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Liu Z, Song H, Lin G, Zhong W, Zhang Y, Yang A, Liu Y, Duan J, Zhou Y, Jiao K, Ding D, Feng Y, Yue J, Zhao W, Lin X. Wireless Intelligent Patch for Closed-loop In Situ Wound Management. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2400451. [PMID: 38828672 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Wound infections pose a major healthcare issue, affecting the well-being of millions of patients worldwide. Effective intervention and on-site detection are important in wound management. However, current approaches are hindered by time-consuming analysis and a lack of technology for real-time monitoring and prompt therapy delivery. In this study, a smart wound patch system (SWPS) designed for wireless closed-loop and in-situ wound management is presented. The SWPS integrates a microfluidic structure, an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) based sensor, an electrical stimulation module, and a miniaturized flexible printed circuit board (FPCB). The OECT incorporates a bacteria-responsive DNA hydrogel-coated gate for continuous monitoring of bacterial virulence at wound sites. Real-time detection of OECT readings and on-demand delivery of electrical cues to accelerate wound healing is facilitated by a mobile phone application linked with an FPCB containing low-power electronics equipped with parallel sensing and stimulation circuitry. In this proof-of-concept study, the functionality of the SWPS is validated and its application both in vitro and in vivo is demonstrated. This proposed system expands the arsenal of tools available for effective wound management and enables personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Hao Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Guanming Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Weicong Zhong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Anqi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Junhan Duan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Yajing Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Kangjian Jiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Donghai Ding
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Yanwen Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Jun Yue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Wenjing Zhao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Xudong Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
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Li L, Zhang B, Zhao W, Sheng D, Yin L, Sheng X, Yao D. Multimodal Technologies for Closed-Loop Neural Modulation and Sensing. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2303289. [PMID: 38640468 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Existing methods for studying neural circuits and treating neurological disorders are typically based on physical and chemical cues to manipulate and record neural activities. These approaches often involve predefined, rigid, and unchangeable signal patterns, which cannot be adjusted in real time according to the patient's condition or neural activities. With the continuous development of neural interfaces, conducting in vivo research on adaptive and modifiable treatments for neurological diseases and neural circuits is now possible. In this review, current and potential integration of various modalities to achieve precise, closed-loop modulation, and sensing in neural systems are summarized. Advanced materials, devices, or systems that generate or detect electrical, magnetic, optical, acoustic, or chemical signals are highlighted and utilized to interact with neural cells, tissues, and networks for closed-loop interrogation. Further, the significance of developing closed-loop techniques for diagnostics and treatment of neurological disorders such as epilepsy, depression, rehabilitation of spinal cord injury patients, and exploration of brain neural circuit functionality is elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhu Li
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and the Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Bozhen Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenxin Zhao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - David Sheng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lan Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xing Sheng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dezhong Yao
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and the Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
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Kwon DA, Lee S, Kim CY, Kang I, Park S, Jeong JW. Body-temperature softening electronic ink for additive manufacturing of transformative bioelectronics via direct writing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn1186. [PMID: 38416839 PMCID: PMC10901467 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn1186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Mechanically transformative electronic systems (TESs) built using gallium have emerged as an innovative class of electronics due to their ability to switch between rigid and flexible states, thus expanding the versatility of electronics. However, the challenges posed by gallium's high surface tension and low viscosity have substantially hindered manufacturability, limiting high-resolution patterning of TESs. To address this challenge, we introduce a stiffness-tunable gallium-copper composite ink capable of direct ink write printing of intricate TES circuits, offering high-resolution (~50 micrometers) patterning, high conductivity, and bidirectional soft-rigid convertibility. These features enable transformative bioelectronics with design complexity akin to traditional printed circuit boards. These TESs maintain rigidity at room temperature for easy handling but soften and conform to curvilinear tissue surfaces at body temperature, adapting to dynamic tissue deformations. The proposed ink with direct ink write printing makes TES manufacturing simple and versatile, opening possibilities in wearables, implantables, consumer electronics, and robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do A Kwon
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Simok Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Yeon Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Kang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Steve Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woong Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Ajieren H, Fox A, Biggs E, Albors G, Llebaria A, Irazoqui P. Design and validation of a low-cost photomodulator for in vivo photoactivation of a mGluR5 inhibitor. Biomed Eng Lett 2024; 14:245-254. [PMID: 38374907 PMCID: PMC10874351 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-023-00334-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Severe side effects prevent the utilization of otherwise promising drugs in treatments. These side effects arise when drugs affect untargeted tissues due to poor target specificity. In photopharmacology, light controls the timing and the location of drug delivery, improving treatment specificity and pharmacokinetic control. Photopharmaceuticals have not seen widespread adoption in part because researchers do not always have access to reliable and reproducible light delivery devices at prices which fit within the larger research budget. Method: In this work, we present a customizable photomodulator for use in both wearable and implantable devices. For experimental validation of the photomodulator, we photolyse JF-NP-26 in rats. Results: We successfully drive in vivo photopharmacology with a tethered photomodulator and demonstrate modifications which enable the photomodulator to operate wirelessly. Conclusion: By documenting our photomodulator development, we hope to introduce researchers to a simple solution which significantly lowers the engineering barriers to photopharmacology research. Graphical abstract Researchers present a photomodulator, a device designed to facilitate in vivo photopharmacology. They demonstrate the in vivo capabilities of the photomodulator by photoreleasing raseglurant, an mGluR5 inhibitor, to treat pain in an acute rat model and follow this study by showing how to reconfigure the photomodulator to work wirelessly and interface with other biomedical devices. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13534-023-00334-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Ajieren
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218 USA
| | - Andrew Fox
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Ethan Biggs
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Gabriel Albors
- The Margolis Center for Health Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Amadeu Llebaria
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Spanish National Research Council, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Irazoqui
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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Park J, Kim K, Kim Y, Kim TS, Min IS, Li B, Cho YU, Lee C, Lee JY, Gao Y, Kang K, Kim DH, Choi WJ, Shin HB, Kang HK, Song YM, Cheng H, Cho IJ, Yu KJ. A wireless, solar-powered, optoelectronic system for spatial restriction-free long-term optogenetic neuromodulations. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi8918. [PMID: 37756405 PMCID: PMC10530225 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi8918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Numerous wireless optogenetic systems have been reported for practical tether-free optogenetics in freely moving animals. However, most devices rely on battery-powered or coil-powered systems requiring periodic battery replacement or bulky, high-cost charging equipment with delicate antenna design. This leads to spatiotemporal constraints, such as limited experimental duration due to battery life or animals' restricted movement within specific areas to maintain wireless power transmission. In this study, we present a wireless, solar-powered, flexible optoelectronic device for neuromodulation of the complete freely behaving subject. This device provides chronic operation without battery replacement or other external settings including impedance matching technique and radio frequency generators. Our device uses high-efficiency, thin InGaP/GaAs tandem flexible photovoltaics to harvest energy from various light sources, which powers Bluetooth system to facilitate long-term, on-demand use. Observation of sustained locomotion behaviors for a month in mice via secondary motor cortex area stimulation demonstrates the notable capabilities of our device, highlighting its potential for space-free neuromodulating applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaejin Park
- Functional Bio-integrated Electronics and Energy Management Lab, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyubeen Kim
- Functional Bio-integrated Electronics and Energy Management Lab, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, 73 Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Soo Kim
- Functional Bio-integrated Electronics and Energy Management Lab, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - In Sik Min
- Functional Bio-integrated Electronics and Energy Management Lab, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Young Uk Cho
- Functional Bio-integrated Electronics and Energy Management Lab, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanwoo Lee
- Functional Bio-integrated Electronics and Energy Management Lab, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Young Lee
- Functional Bio-integrated Electronics and Energy Management Lab, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuyan Gao
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kyowon Kang
- Functional Bio-integrated Electronics and Energy Management Lab, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hyeon Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jun Choi
- Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Hyun-Beom Shin
- Korea Advanced Nano Fab Center (KANC), Suwon 443-270, Korea
| | - Ho Kwan Kang
- Korea Advanced Nano Fab Center (KANC), Suwon 443-270, Korea
| | - Young Min Song
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Il-Joo Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, 73 Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, 73 Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Jun Yu
- Functional Bio-integrated Electronics and Energy Management Lab, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, YU-Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Institute, Yonsei University, 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
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Lee JM, Lin D, Pyo YW, Kim HR, Park HG, Lieber CM. Stitching Flexible Electronics into the Brain. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2300220. [PMID: 37127888 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding complex neuronal networks requires monitoring long-term neuronal activity in various regions of the brain. Significant progress has been made in multisite implantations of well-designed probes, such as multisite implantation of Si-based and polymer-based probes. However, these multiprobe strategies are limited by the sizes and weights of interfaces to the multiple probes and the inability to track the activity of the same neurons and changes in neuronal activity over longer time periods. Here, a long single flexible probe that can be implanted by stitching into multiple regions of the mouse brain and subsequently transmit chronically stable neuronal signals from the multiple sites via a single low-mass interface is reported. The probe at four different sites is implemented using a glass capillary needle or two sites using an ultrathin metal needle. In vitro tests in brain-mimicking hydrogel show that multisite probe implantations achieve a high connection yield of >86%. In vivo histological images at each site of probes, implanted by stitching using either glass capillary or ultrathin metal insertion needles exhibit seamless tissue-probe interfaces with negligible chronic immune response. In addition, electrophysiology studies demonstrate the ability to track single neuron activities at every injection site with chronic stability over at least one month. Notably, the measured spike amplitudes and signal-to-noise ratios at different implantation sites show no statistically significant differences. Multisite stitching implantation of flexible electronics in the brain opens up new opportunities for both fundamental neuroscience research and electrotherapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Lee
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Dingchang Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Young-Woo Pyo
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Reem Kim
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Gyu Park
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Charles M Lieber
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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Rodrigues AF, Rebelo C, Reis T, Simões S, Bernardino L, Peça J, Ferreira L. Engineering optical tools for remotely controlled brain stimulation and regeneration. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:3034-3050. [PMID: 36947145 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm02059a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are one of the world's leading medical and societal challenges due to the lack of efficacy of the first line treatment. Although pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions have been employed with the aim of regulating neuronal activity and survival, they have failed to avoid symptom relapse and disease progression in the vast majority of patients. In the last 5 years, advanced drug delivery systems delivering bioactive molecules and neuromodulation strategies have been developed to promote tissue regeneration and remodel neuronal circuitry. However, both approaches still have limited spatial and temporal precision over the desired target regions. While external stimuli such as electromagnetic fields and ultrasound have been employed in the clinic for non-invasive neuromodulation, they do not have the capability of offering single-cell spatial resolution as light stimulation. Herein, we review the latest progress in this area of study and discuss the prospects of using light-responsive nanomaterials to achieve on-demand delivery of drugs and neuromodulation, with the aim of achieving brain stimulation and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Filipe Rodrigues
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3000-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Rebelo
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3000-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Central, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Tiago Reis
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3000-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Central, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Susana Simões
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3000-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Central, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Liliana Bernardino
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - João Peça
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3000-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Central, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Lino Ferreira
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3000-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Central, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Jeon YS, Jeong D, Kweon H, Kim JH, Kim CY, Oh Y, Lee YH, Kim CH, Kim SG, Jeong JW, Kim E, Lee SH. Adolescent Parvalbumin Expression in the Left Orbitofrontal Cortex Shapes Sociability in Female Mice. J Neurosci 2023; 43:1555-1571. [PMID: 36717231 PMCID: PMC10008055 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0918-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The adolescent social experience is essential for the maturation of the prefrontal cortex in mammalian species. However, it still needs to be determined which cortical circuits mature with such experience and how it shapes adult social behaviors in a sex-specific manner. Here, we examined social-approaching behaviors in male and female mice after postweaning social isolation (PWSI), which deprives social experience during adolescence. We found that the PWSI, particularly isolation during late adolescence, caused an abnormal increase in social approaches (hypersociability) only in female mice. We further found that the PWSI female mice showed reduced parvalbumin (PV) expression in the left orbitofrontal cortex (OFCL). When we measured neural activity in the female OFCL, a substantial number of neurons showed higher activity when mice sniffed other mice (social sniffing) than when they sniffed an object (object sniffing). Interestingly, the PWSI significantly reduced both the number of activated neurons and the activity level during social sniffing in female mice. Similarly, the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockdown of PV in the OFCL during late adolescence enhanced sociability and reduced the social sniffing-induced activity in adult female mice via decreased excitability of PV+ neurons and reduced synaptic inhibition in the OFCL Moreover, optogenetic activation of excitatory neurons or optogenetic inhibition of PV+ neurons in the OFCL enhanced sociability in female mice. Our data demonstrate that the adolescent social experience is critical for the maturation of PV+ inhibitory circuits in the OFCL; this maturation shapes female social behavior via enhancing social representation in the OFCL SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Adolescent social isolation often changes adult social behaviors in mammals. Yet, we do not fully understand the sex-specific effects of social isolation and the brain areas and circuits that mediate such changes. Here, we found that adolescent social isolation causes three abnormal phenotypes in female but not male mice: hypersociability, decreased PV+ neurons in the left orbitofrontal cortex (OFCL), and decreased socially evoked activity in the OFCL Moreover, parvalbumin (PV) deletion in the OFCL in vivo caused the same phenotypes in female mice by increasing excitation compared with inhibition within the OFCL Our data suggest that adolescent social experience is required for PV maturation in the OFCL, which is critical for evoking OFCL activity that shapes social behaviors in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Seon Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Daun Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hanseul Kweon
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Choong Yeon Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Youngbin Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Young-Ho Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Chan Hyuk Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sang-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jae-Woong Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Seung-Hee Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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9
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Liu Y, Chen X, Liang Y, Song H, Yu P, Guan S, Liu Z, Yang A, Tang M, Zhou Y, Zheng Y, Yang Z, Jiang L, He J, Tan N, Xu B, Lin X. Ferromagnetic Flexible Electronics for Brain-Wide Selective Neural Recording. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208251. [PMID: 36451587 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Flexible microelectronics capable of straightforward implantation, remotely controlled navigation, and stable long-term recording hold great promise in diverse medical applications, particularly in deciphering complex functions of neural circuits in the brain. Existing flexible electronics, however, are often limited in bending and buckling during implantation, and unable to access a large brain region. Here, an injectable class of electronics with stable recording, omnidirectional steering, and precise navigating capabilities based on magnetic actuation is presented. After simple transcriptional injection, the rigid coatings are biodegraded quickly and the bundles of magnetic-nanoparticles-coated microelectrodes become separated, ultra-flexible, and magnetic actuated for further minimally invasive three-dimensional interpenetration in the brain. As proof of concept, this paradigm-shifting approach is demonstrated for selective and multiplexed neural activities recording across distant regions in the deep rodent brains. Coupling with optogenetic neural stimulation, the unique capabilities of this platform in electrophysiological readouts of projection dynamics in vivo are also demonstrated. The ability of these miniaturized, remotely controllable, and biocompatible ferromagnetic flexible electronics to afford minimally invasive manipulations in the soft tissues of the mammalian brain foreshadows applications in other organ systems, with great potential for broad utility in biomedical science and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Ye Liang
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Hao Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Peng Yu
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Machine Intelligence and Advanced Computing, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Shunmin Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Zijian Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Anqi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Minghui Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Yajing Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Zhilun Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Lelun Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Jufang He
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Ning Tan
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Machine Intelligence and Advanced Computing, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Bingzhe Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Xudong Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
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10
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Rodrigues AF, Tavares APM, Simões S, Silva RPFF, Sobrino T, Figueiredo BR, Sales G, Ferreira L. Engineering graphene-based electrodes for optical neural stimulation. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:687-706. [PMID: 36515425 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05256c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-based materials (GBMs) have been investigated in recent years with the aim of developing flexible interfaces to address a range of neurological disorders, where electrical stimulation may improve brain function and tissue regeneration. The recent discovery that GBM electrodes can generate an electrical response upon light exposure has inspired the development of non-genetic approaches capable of selectively modulating brain cells without genetic manipulation (i.e., optogenetics). Here, we propose the conjugation of graphene with upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), which enable wireless transcranial activation using tissue-penetrating near-infrared (NIR) radiation. Following a design of experiments approach, we first investigated the influence of different host matrices and dopants commonly used to synthesize UCNPs in the electrical response of graphene. Two UCNP formulations achieving optimal enhancement of electrical conductivity upon NIR activation at λ = 780 or 980 nm were identified. These formulations were then covalently attached to graphene nanoplatelets following selective hydroxyl derivatization. The resulting nanocomposites were evaluated in vitro using SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. NIR activation at λ = 980 nm promoted cell proliferation and downregulated neuronal and glial differentiation markers, suggesting the potential application of GBMs in minimally invasive stimulation of cells for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Filipe Rodrigues
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ana P M Tavares
- BioMark@UC, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Susana Simões
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Rui P F F Silva
- Graphenest S.A., Edifício Vouga Park, 3740-070 Paradela do Vouga, Portugal
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- NeuroAging Laboratory, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Bruno R Figueiredo
- Graphenest S.A., Edifício Vouga Park, 3740-070 Paradela do Vouga, Portugal
| | - Goreti Sales
- BioMark@UC, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lino Ferreira
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Faculty of Medicine, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Central, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
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11
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Li H, Wang J, Fang Y. Recent developments in multifunctional neural probes for simultaneous neural recording and modulation. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:4. [PMID: 36620392 PMCID: PMC9810608 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00444-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Neural probes are among the most widely applied tools for studying neural circuit functions and treating neurological disorders. Given the complexity of the nervous system, it is highly desirable to monitor and modulate neural activities simultaneously at the cellular scale. In this review, we provide an overview of recent developments in multifunctional neural probes that allow simultaneous neural activity recording and modulation through different modalities, including chemical, electrical, and optical stimulation. We will focus on the material and structural design of multifunctional neural probes and their interfaces with neural tissues. Finally, future challenges and prospects of multifunctional neural probes will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbian Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Jinfen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Ying Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190 China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
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12
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Muresanu DF, Sharma A, Tian ZR, Lafuente JV, Nozari A, Feng L, Buzoianu AD, Wiklund L, Sharma HS. Nanowired Delivery of Cerebrolysin with Mesenchymal Stem Cells Attenuates Heat Stress-Induced Exacerbation of Neuropathology Following Brain Blast Injury. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 32:231-270. [PMID: 37480463 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32997-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Blast brain injury (bBI) following explosive detonations in warfare is one of the prominent causes of multidimensional insults to the central nervous and other vital organs injury. Several military personnel suffered from bBI during the Middle East conflict at hot environment. The bBI largely occurs due to pressure waves, generation of heat together with release of shrapnel and gun powders explosion with penetrating and/or impact head trauma causing multiple brain damage. As a result, bBI-induced secondary injury causes breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and edema formation that further results in neuronal, glial and axonal injuries. Previously, we reported endocrine imbalance and influence of diabetes on bBI-induced brain pathology that was significantly attenuated by nanowired delivery of cerebrolysin in model experiments. Cerebrolysin is a balanced composition of several neurotrophic factors, and active peptide fragment is capable of neuroprotection in several neurological insults. Exposure to heat stress alone causes BBB damage, edema formation and brain pathology. Thus, it is quite likely that hot environment further exacerbates the consequences of bBI. Thus, novel therapeutic strategies using nanodelivery of stem cell and cerebrolysin may further enhance superior neuroprotection in bBI at hot environment. Our observations are the first to show that combined nanowired delivery of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and cerebrolysin significantly attenuated exacerbation of bBI in hot environment and induced superior neuroprotection, not reported earlier. The possible mechanisms of neuroprotection with MSCs and cerebrolysin in bBI are discussed in the light of current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lianyuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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13
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Customizable, wireless and implantable neural probe design and fabrication via 3D printing. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:3-21. [PMID: 36271159 PMCID: PMC10059091 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00758-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This Protocol Extension describes the low-cost production of rapidly customizable optical neural probes for in vivo optogenetics. We detail the use of a 3D printer to fabricate minimally invasive microscale inorganic light-emitting-diode-based neural probes that can control neural circuit activity in freely behaving animals, thus extending the scope of two previously published protocols describing the fabrication and implementation of optoelectronic devices for studying intact neural systems. The 3D-printing fabrication process does not require extensive training and eliminates the need for expensive materials, specialized cleanroom facilities and time-consuming microfabrication techniques typical of conventional manufacturing processes. As a result, the design of the probes can be quickly optimized, on the basis of experimental need, reducing the cost and turnaround for customization. For example, 3D-printed probes can be customized to target multiple brain regions or scaled up for use in large animal models. This protocol comprises three procedures: (1) probe fabrication, (2) wireless module preparation and (3) implantation for in vivo assays. For experienced researchers, neural probe and wireless module fabrication requires ~2 d, while implantation should take 30-60 min per animal. Time required for behavioral assays will vary depending on the experimental design and should include at least 5 d of animal handling before implantation of the probe, to familiarize each animal to their handler, thus reducing handling stress that may influence the result of the behavioral assays. The implementation of customized probes improves the flexibility in optogenetic experimental design and increases access to wireless probes for in vivo optogenetic research.
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14
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Stretchable Surface Electrode Arrays Using an Alginate/PEDOT:PSS-Based Conductive Hydrogel for Conformal Brain Interfacing. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010084. [PMID: 36616434 PMCID: PMC9824691 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An electrocorticogram (ECoG) is the electrical activity obtainable from the cerebral cortex and an informative source with considerable potential for future advanced applications in various brain-interfacing technologies. Considerable effort has been devoted to developing biocompatible, conformal, soft, and conductive interfacial materials for bridging devices and brain tissue; however, the implementation of brain-adaptive materials with optimized electrical and mechanical characteristics remains challenging. Herein, we present surface electrode arrays using the soft tough ionic conductive hydrogel (STICH). The newly proposed STICH features brain-adaptive softness with Young's modulus of ~9.46 kPa, which is sufficient to form a conformal interface with the cortex. Additionally, the STICH has high toughness of ~36.85 kJ/mm3, highlighting its robustness for maintaining the solid structure during interfacing with wet brain tissue. The stretchable metal electrodes with a wavy pattern printed on the elastomer were coated with the STICH as an interfacial layer, resulting in an improvement of the impedance from 60 kΩ to 10 kΩ at 1 kHz after coating. Acute in vivo experiments for ECoG monitoring were performed in anesthetized rodents, thereby successfully realizing conformal interfacing to the animal's cortex and the sensitive recording of electrical activity using the STICH-coated electrodes, which exhibited a higher visual-evoked potential (VEP) amplitude than that of the control device.
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15
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Girven KS, Mangieri L, Bruchas MR. Emerging approaches for decoding neuropeptide transmission. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:899-912. [PMID: 36257845 PMCID: PMC9671847 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides produce robust effects on behavior across species, and recent research has benefited from advances in high-resolution techniques to investigate peptidergic transmission and expression throughout the brain in model systems. Neuropeptides exhibit distinct characteristics which includes their post-translational processing, release from dense core vesicles, and ability to activate G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). These complex properties have driven the need for development of specialized tools that can sense neuropeptide expression, cell activity, and release. Current research has focused on isolating when and how neuropeptide transmission occurs, as well as the conditions in which neuropeptides directly mediate physiological and adaptive behavioral states. Here we describe the current technological landscape in which the field is operating to decode key questions regarding these dynamic neuromodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey S Girven
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; University of Washington Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Leandra Mangieri
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; University of Washington Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; University of Washington Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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16
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Wireless multi-lateral optofluidic microsystems for real-time programmable optogenetics and photopharmacology. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5571. [PMID: 36137999 PMCID: PMC9500026 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32947-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo optogenetics and photopharmacology are two techniques for controlling neuronal activity that have immense potential in neuroscience research. Their applications in tether-free groups of animals have been limited in part due to tools availability. Here, we present a wireless, battery-free, programable multilateral optofluidic platform with user-selected modalities for optogenetics, pharmacology and photopharmacology. This system features mechanically compliant microfluidic and electronic interconnects, capabilities for dynamic control over the rates of drug delivery and real-time programmability, simultaneously for up to 256 separate devices in a single cage environment. Our behavioral experiments demonstrate control of motor behaviors in grouped mice through in vivo optogenetics with co-located gene delivery and controlled photolysis of caged glutamate. These optofluidic systems may expand the scope of wireless techniques to study neural processing in animal models. Wireless delivery of both light and pharmacological agents is important for optogenetic and other mechanistic experiments in the brain. Here the authors present a wireless real-time programmable optofluidic platform that enables optogenetics and photopharmacology experiments that require real-time precise control of light and drug delivery.
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17
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Yoon Y, Shin H, Byun D, Woo J, Cho Y, Choi N, Cho IJ. Neural probe system for behavioral neuropharmacology by bi-directional wireless drug delivery and electrophysiology in socially interacting mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5521. [PMID: 36130965 PMCID: PMC9492903 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33296-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing the neurological and behavioral effects of drugs is important in developing pharmacological treatments, as well as understanding the mechanisms associated with neurological disorders. Herein, we present a miniaturized, wireless neural probe system with the capability of delivering drugs for the real-time investigation of the effects of the drugs on both behavioral and neural activities in socially interacting mice. We demonstrate wireless drug delivery and simultaneous monitoring of the resulting neural, behavioral changes, as well as the dose-dependent and repeatable responses to drugs. Furthermore, in pairs of mice, we use a food competition assay in which social interaction was modulated by the delivery of the drug, and the resulting changes in their neural activities are analyzed. During modulated food competition by drug injection, we observe changes in neural activity in mPFC region of a participating mouse over time. Our system may provide new opportunities for the development of studying the effects of drugs on behaviour and neural activity. Technologies for monitoring electrophysiological effects of drugs in behaving animals have limitations. Here the authors report a wireless neural probe system with drug delivery capability for real-time monitoring of drug effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousang Yoon
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyogeun Shin
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghak Byun
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwan Woo
- Research Animal Resource Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yakdol Cho
- Research Animal Resource Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Nakwon Choi
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.,KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Joo Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Orthogonal Control of Neuronal Circuits and Behavior Using Photopharmacology. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:1433-1442. [PMID: 35737209 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decades, photopharmacology has gone far beyond its proof-of-concept stage to become a bona fide approach to study neural systems in vivo. Indeed, photopharmacological control has expanded over a wide range of endogenous targets, such as receptors, ion channels, transporters, kinases, lipids, and DNA transcription processes. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent progresses in the in vivo photopharmacological control of neuronal circuits and behavior. In particular, the use of small aquatic animals for the in vivo screening of photopharmacological compounds, the recent advances in optical modulation of complex behaviors in mice, and the development of adjacent techniques for light and drug delivery in vivo are described.
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19
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Hee Lee J, Lee S, Kim D, Jae Lee K. Implantable Micro-Light-Emitting Diode (µLED)-based optogenetic interfaces toward human applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 187:114399. [PMID: 35716898 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetics has received wide attention in biomedical fields because of itsadvantages in temporal precision and spatial resolution. Beyond contributions to important advances in fundamental research, optogenetics is inspiring a shift towards new methods of improving human well-being and treating diseases. Soft, flexible and biocompatible systems using µLEDs as a light source have been introduced to realize brain-compatible optogenetic implants, but there are still many technical challenges to overcome before their human applications. In this review, we address progress in the development of implantable µLED probes and recent achievements in (i) device engineering design, (ii) driving power, (iii) multifunctionality and (iv) closed-loop systems. (v) Expanded optogenetic applications based on remarkable advances in µLED implants will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hee Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sinjeong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Daesoo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Keon Jae Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Heshmati M, Bruchas MR. Historical and Modern Evidence for the Role of Reward Circuitry in Emergence. Anesthesiology 2022; 136:997-1014. [PMID: 35362070 PMCID: PMC9467375 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000004148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports a role for brain reward circuitry in modulating arousal along with emergence from anesthesia. Emergence remains an important frontier for investigation, since no drug exists in clinical practice to initiate rapid and smooth emergence. This review discusses clinical and preclinical evidence indicating a role for two brain regions classically considered integral components of the mesolimbic brain reward circuitry, the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens, in emergence from propofol and volatile anesthesia. Then there is a description of modern systems neuroscience approaches to neural circuit investigations that will help span the large gap between preclinical and clinical investigation with the shared aim of developing therapies to promote rapid emergence without agitation or delirium. This article proposes that neuroscientists include models of whole-brain network activity in future studies to inform the translational value of preclinical investigations and foster productive dialogues with clinician anesthesiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Heshmati
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, and Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, and Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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21
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Fang J, Huang S, Liu F, He G, Li X, Huang X, Chen HJ, Xie X. Semi-Implantable Bioelectronics. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:125. [PMID: 35633391 PMCID: PMC9148344 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00818-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Developing techniques to effectively and real-time monitor and regulate the interior environment of biological objects is significantly important for many biomedical engineering and scientific applications, including drug delivery, electrophysiological recording and regulation of intracellular activities. Semi-implantable bioelectronics is currently a hot spot in biomedical engineering research area, because it not only meets the increasing technical demands for precise detection or regulation of biological activities, but also provides a desirable platform for externally incorporating complex functionalities and electronic integration. Although there is less definition and summary to distinguish it from the well-reviewed non-invasive bioelectronics and fully implantable bioelectronics, semi-implantable bioelectronics have emerged as highly unique technology to boost the development of biochips and smart wearable device. Here, we reviewed the recent progress in this field and raised the concept of "Semi-implantable bioelectronics", summarizing the principle and strategies of semi-implantable device for cell applications and in vivo applications, discussing the typical methodologies to access to intracellular environment or in vivo environment, biosafety aspects and typical applications. This review is meaningful for understanding in-depth the design principles, materials fabrication techniques, device integration processes, cell/tissue penetration methodologies, biosafety aspects, and applications strategies that are essential to the development of future minimally invasive bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaru Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanmao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Gen He
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinshuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Jiuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Frank JA. Optofluidic neural interfaces for in vivo photopharmacology. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 63:102195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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23
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Avila R, Wu Y, Garziera R, Rogers JA, Huang Y. Analytical Modeling of Flowrate and Its Maxima in Electrochemical Bioelectronics with Drug Delivery Capabilities. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2022; 2022:9805932. [PMID: 35316891 PMCID: PMC8917966 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9805932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Flowrate control in flexible bioelectronics with targeted drug delivery capabilities is essential to ensure timely and safe delivery. For neuroscience and pharmacogenetics studies in small animals, these flexible bioelectronic systems can be tailored to deliver small drug volumes on a controlled fashion without damaging surrounding tissues from stresses induced by excessively high flowrates. The drug delivery process is realized by an electrochemical reaction that pressurizes the internal bioelectronic chambers to deform a flexible polymer membrane that pumps the drug through a network of microchannels implanted in the small animal. The flowrate temporal profile and global maximum are governed and can be modeled by the ideal gas law. Here, we obtain an analytical solution that groups the relevant mechanical, fluidic, environmental, and electrochemical terms involved in the drug delivery process into a set of three nondimensional parameters. The unique combinations of these three nondimensional parameters (related to the initial pressure, initial gas volume, and microfluidic resistance) can be used to model the flowrate and scale up the flexible bioelectronic design for experiments in medium and large animal models. The analytical solution is divided into (1) a fast variable that controls the maximum flowrate and (2) a slow variable that models the temporal profile. Together, the two variables detail the complete drug delivery process and control using the three nondimensional parameters. Comparison of the analytical model with alternative numerical models shows excellent agreement and validates the analytic modeling approach. These findings serve as a theoretical framework to design and optimize future flexible bioelectronic systems used in biomedical research, or related medical fields, and analytically control the flowrate and its global maximum for successful drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raudel Avila
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yixin Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Rinaldo Garziera
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria ed Architettura, Università di Parma, Italy
| | - John A Rogers
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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24
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Song H, Luo G, Ji Z, Bo R, Xue Z, Yan D, Zhang F, Bai K, Liu J, Cheng X, Pang W, Shen Z, Zhang Y. Highly-integrated, miniaturized, stretchable electronic systems based on stacked multilayer network materials. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm3785. [PMID: 35294232 PMCID: PMC8926335 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm3785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Elastic stretchability and function density represent two key figures of merits for stretchable inorganic electronics. Various design strategies have been reported to provide both high levels of stretchability and function density, but the function densities are mostly below 80%. While the stacked device layout can overcome this limitation, the soft elastomers used in previous studies could highly restrict the deformation of stretchable interconnects. Here, we introduce stacked multilayer network materials as a general platform to incorporate individual components and stretchable interconnects, without posing any essential constraint to their deformations. Quantitative analyses show a substantial enhancement (e.g., by ~7.5 times) of elastic stretchability of serpentine interconnects as compared to that based on stacked soft elastomers. The proposed strategy allows demonstration of a miniaturized electronic system (11 mm by 10 mm), with a moderate elastic stretchability (~20%) and an unprecedented areal coverage (~110%), which can serve as compass display, somatosensory mouse, and physiological-signal monitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglie Song
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Guoquan Luo
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composite in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
| | - Ziyao Ji
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Renheng Bo
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoguo Xue
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Dongjia Yan
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Ke Bai
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jianxing Liu
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xu Cheng
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Pang
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhangming Shen
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Corresponding author.
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25
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Wu G, Heck I, Zhang N, Phaup G, Zhang X, Wu Y, Stalla DE, Weng Z, Sun H, Li H, Zhang Z, Ding S, Li DP, Zhang Y. Wireless, battery-free push-pull microsystem for membrane-free neurochemical sampling in freely moving animals. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn2277. [PMID: 35196090 PMCID: PMC8865804 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn2277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Extensive studies in both animals and humans have demonstrated that high molecular weight neurochemicals, such as neuropeptides and other polypeptide neurochemicals, play critical roles in various neurological disorders. Despite many attempts, existing methods are constrained by detecting neuropeptide release in small animal models during behavior tasks, which leaves the molecular mechanisms underlying many neurological and psychological disorders unresolved. Here, we report a wireless, programmable push-pull microsystem for membrane-free neurochemical sampling with cellular spatial resolution in freely moving animals. In vitro studies demonstrate the sampling of various neurochemicals with high recovery (>80%). Open-field tests reveal that the device implantation does not affect the natural behavior of mice. The probe successfully captures the pharmacologically evoked release of neuropeptide Y in freely moving mice. This wireless push-pull microsystem creates opportunities for neuroscientists to understand where, when, and how the release of neuropeptides modulates diverse behavioral outputs of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfu Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Ian Heck
- Department of Biomedical, Biological, and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Nannan Zhang
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Glenn Phaup
- Center for Precision Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Xincheng Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Yixin Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - David E. Stalla
- Electron Microscopy Core, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Zhengyan Weng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - He Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Huijie Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Biomedical, Biological, and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Shinghua Ding
- Department of Biomedical, Biological, and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - De-Pei Li
- Center for Precision Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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26
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Colocalized, bidirectional optogenetic modulations in freely behaving mice with a wireless dual-color optoelectronic probe. Nat Commun 2022; 13:839. [PMID: 35149715 PMCID: PMC8837785 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28539-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetic methods provide efficient cell-specific modulations, and the ability of simultaneous neural activation and inhibition in the same brain region of freely moving animals is highly desirable. Here we report bidirectional neuronal activity manipulation accomplished by a wireless, dual-color optogenetic probe in synergy with the co-expression of two spectrally distinct opsins (ChrimsonR and stGtACR2) in a rodent model. The flexible probe comprises vertically assembled, thin-film microscale light-emitting diodes with a lateral dimension of 125 × 180 µm2, showing colocalized red and blue emissions and enabling chronic in vivo operations with desirable biocompatibilities. Red or blue irradiations deterministically evoke or silence neurons co-expressing the two opsins. The probe interferes with dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area of mice, increasing or decreasing dopamine levels. Such bidirectional regulations further generate rewarding and aversive behaviors and interrogate social interactions among multiple mice. These technologies create numerous opportunities and implications for brain research.
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27
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Wan J, Zhou S, Mea HJ, Guo Y, Ku H, Urbina BM. Emerging Roles of Microfluidics in Brain Research: From Cerebral Fluids Manipulation to Brain-on-a-Chip and Neuroelectronic Devices Engineering. Chem Rev 2022; 122:7142-7181. [PMID: 35080375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Remarkable progress made in the past few decades in brain research enables the manipulation of neuronal activity in single neurons and neural circuits and thus allows the decipherment of relations between nervous systems and behavior. The discovery of glymphatic and lymphatic systems in the brain and the recently unveiled tight relations between the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the central nervous system (CNS) further revolutionize our understanding of brain structures and functions. Fundamental questions about how neurons conduct two-way communications with the gut to establish the gut-brain axis (GBA) and interact with essential brain components such as glial cells and blood vessels to regulate cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in health and disease, however, remain. Microfluidics with unparalleled advantages in the control of fluids at microscale has emerged recently as an effective approach to address these critical questions in brain research. The dynamics of cerebral fluids (i.e., blood and CSF) and novel in vitro brain-on-a-chip models and microfluidic-integrated multifunctional neuroelectronic devices, for example, have been investigated. This review starts with a critical discussion of the current understanding of several key topics in brain research such as neurovascular coupling (NVC), glymphatic pathway, and GBA and then interrogates a wide range of microfluidic-based approaches that have been developed or can be improved to advance our fundamental understanding of brain functions. Last, emerging technologies for structuring microfluidic devices and their implications and future directions in brain research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandi Wan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Sitong Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Hing Jii Mea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Yaojun Guo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Hansol Ku
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Brianna M Urbina
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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28
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Abstract
Optogenetics combines light and genetics to enable precise control of living cells, tissues, and organisms with tailored functions. Optogenetics has the advantages of noninvasiveness, rapid responsiveness, tunable reversibility, and superior spatiotemporal resolution. Following the initial discovery of microbial opsins as light-actuated ion channels, a plethora of naturally occurring or engineered photoreceptors or photosensitive domains that respond to light at varying wavelengths has ushered in the next chapter of optogenetics. Through protein engineering and synthetic biology approaches, genetically-encoded photoswitches can be modularly engineered into protein scaffolds or host cells to control a myriad of biological processes, as well as to enable behavioral control and disease intervention in vivo. Here, we summarize these optogenetic tools on the basis of their fundamental photochemical properties to better inform the chemical basis and design principles. We also highlight exemplary applications of opsin-free optogenetics in dissecting cellular physiology (designated "optophysiology"), and describe the current progress, as well as future trends, in wireless optogenetics, which enables remote interrogation of physiological processes with minimal invasiveness. This review is anticipated to spark novel thoughts on engineering next-generation optogenetic tools and devices that promise to accelerate both basic and translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Tan
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, Texas, United States.,Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Lian He
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Yun Huang
- Center for Epigenetics and Disease Prevention, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Yubin Zhou
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, Texas, United States.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, Texas, United States
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29
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Tian H, Xu K, Zou L, Fang Y. Multimodal neural probes for combined optogenetics and electrophysiology. iScience 2022; 25:103612. [PMID: 35106461 PMCID: PMC8786639 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how brain functions arise from interconnected neural networks, it is necessary to develop tools that can allow simultaneous manipulation and recording of neural activities. Multimodal neural probes, especially those that combine optogenetics with electrophysiology, provide a powerful tool for the dissection of neural circuit functions and understanding of brain diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of recent developments in multimodal neural probes. We will focus on materials and integration strategies of multimodal neural probes to achieve combined optogenetic stimulation and electrical recordings with high spatiotemporal precision and low invasiveness. In addition, we will also discuss future opportunities of multimodal neural interfaces in basic and translational neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Tian
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ke Xu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liang Zou
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Fang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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30
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Qazi R, Parker KE, Kim CY, Rill R, Norris MR, Chung J, Bilbily J, Kim JR, Walicki MC, Gereau GB, Lim H, Xiong Y, Lee JR, Tapia MA, Kravitz AV, Will MJ, Ha S, McCall JG, Jeong JW. Scalable and modular wireless-network infrastructure for large-scale behavioural neuroscience. Nat Biomed Eng 2021; 6:771-786. [PMID: 34824397 PMCID: PMC10180496 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-021-00814-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The use of rodents to acquire understanding of the function of neural circuits and of the physiological, genetic and developmental underpinnings of behaviour has been constrained by limitations in the scalability, automation and high-throughput operation of implanted wireless neural devices. Here we report scalable and modular hardware and software infrastructure for setting up and operating remotely programmable miniaturized wireless networks leveraging Bluetooth Low Energy for the study of the long-term behaviour of large groups of rodents. The integrated system allows for automated, scheduled and real-time experimentation via the simultaneous and independent use of multiple neural devices and equipment within and across laboratories. By measuring the locomotion, feeding, arousal and social behaviours of groups of mice or rats, we show that the system allows for bidirectional data transfer from readily available hardware, and that it can be used with programmable pharmacological or optogenetic stimulation. Scalable and modular wireless-network infrastructure should facilitate the remote operation of fully automated large-scale and long-term closed-loop experiments for the study of neural circuits and animal behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raza Qazi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kyle E Parker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Washington University Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Choong Yeon Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ruediger Rill
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Makenzie R Norris
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Washington University Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jaeyoon Chung
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - John Bilbily
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Washington University Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jenny R Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Washington University Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marie C Walicki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Washington University Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Graydon B Gereau
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Washington University Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hyoyoung Lim
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Yanyu Xiong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jenna R Lee
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Melissa A Tapia
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Alexxai V Kravitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Matthew J Will
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sangtae Ha
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Jordan G McCall
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA. .,Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. .,Washington University Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA. .,Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Jae-Woong Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Cho Y, Park S, Lee J, Yu KJ. Emerging Materials and Technologies with Applications in Flexible Neural Implants: A Comprehensive Review of Current Issues with Neural Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005786. [PMID: 34050691 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Neuroscience is an essential field of investigation that reveals the identity of human beings, with a comprehensive understanding of advanced mental activities, through the study of neurobiological structures and functions. Fully understanding the neurotransmission system that allows for connectivity among neuronal circuits has paved the way for the development of treatments for neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and depression. The field of flexible implants has attracted increasing interest mainly to overcome the mechanical mismatch between rigid electrode materials and soft neural tissues, enabling precise measurements of neural signals from conformal contact. Here, the current issues of flexible neural implants (chronic device failure, non-bioresorbable electronics, low-density electrode arrays, among others are summarized) by presenting material candidates and designs to address each challenge. Furthermore, the latest investigations associated with the aforementioned issues are also introduced, including suggestions for ideal neural implants. In terms of the future direction of these advances, designing flexible devices would provide new opportunities for the study of brain-machine interfaces or brain-computer interfaces as part of locomotion through brain signals, and for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younguk Cho
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Sanghoon Park
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Juyoung Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Ki Jun Yu
- School of Electrical Engineering, YU-KIST Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
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32
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Kathe C, Michoud F, Schönle P, Rowald A, Brun N, Ravier J, Furfaro I, Paggi V, Kim K, Soloukey S, Asboth L, Hutson TH, Jelescu I, Philippides A, Alwahab N, Gandar J, Huber D, De Zeeuw CI, Barraud Q, Huang Q, Lacour SP, Courtine G. Wireless closed-loop optogenetics across the entire dorsoventral spinal cord in mice. Nat Biotechnol 2021; 40:198-208. [PMID: 34580478 PMCID: PMC7612390 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-021-01019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Optoelectronic systems can exert precise control over targeted neurons and pathways throughout the brain in untethered animals, but similar technologies for the spinal cord are not well established. In the present study, we describe a system for ultrafast, wireless, closed-loop manipulation of targeted neurons and pathways across the entire dorsoventral spinal cord in untethered mice. We developed a soft stretchable carrier, integrating microscale light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs), that conforms to the dura mater of the spinal cord. A coating of silicone-phosphor matrix over the micro-LEDs provides mechanical protection and light conversion for compatibility with a large library of opsins. A lightweight, head-mounted, wireless platform powers the micro-LEDs and performs low-latency, on-chip processing of sensed physiological signals to control photostimulation in a closed loop. We use the device to reveal the role of various neuronal subtypes, sensory pathways and supraspinal projections in the control of locomotion in healthy and spinal-cord injured mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kathe
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland.,Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (NeuroRestore), University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV), University of Lausanne and EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Michoud
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Neuroprosthetic Technology, Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Institute of Microenginnering, Institute of Bioengineering, Centre for Neuroprosthetics, EPFL, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Schönle
- Integrated Systems Laboratory, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Swiss Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Rowald
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland.,Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (NeuroRestore), University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV), University of Lausanne and EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Noé Brun
- Integrated Systems Laboratory, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Swiss Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jimmy Ravier
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland.,Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (NeuroRestore), University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV), University of Lausanne and EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Furfaro
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Neuroprosthetic Technology, Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Institute of Microenginnering, Institute of Bioengineering, Centre for Neuroprosthetics, EPFL, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Paggi
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Neuroprosthetic Technology, Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Institute of Microenginnering, Institute of Bioengineering, Centre for Neuroprosthetics, EPFL, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Neuroprosthetic Technology, Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Institute of Microenginnering, Institute of Bioengineering, Centre for Neuroprosthetics, EPFL, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sadaf Soloukey
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie Asboth
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland.,Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (NeuroRestore), University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV), University of Lausanne and EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas H Hutson
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland.,Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (NeuroRestore), University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV), University of Lausanne and EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ileana Jelescu
- Centre d'Imagerie Biomedicale, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Philippides
- Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Noaf Alwahab
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Neuroprosthetic Technology, Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Institute of Microenginnering, Institute of Bioengineering, Centre for Neuroprosthetics, EPFL, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Gandar
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland.,Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (NeuroRestore), University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV), University of Lausanne and EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Huber
- Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute of Neuroscience, Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Quentin Barraud
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland.,Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (NeuroRestore), University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV), University of Lausanne and EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Qiuting Huang
- Integrated Systems Laboratory, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Swiss Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie P Lacour
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Neuroprosthetic Technology, Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Institute of Microenginnering, Institute of Bioengineering, Centre for Neuroprosthetics, EPFL, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Grégoire Courtine
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland. .,Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (NeuroRestore), University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV), University of Lausanne and EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Department of Neurosurgery, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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33
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Szabo E, Hess-Dunning A. Irreversible, Self-Aligned Microfluidic Packaging for Chronic Implant Applications. JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING : STRUCTURES, DEVICES, AND SYSTEMS 2021; 31:1-10. [PMID: 35431469 PMCID: PMC9009276 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6439/ac1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Packaging is an often overlooked component in microfluidic devices for biomedical implant applications. Robust and reliable connectors to interface microscale and macroscale features are especially critical for chronic implant applications. Existing microfluidic packaging methods are incompatible with emerging polymeric materials designed to enhance device integration with the surrounding tissue. A microfluidic connector scheme was developed to promote compatibility with novel materials and implant applications. The connectors and an adhesive wax were printed on a scaffold via additive manufacturing processes. The low-temperature packaging process entailed bonding the connector to a polymer nanocomposite-based intracortical microfluidic probe using an adhesive wax. The robustness of the packaging was assessed by measuring the tensile and shear bond strengths of the connector-adhesive wax-polymer film interface. After soak testing for 4 weeks, the bond strength continued to exceed the force required to infuse fluids through the microfluidic channel. Further, the shear bond strength exceeded typical probe insertion forces by at least 10-fold. These results support the use of the connector and thermal bonding method as a viable option for chronic implant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Szabo
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Allison Hess-Dunning
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Rehabilitation Research and Development, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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34
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Cheng X, Zhang F, Bo R, Shen Z, Pang W, Jin T, Song H, Xue Z, Zhang Y. An Anti-Fatigue Design Strategy for 3D Ribbon-Shaped Flexible Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102684. [PMID: 34342056 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) flexible electronics represent an emerging area of intensive attention in recent years, owing to their broad-ranging applications in wearable electronics, flexible robots, tissue/cell scaffolds, among others. The widely adopted 3D conductive mesostructures in the functional device systems would inevitably undergo repetitive out-of-plane compressions during practical operations, and thus, anti-fatigue design strategies are of great significance to improve the reliability of 3D flexible electronics. Previous studies mainly focused on the fatigue failure behavior of planar ribbon-shaped geometries, while anti-fatigue design strategies and predictive failure criteria addressing 3D ribbon-shaped mesostructures are still lacking. This work demonstrates an anti-fatigue strategy to significantly prolong the fatigue life of 3D ribbon-shaped flexible electronics by switching the metal-dominated failure to desired polymer-dominated failure. Combined in situ measurements and computational studies allow the establishment of a failure criterion capable of accurately predicting fatigue lives under out-of-plane compressions, thereby providing useful guidelines for the design of anti-fatigue mesostructures with diverse 3D geometries. Two mechanically reliable 3D devices, including a resistance-type vibration sensor and a janus sensor capable of decoupled temperature measurements, serve as two demonstrative examples to highlight potential applications in long-term health monitoring and human-like robotic perception, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Mechanics of Ministry of Education, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Mechanics of Ministry of Education, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Renheng Bo
- Key Laboratory of Applied Mechanics of Ministry of Education, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhangming Shen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Mechanics of Ministry of Education, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Pang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Mechanics of Ministry of Education, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Tianqi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Mechanics of Ministry of Education, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Honglie Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Mechanics of Ministry of Education, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoguo Xue
- Key Laboratory of Applied Mechanics of Ministry of Education, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Mechanics of Ministry of Education, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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35
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Gordon-Fennell A, Stuber GD. Illuminating subcortical GABAergic and glutamatergic circuits for reward and aversion. Neuropharmacology 2021; 198:108725. [PMID: 34375625 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reinforcement, reward, and aversion are fundamental processes for guiding appropriate behaviors. Longstanding theories have pointed to dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the limbic systems' descending pathways as crucial systems for modulating these behaviors. The application of optogenetic techniques in neurotransmitter- and projection-specific circuits has supported and enhanced many preexisting theories but has also revealed many unexpected results. Here, we review the past decade of optogenetic experiments to study the neural circuitry of reinforcement and reward/aversion with a focus on the mesolimbic dopamine system and brain areas along the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). The cumulation of these studies to date has revealed generalizable findings across molecularly defined cell types in areas of the basal forebrain and anterior hypothalamus. Optogenetic stimulation of GABAergic neurons in these brain regions drives reward and can support positive reinforcement and optogenetic stimulation of glutamatergic neurons in these regions drives aversion. We also review studies of the activity dynamics of neurotransmitter defined populations in these areas which have revealed varied response patterns associated with motivated behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Gordon-Fennell
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Garret D Stuber
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA.
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36
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Wu J, Dai B, Li Z, Pan T, Zhang D, Lin F. Emerging optofluidic technologies for biodiagnostic applications. VIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20200035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Wu
- Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen China
| | - Bo Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System Ministry of Education Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Zhenqing Li
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System Ministry of Education Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Tingrui Pan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of California Davis California USA
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System Ministry of Education Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Francis Lin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
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37
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Li X, Liu C, Wang R. Light Modulation of Brain and Development of Relevant Equipment. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 74:29-41. [PMID: 32039856 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Light modulation plays an important role in understanding the pathology of brain disorders and improving brain function. Optogenetic techniques can activate or silence targeted neurons with high temporal and spatial accuracy and provide precise control, and have recently become a method for quick manipulation of genetically identified types of neurons. Photobiomodulation (PBM) is light therapy that utilizes non-ionizing light sources, including lasers, light emitting diodes, or broadband light. It provides a safe means of modulating brain activity without any irreversible damage and has established optimal treatment parameters in clinical practice. This manuscript reviews 1) how optogenetic approaches have been used to dissect neural circuits in animal models of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and depression, and 2) how low level transcranial lasers and LED stimulation in humans improves brain activity patterns in these diseases. State-of-the-art brain machine interfaces that can record neural activity and stimulate neurons with light have good prospects in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Li
- School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Central Laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
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38
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Oh TJ, Fan H, Skeeters SS, Zhang K. Steering Molecular Activity with Optogenetics: Recent Advances and Perspectives. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2000180. [PMID: 34028216 PMCID: PMC8218620 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetics utilizes photosensitive proteins to manipulate the localization and interaction of molecules in living cells. Because light can be rapidly switched and conveniently confined to the sub-micrometer scale, optogenetics allows for controlling cellular events with an unprecedented resolution in time and space. The past decade has witnessed an enormous progress in the field of optogenetics within the biological sciences. The ever-increasing amount of optogenetic tools, however, can overwhelm the selection of appropriate optogenetic strategies. Considering that each optogenetic tool may have a distinct mode of action, a comparative analysis of the current optogenetic toolbox can promote the further use of optogenetics, especially by researchers new to this field. This review provides such a compilation that highlights the spatiotemporal accuracy of current optogenetic systems. Recent advances of optogenetics in live cells and animal models are summarized, the emerging work that interlinks optogenetics with other research fields is presented, and exciting clinical and industrial efforts to employ optogenetic strategy toward disease intervention are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teak-Jung Oh
- 600 South Mathews Avenue, 314 B Roger Adams Laboratory, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Huaxun Fan
- 600 South Mathews Avenue, 314 B Roger Adams Laboratory, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Savanna S Skeeters
- 600 South Mathews Avenue, 314 B Roger Adams Laboratory, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- 600 South Mathews Avenue, 314 B Roger Adams Laboratory, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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39
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Byun SH, Kim CS, Agno KC, Lee S, Li Z, Cho BJ, Jeong JW. Design Strategy for Transformative Electronic System toward Rapid, Bidirectional Stiffness Tuning using Graphene and Flexible Thermoelectric Device Interfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007239. [PMID: 33491832 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electronics with tunable shape and stiffness can be applied in broad range of applications because their tunability allows their use in either rigid handheld form or soft wearable form, depending on needs. Previous research has enabled such reconfigurable electronics by integrating a thermally tunable gallium-based platform with flexible/stretchable electronics. However, supercooling phenomenon caused in the freezing process of gallium impedes reliable and rapid bidirectional rigid-soft conversion, limiting the full potential of this type of "transformative" electronics. Here, materials and electronics design strategies are reported to develop a transformative system with a gallium platform capable of fast reversible mechanical switching. In this electronic system, graphene is used as a catalyst to accelerate the heterogeneous nucleation of gallium to mitigate the degree of supercooling. Additionally, a flexible thermoelectric device is integrated as a means to provide active temperature control to further reduce the time for the solid-liquid transition of gallium. Analytical and experimental results establish the fundamentals for the design and optimized operation of transformative electronics for accelerated bidirectional transformation. Proof-of-concept demonstration of a reconfigurable system, which can convert between rigid handheld electronics and a flexible wearable biosensor, demonstrates the potential of this design approach for highly versatile electronics that can support multiple applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hyuk Byun
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Sun Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Karen-Christian Agno
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Simok Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Byung Jin Cho
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woong Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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40
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Li P, Lee GH, Kim SY, Kwon SY, Kim HR, Park S. From Diagnosis to Treatment: Recent Advances in Patient-Friendly Biosensors and Implantable Devices. ACS NANO 2021; 15:1960-2004. [PMID: 33534541 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Patient-friendly medical diagnostics and treatments have been receiving a great deal of interest due to their rapid and cost-effective health care applications with minimized risk of infection, which has the potential to replace conventional hospital-based medical procedures. In particular, the integration of recently developed materials into health care devices allows the rapid development of point-of-care (POC) sensing platforms and implantable devices with special functionalities. In this review, the recent advances in biosensors for patient-friendly diagnosis and implantable devices for patient-friendly treatment are discussed. Comprehensive analysis of portable and wearable biosensing platforms for patient-friendly health monitoring and disease diagnosis is provided, including topics such as materials selection, device structure and integration, and biomarker detection strategies. Moreover, specific challenges related to each biological fluid for wearable biosensor-based POC applications are presented. Also, advances in implantable devices, including recent materials development and wireless communication strategies, are discussed. Furthermore, various patient-friendly surgical and treatment approaches are reviewed, such as minimally invasive insertion and mounting, in vivo electrical and optical modulations, and post-operation health monitoring. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives toward the development of the patient-friendly diagnosis and treatment are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Hee Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Yeong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Young Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Ryong Kim
- College of Dentistry and Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Steve Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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41
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Kim CY, Ku MJ, Qazi R, Nam HJ, Park JW, Nam KS, Oh S, Kang I, Jang JH, Kim WY, Kim JH, Jeong JW. Soft subdermal implant capable of wireless battery charging and programmable controls for applications in optogenetics. Nat Commun 2021; 12:535. [PMID: 33483493 PMCID: PMC7822865 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20803-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics is a powerful technique that allows target-specific spatiotemporal manipulation of neuronal activity for dissection of neural circuits and therapeutic interventions. Recent advances in wireless optogenetics technologies have enabled investigation of brain circuits in more natural conditions by releasing animals from tethered optical fibers. However, current wireless implants, which are largely based on battery-powered or battery-free designs, still limit the full potential of in vivo optogenetics in freely moving animals by requiring intermittent battery replacement or a special, bulky wireless power transfer system for continuous device operation, respectively. To address these limitations, here we present a wirelessly rechargeable, fully implantable, soft optoelectronic system that can be remotely and selectively controlled using a smartphone. Combining advantageous features of both battery-powered and battery-free designs, this device system enables seamless full implantation into animals, reliable ubiquitous operation, and intervention-free wireless charging, all of which are desired for chronic in vivo optogenetics. Successful demonstration of the unique capabilities of this device in freely behaving rats forecasts its broad and practical utilities in various neuroscience research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong Yeon Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jeong Ku
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Raza Qazi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Hong Jae Nam
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Woo Park
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kum Seok Nam
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Shane Oh
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Kang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Jang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wha Young Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Woong Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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42
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Joo H, Lee Y, Kim J, Yoo JS, Yoo S, Kim S, Arya AK, Kim S, Choi SH, Lu N, Lee HS, Kim S, Lee ST, Kim DH. Soft implantable drug delivery device integrated wirelessly with wearable devices to treat fatal seizures. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/1/eabd4639. [PMID: 33523849 PMCID: PMC7775752 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd4639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Personalized biomedical devices have enormous potential to solve clinical challenges in urgent medical situations. Despite this potential, a device for in situ treatment of fatal seizures using pharmaceutical methods has not been developed yet. Here, we present a novel treatment system for neurological medical emergencies, such as status epilepticus, a fatal epileptic condition that requires immediate treatment, using a soft implantable drug delivery device (SID). The SID is integrated wirelessly with wearable devices for monitoring electroencephalography signals and triggering subcutaneous drug release through wireless voltage induction. Because of the wireless integration, bulky rigid components such as sensors, batteries, and electronic circuits can be moved from the SID to wearables, and thus, the mechanical softness and miniaturization of the SID are achieved. The efficacy of the prompt treatment could be demonstrated with animal experiments in vivo, in which brain damages were reduced and survival rates were increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Joo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsik Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemin Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Suk Yoo
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwon Yoo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyeon Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashwini Kumar Arya
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Wearable Convergence Electronics, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangjun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Seung Hong Choi
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Nanshu Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Center for Mechanics of Solids, Structures and Materials, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Han Sang Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghoek Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea.
- Institute for Wearable Convergence Electronics, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Tae Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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43
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How is flexible electronics advancing neuroscience research? Biomaterials 2020; 268:120559. [PMID: 33310538 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Innovative neurotechnology must be leveraged to experimentally answer the multitude of pressing questions in modern neuroscience. Driven by the desire to address the existing neuroscience problems with newly engineered tools, we discuss in this review the benefits of flexible electronics for neuroscience studies. We first introduce the concept and define the properties of flexible and stretchable electronics. We then categorize the four dimensions where flexible electronics meets the demands of modern neuroscience: chronic stability, interfacing multiple structures, multi-modal compatibility, and neuron-type-specific recording. Specifically, with the bending stiffness now approaching that of neural tissue, implanted flexible electronic devices produce little shear motion, minimizing chronic immune responses and enabling recording and stimulation for months, and even years. The unique mechanical properties of flexible electronics also allow for intimate conformation to the brain, the spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and the retina. Moreover, flexible electronics enables optogenetic stimulation, microfluidic drug delivery, and neural activity imaging during electrical stimulation and recording. Finally, flexible electronics can enable neuron-type identification through analysis of high-fidelity recorded action potentials facilitated by its seamless integration with the neural circuitry. We argue that flexible electronics will play an increasingly important role in neuroscience studies and neurological therapies via the fabrication of neuromorphic devices on flexible substrates and the development of enhanced methods of neuronal interpenetration.
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Fang Y, Meng L, Prominski A, Schaumann E, Seebald M, Tian B. Recent advances in bioelectronics chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:7978-8035. [PMID: 32672777 PMCID: PMC7674226 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00333f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Research in bioelectronics is highly interdisciplinary, with many new developments being based on techniques from across the physical and life sciences. Advances in our understanding of the fundamental chemistry underlying the materials used in bioelectronic applications have been a crucial component of many recent discoveries. In this review, we highlight ways in which a chemistry-oriented perspective may facilitate novel and deep insights into both the fundamental scientific understanding and the design of materials, which can in turn tune the functionality and biocompatibility of bioelectronic devices. We provide an in-depth examination of several developments in the field, organized by the chemical properties of the materials. We conclude by surveying how some of the latest major topics of chemical research may be further integrated with bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Fang
- The James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lingyuan Meng
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Erik Schaumann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Matthew Seebald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Bozhi Tian
- The James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- The Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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45
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Recent advances in neurotechnologies with broad potential for neuroscience research. Nat Neurosci 2020; 23:1522-1536. [PMID: 33199897 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-00739-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interest in deciphering the fundamental mechanisms and processes of the human mind represents a central driving force in modern neuroscience research. Activities in support of this goal rely on advanced methodologies and engineering systems that are capable of interrogating and stimulating neural pathways, from single cells in small networks to interconnections that span the entire brain. Recent research establishes the foundations for a broad range of creative neurotechnologies that enable unique modes of operation in this context. This review focuses on those systems with proven utility in animal model studies and with levels of technical maturity that suggest a potential for broad deployment to the neuroscience community in the relatively near future. We include a brief summary of existing and emerging neuroscience techniques, as background for a primary focus on device technologies that address associated opportunities in electrical, optical and microfluidic neural interfaces, some with multimodal capabilities. Examples of the use of these technologies in recent neuroscience studies illustrate their practical value. The vibrancy of the engineering science associated with these platforms, the interdisciplinary nature of this field of research and its relevance to grand challenges in the treatment of neurological disorders motivate continued growth of this area of study.
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Lee J, Parker KE, Kawakami C, Kim JR, Qazi R, Yea J, Zhang S, Kim CY, Bilbily J, Xiao J, Jang KI, McCall JG, Jeong JW. Rapidly-customizable, scalable 3D-printed wireless optogenetic probes for versatile applications in neuroscience. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:2004285. [PMID: 33708031 PMCID: PMC7942018 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202004285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics is an advanced neuroscience technique that enables the dissection of neural circuitry with high spatiotemporal precision. Recent advances in materials and microfabrication techniques have enabled minimally invasive and biocompatible optical neural probes, thereby facilitating in vivo optogenetic research. However, conventional fabrication techniques rely on cleanroom facilities, which are not easily accessible and are expensive to use, making the overall manufacturing process inconvenient and costly. Moreover, the inherent time-consuming nature of current fabrication procedures impede the rapid customization of neural probes in between in vivo studies. Here, we introduce a new technique stemming from 3D printing technology for the low-cost, mass production of rapidly customizable optogenetic neural probes. We detail the 3D printing production process, on-the-fly design versatility, and biocompatibility of 3D printed optogenetic probes as well as their functional capabilities for wireless in vivo optogenetics. Successful in vivo studies with 3D printed devices highlight the reliability of this easily accessible and flexible manufacturing approach that, with advances in printing technology, can foreshadow its widespread applications in low-cost bioelectronics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyle E. Parker
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, St. Louis College of Pharmacy; Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St. Louis College of Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Chinatsu Kawakami
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Jenny R. Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, St. Louis College of Pharmacy; Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St. Louis College of Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Raza Qazi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Junwoo Yea
- Department of Robotics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Shun Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Choong Yeon Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - John Bilbily
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, St. Louis College of Pharmacy; Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St. Louis College of Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Jianliang Xiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Kyung-In Jang
- Department of Robotics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jordan G. McCall
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, St. Louis College of Pharmacy; Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St. Louis College of Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Jae-Woong Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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47
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Qazi R, Yeon Kim C, Kang I, Binazarov D, McCall JG, Jeong J. Implantable Optofluidic Systems for Wireless In Vivo Photopharmacology. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raza Qazi
- School of Electrical Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering University of Colorado Boulder CO USA
| | - Choong Yeon Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Kang
- School of Electrical Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Dauren Binazarov
- School of Electrical Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Jordan G. McCall
- Department of Anesthesiology Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO USA
| | - Jae‐Woong Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon Republic of Korea
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48
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Controlling the behaviour of Drosophila melanogaster via smartphone optogenetics. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17614. [PMID: 33077824 PMCID: PMC7572528 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74448-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Invertebrates such as Drosophila melanogaster have proven to be a valuable model organism for studies of the nervous system. In order to control neuronal activity, optogenetics has evolved as a powerful technique enabling non-invasive stimulation using light. This requires light sources that can deliver patterns of light with high temporal and spatial precision. Currently employed light sources for stimulation of small invertebrates, however, are either limited in spatial resolution or require sophisticated and bulky equipment. In this work, we used smartphone displays for optogenetic control of Drosophila melanogaster. We developed an open-source smartphone app that allows time-dependent display of light patterns and used this to activate and inhibit different neuronal populations in both larvae and adult flies. Characteristic behavioural responses were observed depending on the displayed colour and brightness and in agreement with the activation spectra and light sensitivity of the used channelrhodopsins. By displaying patterns of light, we constrained larval movement and were able to guide larvae on the display. Our method serves as a low-cost high-resolution testbench for optogenetic experiments using small invertebrate species and is particularly appealing to application in neuroscience teaching labs.
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49
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Liu C, Zhao Y, Cai X, Xie Y, Wang T, Cheng D, Li L, Li R, Deng Y, Ding H, Lv G, Zhao G, Liu L, Zou G, Feng M, Sun Q, Yin L, Sheng X. A wireless, implantable optoelectrochemical probe for optogenetic stimulation and dopamine detection. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:64. [PMID: 34567675 PMCID: PMC8433152 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-0176-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Physical and chemical technologies have been continuously progressing advances in neuroscience research. The development of research tools for closed-loop control and monitoring neural activities in behaving animals is highly desirable. In this paper, we introduce a wirelessly operated, miniaturized microprobe system for optical interrogation and neurochemical sensing in the deep brain. Via epitaxial liftoff and transfer printing, microscale light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs) as light sources and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS)-coated diamond films as electrochemical sensors are vertically assembled to form implantable optoelectrochemical probes for real-time optogenetic stimulation and dopamine detection capabilities. A customized, lightweight circuit module is employed for untethered, remote signal control, and data acquisition. After the probe is injected into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of freely behaving mice, in vivo experiments clearly demonstrate the utilities of the multifunctional optoelectrochemical microprobe system for optogenetic interference of place preferences and detection of dopamine release. The presented options for material and device integrations provide a practical route to simultaneous optical control and electrochemical sensing of complex nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changbo Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Xue Cai
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Taoyi Wang
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Dali Cheng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Lizhu Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Rongfeng Li
- Beijing Institute of Collaborative Innovation, Beijing, 100094 China
| | - Yuping Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - He Ding
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Guoqing Lv
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Guanlei Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Guisheng Zou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Meixin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Nano-devices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Qian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Nano-devices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Lan Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Xing Sheng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
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50
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Sutton AK, Krashes MJ. Integrating Hunger with Rival Motivations. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:495-507. [PMID: 32387196 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Motivated behaviors have fascinated neuroscientists and ethologists for decades due to their necessity for organism survival. Motivations guide behavioral choice through an intricate synthesis of internal state detection, external stimulus exposure, and learned associations. One critical motivation, hunger, provides an accessible example for understanding purposeful behavior. Neuroscientists commonly focus research efforts on neural circuits underlying individual motivations, sacrificing ethological relevance for tight experimental control. This restrictive focus deprives the field of a more nuanced understanding of the unified nervous system in weighing multiple motivations simultaneously and choosing, moment-to-moment, optimal behaviors for survival. Here, we explore the reciprocal interplay between hunger, encoded via hypothalamic neurons marked by the expression of Agouti-related peptide, and alternative need-based motivational systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Sutton
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael J Krashes
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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