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Nennstiel R, Gilgen S. Does chubby can get lower grades than skinny Sophie? Using an intersectional approach to uncover grading bias in German secondary schools. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305703. [PMID: 38959194 PMCID: PMC11221685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
We aim to uncover grading bias by gender, socio-economic status, ethnic/migration background as well as body weight in the German secondary school system. Following an intersectional approach, we test whether-controlling for ability-students receive different grades depending on (the specific combination of) ascriptive characteristics. Using data from the fourth starting cohort (SC4, 13.0.0, first survey in year 9 in 2010) of the National Educational Panel Study (NEPS) consisting of more than 14,000 ninth graders, we compute the predicted differences in grades for the different groups of students depending on whether they are a boy or a girl, whether they are obese/overweight or not, their socio-economic status (SES) and ethnic background. We rely on a grade equation approach, assuming that discrepancies between observed grades and achievement as measured in standardised tests are evidence of biased grading. We control for two different competence tests-the Domain General Cognitive Functions (DGCF) and a standardised domain-specific competence test-as objective measures of ability as well as secondary school track. Even after controlling for different personality and behavioural traits-the "big five", the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), the Sick, Control, One, Fat and Food (SCOFF), health satisfaction and class retention-substantial differentials in grading across almost all factors and subjects remain. To account for the fact that many students may face bias on multiple grounds, we then compare the differences in predicted grades for groups with overlapping (dis)advantaging characteristics (e.g. low SES overweight Turkish boy vs a high SES non-overweight majority girl), while controlling for the objective ability measures. Significant differentials in grades are found in almost all cases, with the largest effect sizes for the subject German. We also compute models including all 2-way or 4-way interactions between the four axes of inequality and find the main effects largely unchanged. On the whole our findings are indicative of widespread additive intersectional effects of gender, social and ethnic origin as well as body weight on grading bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Nennstiel
- 1 Department of Sociology of Education, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Gilgen
- 1 Department of Sociology of Education, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Empirical and Normative Knowledge and Data Centre of the URPP Human Reproduction Reloaded – H2R, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Stienstra K, Knigge A, Maas I. Gene-environment interaction analysis of school quality and educational inequality. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2024; 9:14. [PMID: 38429323 PMCID: PMC10907386 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-024-00225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
We study to what extent schools increase or decrease environmental and genetic influences on educational performance. Building on behavioral genetics literature on gene-environment interactions and sociological literature on the compensating and amplifying effects of schools on inequality, we investigate whether the role of genes and the shared environment is larger or smaller in higher-quality school environments. We apply twin models to Dutch administrative data on the educational performance of 18,384 same-sex and 11,050 opposite-sex twin pairs, enriched with data on the quality of primary schools. Our results show that school quality does not moderate genetic and shared-environmental influences on educational performance once the moderation by SES is considered. We find a gene-environment interplay for school SES: genetic variance decreases with increasing school SES. This school SES effect partly reflects parental SES influences. Yet, parental SES does not account for all the school SES moderation, suggesting that school-based processes play a role too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Stienstra
- Department of Sociology/ICS, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Antonie Knigge
- Department of Sociology/ICS, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ineke Maas
- Department of Sociology/ICS, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Yu B, Kelly S. Untangling the relationship between BMI and academic achievement in the elementary years. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:351-358. [PMID: 37559412 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523001757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the negative relationship between BMI and academic achievement (AA) is well documented, no prior studies have investigated the potential bi-directional relationship between BMI and AA in childhood. We investigated the longitudinal relationships between child BMI and AA across different school subjects (reading, math and science) and sexes. To do so, we employed the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study kindergarten cohort (2011), which is a nationally representative sample of American children who entered kindergarten in 2010-2011. We utilised the kindergarten-fifth grade longitudinal sample (n 17 480) and applied cross-lagged panel models with fixed effects to address unobserved heterogeneity. Our results showed significant but small reciprocal relationships between BMI and math/science achievement for girls (n 8540) (year-to-year effect sizes ranged from -0·01 to -0·04), but not for reading. In contrast, we did not find any evidence of reciprocal relationships between BMI and AA for boys (n 8940). Our results reveal that early weight status and academic performance may be jointly responsible for a vicious cycle of poor AA and unhealthy weight. Breaking the cycle from AA may complement existing obesity prevention strategies, particularly for girls in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baeksan Yu
- Gwangju National University of Education, Department of Education, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sean Kelly
- Department of Educational Foundations, Organizations, and Policy, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Gorman E, Bowden N, Kokaua J, McNeill B, Schluter PJ. A national multiple baseline cohort study of mental health conditions in early adolescence and subsequent educational outcomes in New Zealand. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11025. [PMID: 37419984 PMCID: PMC10329034 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Young people experiencing mental health conditions are vulnerable to poorer educational outcomes for many reasons, including: social exclusion, stigma, and limited in-school support. Using a near-complete New Zealand population administrative database, this prospective cohort study aimed to quantify differences in educational attainment (at ages 15-16 years) and school suspensions (over ages 13-16 years), between those with and without a prior mental health condition. The data included five student cohorts, each starting secondary school from 2013 to 2017 respectively (N = 272,901). Both internalising and externalising mental health conditions were examined. Overall, 6.8% had a mental health condition. Using adjusted modified Poisson regression analyses, those with prior mental health conditions exhibited lower rates of attainment (IRR 0.87, 95% CI 0.86-0.88) and higher rates of school suspensions (IRR 1.63, 95% CI 1.57-1.70) by age 15-16 years. Associations were stronger among those exhibiting behavioural conditions, compared to emotional conditions, in line with previous literature. These findings highlight the importance of support for young people experiencing mental health conditions at this crucial juncture in their educational pathway. While mental health conditions increase the likelihood of poorer educational outcomes, deleterious outcomes were not a necessary sequalae. In this study, most participants with mental health conditions had successful educational outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Gorman
- School of Organisations, Economy and Society, University of Westminster, 35 Marylebone Rd, Marylebone, London, NW1 5LS, UK.
| | - Nicholas Bowden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Otago, 201 Great King St, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
- A Better Start National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jesse Kokaua
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Otago, 201 Great King St, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
- A Better Start National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
- Va'a O Tautai-Centre for Pacific Health, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, 78 Frederick St, Dunedin, 9017, New Zealand
| | - Brigid McNeill
- Te Kāhui Pā Harakeke, Child Well‑being Research Institute, Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
- Te Kura Whakangungu Kaiako, The School of Teacher Education, Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
| | - Philip J Schluter
- Te Kāhui Pā Harakeke, Child Well‑being Research Institute, Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
- Te Kaupeka Oranga, Faculty of Health, Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
- Primary Care Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Yu B, Zachrisson HD, Cheesman R, Ystrom E, Nes RB. Boys with overweight status lagged behind girls with overweight status in reading: evidence from mendelian randomization. J Clin Epidemiol 2023; 159:199-205. [PMID: 37156340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the relationship between childhood weight status and academic achievement across sexes and different school subjects in Norway. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING We used data from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa), which includes genetic data (N = 13,648, 8-year-old children). We employed within-family mendelian randomization, using a body mass index (BMI) polygenic risk score as an instrument to address unobserved heterogeneity. RESULTS Contrary to most previous findings, we observed that overweight status (including obesity) has more detrimental effects on reading achievement in boys than in girls; the test scores of boys with overweight were about a standard deviation lower than those of normal weight boys, and the negative effects on reading achievement became stronger in the later grade. CONCLUSION Previous obesity prevention studies have mainly targeted girls, based on the assumption that the obesity penalty is greater for girls. Our findings highlight that particular attention to boys with overweight may help reduce the existing gender gap in academic achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baeksan Yu
- Department of Education, Gwangju National University of Education, Gwangju, South Korea.
| | | | - Rosa Cheesman
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Ystrom
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragnhild Bang Nes
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Mental Health and Suicide, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Department of Philosophy, Classics, and History of Arts and Ideas, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Jokela M, Laakasuo M. Obesity as a causal risk factor for depression: Systematic review and meta-analysis of Mendelian Randomization studies and implications for population mental health. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 163:86-92. [PMID: 37207436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Obesity has been associated with elevated risk of depression. If this association is causal, the increasing obesity prevalence might lead to worsening population mental health, but the strength of the causal effect has not been systematically evaluated. SUBJECTS/METHODS The current study provides a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies examining associations between body mass index and depression using Mendelian randomization with multiple genetic variants as instruments for body mass index. We used this estimate to calculate the expected changes in prevalence of population psychological distress from the 1990s-2010s, which were compared with the empirically observed trends in psychological distress in the Health Survey for England (HSE) and U.S. National Health Interview Surveys (NHIS). RESULTS Meta-analysis of 8 Mendelian randomization studies indicated an OR = 1.33 higher depression risk associated with obesity (95% confidence interval 1.19, 1.48). Between 15% and 20% of the participants of HSE and NHIS reported at least moderate psychological distress. The increase of obesity prevalence from the 1990s-2010s in HSE and NHIS would have led to a 0.6 percentage-point increase in population psychological distress. CONCLUSIONS Mendelian randomization studies suggest that obesity is a causal risk factor for elevated risk of depression. The increasing obesity rates may have modestly increased the prevalence of depressive symptoms in the general population. Mendelian randomization relies on methodological assumptions that may not always hold, so other quasi-experimental methods are needed to confirm the current conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Jokela
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Michael Laakasuo
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Bowman K, Cadman T, Goncalves Soares A, Robinson O, Hughes A, Heron J, Segal AB, Huerta MC, Howe LD. Mediators of the association between childhood body mass index and educational attainment: Analysis of a UK prospective cohort study. Pediatr Obes 2023; 18:e13014. [PMID: 36823984 PMCID: PMC10909521 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher body mass index (BMI) in childhood is associated with lower academic achievement. OBJECTIVE To explore potential pathways linking childhood BMI with educational attainment. METHODS Using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children prospective cohort study (N = 6949), we assessed the association between BMI z-scores at 11.7 years and educational attainment at 16 (General Certificate of Secondary Education [GCSE] results). Depressive symptoms, externalizing behaviours, bullying and school enjoyment were considered as potential mediators. Mediators were examined individually and jointly using sequential causal mediation. RESULTS Higher BMI z-scores were associated with lower GCSE scores (females β = -3.47 95% CI -5.54, -1.41 males β = -4.33 95% CI -6.73, -1.94). Together, bullying, externalizing symptoms, depressive symptoms and school enjoyment mediated 41.9% of this association in females, and 23.3% in males. In males, evidence for mediation was weak (confidence intervals for all indirect effects spanned the null). In both females and males, most of the mediation was driven by externalizing symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The detrimental effect of higher BMI on educational attainment appears to be partly explained by externalizing behaviours, particularly in females. Interventions to support behavioural problems may help the academic achievement of children with a higher body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Bowman
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- Population Health SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Tim Cadman
- Department of Public HealthUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Ana Goncalves Soares
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- Population Health SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Oliver Robinson
- MRC Centre for Environment and HealthSchool of Public Health, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Amanda Hughes
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- Population Health SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Jon Heron
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- Population Health SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Alexa Blair Segal
- Centre for Health Economics & Policy InnovationImperial College Business SchoolLondonUK
| | - Maria Carmen Huerta
- Centre for Health Economics & Policy InnovationImperial College Business SchoolLondonUK
| | - Laura D. Howe
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- Population Health SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
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8
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Wootton RE, Lawn RB, Magnus MC, Treur JL, Corfield EC, Njølstad PR, Andreassen OA, Lawlor DA, Munafò MR, Håberg SE, Davey Smith G, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Magnus P, Havdahl A. Associations between health behaviours, fertility and reproductive outcomes: triangulation of evidence in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). BMC Med 2023; 21:125. [PMID: 37013617 PMCID: PMC10071662 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02831-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guidance to improve fertility includes reducing alcohol and caffeine consumption, achieving healthy weight-range and stopping smoking. Advice is informed by observational evidence, which is often biased by confounding. METHODS This study primarily used data from a pregnancy cohort, the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study. First, we conducted multivariable regression of health behaviours (alcohol and caffeine consumption, body-mass index (BMI), and smoking) on fertility outcomes (e.g. time to conception) and reproductive outcomes (e.g. age at first birth) (n = 84,075 females, 68,002 males), adjusting for birth year, education and attention-deficit and hyperactive-impulsive (ADHD) traits. Second, we used individual-level Mendelian randomisation (MR) to explore possible causal effects of health behaviours on fertility/reproductive outcomes (n = 63,376 females, 45,460 males). Finally, we performed summary-level MR for available outcomes in UK Biobank (n = 91,462-1,232,091) and controlled for education and ADHD liability using multivariable MR. RESULTS In multivariable regression analyses, higher BMI associated with fertility (longer time to conception, increased odds of infertility treatment and miscarriage), and smoking was associated with longer time to conception. In individual-level MR analyses, there was strong evidence for effects of smoking initiation and higher BMI on younger age at first birth, of higher BMI on increased time to conception, and weak evidence for effects of smoking initiation on increased time to conception. Age at first birth associations were replicated in summary-level MR analysis; however, effects attenuated using multivariable MR. CONCLUSIONS Smoking behaviour and BMI showed the most consistent associations for increased time to conception and a younger age at first birth. Given that age at first birth and time to conception are positively correlated, this suggests that the mechanisms for reproductive outcomes are distinct to the mechanisms acting on fertility outcomes. Multivariable MR suggested that effects on age at first birth might be explained by underlying liability to ADHD and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn E Wootton
- Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Rebecca B Lawn
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria C Magnus
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth C Corfield
- Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål R Njølstad
- Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Children and Youth Clinic, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Deborah A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Siri E Håberg
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Magnus
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexandra Havdahl
- Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Grangeon L, Lange KS, Waliszewska-Prosół M, Onan D, Marschollek K, Wiels W, Mikulenka P, Farham F, Gollion C, Ducros A. Genetics of migraine: where are we now? J Headache Pain 2023; 24:12. [PMID: 36800925 PMCID: PMC9940421 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-023-01547-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a complex brain disorder explained by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. In monogenic migraines, including familial hemiplegic migraine and migraine with aura associated with hereditary small-vessel disorders, the identified genes code for proteins expressed in neurons, glial cells, or vessels, all of which increase susceptibility to cortical spreading depression. The study of monogenic migraines has shown that the neurovascular unit plays a prominent role in migraine. Genome-wide association studies have identified numerous susceptibility variants that each result in only a small increase in overall migraine risk. The more than 180 known variants belong to several complex networks of "pro-migraine" molecular abnormalities, which are mainly neuronal or vascular. Genetics has also highlighted the importance of shared genetic factors between migraine and its major co-morbidities, including depression and high blood pressure. Further studies are still needed to map all of the susceptibility loci for migraine and then to understand how these genomic variants lead to migraine cell phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lou Grangeon
- grid.41724.340000 0001 2296 5231Neurology Department, CHU de Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Kristin Sophie Lange
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Neurology Department, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany ,grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité – Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marta Waliszewska-Prosół
- grid.4495.c0000 0001 1090 049XDepartment of Neurology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dilara Onan
- grid.14442.370000 0001 2342 7339Hacettepe University, Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Karol Marschollek
- grid.4495.c0000 0001 1090 049XDepartment of Neurology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wietse Wiels
- grid.8767.e0000 0001 2290 8069Department of Neurology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Petr Mikulenka
- grid.412819.70000 0004 0611 1895Department of Neurology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fatemeh Farham
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Headache Department, Iranian Centre of Neurological Researchers, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cédric Gollion
- grid.411175.70000 0001 1457 2980Neurology Department, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Ducros
- Neurology Department, CHU de Montpellier, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295, Montpellier, France.
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10
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Harder AV, Terwindt GM, Nyholt DR, van den Maagdenberg AM. Migraine genetics: Status and road forward. Cephalalgia 2023; 43:3331024221145962. [PMID: 36759319 DOI: 10.1177/03331024221145962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine is considered a multifactorial genetic disorder. Different platforms and methods are used to unravel the genetic basis of migraine. Initially, linkage analysis in multigenerational families followed by Sanger sequencing of protein-coding parts (exons) of genes in the genomic region shared by affected family members identified high-effect risk DNA mutations for rare Mendelian forms of migraine, foremost hemiplegic migraine. More recently, genome-wide association studies testing millions of DNA variants in large groups of patients and controls have proven successful in identifying many dozens of low-effect risk DNA variants for the more common forms of migraine with the number of associated DNA variants increasing steadily with larger sample sizes. Currently, next-generation sequencing, utilising whole exome and whole genome sequence data, and other omics data are being used to facilitate their functional interpretation and the discovery of additional risk factors. Various methods and analysis tools, such as genetic correlation and causality analysis, are used to further characterise genetic risk factors. FINDINGS We describe recent findings in genome-wide association studies and next-generation sequencing analysis in migraine. We show that the combined results of the two most recent and most powerful migraine genome-wide association studies have identified a total of 178 LD-independent (r2 < 0.1) genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), of which 99 were unique to Hautakangas et al., 11 were unique to Choquet et al., and 68 were identified by both studies. When considering that Choquet et al. also identified three SNPs in a female-specific genome-wide association studies then these two recent studies identified 181 independent SNPs robustly associated with migraine. Cross-trait and causal analyses are beginning to identify and characterise specific biological factors that contribute to migraine risk and its comorbid conditions. CONCLUSION This review provides a timely update and overview of recent genetic findings in migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aster Ve Harder
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gisela M Terwindt
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dale R Nyholt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, and Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Arn Mjm van den Maagdenberg
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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11
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Chen X, Allen JL, Hesketh T. The influence of individual, peer, and family factors on the educational aspirations of adolescents in rural China. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2023; 26:1-25. [PMID: 36721824 PMCID: PMC9880925 DOI: 10.1007/s11218-023-09765-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Educational aspirations are an important predictor of academic outcomes. While there has been considerable research on educational aspirations in the West, there has been little research in East Asia, and the investigation of factors influencing adolescent aspirations has been neglected, particularly in rural areas. Drawing on ecological systems theory and social cognitive career theory, this study investigated the associations between educational aspirations and factors at the individual, peer, and family levels among rural Chinese adolescents. A total of 606 students (M age = 14.85 years; 50% boys) from a rural town in Central China completed questionnaires assessing their educational aspirations, individual factors (academic performance, academic self-perception, academic self-regulation, attitudes toward teachers, and goal valuation), and contextual factors (family socioeconomic status, parent and peer relationship quality, and parental and close friends' aspirations). Individual factors and aspirations of others had significant direct effects on adolescents' educational aspirations, while parent and peer attachments were significantly related to educational aspirations via individual factors. Family socioeconomic status was not significantly related to adolescents' educational aspirations. The findings highlight the importance of individual factors as mechanisms explaining the link between contextual factors and rural Chinese adolescents' educational aspirations. Our results suggest that interventions can be designed to increase and maintain the aspirations of rural Chinese youth by targeting multiple domains of influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Chen
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | | | - Therese Hesketh
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
- Center for Global Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Cluver LD, Sherr L, Toska E, Zhou S, Mellins CA, Omigbodun O, Li X, Bojo S, Thurman T, Ameyan W, Desmond C, Willis N, Laurenzi C, Nombewu A, Tomlinson M, Myeketsi N. From surviving to thriving: integrating mental health care into HIV, community, and family services for adolescents living with HIV. THE LANCET. CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2022; 6:582-592. [PMID: 35750063 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(22)00101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents are a crucial generation, with the potential to bring future social and economic success for themselves and their countries. More than 90% of adolescents living with HIV reside in sub-Saharan Africa, where their mental health is set against a background of poverty, familial stress, service gaps, and an HIV epidemic that is now intertwined with the COVID-19 pandemic. In this Series paper, we review systematic reviews, randomised trials, and cohort studies of adolescents living with and affected by HIV. We provide a detailed overview of mental health provision and collate evidence for future approaches. We find that the mental health burden for adolescents living with HIV is high, contributing to low quality of life and challenges with adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Mental health provision is scarce, infrastructure and skilled providers are missing, and leadership is needed. Evidence of effective interventions is emerging, including specific provisions for mental health (eg, cognitive behavioural therapy, problem-solving, mindfulness, and parenting programmes) and broader provisions to prevent drivers of poor mental health (eg, social protection and violence prevention). We provide evidence of longitudinal associations between unconditional government grants and improved mental health. Combinations of economic and social interventions (known as cash plus care) could increase mental health benefits. Scalable delivery models include task sharing, primary care integration, strengthening families, and a pyramid of provision that differentiates between levels of need, from prevention to the care of severe disorders. A turning point has now been reached, from which complacency cannot persist. We conclude that there is substantial need, available frameworks, and a growing evidence base for action while infrastructure and skill acquisition is built.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie D Cluver
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Lorraine Sherr
- Institute of Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Elona Toska
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Siyanai Zhou
- Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Claude-Ann Mellins
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Olayinka Omigbodun
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Samuel Bojo
- Agency for Research and Development Initiative, Juba, South Sudan
| | - Tonya Thurman
- Highly Vulnerable Children Research Center, Cape Town, South Africa; Tulane University School of Public Health, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Wole Ameyan
- Global HIV, Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections Programmes, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chris Desmond
- Centre for Rural Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Christina Laurenzi
- Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Amahle Nombewu
- Teen Advisory Group, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark Tomlinson
- Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queens University, Belfast, UK
| | - Noxolo Myeketsi
- Department of Information Systems, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
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Bonte M, van Atteveldt N. Editorial: Capturing developmental brain dynamics. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2022; 7:11. [PMID: 35654944 PMCID: PMC9163026 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-022-00126-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Milene Bonte
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, and Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Nienke van Atteveldt
- Department of Clinical Developmental Psychology & Institute Learn!, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Langford R, Davies A, Howe L, Cabral C. Links between obesity, weight stigma and learning in adolescence: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:109. [PMID: 35033056 PMCID: PMC8761050 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12538-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Educational attainment is a key social determinant of health. Health and education are linked by multiple pathways, many of which are not well understood. One such pathway is the association between being above a healthy weight and lower academic achievement. While various explanations have been put forward to explain this relationship, evidence for causal pathways is sparse and unclear. This study addresses that evidence gap. METHODS We interviewed 19 adults (late 20s; 14 female, 5 male) and one young person (14 years, male) from the UK in 2019/2020. Participants were recruited from the ALSPAC 1990s birth cohort, sampled to ensure diversity in socio-economic status and educational attainment, and a community-based weight management group for young people. Interviews focused on experiences of being above a healthy weight during secondary school and how this may have affected their learning and achievement. Interviews were face-to-face, digitally recorded, and transcribed verbatim. We analysed the data thematically. RESULTS We identified key pathways through which higher body weight may negatively impact educational performance and showed how these are linked within a novel theoretical model. Because larger body size is highly stigmatised, participants engaged in different strategies to minimise their exposure to negative attention. Participants sought to increase their social acceptance or become less socially visible (or a combination of both). A minority navigated this successfully; they often had many friends (or the 'right' friends), experienced little or no bullying at school and weight appeared to have little effect on their achievement at school. For most however, the behaviours resulting from these strategies (e.g. disruptive behaviour, truanting, not working hard) or the physical, social or mental impacts of their school experiences (e.g. hungry, tired, self-conscious, depressed) made it difficult to concentrate and/or participate in class, which in turn affected how teachers viewed them. CONCLUSIONS Action to combat weight stigma, both within schools and in wider society, is urgently required to help address these educational disparities that in turn can impact health in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Langford
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
| | - Alisha Davies
- Research and Evaluation Division, Public Health Wales, Floor 5, 2 Capital Quarter, Tyndall Street, Cardiff, CF10 4BZ UK
| | - Laura Howe
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
| | - Christie Cabral
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Rd, Bristol, BS8 2PS UK
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Girard C, Bastelica T, Léone J, Epinat-Duclos J, Longo L, Prado J. Nurturing the reading brain: home literacy practices are associated with children's neural response to printed words through vocabulary skills. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2021; 6:34. [PMID: 34862413 PMCID: PMC8642429 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-021-00112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that children are exposed to different literacy experiences at home. Although these disparities have been shown to affect children's literacy skills, it remains unclear whether and how home literacy practices influence brain activity underlying word-level reading. In the present study, we asked parents of French children from various socioeconomic backgrounds (n = 66; 8.46 ± 0.36 years, range 7.52-9.22; 20 girls) to report the frequency of home literacy practices. Neural adaptation to the repetition of printed words was then measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a subset of these children (n = 44; 8.49 ± 0.33 years, range 8.02-9.14; 13 girls), thereby assessing how sensitive was the brain to the repeated presentation of these words. We found that more frequent home literacy practices were associated with enhanced word adaptation in the left posterior inferior frontal sulcus (r = 0.32). We also found that the frequency of home literacy practices was associated with children's vocabulary skill (r = 0.25), which itself influenced the relation between home literacy practices and neural adaptation to words. Finally, none of these effects were observed in a digit adaptation task, highlighting their specificity to word recognition. These findings are consistent with a model positing that home literacy experiences may improve children's vocabulary skill, which in turn may influence the neural mechanisms supporting word-level reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cléa Girard
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), INSERM U1028 - CNRS UMR5292, University of Lyon, 69500, Bron, France.
| | - Thomas Bastelica
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), INSERM U1028 - CNRS UMR5292, University of Lyon, 69500, Bron, France
| | - Jessica Léone
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), INSERM U1028 - CNRS UMR5292, University of Lyon, 69500, Bron, France
| | - Justine Epinat-Duclos
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), INSERM U1028 - CNRS UMR5292, University of Lyon, 69500, Bron, France
| | - Léa Longo
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), INSERM U1028 - CNRS UMR5292, University of Lyon, 69500, Bron, France
| | - Jérôme Prado
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), INSERM U1028 - CNRS UMR5292, University of Lyon, 69500, Bron, France.
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Wickersham A, Ford T, Stewart R, Downs J. Estimating the impact of child and early adolescent depression on subsequent educational attainment: secondary analysis of an existing data linkage. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2021; 30:e76. [PMID: 35502824 PMCID: PMC8679834 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796021000603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Depression is thought to be associated with lower subsequent educational attainment during school. But, without longitudinal studies which take account of prior attainment and other potential confounders, estimates of the impact of clinically recognised depression in childhood and early adolescence are unknown. We investigated whether a clinical diagnosis of depression is associated with lower subsequent educational attainment, and whether the association is modified by gender, ethnicity and socioeconomic status. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of an existing administrative data linkage between national educational data and a large mental healthcare provider in London, UK (2007-2013). Depression diagnosis before age 15 (exposure) was measured from electronic health records, and subsequent educational attainment at age 15-16 (outcome) was measured from educational records. We fitted logistic regression models and adjusted for gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, relative age in school year, neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosis and prior attainment. We investigated effect modifiers using interaction terms. RESULTS In total, n = 63 623 were included in analysis, of whom n = 242 had record of a depression diagnosis before age 15. Depression was associated with lower odds of subsequently achieving expected attainment levels in national exams, after adjustment for all covariates (odds ratio = 0.60, 95% confidence interval = 0.43 to 0.84, p = 0.003). There was no evidence that gender, ethnicity or socioeconomic status modified this association. CONCLUSIONS These findings support a relationship between depression and lower subsequent educational attainment. This highlights the need for tailored educational interventions to support children and adolescents with depression, particularly in the lead up to key educational milestones.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Wickersham
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - T. Ford
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - R. Stewart
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - J. Downs
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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