1
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Thieltges DW, Johnson PTJ, van Leeuwen A, Koprivnikar J. Effects of predation risk on parasite-host interactions and wildlife diseases. Ecology 2024; 105:e4315. [PMID: 38679953 PMCID: PMC11147705 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Landscapes of fear can determine the dynamics of entire ecosystems. In response to perceived predation risk, prey can show physiological, behavioral, or morphological trait changes to avoid predation. This in turn can indirectly affect other species by modifying species interactions (e.g., altered feeding), with knock-on effects, such as trophic cascades, on the wider ecosystem. While such indirect effects stemming from the fear of predation have received extensive attention for herbivore-plant and predator-prey interactions, much less is known about how they alter parasite-host interactions and wildlife diseases. In this synthesis, we present a conceptual framework for how predation risk-as perceived by organisms that serve as hosts-can affect parasite-host interactions, with implications for infectious disease dynamics. By basing our approach on recent conceptual advances with respect to predation risk effects, we aim to expand this general framework to include parasite-host interactions and diseases. We further identify pathways through which parasite-host interactions can be affected, for example, through altered parasite avoidance behavior or tolerance of hosts to infections, and discuss the wider relevance of predation risk for parasite and host populations, including heuristic projections to population-level dynamics. Finally, we highlight the current unknowns, specifically the quantitative links from individual-level processes to population dynamics and community structure, and emphasize approaches to address these knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Thieltges
- Department of Coastal Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, The Netherlands
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life-Sciences, GELIFES, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter T J Johnson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Anieke van Leeuwen
- Department of Coastal Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, The Netherlands
| | - Janet Koprivnikar
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Stroud JT, Delory BM, Barnes EM, Chase JM, De Meester L, Dieskau J, Grainger TN, Halliday FW, Kardol P, Knight TM, Ladouceur E, Little CJ, Roscher C, Sarneel JM, Temperton VM, van Steijn TLH, Werner CM, Wood CW, Fukami T. Priority effects transcend scales and disciplines in biology. Trends Ecol Evol 2024:S0169-5347(24)00041-7. [PMID: 38508922 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Although primarily studied through the lens of community ecology, phenomena consistent with priority effects appear to be widespread across many different scenarios spanning a broad range of spatial, temporal, and biological scales. However, communication between these research fields is inconsistent and has resulted in a fragmented co-citation landscape, likely due to the diversity of terms used to refer to priority effects across these fields. We review these related terms, and the biological contexts in which they are used, to facilitate greater cross-disciplinary cohesion in research on priority effects. In breaking down these semantic barriers, we aim to provide a framework to better understand the conditions and mechanisms of priority effects, and their consequences across spatial and temporal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Stroud
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - B M Delory
- Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany; Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - E M Barnes
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - J M Chase
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - L De Meester
- Leibniz Institut für Gewässerökologie und Binnenfischerei (IGB), Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Dieskau
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin-Luther University, Germany
| | - T N Grainger
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - F W Halliday
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - P Kardol
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - T M Knight
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Halle (Saale), Germany; Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - E Ladouceur
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - C J Little
- School of Environmental Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - C Roscher
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
| | - J M Sarneel
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umea University, 901 87 Umea, Sweden
| | - V M Temperton
- Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - T L H van Steijn
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umea University, 901 87 Umea, Sweden
| | - C M Werner
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Sustainability, Southern Oregon University, Ashland, OR 97520, USA
| | - C W Wood
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - T Fukami
- Departments of Biology and Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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3
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Zou HX, Rudolf VHW. Bridging theory and experiments of priority effects. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:1203-1216. [PMID: 37633727 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Priority effects play a key role in structuring natural communities, but considerable confusion remains about how they affect different ecological systems. Synthesizing previous studies, we show that this confusion arises because the mechanisms driving priority and the temporal scale at which they operate differ among studies, leading to divergent outcomes in species interactions and biodiversity patterns. We suggest grouping priority effects into two functional categories based on their mechanisms: frequency-dependent priority effects that arise from positive frequency dependence, and trait-dependent priority effects that arise from time-dependent changes in interacting traits. Through easy quantification of these categories from experiments, we can construct community models representing diverse biological mechanisms and interactions with priority effects, therefore better predicting their consequences across ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Xing Zou
- Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of BioSciences, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
| | - Volker H W Rudolf
- Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of BioSciences, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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4
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Chen H, Zhang G, Ding G, Huang J, Zhang H, Vidal MC, Corlett RT, Liu C, An J. Interspecific Host Variation and Biotic Interactions Drive Pathogen Community Assembly in Chinese Bumblebees. INSECTS 2023; 14:887. [PMID: 37999086 PMCID: PMC10672019 DOI: 10.3390/insects14110887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Bumblebees have been considered one of the most important pollinators on the planet. However, recent reports of bumblebee decline have raised concern about a significant threat to ecosystem stability. Infectious diseases caused by multiple pathogen infections have been increasingly recognized as an important mechanism behind this decline worldwide. Understanding the determining factors that influence the assembly and composition of pathogen communities among bumblebees can provide important implications for predicting infectious disease dynamics and making effective conservation policies. Here, we study the relative importance of biotic interactions versus interspecific host resistance in shaping the pathogen community composition of bumblebees in China. We first conducted a comprehensive survey of 13 pathogens from 22 bumblebee species across China. We then applied joint species distribution modeling to assess the determinants of pathogen community composition and examine the presence and strength of pathogen-pathogen associations. We found that host species explained most of the variations in pathogen occurrences and composition, suggesting that host specificity was the most important variable in predicting pathogen occurrences and community composition in bumblebees. Moreover, we detected both positive and negative associations among pathogens, indicating the role of competition and facilitation among pathogens in determining pathogen community assembly. Our research demonstrates the power of a pluralistic framework integrating field survey of bumblebee pathogens with community ecology frameworks to understand the underlying mechanisms of pathogen community assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Key Laboratory of Insect-Pollinator Biology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.C.); (G.Z.); (G.D.); (J.H.); (H.Z.)
- Centre for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China
| | - Guangshuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Key Laboratory of Insect-Pollinator Biology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.C.); (G.Z.); (G.D.); (J.H.); (H.Z.)
| | - Guiling Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Key Laboratory of Insect-Pollinator Biology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.C.); (G.Z.); (G.D.); (J.H.); (H.Z.)
| | - Jiaxing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Key Laboratory of Insect-Pollinator Biology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.C.); (G.Z.); (G.D.); (J.H.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Key Laboratory of Insect-Pollinator Biology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.C.); (G.Z.); (G.D.); (J.H.); (H.Z.)
| | - Mayra C. Vidal
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125, USA;
| | - Richard T. Corlett
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China;
| | - Cong Liu
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125, USA;
- Department of Organismic and Evolutional Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jiandong An
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Key Laboratory of Insect-Pollinator Biology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.C.); (G.Z.); (G.D.); (J.H.); (H.Z.)
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5
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Jokinen M, Sallinen S, Jones MM, Sirén J, Guilbault E, Susi H, Laine AL. The first arriving virus shapes within-host viral diversity during natural epidemics. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231486. [PMID: 37700649 PMCID: PMC10498040 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral diversity has been discovered across scales from host individuals to populations. However, the drivers of viral community assembly are still largely unknown. Within-host viral communities are formed through co-infections, where the interval between the arrival times of viruses may vary. Priority effects describe the timing and order in which species arrive in an environment, and how early colonizers impact subsequent community assembly. To study the effect of the first-arriving virus on subsequent infection patterns of five focal viruses, we set up a field experiment using naïve Plantago lanceolata plants as sentinels during a seasonal virus epidemic. Using joint species distribution modelling, we find both positive and negative effects of early season viral infection on late season viral colonization patterns. The direction of the effect depends on both the host genotype and which virus colonized the host early in the season. It is well established that co-occurring viruses may change the virulence and transmission of viral infections. However, our results show that priority effects may also play an important, previously unquantified role in viral community assembly. The assessment of these temporal dynamics within a community ecological framework will improve our ability to understand and predict viral diversity in natural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Jokinen
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Suvi Sallinen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014, Finland
| | - Mirkka M. Jones
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014, Finland
| | - Jukka Sirén
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014, Finland
| | - Emy Guilbault
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014, Finland
| | - Hanna Susi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014, Finland
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6
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Koirala S, Myers B, Shin GY, Gitaitis R, Kvitko BH, Dutta B. Evaluating Options to Increase the Efficacy of Biocontrol Agents for the Management of Pantoea spp. Under Field Conditions. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:2701-2708. [PMID: 36774574 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-22-2710-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Center rot of onion is caused by a complex of plant pathogenic Pantoea species, which can lead to significant yield losses in the field and during storage. Conventional growers use foliar protectants such as a mixture of copper bactericides and an ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate (EBDC) fungicide to manage the disease; however, organic growers have limited management options besides copper-protectants. Biocontrol agents (BCAs) provide an alternative; however, their efficacy could be compromised due in part to their inability to colonize the foliage. We hypothesized that pretreatment with peroxide (OxiDate 2.0: a.i., hydrogen peroxide and peroxyacetic acid) enhances the colonizing ability of the subsequently applied BCAs, leading to effective center rot management. Field trials were conducted in 2020 and 2021 to assess the efficacy of peroxide, BCAs (Serenade ASO: Bacillus subtilis and BlightBan: Pseudomonas fluorescens), and an insecticide program (tank mix of spinosad and neem oil) to manage center rot. We observed no significant difference in foliar area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) between the peroxide pretreated P. fluorescens plots and only P. fluorescens-treated plots in 2020 and 2021. Peroxide pretreatment before B. subtilis application significantly reduced the foliar AUDPC as compared with the stand-alone B. subtilis treatment in 2020; however, no such difference was observed in 2021. Similarly, peroxide pretreatment before either of the BCAs did not seem to reduce the incidence of bulb rot as compared with the stand-alone BCA treatment in any of the trials (2020 and 2021). Additionally, our foliar microbiome study showed comparatively higher P. fluorescens retention on peroxide pretreated onion foliage; however, at the end of the growing season, P. fluorescens was drastically reduced and was virtually nonexistent (<0.002% of the total reads). Overall, the pretreatment with peroxide had a limited effect in improving the foliar colonizing ability of BCAs and consequently a limited effect in managing center rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Koirala
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA
| | - Brendon Myers
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA
| | - Gi Yoon Shin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Ron Gitaitis
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA
| | - Brian H Kvitko
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Bhabesh Dutta
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA
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7
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Wang S, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Tian Q, Zeng D, Xu M, Wang Y, Dong S, Ma Z, Wang Y, Zheng X, Ye W. Fusarium-produced vitamin B 6 promotes the evasion of soybean resistance by Phytophthora sojae. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:2204-2217. [PMID: 37171031 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants can be infected by multiple pathogens concurrently in natural systems. However, pathogen-pathogen interactions have rarely been studied. In addition to the oomycete Phytophthora sojae, fungi such as Fusarium spp. also cause soybean root rot. In a 3-year field investigation, we discovered that P. sojae and Fusarium spp. frequently coexisted in diseased soybean roots. Out of 336 P. sojae-soybean-Fusarium combinations, more than 80% aggravated disease. Different Fusarium species all enhanced P. sojae infection when co-inoculated on soybean. Treatment with Fusarium secreted non-proteinaceous metabolites had an effect equal to the direct pathogen co-inoculation. By screening a Fusarium graminearum mutant library, we identified Fusarium promoting factor of Phytophthora sojae infection 1 (Fpp1), encoding a zinc alcohol dehydrogenase. Fpp1 is functionally conserved in Fusarium and contributes to metabolite-mediated infection promotion, in which vitamin B6 (VB6) produced by Fusarium is key. Transcriptional and functional analyses revealed that Fpp1 regulates two VB6 metabolism genes, and VB6 suppresses expression of soybean disease resistance-related genes. These results reveal that co-infection with Fusarium promotes loss of P. sojae resistance in soybean, information that will inform the sustainable use of disease-resistant crop varieties and provide new strategies to control soybean root rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchen Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Dandan Zeng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Miao Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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8
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Hanley TC, Grabowski JH, Schneider EG, Barrett PD, Puishys LM, Spadafore R, McManus G, Helt WSK, Kinney H, Conor McManus M, Randall Hughes A. Host genetic identity determines parasite community structure across time and space in oyster restoration. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20222560. [PMID: 36987644 PMCID: PMC10050946 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.2560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraspecific variation in host susceptibility to individual parasite species is common, yet how these effects scale to mediate the structure of diverse parasite communities in nature is less well understood. To address this knowledge gap, we tested how host genetic identity affects parasite communities on restored reefs seeded with juvenile oysters from different sources-a regional commercial hatchery or one of two wild progenitor lines. We assessed prevalence and intensity of three micro- and two macroparasite species for 4 years following restoration. Despite the spatial proximity of restored reefs, oyster source identity strongly predicted parasite community prevalence across all years, with sources varying in their relative susceptibility to different parasites. Oyster seed source also predicted reef-level parasite intensities across space and through time. Our results highlight that host intraspecific variation can shape parasite community structure in natural systems, and reinforce the importance of considering source identity and diversity in restoration design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torrance C. Hanley
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA 01908, USA
- Massachusetts Bays National Estuary Partnership, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | - Eric G. Schneider
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA 01908, USA
- Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, Division of Marine Fisheries, Jamestown, RI 02835, USA
| | - Patrick D. Barrett
- Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, Division of Marine Fisheries, Jamestown, RI 02835, USA
| | - Lauren M. Puishys
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA 01908, USA
| | - Rachele Spadafore
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA 01908, USA
| | - Gwendolyn McManus
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA 01908, USA
| | | | - Heather Kinney
- The Nature Conservancy, Rhode Island Chapter, Providence, RI 02906, USA
| | - M. Conor McManus
- Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, Division of Marine Fisheries, Jamestown, RI 02835, USA
| | - A. Randall Hughes
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA 01908, USA
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9
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Bellah H, Seiler NF, Croll D. Divergent Outcomes of Direct Conspecific Pathogen Strain Interaction and Plant Co-Infection Suggest Consequences for Disease Dynamics. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0444322. [PMID: 36749120 PMCID: PMC10101009 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04443-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant diseases are often caused by co-infections of multiple pathogens with the potential to aggravate disease severity. In genetically diverse pathogen species, co-infections can also be caused by multiple strains of the same species. However, the outcome of such mixed infections by different conspecific genotypes is poorly understood. The interaction among pathogen strains with complex lifestyles outside and inside of the host are likely shaped by diverse traits, including metabolic capacity and the ability to overcome host immune responses. To disentangle competitive outcomes among pathogen strains, we investigated the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. The pathogen infects wheat leaves in complex strain assemblies, and highly diverse populations persist between growing seasons. We investigated a set of 14 genetically different strains collected from the same field to assess both competitive outcomes under culture conditions and on the host. Growth kinetics of cocultured strains (~100 pairs) significantly deviated from single strain expectations, indicating competitive exclusion depending on the strain genotype. We found similarly complex outcomes of lesion development on plant leaves following co-infections by the same pairs of strains. While some pairings suppressed overall damage to the host, other combinations exceeded expectations of lesion development based on single strain outcomes. Strain competition outcomes in the absence of the host were poor predictors of outcomes on the host, suggesting that the interaction with the plant immune system adds significant complexity. Intraspecific co-infection dynamics likely make important contributions to disease outcomes in the wild. IMPORTANCE Plants are often attacked by a multitude of pathogens simultaneously, and different species can facilitate or constrain the colonization by others. To what extent simultaneous colonization by different strains of the same species matters, remains unclear. We focused on intra-specific interactions between strains of the major fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. The pathogen persists in the environment before infecting plant leaves early in the growing season. Leaves are typically colonized by a multitude of strains. Strains cultured in pairs without host were growing differently compared to strains cultured alone. Wheat leaves infected either with single or pairs of strains, we found also highly variable outcomes. Interactions between strains outside of the host were only poorly explaining how strains would interact when on the host, suggesting that pathogen strains engage in complex interactions dependent on the environment. Better understanding within-species interactions will improve our ability to manage crop infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadjer Bellah
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas F. Seiler
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Croll
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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10
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Wang X, Wu L, Dai L, Yin X, Zhang T, Weiss ST, Liu Y. Ecological dynamics imposes fundamental challenges in community-based microbial source tracking. IMETA 2023; 2:e75. [PMID: 38868341 PMCID: PMC10989786 DOI: 10.1002/imt2.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Quantifying the contributions of possible environmental sources ("sources") to a specific microbial community ("sink") is a classical problem in microbiology known as microbial source tracking (MST). Solving the MST problem will not only help us understand how microbial communities were formed, but also have far-reaching applications in pollution control, public health, and forensics. MST methods generally fall into two categories: target-based methods (focusing on the detection of source-specific indicator species or chemicals); and community-based methods (using community structure to measure similarity between sink samples and potential source environments). As next-generation sequencing becomes a standard community-assessment method in microbiology, numerous community-based computational methods, referred to as MST solvers hereafter have been developed and applied to various real datasets to demonstrate their utility across different contexts. Yet, those MST solvers do not consider microbial interactions and priority effects in microbial communities. Here, we revisit the performance of several representative MST solvers. We show compelling evidence that solving the MST problem using existing MST solvers is impractical when ecological dynamics plays a role in community assembly. In particular, we clearly demonstrate that the presence of either microbial interactions or priority effects will render the MST problem mathematically unsolvable for MST solvers. We further analyze data from fecal microbiota transplantation studies, finding that the state-of-the-art MST solvers fail to identify donors for most of the recipients. Finally, we perform community coalescence experiments to demonstrate that the state-of-the-art MST solvers fail to identify the sources for most of the sinks. Our findings suggest that ecological dynamics imposes fundamental challenges in MST. Interpretation of results of existing MST solvers should be done cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu‐Wen Wang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Lu Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering BiologyShenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenChina
| | - Lei Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering BiologyShenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiaole Yin
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Civil EngineeringThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Tong Zhang
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Civil EngineeringThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Scott T. Weiss
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Yang‐Yu Liu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Center for Artificial Intelligence and Modeling, The Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
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11
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Grunberg RL, Joyner BN, Mitchell CE. Historical contingency in parasite community assembly: Community divergence results from early host exposure to symbionts and ecological drift. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285129. [PMID: 37192205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Host individuals are commonly coinfected with multiple parasite species that may interact to shape within-host parasite community structure. In addition to within-host species interactions, parasite communities may also be structured by other processes like dispersal and ecological drift. The timing of dispersal (in particular, the temporal sequence in which parasite species infect a host individual) can alter within-host species interactions, setting the stage for historical contingency by priority effects, but how persistently such effects drive the trajectory of parasite community assembly is unclear, particularly under continued dispersal and ecological drift. We tested the role of species interactions under continued dispersal and ecological drift by simultaneously inoculating individual plants of tall fescue with a factorial combination of three symbionts (two foliar fungal parasites and a mutualistic endophyte), then deploying the plants in the field and tracking parasite communities as they assembled within host individuals. In the field, hosts were exposed to continued dispersal from a common pool of parasites, which should promote convergence in the structure of within-host parasite communities. Yet, analysis of parasite community trajectories found no signal of convergence. Instead, parasite community trajectories generally diverged from each other, and the magnitude of divergence depended on the initial composition of symbionts within each host, indicating historical contingency. Early in assembly, parasite communities also showed evidence of drift, revealing another source of among-host divergence in parasite community structure. Overall, these results show that both historical contingency and ecological drift contributed to divergence in parasite community assembly within hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita L Grunberg
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Brooklynn N Joyner
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Charles E Mitchell
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Environment, Ecology and Energy Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
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12
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Manus MB. Ecological Processes and Human Behavior Provide a Framework for Studying the Skin Microbial Metacommunity. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 84:689-702. [PMID: 34636925 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01884-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metacommunity theory dictates that a microbial community is supported both by local ecological processes and the dispersal of microbes between neighboring communities. Studies that apply this perspective to human-associated microbial communities are thus far limited to the gut microbiome. Yet, the skin serves as the primary barrier between the body and the external environment, suggesting frequent opportunities for microbial dispersal to the variable microbial communities that are housed across skin sites. This paper applies metacommunity theory to understand the dispersal of microbes to the skin from the physical and social environment, as well as between different skin sites on an individual's body. This includes highlighting the role of human behavior in driving microbial dispersal, as well as shaping physiological properties of skin that underscore local microbial community dynamics. By leveraging data from research on the skin microbiomes of amphibians and other animals, this paper provides recommendations for future research on the skin microbial metacommunity, including generating testable predictions about the ecological underpinnings of the skin microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa B Manus
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
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13
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Zhimo VY, Kumar A, Biasi A, Abdelfattah A, Sharma VK, Salim S, Feygenberg O, Bartuv R, Freilich S, Whitehead SR, Wisniewski M, Droby S. Assembly and dynamics of the apple carposphere microbiome during fruit development and storage. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:928888. [PMID: 36016781 PMCID: PMC9395710 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.928888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities associated with fruit can contribute to quality and pathogen resistance, but little is known about their assembly and dynamics during fruit development and storage. Three apple cultivars growing under the same environmental conditions were utilized to examine the apple carposphere microbiome composition and structure at different developmental stages and storage. There was a significant effect (Adonis, p ≤ 0.001) of fruit genotype and its developmental stages and storage times on the fruit surface microbial assemblage and a strong temporal microbial community succession was detected (Mantel test: R ≤ 0.5, p = 0.001) in both bacterial and fungal communities. A set of 15 bacterial and 35 fungal core successional taxa and members exhibiting differential abundances at different fruit stages were identified. For the first time, we show the existence of underlying universal dynamics in the assembly of fruit-associated microbiomes. We also provide evidence of strong microbial cross-domain associations and uncover potential microbe-microbe correlations in the apple carposphere. Together our findings shed light on how the fruit carposphere assemble and change over time, and provide new insights into fruit microbial ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Yeka Zhimo
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Antonio Biasi
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Ahmed Abdelfattah
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Max-Eyth Allee, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Vijay Kumar Sharma
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Shoshana Salim
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Oleg Feygenberg
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Rotem Bartuv
- Department of Natural Resources, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Yaar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
- Faculty of Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shiri Freilich
- Department of Natural Resources, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Yaar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Susan R. Whitehead
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Michael Wisniewski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Samir Droby
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- *Correspondence: Samir Droby,
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14
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Fragata I, Costa-Pereira R, Kozak M, Majer A, Godoy O, Magalhães S. Specific sequence of arrival promotes coexistence via spatial niche pre-emption by the weak competitor. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:1629-1639. [PMID: 35596732 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Historical contingency, such as the order of species arrival, can modify competitive outcomes via niche modification or pre-emption. However, how these mechanisms ultimately modify stabilising niche and average fitness differences remains largely unknown. By experimentally assembling two congeneric spider mite species feeding on tomato plants during two generations, we show that order of arrival affects species' competitive ability and changes the outcome of competition. Contrary to expectations, order of arrival did not cause positive frequency dependent priority effects. Instead, coexistence was predicted when the inferior competitor (Tetranychus urticae) arrived first. In that case, T. urticae colonised the preferred feeding stratum (leaves) of T. evansi leading to spatial niche pre-emption, which equalised fitness and reduced niche differences, driving community assembly to a close-to-neutrality scenario. Our study demonstrates how the order of species arrival and the spatial context of competitive interactions may jointly determine whether species can coexist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Fragata
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Raul Costa-Pereira
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mariya Kozak
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Agnieszka Majer
- Population Ecology Lab, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Oscar Godoy
- Department of Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Sara Magalhães
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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15
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Sallinen S, Susi H, Halliday F, Laine AL. Altered within- and between-host transmission under coinfection underpin parasite co-occurrence patterns in the wild. Evol Ecol 2022; 37:131-151. [PMID: 36785621 PMCID: PMC9911512 DOI: 10.1007/s10682-022-10182-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interactions among parasite species coinfecting the same host individual can have far reaching consequences for parasite ecology and evolution. How these within-host interactions affect epidemics may depend on two non-exclusive mechanisms: parasite growth and reproduction within hosts, and parasite transmission between hosts. Yet, how these two mechanisms operate under coinfection, and how sensitive they are to the composition of the coinfecting parasite community, remains poorly understood. Here, we test the hypothesis that the relationship between within- and between-host transmission of the fungal pathogen, Phomopsis subordinaria, is affected by co-occurring parasites infecting the host plant, Plantago lanceolata. We conducted a field experiment manipulating the parasite community of transmission source plants, then tracked P. subordinaria within-host transmission, as well as between-host transmission to naïve recipient plants. We find that coinfection with the powdery mildew pathogen, Podosphaera plantaginis, causes increased between-host transmission of P. subordinaria by affecting the number of infected flower stalks in the source plants, resulting from altered auto-infection. In contrast, coinfection with viruses did not have an effect on either within- or between-host transmission. We then analyzed data on the occurrence of P. subordinaria in 2018 and the powdery mildew in a multi-year survey data set from natural host populations to test whether the positive association predicted by our experimental results is evident in field epidemiological data. Consistent with our experimental findings, we observed a positive association in the occurrence of P. subordinaria and historical powdery mildew persistence. Jointly, our experimental and epidemiological results suggest that within- and between-host transmission of P. subordinaria depends on the identity of coinfecting parasites, with potentially far-reaching effects on disease dynamics and parasite co-occurrence patterns in wild populations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10682-022-10182-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Sallinen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1 (PO box 65), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Susi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1 (PO box 65), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fletcher Halliday
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1 (PO box 65), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Burr AA, Woods KD, Cassidy ST, Wood CW. Priority effects alter the colonization success of a host-associated parasite and mutualist. Ecology 2022; 103:e3720. [PMID: 35396706 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Priority effects shape the assembly of free-living communities and host-associated communities. However, the current literature does not fully incorporate two features of host-symbiont interactions-correlated host responses to multiple symbionts and ontogenetic changes in host responses to symbionts-leading to an incomplete picture of the role of priority effects in host-associated communities. We factorially manipulated the inoculation timing of two plant symbionts (mutualistic rhizobia bacteria and parasitic root-knot nematodes) and tested how host age at arrival, arrival order, and arrival synchrony affected symbiont colonization success in the model legume Medicago truncatula. We found that host age, arrival order, and arrival synchrony significantly affected colonization of one or both symbionts. Host age at arrival only affected nematodes but not rhizobia: younger plants were more heavily infected than older plants. By contrast, arrival order only affected rhizobia but not nematodes: plants formed more rhizobia nodules when rhizobia arrived before nematodes. Finally, synchronous arrival decreased colonization both symbionts, an effect that depended on host age. Our results demonstrate that priority effects compromise the host's ability to control colonization by two major symbionts, and suggest that the role of correlated host responses and host ontogeny in the assembly of host-associated communities deserve further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey A Burr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kamron D Woods
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven T Cassidy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Corlett W Wood
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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17
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Gibson AK. Genetic diversity and disease: The past, present, and future of an old idea. Evolution 2022; 76:20-36. [PMID: 34796478 PMCID: PMC9064374 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Why do infectious diseases erupt in some host populations and not others? This question has spawned independent fields of research in evolution, ecology, public health, agriculture, and conservation. In the search for environmental and genetic factors that predict variation in parasitism, one hypothesis stands out for its generality and longevity: genetically homogeneous host populations are more likely to experience severe parasitism than genetically diverse populations. In this perspective piece, I draw on overlapping ideas from evolutionary biology, agriculture, and conservation to capture the far-reaching implications of the link between genetic diversity and disease. I first summarize the development of this hypothesis and the results of experimental tests. Given the convincing support for the protective effect of genetic diversity, I then address the following questions: (1) Where has this idea been put to use, in a basic and applied sense, and how can we better use genetic diversity to limit disease spread? (2) What new hypotheses does the established disease-diversity relationship compel us to test? I conclude that monitoring, preserving, and augmenting genetic diversity is one of our most promising evolutionarily informed strategies for buffering wild, domesticated, and human populations against future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Kyle Gibson
- Department of Biology University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia 22903
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18
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Eck JL, Barrès B, Soubeyrand S, Sirén J, Numminen E, Laine AL. Strain Diversity and Spatial Distribution Are Linked to Epidemic Dynamics in Host Populations. Am Nat 2022; 199:59-74. [DOI: 10.1086/717179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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19
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Thao Le TM, Madec S, Gjini E. Disentangling how multiple traits drive 2 strain frequencies in SIS dynamics with coinfection. J Theor Biol 2022; 538:111041. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Albery GF, Sweeny AR, Becker DJ, Bansal S. Fine‐scale spatial patterns of wildlife disease are common and understudied. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy R. Sweeny
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | | | - Shweta Bansal
- Department of Biology Georgetown University Washington DC USA
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21
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Huang S, Farrell M, Stephens PR. Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200350. [PMID: 34538145 PMCID: PMC8450632 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Huang
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Maxwell Farrell
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick R. Stephens
- Odum School of Ecology and Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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22
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Brophy T, Luong LT. The influence of infection status and parasitism risk on host dispersal and susceptibility to infection in Drosophila nigrospiracula. Parasitology 2021:1-6. [PMID: 35260204 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
For many organisms, habitat avoidance provides the first line of defence against parasitic infection. Changes in infection status can shift the cost-benefit ratio of remaining in a given habitat vs dispersing. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the propensity to disperse in Drosophila nigrospiracula is mediated by current parasite load and the risk of further infection by an ectoparasitic mite (Macrocheles subbadius). An activity monitor was used to assess dispersal propensity among infected and uninfected flies. The activity level of uninfected females increased threefold upon exposure to a mite, whereas the activity among uninfected males increased by 17-fold in the presence of a questing mite. Among infected flies, the risk of further infection also generated a change in activity, but the magnitude of the response was dependent on host sex. Current infection status influenced the probability of acquiring more parasites due to increased susceptibility to infection with mite load. The probability of acquiring additional mites among males increased more rapidly compared to female flies. Current infection status can potentially determine the risk of further infection, the host propensity and ability to disperse, with consequence for hosts and parasites at the individual, population and species level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Brophy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lien T Luong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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23
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Sequential infection of Daphnia magna by a gut microsporidium followed by a haemolymph yeast decreases transmission of both parasites. Parasitology 2021; 148:1566-1577. [PMID: 35060463 PMCID: PMC8564772 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Over the course of seasonal epidemics, populations of susceptible hosts may encounter a wide variety of parasites. Parasite phenology affects the order in which these species encounter their hosts, leading to sequential infections, with potentially strong effects on within-host growth and host population dynamics. Here, the cladoceran Daphnia magna was exposed sequentially to a haemolymph-infecting yeast (Metschnikowia bicuspidata) and a gut microsporidium (Ordospora colligata), with experimental treatments reflecting two possible scenarios of parasite succession. The effects of single and co-exposure were compared on parasite infectivity, spore production and the overall virulence experienced by the host. We show that neither parasite benefited from coinfection; instead, when hosts encountered Ordospora, followed by Metschnikowia, higher levels of host mortality contributed to an overall decrease in the transmission of both parasites. These results showcase an example of sequential infections generating unilateral priority effects, in which antagonistic interactions between parasites can alleviate the intensity of infection and coincide with maladaptive levels of damage inflicted on the host.
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24
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Debray R, Herbert RA, Jaffe AL, Crits-Christoph A, Power ME, Koskella B. Priority effects in microbiome assembly. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 20:109-121. [PMID: 34453137 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-021-00604-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Advances in next-generation sequencing have enabled the widespread measurement of microbiome composition across systems and over the course of microbiome assembly. Despite substantial progress in understanding the deterministic drivers of community composition, the role of historical contingency remains poorly understood. The establishment of new species in a community can depend on the order and/or timing of their arrival, a phenomenon known as a priority effect. Here, we review the mechanisms of priority effects and evidence for their importance in microbial communities inhabiting a range of environments, including the mammalian gut, the plant phyllosphere and rhizosphere, soil, freshwaters and oceans. We describe approaches for the direct testing and prediction of priority effects in complex microbial communities and illustrate these with re-analysis of publicly available plant and animal microbiome datasets. Finally, we discuss the shared principles that emerge across study systems, focusing on eco-evolutionary dynamics and the importance of scale. Overall, we argue that predicting when and how current community state impacts the success of newly arriving microbial taxa is crucial for the management of microbiomes to sustain ecological function and host health. We conclude by discussing outstanding conceptual and practical challenges that are faced when measuring priority effects in microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Debray
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Robin A Herbert
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Alexander L Jaffe
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Mary E Power
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Britt Koskella
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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25
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O'Keeffe KR, Simha A, Mitchell CE. Indirect interactions among co-infecting parasites and a microbial mutualist impact disease progression. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211313. [PMID: 34375557 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions among parasites and other microbes within hosts can impact disease progression, yet study of such interactions has been mostly limited to pairwise combinations of microbes. Given the diversity of microbes within hosts, indirect interactions among more than two microbial species may also impact disease. To test this hypothesis, we performed inoculation experiments that investigated interactions among two fungal parasites, Rhizoctonia solani and Colletotrichum cereale, and a systemic fungal endophyte, Epichloë coenophiala, within the grass, tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum). Both direct and indirect interactions impacted disease progression. While the endophyte did not directly influence R. solani disease progression or C. cereale symptom development, the endophyte modified the interaction between the two parasites. The magnitude of the facilitative effect of C. cereale on the growth of R. solani tended to be greater when the endophyte was present. Moreover, this interaction modification strongly affected leaf mortality. For plants lacking the endophyte, parasite co-inoculation did not increase leaf mortality compared to single-parasite inoculations. By contrast, for endophyte-infected plants, parasite co-inoculation increased leaf mortality compared to inoculation with R. solani or C. cereale alone by 1.9 or 4.9 times, respectively. Together, these results show that disease progression can be strongly impacted by indirect interactions among microbial symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh R O'Keeffe
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anita Simha
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Charles E Mitchell
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Environment, Ecology and Energy Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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26
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Kahlon PS, Stam R. Polymorphisms in plants to restrict losses to pathogens: From gene family expansions to complex network evolution. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 62:102040. [PMID: 33882435 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms are the basis of the natural diversity seen in all life on earth, also in plant-pathogen interactions. Initially, studies on plant-pathogen interaction focused on reporting phenotypic variation in resistance properties and on the identification of underlying major genes. Nowadays, the field of plant-pathogen interactions is moving from focusing on families of single dominant genes involved in gene-for-gene interactions to an understanding of the plant immune system in the context of a much more complex signaling network and quantitative resistance. Simultaneously, studies on pathosystems from the wild and genome analyses advanced, revealing tremendous variation in natural plant populations. It is now imperative to place studies on genetic diversity and evolution of plant-pathogen interactions in the appropriate molecular biological, as well as evolutionary, context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvinderdeep S Kahlon
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Remco Stam
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
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27
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Penczykowski RM, Sieg RD. Plantago spp. as Models for Studying the Ecology and Evolution of Species Interactions across Environmental Gradients. Am Nat 2021; 198:158-176. [PMID: 34143715 DOI: 10.1086/714589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA central challenge in ecology and evolutionary biology is to understand how variation in abiotic and biotic factors combine to shape the distribution, abundance, and diversity of focal species. Environmental gradients, whether natural (e.g., latitude, elevation, ocean proximity) or anthropogenic (e.g., land-use intensity, urbanization), provide compelling settings for addressing this challenge. However, not all organisms are amenable to the observational and experimental approaches required for untangling the factors that structure species along gradients. Here we highlight herbaceous plants in the genus Plantago as models for studying the ecology and evolution of species interactions along abiotic gradients. Plantago lanceolata and P. major are native to Europe and Asia but distributed globally, and they are established models for studying population ecology and interactions with herbivores, pathogens, and soil microbes. Studying restricted range congeners in comparison with those cosmopolitan species can provide insight into abiotic and biotic determinants of range size and population structure. We highlight one such species, P. rugelii, which is endemic to eastern North America. We give an overview of the literature on these focal Plantago species and explain why they are logical candidates for studies of species interactions across environmental gradients. Finally, we emphasize collaborative and community science approaches that can facilitate such research and note the amenability of Plantago for authentic research projects in science education.
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28
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Delory BM, Schempp H, Spachmann SM, Störzer L, van Dam NM, Temperton VM, Weinhold A. Soil chemical legacies trigger species-specific and context-dependent root responses in later arriving plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1215-1230. [PMID: 33455010 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil legacies play an important role for the creation of priority effects. However, we still poorly understand to what extent the metabolome found in the soil solution of a plant community is conditioned by its species composition and whether soil chemical legacies affect subsequent species during assembly. To test these hypotheses, we collected soil solutions from forb or grass communities and evaluated how the metabolome of these soil solutions affected the growth, biomass allocation and functional traits of a forb (Dianthus deltoides) and a grass species (Festuca rubra). Results showed that the metabolomes found in the soil solutions of forb and grass communities differed in composition and chemical diversity. While soil chemical legacies did not have any effect on F. rubra, root foraging by D. deltoides decreased when plants received the soil solution from a grass or a forb community. Structural equation modelling showed that reduced soil exploration by D. deltoides arose via either a root growth-dependent pathway (forb metabolome) or a root trait-dependent pathway (grass metabolome). Reduced root foraging was not connected to a decrease in total N uptake. Our findings reveal that soil chemical legacies can create belowground priority effects by affecting root foraging in later arriving plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Delory
- Ecosystem Functioning and Services, Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Hannes Schempp
- Ecosystem Functioning and Services, Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Sina Maria Spachmann
- Ecosystem Functioning and Services, Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Laura Störzer
- Ecosystem Functioning and Services, Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Vicky M Temperton
- Ecosystem Functioning and Services, Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Weinhold
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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29
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Sallinen S, Norberg A, Susi H, Laine AL. Intraspecific host variation plays a key role in virus community assembly. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5610. [PMID: 33154373 PMCID: PMC7644774 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19273-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by multiple pathogens of the same host is ubiquitous in both natural and managed habitats. While intraspecific variation in disease resistance is known to affect pathogen occurrence, how differences among host genotypes affect the assembly of pathogen communities remains untested. In our experiment using cloned replicates of naive Plantago lanceolata plants as sentinels during a seasonal virus epidemic, we find non-random co-occurrence patterns of five focal viruses. Using joint species distribution modelling, we attribute the non-random virus occurrence patterns primarily to differences among host genotypes and local population context. Our results show that intraspecific variation among host genotypes may play a large, previously unquantified role in pathogen community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Sallinen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Viikinkaari 1 (PO box 65), FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anna Norberg
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, CH-8067, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hanna Susi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Viikinkaari 1 (PO box 65), FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Viikinkaari 1 (PO box 65), FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, CH-8067, Zürich, Switzerland
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