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Koyama Y, Nawa N, Ochi M, Surkan PJ, Fujiwara T. Epistatic interactions between oxytocin- and dopamine-related genes and trust. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0308728. [PMID: 39298414 PMCID: PMC11412487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Trust is an essential human trait. Although research suggests that the interplay between oxytocinergic and dopaminergic systems affects trust formation, little research has focused on epistatic (i.e., gene by gene) interaction effects of oxytocin- and dopamine-related genes on trust. Using a sample of 348 adults (114 men), we aimed to investigate the associations between genetic variants in oxytocin- and dopamine-related genes and the general, neighborhood, and institutional trust with consideration of sex differences. Three-way interaction between oxytocin-related gene genotypes, dopamine-related genotypes, and sex was found for the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR)rs1042778 and the Catechol-O-Methyltransferase gene (COMT) rs4680 genotypes (p = 0.02) and for OXTR rs2254298 and the dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) rs1800497 genotypes (p = 0.01). Further sex-stratified analyses revealed that the interaction between OXTR rs1042778 and COMT rs4680 genotypes was associated with neighborhood trust among men (p = 0.0007). Also, the interaction between OXTR rs2254298 and DRD2 rs1800497 genotypes was associated with institutional trust among men (p = 0.005). Post-hoc analyses found that men with OXTR rs1042778 TG/TT and COMT rs4680 GG genotypes reported higher neighborhood trust than those with GG + AG/AA (B = 13.49, SE = 4.68, p = 0.02), TG/TT + AG/AA (B = 23.00, SE = 5.99, p = 0.001), and GG + GG (B = 18.53, SE = 5.25, p = 0.003). Similarly, men with OXTR rs2254298 AG/AA and DRD2 rs1800497 CC genotypes showed higher institutional trust than those with AG/AA + TT/TC (B = 15.67, SE = 5.30, p = 0.02). We could not find any interacting associations among women. While we note that our sample size and candidate gene approach have a potential risk of chance findings, our study provides an important foundation toward further exploration of sex-specific epistatic interaction effects of oxytocin- and dopamine-related genes on trust, indicating the importance of both systems in trust formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Koyama
- Department of Public Health, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Nawa
- Department of Public Health, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manami Ochi
- Department of Social Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Health and Welfare Services, National Institute of Public Health, Saitama, Japan
| | - Pamela J. Surkan
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Takeo Fujiwara
- Department of Public Health, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Social Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Schulz L, Bhui R. Political reinforcement learners. Trends Cogn Sci 2024; 28:210-222. [PMID: 38195364 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Politics can seem home to the most calculating and yet least rational elements of humanity. How might we systematically characterize this spectrum of political cognition? Here, we propose reinforcement learning (RL) as a unified framework to dissect the political mind. RL describes how agents algorithmically navigate complex and uncertain domains like politics. Through this computational lens, we outline three routes to political differences, stemming from variability in agents' conceptions of a problem, the cognitive operations applied to solve the problem, or the backdrop of information available from the environment. A computational vantage on maladies of the political mind offers enhanced precision in assessing their causes, consequences, and cures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lion Schulz
- Department of Computational Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max-Planck-Ring 8-14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Rahul Bhui
- Sloan School of Management and Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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3
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Arroyo-Barrigüete JL, Escudero-Guirado C, Minguela-Rata B. Factors influencing the social perception of entrepreneurs in Spain: A quantitative analysis from secondary data. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0296095. [PMID: 38117819 PMCID: PMC10732450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The essential role that entrepreneurs play in the economy, while acknowledged in the academic context, is not always recognized socially. In the specific case of Spain, the profession has even been called into question by public institutions, which is highly detrimental to both the social image of entrepreneurs and the country's economy. Therefore, there is a need to identify factors that can improve this social image. This study aims to investigate one of these factors, specifically the effect of interest in economics. To do so, data from a large sample of 25,835 Spanish citizens from 2002-2022 were employed. The analysis was conducted using a combination of a neural network model and logistic regression. The conclusion of the study is that as interest in economics and business increases, the perception of entrepreneurs improves. Therefore, those individuals with less interest in economics tend to have a more negative view of this profession. This result opens up a potential avenue for enhancing the social image of entrepreneurs, as a higher interest in economics and business, which could be achieved through effective communication campaigns or basic education, leads to an improvement in perception.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Beatriz Minguela-Rata
- Associate Professor of Business Administration Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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4
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Arreguin C. Partisan niche construction: Out-party affect, geographic sorting, and mate selection. Politics Life Sci 2023; 42:254-276. [PMID: 37987571 DOI: 10.1017/pls.2023.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Partisans in the American electorate are affectively polarized, which coincides with the tendency for partisan geographic sorting. Could mate selection pressures contribute to this geographic tendency, and how might they interact with out-party affect? I propose a model in which an individual's perception of their mate success in a niche is key. I argue that perceived mate success is a function of a niche's partisanship and one's out-party affect, which in turn, incentivizes sorting. The model is partially tested with conjoint experiments on multiple U.S. samples. Results show that partisans perceive a lower probability of mate success in niches with greater shares of out-partisans and that mate success interacts with negative out-party affect. I also replicate findings on political mate choice preferences with a more appropriate method. Lastly, this project links instrumentality and affect, which is a departure from past work. In doing so, it contributes to research on the consequences of mate pressures for political behavior.
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5
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Vilanova F, Milfont TL, Costa AB. Short version of the right-wing authoritarianism scale for the Brazilian context. PSICOLOGIA-REFLEXAO E CRITICA 2023; 36:17. [PMID: 37470848 PMCID: PMC10359236 DOI: 10.1186/s41155-023-00260-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) is a central predictor of distinct phenomena such as prejudice, voting behavior, corruption, conspiratory beliefs and dietary habits. Given its theoretical and practical relevance, researchers have incorporated RWA measures in large-scale surveys but their length can be an impediment. Although short RWA scales exist, none consider the cultural variability of the RWA structure in non-WEIRD contexts such as Brazil. Here, we report data from five cross-sectional and longitudinal Brazilian samples (Ntotal = 2,493) used to develop a short RWA version that considers cross-cultural specificities of the Brazilian context, where an alternative four-factor model was observed. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses confirmed a four-factor structure comprising Authoritarianism, Traditionalism, Submission to Authority and Contestation to Authority dimensions. Six-month longitudinal results indicated that Authoritarianism and Traditionalism are more stable than both Submission and Contestation to Authority. Correlations between these dimensions and right-wing political self-categorization were statistically equivalent for the full 34-item RWA scale version and the new 12-item version. Results confirm the psychometric properties of the four-factor, 12-item RWA scale in this cultural context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Vilanova
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 6681, Building 11, Room 933, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | | | - Angelo Brandelli Costa
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 6681, Building 11, Room 933, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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6
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Costello TH, Zmigrod L, Tasimi A. Thinking outside the ballot box. Trends Cogn Sci 2023; 27:605-615. [PMID: 37080806 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
A deeply heterogeneous set of ideological cohorts have shaped the course of history. From anarchists and authoritarians to Zionists and Zapatistas, the expansive alphabet of politics demands an equally expansive psychological vocabulary to describe political belief systems. We propose that constructing such a vocabulary is best facilitated by decentering familiar models that emphasize psychological differences between leftists and rightists. Synthesizing recent developments in the fields of personality, political science, and psychopathology, we characterize individual variation in politics as high-dimensional, heterarchical, intrapersonally eclectic, and contextually shaped and activated. Developing a data-driven taxonomic model of political-psychological phenomena will help create a foundational base of knowledge within political psychology that is more rigorous, more replicable, and certainly richer to investigate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Costello
- Emory University, Department of Psychology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; University of Regina, Hill-Levene School of Business, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada.
| | - Leor Zmigrod
- University of Cambridge, Department of Psychology, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK; Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin, Institute for Advanced Study, Berlin 14193, Germany
| | - Arber Tasimi
- Emory University, Department of Psychology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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7
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Kashima Y, Sewell DK, Li Y. Sustainability, Collective Self-Regulation, and Human-Nature Interdependence. Top Cogn Sci 2023; 15:388-412. [PMID: 37335958 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Like any organism, humanity constructs its niche and adapts to the rest of nature by modifying available materials around them. In the era that some have dubbed the "Anthropocene," human niche construction has gone so far as to threaten the planetary climate system. The central question of sustainability is how humanity can collectively self-regulate niche construction, that is, humanity's relationship with the rest of nature. In this article, we argue that to resolve the collective self-regulation problem for sustainability, sufficiently accurate and relevant aspects of causal knowledge about the functioning of complex social-ecological systems need to be cognized, communicated, and collectively shared. More specifically, causal knowledge about human-nature interdependence-how humans interact with each other and the rest of nature-is critical for coordinating cognitive agents' thoughts, feelings, and actions for the greater good without falling into the trap of free riding. Here, we will develop a theoretical framework to consider the role of causal knowledge about human-nature interdependence in collective self-regulation for sustainability, review the relevant empirical research primarily focusing on climate change, and take stock of what is currently known and what we need to investigate in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yang Li
- Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Nagoya University
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8
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Grigoryev D, Gallyamova A. Social Worldviews Predict the General Factor of Paranormal and Generic Conspiracist Beliefs. THE SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 26:e19. [PMID: 37357156 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2023.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Even though wide access to any warranted information in the modern age, the problem of unfounded belief is still relevant, since these beliefs often lead to negative consequences (e.g., vaccination refusal, homeopathic treatment, etc.). The aim of this study was testing the relationship of social worldviews with paranormal beliefs and conspiracy beliefs. We assumed dimensionality hypothesis based on functional standpoint that there should be a general factor (underlying all the domains of paranormal beliefs and generic conspiracist beliefs), which has associations with the social worldviews as well. Derived our analysis from the survey of 228 participants (Mage = 30.6, SD = 11.7), we found that (a) the structure of paranormal and generic conspiracist beliefs can be described by a bifactor model; (b) the general factor of paranormal and generic conspiracist beliefs in the bifactor model was positively associated with global belief in just world and dangerous worldview; (c) paranormal beliefs were positively associated with global belief in just world and negatively associated with competitive worldview; (d) generic conspiracist beliefs were positively associated with dangerous worldview, competitive worldview, and zero-sum game belief; (e) contrary to our hypotheses, there was no evidence for any negative association of paranormal beliefs with dangerous worldview or zero-sum game belief and for any negative association of generic conspiracist beliefs with global belief in just world. We claim that the unfounded beliefs can be of some functional nature, demonstrating a connection with social worldviews, which opens up new perspectives for considering this problem within the framework of social psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Grigoryev
- National Research University Higher School of Economics (The Russian Federation)
| | - Albina Gallyamova
- National Research University Higher School of Economics (The Russian Federation)
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9
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Lavender Forsyth GA, Chaudhuri A, Atkinson QD. Validating the dual evolutionary foundations of political values in a US sample. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1189771. [PMID: 37425180 PMCID: PMC10326618 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1189771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychological research repeatedly identifies two dimensions of political values. Recent work argues that these dimensions reflect the dual evolutionary foundations of human social and political life: a trade-off between cooperation and competition that generates differences in values about social inequality, and a trade-off in managing group coordination that generates differences in values about social control. Existing scales used to measure political values, however, were created prior to this framework. Here, we introduce the Dual Foundations Scale, designed to capture values about the two trade-offs. We validate the scale across two studies, showing it accurately and reliably measures both dimensions. Our results support key predictions of the dual foundations framework and pave the way for future work on the foundations of political ideology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ananish Chaudhuri
- Department of Economics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Quentin Douglas Atkinson
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for the Study of Social Cohesion, School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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10
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Zhang W, Liu Y, Dong Y, He W, Yao S, Xu Z, Mu Y. How we learn social norms: a three-stage model for social norm learning. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1153809. [PMID: 37333598 PMCID: PMC10272593 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1153809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
As social animals, humans are unique to make the world function well by developing, maintaining, and enforcing social norms. As a prerequisite among these norm-related processes, learning social norms can act as a basis that helps us quickly coordinate with others, which is beneficial to social inclusion when people enter into a new environment or experience certain sociocultural changes. Given the positive effects of learning social norms on social order and sociocultural adaptability in daily life, there is an urgent need to understand the underlying mechanisms of social norm learning. In this article, we review a set of works regarding social norms and highlight the specificity of social norm learning. We then propose an integrated model of social norm learning containing three stages, i.e., pre-learning, reinforcement learning, and internalization, map a potential brain network in processing social norm learning, and further discuss the potential influencing factors that modulate social norm learning. Finally, we outline a couple of future directions along this line, including theoretical (i.e., societal and individual differences in social norm learning), methodological (i.e., longitudinal research, experimental methods, neuroimaging studies), and practical issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunhan Liu
- School of Humanities and Social Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yixuan Dong
- Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wanna He
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiming Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziqian Xu
- Graziadio Business School of Business and Management, Pepperdine University, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yan Mu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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11
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Samore T, Fessler DMT, Sparks AM, Holbrook C, Aarøe L, Baeza CG, Barbato MT, Barclay P, Berniūnas R, Contreras-Garduño J, Costa-Neves B, Del Pilar Grazioso M, Elmas P, Fedor P, Fernandez AM, Fernández-Morales R, Garcia-Marques L, Giraldo-Perez P, Gul P, Habacht F, Hasan Y, Hernandez EJ, Jarmakowski T, Kamble S, Kameda T, Kim B, Kupfer TR, Kurita M, Li NP, Lu J, Luberti FR, Maegli MA, Mejia M, Morvinski C, Naito A, Ng'ang'a A, de Oliveira AN, Posner DN, Prokop P, Shani Y, Solorzano WOP, Stieger S, Suryani AO, Tan LKL, Tybur JM, Viciana H, Visine A, Wang J, Wang XT. Greater traditionalism predicts COVID-19 precautionary behaviors across 27 societies. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4969. [PMID: 37041216 PMCID: PMC10090070 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29655-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
People vary both in their embrace of their society's traditions, and in their perception of hazards as salient and necessitating a response. Over evolutionary time, traditions have offered avenues for addressing hazards, plausibly resulting in linkages between orientations toward tradition and orientations toward danger. Emerging research documents connections between traditionalism and threat responsivity, including pathogen-avoidance motivations. Additionally, because hazard-mitigating behaviors can conflict with competing priorities, associations between traditionalism and pathogen avoidance may hinge on contextually contingent tradeoffs. The COVID-19 pandemic provides a real-world test of the posited relationship between traditionalism and hazard avoidance. Across 27 societies (N = 7844), we find that, in a majority of countries, individuals' endorsement of tradition positively correlates with their adherence to costly COVID-19-avoidance behaviors; accounting for some of the conflicts that arise between public health precautions and other objectives further strengthens this evidence that traditionalism is associated with greater attention to hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Samore
- Department of Anthropology, Center for Behavior, Evolution, and Culture, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Daniel M T Fessler
- Department of Anthropology, Center for Behavior, Evolution, and Culture, Bedari Kindness Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | | | - Colin Holbrook
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Lene Aarøe
- Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Carmen Gloria Baeza
- Laboratorio de Evolución y Relaciones Interpersonales, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Teresa Barbato
- Laboratorio de Evolución y Relaciones Interpersonales, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pat Barclay
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Jorge Contreras-Garduño
- Escuela Nacional de Estudio Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad Morelia, 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Bernardo Costa-Neves
- Lisbon Medical School, University of Lisbon, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro Hospitalar Psiquiátrico de Lisboa, 1749-002, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Del Pilar Grazioso
- Centro Integral de Psicología Aplicada, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, 01015, Guatemala
- Proyecto Aiglé Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Pınar Elmas
- Department of Psychology, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Peter Fedor
- Department of Environmental Ecology and Landscape Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ana Maria Fernandez
- Laboratorio de Evolución y Relaciones Interpersonales, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Regina Fernández-Morales
- Facultad de Humanidades, Universidad Rafael Landivár, Guatemala City, 01016, Guatemala
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Francisco Marroquín, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Leonel Garcia-Marques
- CICPsi Research Center for Psychological Science, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- School of Psychology, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulina Giraldo-Perez
- The School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Pelin Gul
- Department of Sustainable Health, University of Groningen, Campus Fryslân, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fanny Habacht
- Division of Psychological Methodology, Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Youssef Hasan
- Psychology Program, Department of Social Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Earl John Hernandez
- College of Arts and Sciences, Partido State University, Goa, 4422, Camarines Sur, Philippines
| | - Tomasz Jarmakowski
- Institute of Psychology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Shanmukh Kamble
- Department of Psychology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, 580003, India
| | - Tatsuya Kameda
- Department of Social Psychology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, 194-8610, Japan
- Center for Experimental Research in Social Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Bia Kim
- Department of Psychology, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Tom R Kupfer
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
| | - Maho Kurita
- Department of Social Psychology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Norman P Li
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, 188065, Singapore
| | - Junsong Lu
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Francesca R Luberti
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, ON, P1B 8L7, Canada
| | - María Andrée Maegli
- Department of Psychology, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, 01015, Guatemala
| | | | - Coby Morvinski
- Department of Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Aoi Naito
- Department of Social Psychology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
| | - Alice Ng'ang'a
- Lazaridis School of Business and Economics, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | | | - Daniel N Posner
- Department of Political Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Pavol Prokop
- Department of Environmental Ecology and Landscape Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 06, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Yaniv Shani
- Coller School of Management, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Stefan Stieger
- Division of Psychological Methodology, Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | | | - Lynn K L Tan
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, 188065, Singapore
| | - Joshua M Tybur
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo Viciana
- Departamento de Filosofía y Lógica y Filosofía de la Ciencia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41018, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Jin Wang
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Xiao-Tian Wang
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518172, China
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12
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Jedinger A, Kaminski S. The association between system-justifying ideologies and attitudes toward the social market economy in Germany. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37359577 PMCID: PMC10064620 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Although the legitimacy of an economic system is often dependent on citizen support, psychological research has paid little attention to attitudes toward economic systems. In the present study, we examined the link between two system-justifying ideologies, namely, right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO), and attitudes toward the social market economy in Germany. Drawing on system justification theory, we hypothesized that RWA would be positively and SDO negatively associated with support for the social market economy because the social component of the German economic system conflicts with beliefs inherent in SDO favoring a group-based hierarchy. Based on a quota sample of German adults (N = 886), we found support for the predicted associations of both system-justifying ideologies with economic system support, except that RWA was negatively associated with support for the welfare component of the social market economy. However, the positive relationship of RWA with support for the social market economy only emerged after SDO was statistically controlled, suggesting a suppressor situation. These findings demonstrate that system-justifying ideologies bear different relations to pro-market attitudes depending on the type of economic regime. Implications for system justification theory are discussed. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-023-04483-7.
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13
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Claessens S, Sibley CG, Chaudhuri A, Atkinson QD. Cooperative and conformist behavioural preferences predict the dual dimensions of political ideology. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4886. [PMID: 36966181 PMCID: PMC10039865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31721-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Decades of research suggest that our political differences are best captured by two dimensions of political ideology. The dual evolutionary framework of political ideology predicts that these dimensions should be related to variation in social preferences for cooperation and group conformity. Here, we combine data from a New Zealand survey and a suite of incentivised behavioural tasks (n = 991) to test whether cooperative and conformist preferences covary with a pair of widely used measures of the two dimensions of political ideology-Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) and Right Wing Authoritarianism (RWA)-and related policy views. As predicted, we find that cooperative behaviour is negatively related to SDO and economically conservative policy views, while conformist behaviour in the form of social information use is positively related to RWA and socially conservative policy views. However, we did not find the predicted relationships between punitive and rule following behaviours and RWA or socially conservative views, raising questions about the interpretation of punishment and rule following tasks and the nature of authoritarian conformist preferences. These findings reveal how cooperative and conformist preferences that evolved to help us navigate social challenges in our ancestral past continue to track our political differences even today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Claessens
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Floor 2, Building 302, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Chris G Sibley
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Floor 2, Building 302, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Ananish Chaudhuri
- Department of Economics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- CESifo, Munich, Germany
| | - Quentin D Atkinson
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Floor 2, Building 302, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.
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14
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The psychological causes and societal consequences of authoritarianism. NATURE REVIEWS PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 2:220-232. [PMID: 37056296 PMCID: PMC9983523 DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00161-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, citizens’ political rights and civil liberties have declined globally. Psychological science can play an instrumental role in both explaining and combating the authoritarian impulses that underlie these attacks on personal autonomy. In this Review, we describe the psychological processes and situational factors that foster authoritarianism, as well as the societal consequences of its apparent resurgence within the general population. First, we summarize the dual process motivational model of ideology and prejudice, which suggests that viewing the world as a dangerous, but not necessarily competitive, place plants the psychological seeds of authoritarianism. Next, we discuss the evolutionary, genetic, personality and developmental antecedents to authoritarianism and explain how contextual threats to safety and security activate authoritarian predispositions. After examining the harmful consequences of authoritarianism for intergroup relations and broader societal attitudes, we discuss the need to expand the ideological boundaries of authoritarianism and encourage future research to investigate both right-wing and left-wing variants of authoritarianism. Authoritarianism weakens democratic institutions and fosters societal divisions. In this Review, Osborne et al. describe the psychological processes and situational factors that give rise to authoritarianism, as well as the societal consequences of its apparent resurgence within the general population.
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15
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It takes guts to be a rebel! A dynamic coordination account of the relationship between motivational reactivity, social morality, and political ideology. Politics Life Sci 2023; 41:28-37. [PMID: 36877106 DOI: 10.1017/pls.2022.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study tests two sets of competing hypotheses about the relationship between trait reactivity to positive and negative stimuli (i.e., motivational reactivity), moral stances on social principles (i.e., social morality), and political ideology. The classic view contends that a specific political ideology or social morality results from a specific motivational reactivity pattern, whereas the dynamic coordination account suggests that trait motivational reactivity modulates an individual's political ideology and social morality as a result of the majority political beliefs in their immediate social context. A survey using subjects recruited from a liberal-leaning social context was conducted to test these hypotheses. Results support the dynamic coordination account. Reactivity to negativity (indexed by defensive system activation scores) is associated with the adoption of the dominant social morality and political ideology. Reactivity to positivity (indexed by appetitive system activation scores) is associated with the adoption of nondominant social moral and political stances.
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16
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Balagtas JPM, Tolomeo S, Ragunath BL, Rigo P, Bornstein MH, Esposito G. Neuroanatomical correlates of system-justifying ideologies: a pre-registered voxel-based morphometry study on right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230196. [PMID: 36968234 PMCID: PMC10031404 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
System-justifying ideologies are a cluster of ideals that perpetuate a hierarchical social system despite being fraught with inequalities. Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO) are two ideologies that have received much attention in the literature separately and together. Given that these ideologies are considered to be stable individual differences that are likely to have an evolutionary basis, there has yet to be any examination for volumetric brain structures associated with these variables. Here, we proposed an investigation of overlapping and non-overlapping brain regions associated with RWA and SDO in a sample recruited in Singapore. Indeed, it will be interesting to determine how RWA and SDO correlate in a country that proactively promotes institutionalized multi-culturalism such as Singapore. RWA and SDO scores were collected via self-report measures from healthy individuals (39 males and 43 females; age 25.89 ± 5.68 years). Consequently, voxel-based morphometry (VBM) whole brain and region of interest (ROI) analyses were employed to identify neuroanatomical correlates of these system-justifying ideologies. RWA and SDO scores were strongly correlated despite the low ideological contrast in Singapore's sociopolitical context. The whole brain analysis did not reveal any significant clusters associated with either RWA or SDO. The ROI analyses revealed clusters in the bilateral amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) that were associated with both RWA and SDO scores, whereas two clusters in the left anterior insula were negatively associated with only SDO scores. The study corroborates the claim of RWA and SDO as stable individual differences with identifiable neuroanatomical correlates, but our exploratory analysis suggests evidence that precludes any definitive conclusion based on the present evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Paolo M. Balagtas
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | | | - Bindiya L. Ragunath
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Paola Rigo
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marc H. Bornstein
- Child and Family Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, USA
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
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17
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Balagtas JPM, Tolomeo S, Ragunath BL, Rigo P, Bornstein MH, Esposito G. Neuroanatomical correlates of system-justifying ideologies: a pre-registered voxel-based morphometry study on right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230196. [PMID: 36968234 DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6461060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
System-justifying ideologies are a cluster of ideals that perpetuate a hierarchical social system despite being fraught with inequalities. Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO) are two ideologies that have received much attention in the literature separately and together. Given that these ideologies are considered to be stable individual differences that are likely to have an evolutionary basis, there has yet to be any examination for volumetric brain structures associated with these variables. Here, we proposed an investigation of overlapping and non-overlapping brain regions associated with RWA and SDO in a sample recruited in Singapore. Indeed, it will be interesting to determine how RWA and SDO correlate in a country that proactively promotes institutionalized multi-culturalism such as Singapore. RWA and SDO scores were collected via self-report measures from healthy individuals (39 males and 43 females; age 25.89 ± 5.68 years). Consequently, voxel-based morphometry (VBM) whole brain and region of interest (ROI) analyses were employed to identify neuroanatomical correlates of these system-justifying ideologies. RWA and SDO scores were strongly correlated despite the low ideological contrast in Singapore's sociopolitical context. The whole brain analysis did not reveal any significant clusters associated with either RWA or SDO. The ROI analyses revealed clusters in the bilateral amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) that were associated with both RWA and SDO scores, whereas two clusters in the left anterior insula were negatively associated with only SDO scores. The study corroborates the claim of RWA and SDO as stable individual differences with identifiable neuroanatomical correlates, but our exploratory analysis suggests evidence that precludes any definitive conclusion based on the present evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Paolo M Balagtas
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | | | - Bindiya L Ragunath
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Paola Rigo
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marc H Bornstein
- Child and Family Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, USA
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
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18
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Hoenig LC, Pliskin R, De Dreu CKW. Political ideology and moral dilemmas in public good provision. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2519. [PMID: 36781991 PMCID: PMC9925786 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29512-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals often face dilemmas in which non-cooperation serves their self-interest and cooperation favors society at large. Cooperation is often considered the moral choice because it creates equality and fairness among citizens. Accordingly, individuals whose political ideology attaches greater value to equality than to agency and self-reliance should not only cooperate on more rather than less efficient public goods, but also more on public goods from which individuals benefit equally rather than unequally. We examine this possibility by comparing ideologically left-leaning and right-leaning individuals' cooperation on multiple public goods that varied in efficiency and (in)equality in returns. We find that left-leaning individuals cooperate more than right-leaning ones, but only on public goods that benefit everyone equally, and not more on public goods that generate inequalities. Left-leaning individuals also trust and expect others to cooperate more on equal- versus unequal-returns public goods, while self-identified right-leaning individuals do not differentiate between these. Interestingly, ideology does not predict which public good is deemed more morally appropriate to cooperate on. Results combined specify when and why self-identified leftists can(not) be expected to cooperate more than rightists and reveal how moral decision-making depends on structural elements of the public good provision problems that citizens face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Hoenig
- Department of Social, Economic, and Organisational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Ruthie Pliskin
- Department of Social, Economic, and Organisational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carsten K W De Dreu
- Department of Social, Economic, and Organisational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Peng Y. The role of ideological dimensions in shaping acceptance of facial recognition technology and reactions to algorithm bias. PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2023; 32:190-207. [PMID: 35950268 DOI: 10.1177/09636625221113131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Facial recognition technology has been introduced into various aspects of social life, yet it has raised concerns over its infringement of civil liberties and biases against minorities. This study investigates how three ideological dimensions-social dominance orientation, right-wing authoritarianism, and libertarianism-shape facial recognition acceptance. First, two surveys of crowdsourced workers (N = 891 and 587) demonstrated that the acceptance of facial recognition applications is positively associated with right-wing authoritarianism and negatively with libertarianism, whereas social dominance orientation shows little influence. Second, an experiment (N = 496) exposed participants to information about demographic biases in facial recognition applications. This message produced more opposition to facial recognition and this effect largely was not moderated by the three ideological dimensions. In summary, individuals' endorsement of various ideologies predicts their acceptance of facial recognition technology, but messages about algorithm biases in facial recognition can still shape their attitudes regardless of the preexisting ideologies.
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20
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Olivett VJ, Maranges HM, March DS. The unique roles of threat perception and misinformation accuracy judgments in the relationship between political orientation and COVID‐19 health behaviors. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather M. Maranges
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, The Family Institute Florida State University Tallahassee Florida USA
| | - David S. March
- Department of Psychology Florida State University Tallahassee Florida USA
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21
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Peng Y. Give me liberty or give me COVID-19: How social dominance orientation, right-wing authoritarianism, and libertarianism explain Americans' reactions to COVID-19. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2022; 42:2691-2703. [PMID: 35112727 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
While previous research has revealed an ideological divide in Americans' perceptions of COVID-19, specific ideological components can additionally explain public reactions to the pandemic. With two surveys-one sample of crowdsourced workers (N = 482) and a nationally representative sample of American adults (N = 7449)-this research investigates how multiple ideological facets simultaneously predict individuals' reactions to COVID-19. Results demonstrate that social dominance orientation and libertarianism are two important ideological sources that predict more dismissal of COVID-19 and less support for government measures. Right-wing authoritarianism was negatively correlated with COVID-19 concern and support for government actions, but suppression effects could exist. The effects of ideological variables were largely consistent when trust in science was considered. This study highlights the role of specific ideological components in contributing to the political divide regarding attitudes toward the COVID-19 pandemic beyond the liberal-conservative identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilang Peng
- Department of Financial Planning, Housing and Consumer Economics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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22
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Cooperative phenotype predicts climate change belief and pro-environmental behaviour. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12730. [PMID: 35882900 PMCID: PMC9325867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16937-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the psychological causes of variation in climate change belief and pro-environmental behaviour remains an urgent challenge for the social sciences. The “cooperative phenotype” is a stable psychological preference for cooperating in social dilemmas that involve a tension between individual and collective interest. Since climate change poses a social dilemma on a global scale, this issue may evoke similar psychological processes as smaller social dilemmas. Here, we investigate the relationships between the cooperative phenotype and climate change belief and behaviour with a representative sample of New Zealanders (N = 897). By linking behaviour in a suite of economic games to self-reported climate attitudes, we show robust positive associations between the cooperative phenotype and both climate change belief and pro-environmental behaviour. Furthermore, our structural equation models support a motivated reasoning account in which the relationship between the cooperative phenotype and pro-environmental behaviour is mediated by climate change belief. These findings suggest that common psychological mechanisms underlie cooperation in both micro-scale social dilemmas and larger-scale social dilemmas like climate change.
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23
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Zmigrod L. A Psychology of Ideology: Unpacking the Psychological Structure of Ideological Thinking. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022; 17:1072-1092. [PMID: 35231196 PMCID: PMC9274788 DOI: 10.1177/17456916211044140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The psychological study of ideology has traditionally emphasized the content of ideological beliefs, guided by questions about what people believe, such as why people believe in omniscient gods or fascist worldviews. This theoretical focus has led to siloed subdisciplines separately dealing with political, religious, moral, and prejudiced attitudes. The fractionation has fostered a neglect of the cognitive structure of ideological worldviews and associated questions about why ideologies-in all their forms-are so compelling to the human mind. Here I argue that it is essential to consider the nature of ideological cognition across a multitude of ideologies. I offer a multidimensional, empirically tractable framework of ideological thinking, suggesting it can be conceptualized as a style of thinking that is rigid in its adherence to a doctrine and resistance to evidence-based belief-updating and favorably oriented toward an in-group and antagonistic to out-groups. The article identifies the subcomponents of ideological thinking and highlights that ideological thinking constitutes a meaningful psychological phenomenon that merits direct scholarly investigation and analysis. By emphasizing conceptual precision, methodological directions, and interdisciplinary integration across the political and cognitive sciences, the article illustrates the potential of this framework as a catalyst for developing a rigorous domain-general psychology of ideology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leor Zmigrod
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge
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24
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Political ideologies as social strategies: does ideological variation predict behavioral variation in cooperative dilemmas? CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03403-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Serpell BG, Cook CJ. Exploring Finger Digit Ratios (2D:4D) in Surgeons, Professional Rugby Players, and Political Journalists to Form a Directional Hypothesis: Could Finger Length Predict Attention and Focus? Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:873129. [PMID: 35571284 PMCID: PMC9093682 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.873129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this short report we explore the predictive nature of finger digit ratio (i.e., second/index finger length divided by fourth/ring finger length; 2D:4D) and achievement. This research, with niche and specialized populations, was intended to support and grow on knowledge obtained from other large population 2D:4D studies and help form a directional hypothesis for future work exploring finger digit ratio and “success.” Twenty-nine professional rugby players aged 25.1 ± 4.2 years, height 185.2 ± 6.3 cm and weight 101.9 ± 11.8 kg; n = 16 orthopedic surgeons aged 55.3 ± 9.3 years with height 183.8 ± 10.2 cm and weight 90.8 ± 14.0 kg; and n = 18 political journalists with age, height and weight of 38.8 ± 7.3 years, 182.8 ± 7.8 cm, and 84.4 ± 11.4 kg, respectively, were recruited. Three experiments were conducted where we (1) explored relationships for 2D:4D with testosterone and cortisol responsiveness to low stress exercise, (2) explored relationships for 2D:4D with pupil constriction and pupil constriction latency (pupillometry measures related to testosterone and cortisol responsiveness and to attentiveness), and (3) compared 2D:4D between rugby players, surgeons, and journalists. Our results revealed 2D:4D was not predictive of testosterone and cortisol responsiveness to low-level exercise stress. However, relationships exist for 2D:4D and pupillometry measures (p < 0.05). Journalists right minus left 2D:4D difference was significantly different to rugby players’ and surgeons (p < 0.05). We argue 2D:4D is likely predictive of testosterone sensitivity and associated ability to focus attention; a skill important to high achievement in various contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G. Serpell
- ACT Brumbies, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Geelong Cats Football Club, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Benjamin G. Serpell,
| | - Christian J. Cook
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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26
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Costello TH, Clark CJ, Tetlock PE. Shoring Up the Shaky Psychological Foundations of a Micro-Economic Model of Ideology: Adversarial Collaboration Solutions. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2022.2065130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cory J. Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Phillip E. Tetlock
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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27
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Braganza O. Proxyeconomics, a theory and model of proxy-based competition and cultural evolution. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211030. [PMID: 35223051 PMCID: PMC8864350 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Competitive societal systems by necessity rely on imperfect proxy measures. For instance, profit is used to measure value to consumers, patient volumes to measure hospital performance, or the journal impact factor to measure scientific value. While there are numerous reasons why proxies will deviate from the underlying societal goals, they will nevertheless determine the selection of cultural practices and guide individual decisions. These considerations suggest that the study of proxy-based competition requires the integration of cultural evolution theory and economics or decision theory. Here, we attempt such an integration in two ways. First, we describe an agent-based simulation model, combining methods and insights from these disciplines. The model suggests that an individual intrinsic incentive can constrain a cultural evolutionary pressure, which would otherwise enforce fully proxy-oriented practices. The emergent outcome is distinct from that with either the isolated economic or evolutionary mechanism. It reflects what we term lock-in, where competitive pressure can undermine the ability of agents to pursue the shared social goal. Second, we elaborate the broader context, outlining the system-theoretic foundations as well as some philosophical and practical implications, towards a broader theory. Overall, we suggest such a theory may offer an explanatory and predictive framework for diverse subjects, ranging from scientific replicability to climate inaction, and outlining strategies for diagnosis and mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Braganza
- Institute for Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Center for Science and Thought, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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28
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Implications of instrumental and ritual stances for traditionalism–threat responsivity relationships. Behav Brain Sci 2022; 45:e267. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x22001406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Jagiello et al.'s bifocal stance theory provides a useful theoretical framework for attempting to understand the connection between greater adherence to traditional norms and greater sensitivity to threats in the world. Here, we examine the implications of the instrumental and ritual stances with regard to various evolutionary explanations for traditionalism–threat sensitivity linkages.
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29
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Black and Latinx conservatives upshift competence relative to liberals in mostly white settings. Nat Hum Behav 2021; 5:1652-1662. [PMID: 34294902 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-021-01167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Racial minorities vary in their sociopolitical views, as figures such as Barack Obama and Ted Cruz often demonstrate. Here, I examine the implications for interracial behaviour, proposing that Black and Latinx conservatives-specifically, those who are more supportive of hierarchy-upshift competence relative to liberals in mostly white settings, distancing themselves from stereotypes. Analysing 250,000 Congressional remarks and 1 million tweets revealed that Black and Latinx conservatives (determined by voting behaviour) referenced high power and ability more than liberals. No such pattern emerged for white politicians. A meta-analysis of four experiments further revealed that Black conservatives (determined by social dominance orientation) referenced high status more than liberals when responding to a white (but not Black) partner. This was robust to controls and unique to hierarchy-based conservatism. Finally, analysing 18,000 editorials suggested the following implications: the more minority conservatives referenced power in Congress, the more journalists referenced power in editorials about them. The findings highlight the diverse ideology of racial minorities, as well as the behavioural implications.
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30
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Atkinson QD, Jacquet J. Challenging the Idea That Humans Are Not Designed to Solve Climate Change. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021; 17:619-630. [PMID: 34738846 DOI: 10.1177/17456916211018454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the face of a slow and inadequate global response to anthropogenic climate change, scholars and journalists frequently claim that human psychology is not designed or evolved to solve the problem, and they highlight a range of "psychological barriers" to climate action. Here, we critically examine this claim and the evidence on which it is based. We identify four key problems with attributing climate inaction to "human nature" or evolved psychological barriers: (a) It minimizes variability within and between populations; (b) it oversimplifies psychological research and its implications for policy; (c) it frames responsibility for climate change in terms of the individual at the expense of the role of other aspects of culture, including institutional actors; and (d) it rationalizes inaction. For these reasons, the message from social scientists must be clear-humans' current collective failure to tackle climate change on the scale required cannot be explained as a product of a universal and fixed human nature because it is a fundamentally cultural phenomenon, reflecting culturally evolved values, norms, institutions, and technologies that can and must change rapidly.
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31
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Cultural Evolution and Digital Media: Diffusion of Fake News About COVID-19 on Twitter. SN COMPUTER SCIENCE 2021; 2:430. [PMID: 34485922 PMCID: PMC8397611 DOI: 10.1007/s42979-021-00836-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Disinformation (fake news) is a major problem that affects modern populations, especially in an era when information can be spread from one corner of the world to another in just one click. The diffusion of misinformation becomes more problematic when it addresses issues related to health, as it can affect people at both the individual and population levels. Through the ideas proposed by cultural evolution theory, in this study, we seek to understand the dynamics of disseminating messages (cultural traits) with untrue content (maladaptive traits). For our investigation, we used the scenario caused by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic as a model. The instability caused by the pandemic provides a good model for the study of adapted and maladaptive traits, as the information can directly affect individual and population fitness. Through data collected on the Twitter platform (259,176 tweets) and using machine learning techniques and web scraping, we built a predictive model to analyze the following questions: (1) Is false information more shared? (2) Is false information more adopted? (3) Do people with social prestige influence the dissemination of maladaptive traits of COVID-19? We observed that fake news features contained in messages with false information were shared and adopted as unblemished messages. We also observed that social prestige was not a determining factor for the diffusion of maladaptive traits. Even with the ability to allow connections between individuals participating in social media, some factors such as attachment to cultural traits and the formation of social bubbles can favor isolation and decrease connectivity between individuals. Consequently, in the scenario of isolation between groups and low connectivity between individuals, there is a reduction in cultural exchange between people, which interferes with the dynamics of the selection of cultural traits. Thus, maladaptive (harmful) traits are favored and maintained in the cultural system. We also argue that the local Brazilian cultural context can be a determining factor for maintaining maladaptive traits. We conclude that in an unstable (pandemic) scenario, the information transmitted on Twitter is not reliable in relation to the increase in fitness, which may occur because of the low cultural exchange promoted by the personalization of the social network and cultural context of the population. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42979-021-00836-w.
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Vartanova I, Eriksson K, Kirgil ZM, Strimling P. The Advent of the COVID-19 Epidemic Did Not Affect Americans' Endorsement of Moral Foundations. Front Psychol 2021; 12:647858. [PMID: 34393889 PMCID: PMC8355496 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior work has suggested that existential threats in the form of terror attacks may shift liberals’ reliance on moral foundations to more resemble those of conservatives. We therefore hypothesized that endorsement of these moral foundations would have increased when the COVID-19 epidemic became a salient threat. To examine this hypothesis we conducted a longitudinal study with 237 American participants across the liberal-conservative spectrum, in which their endorsement of various moral foundations were measured before and after the advent of the pandemic. We did not find evidence of any systematic change in the endorsement of any moral foundation, neither in general nor specifically among liberals or specifically among those who perceived the greatest threat from COVID-19. We conclude that the threat from the pandemic does not seem to have had any substantial effect on the moral foundations that people rely on. We discuss how this finding relates to other longitudinal studies of the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on measures related to conservatism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimmo Eriksson
- Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden.,School of Education, Culture and Communication, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Zeynep Melis Kirgil
- Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Samore T, Fessler DMT, Sparks AM, Holbrook C. Of pathogens and party lines: Social conservatism positively associates with COVID-19 precautions among U.S. Democrats but not Republicans. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253326. [PMID: 34185786 PMCID: PMC8241032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Social liberals tend to be less pathogen-avoidant than social conservatives, a pattern consistent with a model wherein ideological differences stem from differences in threat reactivity. Here we investigate if and how individual responses to a shared threat reflect those patterns of ideological difference. In seeming contradiction to the general association between social conservatism and pathogen avoidance, the more socially conservative political party in the United States has more consistently downplayed the dangers of COVID-19 during the ongoing pandemic. This puzzle offers an opportunity to examine the contributions of multiple factors to disease avoidance. We investigated the relationship between social conservatism and COVID-19 precautionary behavior in light of the partisan landscape of the United States. We explored whether consumption of, and attitudes toward, different sources of information, as well as differential evaluation of various threats caused by the pandemic-such as direct health costs versus indirect harms to the economy and individual liberties-shape partisan differences in responses to the pandemic in ways that overwhelm the contributions of social conservatism. In two pre-registered studies, socially conservative attitudes correlate with self-reported COVID-19 prophylactic behaviors, but only among Democrats. Reflecting larger societal divisions, among Republicans and Independents, the absence of a positive relationship between social conservatism and COVID-19 precautions appears driven by lower trust in scientists, lower trust in liberal and moderate sources, lesser consumption of liberal news media, and greater economic conservatism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Samore
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- UCLA Center for Behavior, Evolution, and Culture, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel M. T. Fessler
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- UCLA Center for Behavior, Evolution, and Culture, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- UCLA Bedari Kindness Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | | | - Colin Holbrook
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, California, United States of America
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Grünhage T, Reuter M. Tell Me Who You Vote for, and I'll Tell You Who You Are? The Associations of Political Orientation With Personality and Prosocial Behavior and the Plausibility of Evolutionary Approaches. Front Psychol 2021; 12:656725. [PMID: 34093347 PMCID: PMC8170087 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.656725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blatantly observable in the U.S. currently, the political chasm grows, representing a prototype of political polarization in most if not all western democratic political systems. Differential political psychology strives to trace back increasingly polarized political convictions to differences on the individual level. Recent evolutionary informed approaches suggest that interindividual differences in political orientation reflect differences in group-mindedness and cooperativeness. Contrarily, the existence of meaningful associations between political orientation, personality traits, and interpersonal behavior has been questioned critically. Here, we shortly review evidence showing that these relationships do exist, which supports the assumption that political orientation is deeply rooted in the human condition. Potential reasons for the premature rejection of these relationships and directions for future research are outlined and implications for refinements and extensions of evolutionary informed approaches are derived.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Reuter
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Economics and Neuroscience, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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de Vries RE, Wesseldijk LW, Karinen AK, Jern P, Tybur JM. Relations between HEXACO personality and ideology variables are mostly genetic in nature. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070211014035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Existing work indicates that socio-political attitudes (or: ideology) are associated with personality, with Social Dominance Orientation and Right-Wing Authoritarianism relating most strongly to honesty-humility and openness to experience, the two value-related domains of the HEXACO framework. Using a sample of 7067 twins and siblings of twins (including 1376 complete twin pairs), we examined the degree to which these relations arise from common genetic and environmental sources. Heritability estimates for the HEXACO personality and ideology variables ranged from .34 to .58. Environmental factors shared by twins reared together showed negligible effects on individual differences in personality and ideology. At the phenotypic level, Social Dominance Orientation and Right-Wing Authoritarianism dimensions related most strongly to honesty-humility and openness to experience. These associations were mostly explained by genetic factors (48%–93%). Genetic correlations between openness to experience and the ideology scales ranged from –.29 to –.53; those between honesty-humility and the ideology scales ranged from –.31 to –.43. None of the environmental correlations exceeded | r| = .18. These results suggest that the relations between the two value-related domains of the HEXACO personality model and ideology are mostly genetic in nature, and that there is substantial overlap in the heritable components of personality and ideology.
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Luoto S, Varella MAC. Pandemic Leadership: Sex Differences and Their Evolutionary-Developmental Origins. Front Psychol 2021; 12:633862. [PMID: 33815218 PMCID: PMC8015803 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.633862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a global societal, economic, and social upheaval unseen in living memory. There have been substantial cross-national differences in the kinds of policies implemented by political decision-makers to prevent the spread of the virus, to test the population, and to manage infected patients. Among other factors, these policies vary with politicians' sex: early findings indicate that, on average, female leaders seem more focused on minimizing direct human suffering caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, while male leaders implement riskier short-term decisions, possibly aiming to minimize economic disruptions. These sex differences are consistent with broader findings in psychology, reflecting women's stronger empathy, higher pathogen disgust, health concern, care-taking orientation, and dislike for the suffering of other people-as well as men's higher risk-taking, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism, and focus on financial indicators of success and status. This review article contextualizes sex differences in pandemic leadership in an evolutionary framework. Evolution by natural selection is the only known process in nature that organizes organisms into higher degrees of functional order, or counteracts the unavoidable disorder that would otherwise ensue, and is therefore essential for explaining the origins of human sex differences. Differential sexual selection and parental investment between males and females, together with the sexual differentiation of the mammalian brain, drive sex differences in cognition and behavioral dispositions, underlying men's and women's leadership styles and decision-making during a global pandemic. According to the sexually dimorphic leadership specialization hypothesis, general psychobehavioral sex differences have been exapted during human evolution to create sexually dimorphic leadership styles. They may be facultatively co-opted by societies and/or followers when facing different kinds of ecological and/or sociopolitical threats, such as disease outbreaks or intergroup aggression. Early evidence indicates that against the invisible viral foe that can bring nations to their knees, the strategic circumspection of empathic feminine health "worriers" may bring more effective and humanitarian outcomes than the devil-may-care incaution of masculine risk-taking "warriors".
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Affiliation(s)
- Severi Luoto
- English, Drama and Writing Studies, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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De Dreu CKW, Pliskin R, Rojek-Giffin M, Méder Z, Gross J. Political games of attack and defence. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200135. [PMID: 33611990 PMCID: PMC7934902 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Political conflicts often revolve around changing versus defending a status quo. We propose to capture the dynamics between proponents and opponents of political change in terms of an asymmetric game of attack and defence with its equilibrium in mixed strategies. Formal analyses generate predictions about effort expended on revising and protecting the status quo, the form and function of false signalling and cheap talk, how power differences impact conflict intensity and the likelihood of status quo revision. Laboratory experiments on the neurocognitive and hormonal foundations of attack and defence reveal that out-of-equilibrium investments in attack emerge because of non-selfish preferences, limited capacity to compute costs and benefits and optimistic beliefs about the chances of winning from one's rival. We conclude with implications for the likelihood of political change and inertia, and discuss the role of ideology in political games of attack and defence. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The political brain: neurocognitive and computational mechanisms’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten K W De Dreu
- Social, Economic and Organizational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Center for Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruthie Pliskin
- Social, Economic and Organizational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Rojek-Giffin
- Social, Economic and Organizational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Zsombor Méder
- Social, Economic and Organizational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jörg Gross
- Social, Economic and Organizational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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38
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Romano A, Sutter M, Liu JH, Balliet D. Political ideology, cooperation and national parochialism across 42 nations. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200146. [PMID: 33611989 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Political ideology has been hypothesized to be associated with cooperation and national parochialism (i.e. greater cooperation with members of one's nation), with liberals thought to have more cooperation with strangers and less national parochialism, compared to conservatives. However, previous findings are limited to few-and predominantly western-nations. Here, we present a large-scale cross-societal experiment that can test hypotheses on the relation between political ideology, cooperation and national parochialism around the globe. To do so, we recruited 18 411 participants from 42 nations. Participants made decisions in a prisoner's dilemma game, and we manipulated the nationality of their interaction partner (national ingroup member, national outgroup member or unidentified stranger). We found that liberals, compared to conservatives, displayed slightly greater cooperation, trust in others and greater identification with the world as a whole. Conservatives, however, identified more strongly with their own nation and displayed slightly greater national parochialism in cooperation. Importantly, the association between political ideology and behaviour was significant in nations characterized by higher wealth, stronger rule of law and better government effectiveness. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding the association between political ideology and cooperation. This article is part of the theme issue 'The political brain: neurocognitive and computational mechanisms'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Romano
- Department of Social, Economic and Organizational Psychology, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Sutter
- Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, 53113 Bonn, Germany.,Department of Economics, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany.,Department of Public Finance, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - James H Liu
- School of Psychology, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Daniel Balliet
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Samore T, Fessler DMT, Sparks AM, Holbrook C. Of pathogens and party lines: Social conservatism positively associates with COVID-19 precautions among U.S. Democrats but not Republicans. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253326. [PMID: 34185786 DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/9zsvb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Social liberals tend to be less pathogen-avoidant than social conservatives, a pattern consistent with a model wherein ideological differences stem from differences in threat reactivity. Here we investigate if and how individual responses to a shared threat reflect those patterns of ideological difference. In seeming contradiction to the general association between social conservatism and pathogen avoidance, the more socially conservative political party in the United States has more consistently downplayed the dangers of COVID-19 during the ongoing pandemic. This puzzle offers an opportunity to examine the contributions of multiple factors to disease avoidance. We investigated the relationship between social conservatism and COVID-19 precautionary behavior in light of the partisan landscape of the United States. We explored whether consumption of, and attitudes toward, different sources of information, as well as differential evaluation of various threats caused by the pandemic-such as direct health costs versus indirect harms to the economy and individual liberties-shape partisan differences in responses to the pandemic in ways that overwhelm the contributions of social conservatism. In two pre-registered studies, socially conservative attitudes correlate with self-reported COVID-19 prophylactic behaviors, but only among Democrats. Reflecting larger societal divisions, among Republicans and Independents, the absence of a positive relationship between social conservatism and COVID-19 precautions appears driven by lower trust in scientists, lower trust in liberal and moderate sources, lesser consumption of liberal news media, and greater economic conservatism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Samore
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- UCLA Center for Behavior, Evolution, and Culture, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel M T Fessler
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- UCLA Center for Behavior, Evolution, and Culture, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- UCLA Bedari Kindness Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | | | - Colin Holbrook
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, California, United States of America
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Disgust and political attitudes Guest Editors' Introduction to the Special Issue. Politics Life Sci 2020; 39:129-134. [PMID: 33231032 DOI: 10.1017/pls.2020.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We introduce the Politics and the Life Sciences Special Issue on Disgust and Political Attitudes discussing the importance of understanding state and trait disgust, the innovative and transparent process by which registered reports and preregistered studies were chosen and funded, and the manuscripts that make up this special issue. This essay concludes by discussing future research directions in disgust and political attitudes, as well as the benefits of a transparent review process that avoids the "file drawer problem" of unpublished null findings.
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Żemojtel-Piotrowska M, Sawicki A, Jonason PK. Dark personality traits, political values, and prejudice: Testing a dual process model of prejudice towards refugees. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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42
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Desired personality traits in politicians: Similar to me but more of a leader. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2020.103990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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