man Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Cancer Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Junchao Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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18
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Wu J, Sun X, Jiang P. Metabolism-inflammasome crosstalk shapes innate and adaptive immunity. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:884-903. [PMID: 38759617 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are a central component of innate immunity and play a vital role in regulating innate immune response. Activation of inflammasomes is also indispensable for adaptive immunity, modulating the development and response of adaptive immunity. Recently, increasing studies have shown that metabolic alterations and adaptations strongly influence and regulate the differentiation and function of the immune system. In this review, we will take a holistic view of how inflammasomes bridge innate and adaptive (especially T cell) immunity and how inflammasomes crosstalk with metabolic signals during the immune responses. And, special attention will be paid to the metabolic control of inflammasome-mediated interactions between innate and adaptive immunity in disease. Understanding the metabolic regulatory functions of inflammasomes would provide new insights into future research directions in this area and may help to identify potential targets for inflammasome-associated diseases and broaden therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China.
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Kumar V, Stewart Iv JH. Pattern-Recognition Receptors and Immunometabolic Reprogramming: What We Know and What to Explore. J Innate Immun 2024; 16:295-323. [PMID: 38740018 PMCID: PMC11250681 DOI: 10.1159/000539278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evolutionarily, immune response is a complex mechanism that protects the host from internal and external threats. Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize MAMPs, PAMPs, and DAMPs to initiate a protective pro-inflammatory immune response. PRRs are expressed on the cell membranes by TLR1, 2, 4, and 6 and in the cytosolic organelles by TLR3, 7, 8, and 9, NLRs, ALRs, and cGLRs. We know their downstream signaling pathways controlling immunoregulatory and pro-inflammatory immune response. However, the impact of PRRs on metabolic control of immune cells to control their pro- and anti-inflammatory activity has not been discussed extensively. SUMMARY Immune cell metabolism or immunometabolism critically determines immune cells' pro-inflammatory phenotype and function. The current article discusses immunometabolic reprogramming (IR) upon activation of different PRRs, such as TLRs, NLRs, cGLRs, and RLRs. The duration and type of PRR activated, species studied, and location of immune cells to specific organ are critical factors to determine the IR-induced immune response. KEY MESSAGE The work herein describes IR upon TLR, NLR, cGLR, and RLR activation. Understanding IR upon activating different PRRs is critical for designing better immune cell-specific immunotherapeutics and immunomodulators targeting inflammation and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical Education Building-C, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John H Stewart Iv
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical Education Building-C, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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20
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Mizui M, Kono M. Novel therapeutic strategies targeting abnormal T-cell signaling in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Immunol 2024; 262:110182. [PMID: 38458302 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies for autoimmune diseases have been based on the use of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive agents that broadly suppress immune responses. Therefore, organ damage from long-term use and infections due to immunocompromised status have been significant issues. Safer immunosuppressants and biological agents are now available, but there is still an urgent need to develop specific drugs to replace glucocorticoids. T-lymphocytes, central players in immune responses, could be crucial targets in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Extensive research has been conducted on the phenotypic changes of T-cells in systemic lupus erythematosus, which has led to the discovery of various therapeutic strategies. In this comprehensive review, we discuss novel treatment approaches and target molecules with expected effectiveness in humans and mice, based on research for lymphocytes involved in autoimmune diseases, especially T-cells in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Mizui
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Michihito Kono
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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21
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Schofield JH, Longo J, Sheldon RD, Albano E, Ellis AE, Hawk MA, Murphy S, Duong L, Rahmy S, Lu X, Jones RG, Schafer ZT. Acod1 expression in cancer cells promotes immune evasion through the generation of inhibitory peptides. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113984. [PMID: 38520689 PMCID: PMC11090053 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is an important component of many immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapeutic approaches. However, ICB is not an efficacious strategy in a variety of cancer types, in part due to immunosuppressive metabolites in the tumor microenvironment. Here, we find that αPD-1-resistant cancer cells produce abundant itaconate (ITA) due to enhanced levels of aconitate decarboxylase (Acod1). Acod1 has an important role in the resistance to αPD-1, as decreasing Acod1 levels in αPD-1-resistant cancer cells can sensitize tumors to αPD-1 therapy. Mechanistically, cancer cells with high Acod1 inhibit the proliferation of naive CD8+ T cells through the secretion of inhibitory factors. Surprisingly, inhibition of CD8+ T cell proliferation is not dependent on the secretion of ITA but is instead a consequence of the release of small inhibitory peptides. Our study suggests that strategies to counter the activity of Acod1 in cancer cells may sensitize tumors to ICB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Schofield
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Joseph Longo
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Ryan D Sheldon
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Emma Albano
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Abigail E Ellis
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Mark A Hawk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Sean Murphy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Loan Duong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Sharif Rahmy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Russell G Jones
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Zachary T Schafer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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Wang Y, Yang C, Hou Y, Wang J, Zhang K, Wang L, Sun D, Li X, Wei R, Nian H. Dimethyl itaconate inhibits antigen-specific Th17 cell responses and autoimmune inflammation via modulating NRF2/STAT3 signaling. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23607. [PMID: 38581245 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302293rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Pathogenic Th17 cells play a crucial role in autoimmune diseases like uveitis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Dimethyl itaconate (DMI) possesses potent anti-inflammatory effects. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about the role of DMI in regulating pathogenic Th17 cells and EAU. Here, we reported that intraperitoneal administration of DMI significantly inhibited the severity of EAU via selectively suppressing Th17 cell responses. In vitro antigen stimulation studies revealed that DMI dramatically decreased the frequencies and function of antigen-specific Th17, but not Th1, cells. Moreover, DMI hampered the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells toward pathogenic Th17 cells. DMI-treated DCs produced less IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-23, and displayed an impaired ability to stimulate antigen-specific Th17 activation. Mechanistically, DMI activated the NRF2/HO-1 pathway and suppressed STAT3 signaling, which subsequently restrains p-STAT3 nuclear translocation, leading to decreased pathogenic Th17 cell responses. Thus, we have identified an important role for DMI in regulating pathogenic Th17 cells, supporting DMI as a promising therapy in Th17 cell-driven autoimmune diseases including uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yubiao Hou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kailang Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Kidney Diseases and Blood Purification, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruihua Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Nian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Zotta A, O'Neill LAJ, Yin M. Unlocking potential: the role of the electron transport chain in immunometabolism. Trends Immunol 2024; 45:259-273. [PMID: 38503657 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The electron transport chain (ETC) couples electron transfer with proton pumping to generate ATP and it also regulates particular innate and adaptive immune cell function. While NLRP3 inflammasome activation was initially linked to reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced from Complexes I and III, recent research suggests that an intact ETC fueling ATP is needed. Complex II may be responsible for Th1 cell proliferation and in some cases, effector cytokine production. Complex III is required for regulatory T (Treg) cell function, while oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and Complexes I, IV, and V sustain proliferation and antibody production in B lymphocytes, with OXPHOS also being required for B regulatory (Breg) cell function. Despite challenges, the ETC shows therapeutic targeting potential for immune-related diseases and in immuno-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Zotta
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Luke A J O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Maureen Yin
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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24
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Liu X, Chen L, Peng W, Deng H, Ni H, Tong H, Hu H, Wang S, Qian J, Liang A, Chen K. Th17/Treg balance: the bloom and wane in the pathophysiology of sepsis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1356869. [PMID: 38558800 PMCID: PMC10978743 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1356869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a multi-organ dysfunction characterized by an unregulated host response to infection. It is associated with high morbidity, rapid disease progression, and high mortality. Current therapies mainly focus on symptomatic treatment, such as blood volume supplementation and antibiotic use, but their effectiveness is limited. Th17/Treg balance, based on its inflammatory property, plays a crucial role in determining the direction of the inflammatory response and the regression of organ damage in sepsis patients. This review provides a summary of the changes in T-helper (Th) 17 cell and regulatory T (Treg) cell differentiation and function during sepsis, the heterogeneity of Th17/Treg balance in the inflammatory response, and the relationship between Th17/Treg balance and organ damage. Th17/Treg balance exerts significant control over the bloom and wanes in host inflammatory response throughout sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyong Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Longwang Chen
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Hongsheng Deng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Hongying Ni
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Hongjie Tong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Hangbo Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Shengchao Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Jin Qian
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Andong Liang
- Nursing Faculty, School of Medicine, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
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25
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Chen C, Zhang Z, Liu C, Sun P, Liu P, Li X. ABCG2 is an itaconate exporter that limits antibacterial innate immunity by alleviating TFEB-dependent lysosomal biogenesis. Cell Metab 2024; 36:498-510.e11. [PMID: 38181789 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Itaconate is a metabolite that synthesized from cis-aconitate in mitochondria and transported into the cytosol to exert multiple regulatory effects in macrophages. However, the mechanism by which itaconate exits from macrophages remains unknown. Using a genetic screen, we reveal that itaconate is exported from cytosol to extracellular space by ATP-binding cassette transporter G2 (ABCG2) in an ATPase-dependent manner in human and mouse macrophages. Elevation of transcription factor TFEB-dependent lysosomal biogenesis and antibacterial innate immunity are observed in inflammatory macrophages with deficiency of ABCG2-mediated itaconate export. Furthermore, deficiency of ABCG2-mediated itaconate export in macrophages promotes antibacterial innate immune defense in a mouse model of S. typhimurium infection. Thus, our findings identify ABCG2-mediated itaconate export as a key regulatory mechanism that limits TFEB-dependent lysosomal biogenesis and antibacterial innate immunity in inflammatory macrophages, implying the potential therapeutic utility of blocking itaconate export in treating human bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Caiyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengkai Sun
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xinjian Li
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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26
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Barberis M, Rojas López A. Metabolic imbalance driving immune cell phenotype switching in autoimmune disorders: Tipping the balance of T- and B-cell interactions. Clin Transl Med 2024; 14:e1626. [PMID: 38500390 PMCID: PMC10948951 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The interplay between the immune system and the metabolic state of a cell is intricate. In all phases of an immune response, the corresponding metabolic changes shall occur to support its modulation, in addition to the signalling through the cytokine environment and immune receptor stimulation. While autoimmune disorders may develop because of a metabolic imbalance that modulates switching between T-cell phenotypes, the effects that the interaction between T and B cells have on one another's cellular metabolism are yet to be understood in disease context. Here, we propose a perspective which highlights the potential of targeting metabolism to modulate T- and B-cell subtypes populations as well as T-B and B-T cell interactions to successfully treat autoimmune disorders. Specifically, we envision how metabolic changes can tip the balance of immune cells interactions, through definite mechanisms in both health and disease, to explain phenotype switches of B and T cells. Within this scenario, we highlight targeting metabolism that link inflammation, immunometabolism, epigenetics and ageing, is critical to understand inflammatory disorders. The combination of treatments targeting immune cells that cause (T/B) cell phenotype imbalances, and the metabolic pathways involved, may increase the effectiveness of treatment of autoimmune disorders, and/or ameliorate their symptoms to improve patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Barberis
- Molecular Systems BiologySchool of BiosciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordSurreyUK
- Centre for Mathematical and Computational Biology, CMCBUniversity of SurreyGuildfordSurreyUK
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear OrganizationSwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Alejandra Rojas López
- Molecular Systems BiologySchool of BiosciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordSurreyUK
- Centre for Mathematical and Computational Biology, CMCBUniversity of SurreyGuildfordSurreyUK
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27
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Qin D, Chen Z, Deng X, Liu X, Peng L, Li G, Liu Y, Zhu X, Ding Q, Zhang X, Bao S. CD24+ decidual stromal cells: a novel heterogeneous population with impaired regulatory T cell induction and potential association with recurrent miscarriage. Fertil Steril 2024; 121:519-530. [PMID: 38036240 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2023.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the heterogeneity of CD24+ decidual stromal cells (DSCs) in patients with recurrent miscarriages (RMs). DESIGN We have discerned that the expression of CD24 serves to differentiate two stable and functionally distinct lineages of DSCs. The heterogeneity of CD24+ DSCs has been scrutinized, encompassing variances in stromal markers, transcriptional profiles, metabolic activity, and immune regulation. SETTING Department of Reproductive Immunology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University; Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Science. PATIENTS A total of 129 early decidual samples were obtained, comprising 36 from healthy donors and 93 from patients with RMs. Blood samples were collected before the surgical procedure. Paraffin-embedded segments from 20 decidual samples of patients with RMs were obtained. INTERVENTIONS None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The flow cytometry was used to quantify the expression of CD24+ DSCs in both healthy donors and patients with RMs, although it also evaluated the cellular heterogeneity. To ascertain the transcriptomic profiles of CD24+ DSCs by reanalyzing our single-cell transcriptomic data. Additionally, to measure the metabolomic activity of CD24+ DSCs from patients with RMs, ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed. Through the implementation of a coculture system, we unraveled the role of CD24+ DSCs in immune regulation. RESULTS Patients with RMs exhibit a notable enrichment of CD24+ DSCs, revealing a pronounced heterogeneity characterized by variations in stromal markers and transcriptional profiles. The heightened enrichment of CD24+ DSCs may play a pivotal role in triggering decidual inflammation and dysfunction in decidualization. Furthermore, CD24+ DSCs showed diverse metabolic activities and impeded the induction of naïve CD4+ T cells into regulatory T cells through the abundant secretion of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid. Finally, our investigations have revealed that intraperitoneal administration of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid in mouse models can elevate the risk of RM. CONCLUSION We have successfully identified a disease-associated subset of CD24+ decidual stromal cells that could potentially contribute to the development of RM through the impairment of decidual immune tolerance. Targeting these specific CD24+ DSCs might hold promising prospects for therapeutic interventions in the clinical management of RM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengke Qin
- Department of Reproductive Immunology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zechuan Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xujing Deng
- Department of Reproductive Immunology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshan Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Pasteurien College, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liying Peng
- Department of Reproductive Immunology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohua Li
- Department of Reproductive Immunology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuxian Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuhong Ding
- Department of Reproductive Immunology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shihua Bao
- Department of Reproductive Immunology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Lang R, Siddique MNAA. Control of immune cell signaling by the immuno-metabolite itaconate. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1352165. [PMID: 38487538 PMCID: PMC10938597 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1352165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune cell activation triggers signaling cascades leading to transcriptional reprogramming, but also strongly impacts on the cell's metabolic activity to provide energy and biomolecules for inflammatory and proliferative responses. Macrophages activated by microbial pathogen-associated molecular patterns and cytokines upregulate expression of the enzyme ACOD1 that generates the immune-metabolite itaconate by decarboxylation of the TCA cycle metabolite cis-aconitate. Itaconate has anti-microbial as well as immunomodulatory activities, which makes it attractive as endogenous effector metabolite fighting infection and restraining inflammation. Here, we first summarize the pathways and stimuli inducing ACOD1 expression in macrophages. The focus of the review then lies on the mechanisms by which itaconate, and its synthetic derivatives and endogenous isomers, modulate immune cell signaling and metabolic pathways. Multiple targets have been revealed, from inhibition of enzymes to the post-translational modification of many proteins at cysteine or lysine residues. The modulation of signaling proteins like STING, SYK, JAK1, RIPK3 and KEAP1, transcription regulators (e.g. Tet2, TFEB) and inflammasome components (NLRP3, GSDMD) provides a biochemical basis for the immune-regulatory effects of the ACOD1-itaconate pathway. While the field has intensely studied control of macrophages by itaconate in infection and inflammation models, neutrophils have now entered the scene as producers and cellular targets of itaconate. Furthermore, regulation of adaptive immune responses by endogenous itaconate, as well as by exogenously added itaconate and derivatives, can be mediated by direct and indirect effects on T cells and antigen-presenting cells, respectively. Taken together, research in ACOD1-itaconate to date has revealed its relevance in diverse immune cell signaling pathways, which now provides opportunities for potential therapeutic or preventive manipulation of host defense and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Lang
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- FAU Profile Center Immunomedicine (FAU I-MED), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Md Nur A Alam Siddique
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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29
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Mainali R, Buechler N, Otero C, Edwards L, Key CC, Furdui C, Quinn MA. Itaconate stabilizes CPT1a to enhance lipid utilization during inflammation. eLife 2024; 12:RP92420. [PMID: 38305778 PMCID: PMC10945551 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
One primary metabolic manifestation of inflammation is the diversion of cis-aconitate within the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to synthesize the immunometabolite itaconate. Itaconate is well established to possess immunomodulatory and metabolic effects within myeloid cells and lymphocytes, however, its effects in other organ systems during sepsis remain less clear. Utilizing Acod1 knockout mice that are deficient in synthesizing itaconate, we aimed to understand the metabolic role of itaconate in the liver and systemically during sepsis. We find itaconate aids in lipid metabolism during sepsis. Specifically, Acod1 KO mice develop a heightened level of hepatic steatosis when induced with polymicrobial sepsis. Proteomics analysis reveals enhanced expression of enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation in following 4-octyl itaconate (4-OI) treatment in vitro. Downstream analysis reveals itaconate stabilizes the expression of the mitochondrial fatty acid uptake enzyme CPT1a, mediated by its hypoubiquitination. Chemoproteomic analysis revealed itaconate interacts with proteins involved in protein ubiquitination as a potential mechanism underlying its stabilizing effect on CPT1a. From a systemic perspective, we find itaconate deficiency triggers a hypothermic response following endotoxin stimulation, potentially mediated by brown adipose tissue (BAT) dysfunction. Finally, by use of metabolic cage studies, we demonstrate Acod1 KO mice rely more heavily on carbohydrates versus fatty acid sources for systemic fuel utilization in response to endotoxin treatment. Our data reveal a novel metabolic role of itaconate in modulating fatty acid oxidation during polymicrobial sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabina Mainali
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, United States
| | - Nancy Buechler
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, United States
| | - Cristian Otero
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, United States
| | - Laken Edwards
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, United States
| | - Chia-Chi Key
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, United States
| | - Cristina Furdui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, United States
| | - Matthew A Quinn
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, United States
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30
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Gadina M. JAK inhibitors: Is specificity at all relevant? Semin Arthritis Rheum 2024; 64S:152327. [PMID: 38007359 PMCID: PMC10939910 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2023.152327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokines are soluble factors that affect host defense and maintain immune homeostasis. Altered cytokine production leads to a dysfunctional immune responses and immune-related diseases. Cytokines bind to specific receptors and trigger various intracellular signaling cascades and targeting cytokines and/or their receptors has been effective in treating inflammatory diseases. OBJECTIVES Type I and II cytokine receptors activate four Janus kinases (JAKs), namely JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2 and targeting of these enzymes resulted in the development of successful drugs now referred as JAK inhibitors or JAKinibs. RESULTS JAKinibs can be divided in three "generations." First-generation JAKinibs, molecules acting in an orthosteric manner, inhibit multiple JAKs and interfere with the biologic activity of many factors. With the idea of reducing side effects, second-generation JAKinibs, still orthosteric ATP competitors, have been developed with increased selectivity towards one or two JAKs. Third-generation JAKinibs have exploited our increased understanding of the structure and function of JAK domains and are allosteric inhibitors as they bind to specific residues in the pseudokinase domain. These third generation JAKInb indeed seems to possess a better safety profile. Notably, inhibition of cytokine activity in specific tissues could be more important than selective enzymatic blockade and for this reason, topical, inhaled, or as a non-absorbable JAKinibs are also being developed. CONCLUSIONS While JAKinibs entered the clinical arena about ten years ago, our understanding of these drugs and their selectivity relative to their activity and safety is still incomplete. More research is therefore needed to achieve better usage of these class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Gadina
- Translational Immunology Section, Office of Science and Technology, National Institute of Arthritis Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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31
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Kapnick SM, Martin CA, Jewell CM. Engineering metabolism to modulate immunity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 204:115122. [PMID: 37935318 PMCID: PMC10843796 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic programming and reprogramming have emerged as pivotal mechanisms for altering immune cell function. Thus, immunometabolism has become an attractive target area for treatment of immune-mediated disorders. Nonetheless, many hurdles to delivering metabolic cues persist. In this review, we consider how biomaterials are poised to transform manipulation of immune cell metabolism through integrated control of metabolic configurations to affect outcomes in autoimmunity, regeneration, transplant, and cancer. We emphasize the features of nanoparticles and other biomaterials that permit delivery of metabolic cues to the intracellular compartment of immune cells, or strategies for altering signals in the extracellular space. We then provide perspectives on the potential for reciprocal regulation of immunometabolism by the physical properties of materials themselves. Lastly, opportunities for clinical translation are highlighted. This discussion contributes to our understanding of immunometabolism, biomaterials-based strategies for altering metabolic configurations in immune cells, and emerging concepts in this evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senta M Kapnick
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, 10 N Green Street, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Corinne A Martin
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Christopher M Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, 10 N Green Street, Baltimore, MD, USA; Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, USA; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, 22 S Greene Street, Suite N9E17, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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32
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Yin M, Wadhwa R, Marshall JE, Gillis CM, Kim RY, Dua K, Palsson-McDermott EM, Fallon PG, Hansbro PM, O'Neill LAJ. 4-Octyl Itaconate Alleviates Airway Eosinophilic Inflammation by Suppressing Chemokines and Eosinophil Development. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:13-23. [PMID: 37991425 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
4-Octyl itaconate (4-OI) is a derivative of the Krebs cycle-derived metabolite itaconate and displays an array of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties through modifying cysteine residues within protein targets. We have found that 4-OI significantly reduces the production of eosinophil-targeted chemokines in a variety of cell types, including M1 and M2 macrophages, Th2 cells, and A549 respiratory epithelial cells. Notably, the suppression of these chemokines in M1 macrophages was found to be NRF2-dependent. In addition, 4-OI can interfere with IL-5 signaling and directly affect eosinophil differentiation. In a model of eosinophilic airway inflammation in BALB/c mice, 4-OI alleviated airway resistance and reduced eosinophil recruitment to the lungs. Our findings suggest that itaconate derivatives could be promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of eosinophilic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Yin
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ridhima Wadhwa
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacqueline E Marshall
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Caitlin M Gillis
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Y Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eva M Palsson-McDermott
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Padraic G Fallon
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Immune Health, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Luke A J O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Gan Z, Zhao M, Xia Y, Yan Y, Ren W. Carbon metabolism in the regulation of macrophage functions. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024; 35:62-73. [PMID: 37778898 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon metabolism, including one-carbon (1C) metabolism and central carbon metabolism (CCM), provides energy for the cell and generates metabolites with signaling activities. The regulation of macrophage polarization involves complex signals and includes an epigenetic level. Epigenetic modifications through changes in carbon metabolism allow macrophages to respond in a timely manner to their environment and adapt to metabolic demands during macrophage polarization. Here we summarize the current understanding of the crosstalk between carbon metabolism and epigenetic modifications in macrophages under physiological conditions and in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and provide targets and further directions for macrophage-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhending Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Muyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaoyao Xia
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuqi Yan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenkai Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong, China.
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Nematullah M, Fatma M, Rashid F, Ayasolla K, Ahmed ME, Mir S, Zahoor I, Rattan R, Giri S. Immuno-Responsive Gene-1: A mitochondrial gene regulates pathogenic Th17 in CNS autoimmunity mouse model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.24.573264. [PMID: 38234838 PMCID: PMC10793427 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.24.573264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Pathogenic Th17 cells are crucial to CNS autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS), though their control by endogenous mechanisms is unknown. RNAseq analysis of brain glial cells identified immuno-responsive gene 1 (Irg1), a mitochondrial-related enzyme-coding gene, as one of the highly upregulated gene under inflammatory conditions which were further validated in the spinal cord of animals with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. Moreover, Irg1 mRNA and protein levels in myeloid, CD4, and B cells were higher in the EAE group, raising questions about its function in CNS autoimmunity. We observed that Irg1 knockout (KO) mice exhibited severe EAE disease and greater mononuclear cell infiltration, including triple-positive CD4 cells expressing IL17a, GM-CSF, and IFNγ. Lack of Irg1 in macrophages led to higher levels of Class II expression and polarized myelin primed CD4 cells into pathogenic Th17 cells through the NLRP3/IL1β axis. Our findings show that Irg1 in macrophages plays an important role in the formation of pathogenic Th17 cells, emphasizing its potential as a therapy for autoimmune diseases, including MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nematullah
- Department of Neurology, Department of Women’s Health Services, Henry Ford Hospital, E&R Building, Room 4051, Detroit, USA
| | - Mena Fatma
- Department of Neurology, Department of Women’s Health Services, Henry Ford Hospital, E&R Building, Room 4051, Detroit, USA
| | - Faraz Rashid
- Department of Neurology, Department of Women’s Health Services, Henry Ford Hospital, E&R Building, Room 4051, Detroit, USA
| | - Kameshwar Ayasolla
- Department of Neurology, Department of Women’s Health Services, Henry Ford Hospital, E&R Building, Room 4051, Detroit, USA
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, Department of Women’s Health Services, Henry Ford Hospital, E&R Building, Room 4051, Detroit, USA
| | - Sajad Mir
- Department of Neurology, Department of Women’s Health Services, Henry Ford Hospital, E&R Building, Room 4051, Detroit, USA
| | - Insha Zahoor
- Department of Neurology, Department of Women’s Health Services, Henry Ford Hospital, E&R Building, Room 4051, Detroit, USA
| | - Ramandeep Rattan
- Division of Gynaecology Oncology, Department of Women’s Health Services, Henry Ford Hospital, E&R Building, Room 4051, Detroit, USA
| | - Shailendra Giri
- Department of Neurology, Department of Women’s Health Services, Henry Ford Hospital, E&R Building, Room 4051, Detroit, USA
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Yang W, Wang Y, Tao K, Li R. Metabolite itaconate in host immunoregulation and defense. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2023; 28:100. [PMID: 38042791 PMCID: PMC10693715 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic states greatly influence functioning and differentiation of immune cells. Regulating the metabolism of immune cells can effectively modulate the host immune response. Itaconate, an intermediate metabolite derived from the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle of immune cells, is produced through the decarboxylation of cis-aconitate by cis-aconitate decarboxylase in the mitochondria. The gene encoding cis-aconitate decarboxylase is known as immune response gene 1 (IRG1). In response to external proinflammatory stimulation, macrophages exhibit high IRG1 expression. IRG1/itaconate inhibits succinate dehydrogenase activity, thus influencing the metabolic status of macrophages. Therefore, itaconate serves as a link between macrophage metabolism, oxidative stress, and immune response, ultimately regulating macrophage function. Studies have demonstrated that itaconate acts on various signaling pathways, including Keap1-nuclear factor E2-related factor 2-ARE pathways, ATF3-IκBζ axis, and the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway to exert antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects. Furthermore, several studies have reported that itaconate affects cancer occurrence and development through diverse signaling pathways. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the role IRG1/itaconate and its derivatives in the regulation of macrophage metabolism and functions. By furthering our understanding of itaconate, we intend to shed light on its potential for treating inflammatory diseases and offer new insights in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchang Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Kaixiong Tao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Ruidong Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.
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Chen F, Dowerg B, Cordes T. The yin and yang of itaconate metabolism and its impact on the tumor microenvironment. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2023; 84:102996. [PMID: 37806082 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2023.102996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a network of metabolically interconnected tumor and immune cell types. Macrophages influence the metabolic composition within the TME, which directly impacts the metabolic state and drug response of tumors. The accumulation of oncometabolites, such as succinate, fumarate, and 2-hydroxyglutarate, represents metabolic vulnerabilities in cancer that can be targeted therapeutically. Immunometabolites are emerging as metabolic regulators of the TME impacting immune cell functions and cancer cell growth. Here, we discuss recent discoveries on the potential impact of itaconate on the TME. We highlight how itaconate influences metabolic pathways relevant to immune responses and cancer cell proliferation. We also consider the therapeutic implications of manipulating itaconate metabolism as an immunotherapeutic strategy to constrain tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany; Research Group Cellular Metabolism in Infection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Birte Dowerg
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thekla Cordes
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany; Research Group Cellular Metabolism in Infection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Ryan DG, Peace CG, Hooftman A. Basic Mechanisms of Immunometabolites in Shaping the Immune Response. J Innate Immun 2023; 15:925-943. [PMID: 37995666 PMCID: PMC10730108 DOI: 10.1159/000535452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innate immune cells play a crucial role in responding to microbial infections, but their improper activation can also drive inflammatory disease. For this reason, their activation state is governed by a multitude of factors, including the metabolic state of the cell and, more specifically, the individual metabolites which accumulate intracellularly and extracellularly. This relationship is bidirectional, as innate immune cell activation by pathogen-associated molecular patterns causes critical changes in cellular metabolism. SUMMARY In this review, we describe the emergence of various "immunometabolites." We outline the general characteristics of these immunometabolites, the conditions under which they accumulate, and their subsequent impact on immune cells. We delve into well-studied metabolites of recent years, such as succinate and itaconate, as well as newly emerging immunometabolites, such as methylglyoxal. KEY MESSAGES We hope that this review may be used as a framework for further studies dissecting the mechanisms by which immunometabolites regulate the immune system and provide an outlook to harnessing these mechanisms in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Gerard Ryan
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christian Graham Peace
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alexander Hooftman
- Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Beloborodova N, Fadeev R, Fedotcheva N. Influence of Microbiota-Related Metabolites Associated with Inflammation and Sepsis on the Peroxidase Activity of Cyclooxygenase in Healthy Human Monocytes and Acute Monocytic Leukemia Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16244. [PMID: 38003440 PMCID: PMC10671350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The human microbiota produces metabolites that can enter the bloodstream and exert systemic effects on various functions in both healthy and pathological states. We have studied the participation of microbiota-related metabolites in bacterial infection by examining their influence on the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX) as a key enzyme of inflammation. The influence of aromatic microbial metabolites, derivatives of phenylalanine (phenylpropionic acid, PPA), tyrosine (4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid, HPLA), and tryptophan (indolacetic acids, IAA), the concentrations of which in the blood change notably during sepsis, was evaluated. Also, the effect of itaconic acid (ITA) was studied, which is formed in macrophages under the action of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and appears in the blood in the early stages of infection. Metabiotic acetyl phosphate (AcP) as a strong acetylating agent was also tested. The activity of COX was measured via the TMPD oxidation colorimetric assay using the commercial pure enzyme, cultured healthy monocytes, and the human acute monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1. All metabolites in the concentration range of 100-500 μM lowered the activity of COX. The most pronounced inhibition was observed on the commercial pure enzyme, reaching up to 40% in the presence of AcP and 20-30% in the presence of the other metabolites. On cell lysates, the effect of metabolites was preserved, although it significantly decreased, probably due to their interaction with other targets subject to redox-dependent and acetylation processes. The possible contribution of the redox-dependent action of microbial metabolites was confirmed by assessing the activity of the enzyme in the presence of thiol reagents and in model conditions, when the COX-formed peroxy intermediate was replaced with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBH). The data show the involvement of the microbial metabolites in the regulation of COX activity, probably due to their influence on the peroxidase activity of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Beloborodova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 25-2 Petrovka St., 107031 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Roman Fadeev
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Institutskaya St., 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
| | - Nadezhda Fedotcheva
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 25-2 Petrovka St., 107031 Moscow, Russia;
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Institutskaya St., 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
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Zong B, Yu F, Zhang X, Zhao W, Li S, Li L. Mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of physical exercise on multiple sclerosis: focus on immune cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1260663. [PMID: 37841264 PMCID: PMC10570846 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1260663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a prevalent neuroimmunological illness that leads to neurological disability in young adults. Although the etiology of MS is heterogeneous, it is well established that aberrant activity of adaptive and innate immune cells plays a crucial role in its pathogenesis. Several immune cell abnormalities have been described in MS and its animal models, including T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, neutrophils, microglia/macrophages, and astrocytes, among others. Physical exercise offers a valuable alternative or adjunctive disease-modifying therapy for MS. A growing body of evidence indicates that exercise may reduce the autoimmune responses triggered by immune cells in MS. This is partially accomplished by restricting the infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma, curbing hyperactivation of immune cells, and facilitating a transition in the balance of immune cells from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory state. This review provides a succinct overview of the correlation between physical exercise, immune cells, and MS pathology, and highlights the potential benefits of exercise as a strategy for the prevention and treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyi Zong
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengzhi Yu
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyou Zhang
- School of Physical Education, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenrui Zhao
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Shichang Li
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Li
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Hosseinalizadeh H, Rabiee F, Eghbalifard N, Rajabi H, Klionsky DJ, Rezaee A. Regulating the regulatory T cells as cell therapies in autoimmunity and cancer. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1244298. [PMID: 37828948 PMCID: PMC10565010 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1244298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs), possess a pivotal function in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. The dysregulated activity of Tregs has been associated with the onset of autoimmune diseases and cancer. Hence, Tregs are promising targets for interventions aimed at steering the immune response toward the desired path, either by augmenting the immune system to eliminate infected and cancerous cells or by dampening it to curtail the damage to self-tissues in autoimmune disorders. The activation of Tregs has been observed to have a potent immunosuppressive effect against T cells that respond to self-antigens, thus safeguarding our body against autoimmunity. Therefore, promoting Treg cell stability presents a promising strategy for preventing or managing chronic inflammation that results from various autoimmune diseases. On the other hand, Tregs have been found to be overactivated in several forms of cancer, and their role as immune response regulators with immunosuppressive properties poses a significant impediment to the successful implementation of cancer immunotherapy. However, the targeting of Tregs in a systemic manner may lead to the onset of severe inflammation and autoimmune toxicity. It is imperative to develop more selective methods for targeting the function of Tregs in tumors. In this review, our objective is to elucidate the function of Tregs in tumors and autoimmunity while also delving into numerous therapeutic strategies for reprogramming their function. Our focus is on reprogramming Tregs in a highly activated phenotype driven by the activation of key surface receptors and metabolic reprogramming. Furthermore, we examine Treg-based therapies in autoimmunity, with a specific emphasis on Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-Treg therapy and T-cell receptor (TCR)-Treg therapy. Finally, we discuss key challenges and the future steps in reprogramming Tregs that could lead to the development of novel and effective cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Hosseinalizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rabiee
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Negar Eghbalifard
- Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Rajabi
- Faculty of Medicine, ShahreKord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Aryan Rezaee
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Schofield JH, Longo J, Sheldon RD, Albano E, Hawk MA, Murphy S, Duong L, Rahmy S, Lu X, Jones RG, Schafer ZT. Acod1 Expression in Cancer Cells Promotes Immune Evasion through the Generation of Inhibitory Peptides. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.14.557799. [PMID: 37745450 PMCID: PMC10515953 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.14.557799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Targeting PD-1 is an important component of many immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapeutic approaches. However, ICB is not an efficacious strategy in a variety of cancer types, in part due to immunosuppressive metabolites in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we find that αPD-1-resistant cancer cells produce abundant itaconate (ITA) due to enhanced levels of aconitate decarboxylase (Acod1). Acod1 has an important role in the resistance to αPD-1, as decreasing Acod1 levels in αPD-1 resistant cancer cells can sensitize tumors to αPD-1 therapy. Mechanistically, cancer cells with high Acod1 inhibit the proliferation of naïve CD8+ T cells through the secretion of inhibitory factors. Surprisingly, inhibition of CD8+ T cell proliferation is not dependent on secretion of ITA, but is instead a consequence of the release of small inhibitory peptides. Our study suggests that strategies to counter the activity of Acod1 in cancer cells may sensitize tumors to ICB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H. Schofield
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 USA
| | - Joseph Longo
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Ryan D. Sheldon
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Emma Albano
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 USA
| | - Mark A. Hawk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 USA
| | - Sean Murphy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 USA
| | - Loan Duong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 USA
| | - Sharif Rahmy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 USA
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 USA
| | - Russell G. Jones
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Zachary T. Schafer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 USA
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Mulik S, Berber E, Sehrawat S, Rouse BT. Controlling viral inflammatory lesions by rebalancing immune response patterns. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1257192. [PMID: 37671156 PMCID: PMC10475736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1257192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss a variety of immune modulating approaches that could be used to counteract tissue-damaging viral immunoinflammatory lesions which typify many chronic viral infections. We make the point that in several viral infections the lesions can be largely the result of one or more aspects of the host response mediating the cell and tissue damage rather than the virus itself being directly responsible. However, within the reactive inflammatory lesions along with the pro-inflammatory participants there are also other aspects of the host response that may be acting to constrain the activity of the damaging components and are contributing to resolution. This scenario should provide the prospect of rebalancing the contributions of different host responses and hence diminish or even fully control the virus-induced lesions. We identify several aspects of the host reactions that influence the pattern of immune responsiveness and describe approaches that have been used successfully, mainly in model systems, to modulate the activity of damaging participants and which has led to lesion control. We emphasize examples where such therapies are, or could be, translated for practical use in the clinic to control inflammatory lesions caused by viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Mulik
- Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
| | - Engin Berber
- Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sharvan Sehrawat
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Barry Tyrrell Rouse
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
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