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Olov N, Nour S, Harris AR, Li D, Cook M, Williams RJ, Cheeseman S, Nisbet DR. Using Nanoscale Passports To Understand and Unlock Ion Channels as Gatekeepers of the Cell. ACS NANO 2024; 18:22709-22733. [PMID: 39136685 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c05654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Natural ion channels are proteins embedded in the cell membrane that control many aspects of cell and human physiology by acting as gatekeepers, regulating the flow of ions in and out of cells. Advances in nanotechnology have influenced the methods for studying ion channels in vitro, as well as ways to unlock the delivery of therapeutics by modulating them in vivo. This review provides an overview of nanotechnology-enabled approaches for ion channel research with a focus on the synthesis and applications of synthetic ion channels. Further, the uses of nanotechnology for therapeutic applications are critically analyzed. Finally, we provide an outlook on the opportunities and challenges at the intersection of nanotechnology and ion channels. This work highlights the key role of nanoscale interactions in the operation and modulation of ion channels, which may prompt insights into nanotechnology-enabled mechanisms to study and exploit these systems in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Olov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Melbourne, Australia
- The Graeme Clark Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shirin Nour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Melbourne, Australia
- The Graeme Clark Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Melbourne, Australia
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Alexander R Harris
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Mark Cook
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Melbourne, Australia
- The Graeme Clark Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Richard J Williams
- The Graeme Clark Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Sustainable Bioproducts, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3217, Australia
- IMPACT, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3217, Australia
| | - Samuel Cheeseman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Melbourne, Australia
- The Graeme Clark Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David R Nisbet
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Melbourne, Australia
- The Graeme Clark Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Melbourne, Australia
- Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Melbourne, Australia
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2
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Müller M, Liu N, Gujrati V, Valavalkar A, Hartmann S, Anzenhofer P, Klemm U, Telek A, Dietzek-Ivanšić B, Hartschuh A, Ntziachristos V, Thorn-Seshold O. Merged Molecular Switches Excel as Optoacoustic Dyes: Azobenzene-Cyanines Are Loud and Photostable NIR Imaging Agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405636. [PMID: 38807438 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Optoacoustic (or photoacoustic) imaging promises micron-resolution noninvasive bioimaging with much deeper penetration (>cm) than fluorescence. However, optoacoustic imaging of enzyme activity would require loud, photostable, NIR-absorbing molecular contrast agents, which remain unknown. Most organic molecular contrast agents are repurposed fluorophores, with severe shortcomings of photoinstability or phototoxicity under optoacoustic imaging, as consequences of their slow S1→S0 electronic relaxation. We now report that known fluorophores can be rationally modified to reach ultrafast S1→S0 rates, without much extra molecular complexity, simply by merging them with molecular switches. Here, we merge azobenzene switches with cyanine dyes to give ultrafast relaxation (<10 ps, >100-fold faster). Without even adapting instrument settings, these azohemicyanines display outstanding improvements in signal longevity (>1000-fold increase of photostability) and signal loudness (>3-fold even at time zero). We show why this simple but unexplored design strategy can still offer stronger performance in the future, and can also increase the spatial resolution and the quantitative linearity of photoacoustic response over extended longitudinal imaging. By bringing the world of molecular switches and rotors to bear on problems facing optoacoustic agents, this practical strategy will help to unleash the full potential of optoacoustic imaging in fundamental studies and translational uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Müller
- Department of Pharmacy, LMU Munich, Butenandtstrasse 7, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Nian Liu
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM) School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich, 81675, Germany
| | - Vipul Gujrati
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM) School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich, 81675, Germany
| | - Abha Valavalkar
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Jena, Lessingstraße 4, Jena, 07743, Germany
- Research Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Sean Hartmann
- Department of Chemistry, LMU Munich, Butenandtstrasse 8, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Pia Anzenhofer
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Uwe Klemm
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - András Telek
- Department of Pharmacy, LMU Munich, Butenandtstrasse 7, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek-Ivanšić
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Jena, Lessingstraße 4, Jena, 07743, Germany
- Research Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Achim Hartschuh
- Department of Chemistry, LMU Munich, Butenandtstrasse 8, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM) School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich, 81675, Germany
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3
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Terenzi L, Gao Z, Ravandeh M, Fedele C, Klausen LH, Bovio CL, Priimagi A, Santoro F. Engineering Lipid-Based Pop-up Conductive Interfaces with PEDOT:PSS and Light-Responsive Azopolymer Films. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2303812. [PMID: 39126173 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Significant challenges have emerged in the development of biomimetic electronic interfaces capable of dynamic interaction with living organisms and biological systems, including neurons, muscles, and sensory organs. Yet, there remains a need for interfaces that can function on demand, facilitating communication and biorecognition with living cells in bioelectronic systems. In this study, the design and engineering of a responsive and conductive material with cell-instructive properties, allowing for the modification of its topography through light irradiation, resulting in the formation of "pop-up structures", is presented. A deformable substrate, composed of a bilayer comprising a light-responsive, azobenzene-containing polymer, pDR1m, and a conductive polymer, PEDOT:PSS, is fabricated and characterized. Moreover, the successful formation of supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) and the maintenance of integrity while deforming the pDR1m/PEDOT:PSS films represent promising advancements for future applications in responsive bioelectronics and neuroelectronic interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Terenzi
- Institute of Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics, IBI-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- Neuroelectronic Interfaces, RWTH Aachen, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ziyu Gao
- Institute of Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics, IBI-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- Neuroelectronic Interfaces, RWTH Aachen, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mehdi Ravandeh
- Institute of Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics, IBI-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- Neuroelectronic Interfaces, RWTH Aachen, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Chiara Fedele
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, FI-33720, Finland
| | - Lasse Hyldgaard Klausen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center - INANO-Fysik, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Claudia Latte Bovio
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Italian Institute of Technology, Naples, 80125, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Produzione Industriale, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, 80125, Italy
| | - Arri Priimagi
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, FI-33720, Finland
| | - Francesca Santoro
- Institute of Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics, IBI-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- Neuroelectronic Interfaces, RWTH Aachen, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Italian Institute of Technology, Naples, 80125, Italy
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4
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Liu S, Sun J. Magnetic nanomaterials mediate precise magnetic therapy. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2024; 10:052001. [PMID: 38981447 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ad60cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticle (MNP)-mediated precision magnet therapy plays a crucial role in treating various diseases. This therapeutic strategy compensates for the limitations of low spatial resolution and low focusing of magnetic stimulation, and realizes the goal of wireless teletherapy with precise targeting of focal areas. This paper summarizes the preparation methods of magnetic nanomaterials, the properties of magnetic nanoparticles, the biological effects, and the measurement methods for detecting magnetism; discusses the research progress of precision magnetotherapy in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, neurological injuries, metabolic disorders, and bone-related disorders, and looks forward to the future development trend of precision magnet therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China
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5
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Shi J, Tan C, Ge X, Qin Z, Xiong H. Recent advances in stimuli-responsive controlled release systems for neuromodulation. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:5769-5786. [PMID: 38804184 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00720d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Neuromodulation aims to modulate the signaling activity of neurons or neural networks by the precise delivery of electrical stimuli or chemical agents and is crucial for understanding brain function and treating brain disorders. Conventional approaches, such as direct physical stimulation through electrical or acoustic methods, confront challenges stemming from their invasive nature, dependency on wired power sources, and unstable therapeutic outcomes. The emergence of stimulus-responsive delivery systems harbors the potential to revolutionize neuromodulation strategies through the precise and controlled release of neurochemicals in a specific brain region. This review comprehensively examines the biological barriers controlled release systems may encounter in vivo and the recent advances and applications of these systems in neuromodulation. We elucidate the intricate interplay between the molecular structure of delivery systems and response mechanisms to furnish insights for material selection and design. Additionally, the review contemplates the prospects and challenges associated with these systems in neuromodulation. The overarching objective is to propel the application of neuromodulation technology in analyzing brain functions, treating brain disorders, and providing insightful perspectives for exploiting new systems for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jielin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chao Tan
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaoqian Ge
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Zhenpeng Qin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas Richardson, TX 75080, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | - Hejian Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Pfeffer ME, DiFrancesco ML, Marchesi A, Galluzzi F, Moschetta M, Rossini A, Francia S, Franz CM, Fok Y, Valotteau C, Paternò GM, Redondo Morata L, Vacca F, Mattiello S, Magni A, Maragliano L, Beverina L, Mattioli G, Lanzani G, Baldelli P, Colombo E, Benfenati F. Nanoactuator for Neuronal Optoporation. ACS NANO 2024; 18:12427-12452. [PMID: 38687909 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Light-driven modulation of neuronal activity at high spatial-temporal resolution is becoming of high interest in neuroscience. In addition to optogenetics, nongenetic membrane-targeted nanomachines that alter the electrical state of the neuronal membranes are in demand. Here, we engineered and characterized a photoswitchable conjugated compound (BV-1) that spontaneously partitions into the neuronal membrane and undergoes a charge transfer upon light stimulation. The activity of primary neurons is not affected in the dark, whereas millisecond light pulses of cyan light induce a progressive decrease in membrane resistance and an increase in inward current matched to a progressive depolarization and action potential firing. We found that illumination of BV-1 induces oxidation of membrane phospholipids, which is necessary for the electrophysiological effects and is associated with decreased membrane tension and increased membrane fluidity. Time-resolved atomic force microscopy and molecular dynamics simulations performed on planar lipid bilayers revealed that the underlying mechanism is a light-driven formation of pore-like structures across the plasma membrane. Such a phenomenon decreases membrane resistance and increases permeability to monovalent cations, namely, Na+, mimicking the effects of antifungal polyenes. The same effect on membrane resistance was also observed in nonexcitable cells. When sustained light stimulations are applied, neuronal swelling and death occur. The light-controlled pore-forming properties of BV-1 allow performing "on-demand" light-induced membrane poration to rapidly shift from cell-attached to perforated whole-cell patch-clamp configuration. Administration of BV-1 to ex vivo retinal explants or in vivo primary visual cortex elicited neuronal firing in response to short trains of light stimuli, followed by activity silencing upon prolonged light stimulations. BV-1 represents a versatile molecular nanomachine whose properties can be exploited to induce either photostimulation or space-specific cell death, depending on the pattern and duration of light stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene E Pfeffer
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | | | - Arin Marchesi
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/a, 60126 Torrette di Ancona, Italy
| | - Filippo Galluzzi
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
- The Open University Affiliated Research Centre at Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (ARC@IIT), Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Matteo Moschetta
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Rossini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - Simona Francia
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Clemens M Franz
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yulia Fok
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, DyNaMo, Turing Centre for Living Systems, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Claire Valotteau
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, DyNaMo, Turing Centre for Living Systems, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Giuseppe Maria Paternò
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lorena Redondo Morata
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, DyNaMo, Turing Centre for Living Systems, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Francesca Vacca
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Sara Mattiello
- Department of Material Science, Bicocca University, Via Roberto Cozzi 55, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Arianna Magni
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Maragliano
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Beverina
- Department of Material Science, Bicocca University, Via Roberto Cozzi 55, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mattioli
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-ISM), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo (RM), Italy
| | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Baldelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Colombo
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
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7
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Cooper L, Malinao MG, Hong G. Force-Based Neuromodulation. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1384-1397. [PMID: 38657038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Technologies for neuromodulation have rapidly developed in the past decade with a particular emphasis on creating noninvasive tools with high spatial and temporal precision. The existence of such tools is critical in the advancement of our understanding of neural circuitry and its influence on behavior and neurological disease. Existing technologies have employed various modalities, such as light, electrical, and magnetic fields, to interface with neural activity. While each method offers unique advantages, many struggle with modulating activity with high spatiotemporal precision without the need for invasive tools. One modality of interest for neuromodulation has been the use of mechanical force. Mechanical force encapsulates a broad range of techniques, ranging from mechanical waves delivered via focused ultrasound (FUS) to torque applied to the cell membrane.Mechanical force can be delivered to the tissue in two forms. The first form is the delivery of a mechanical force through focused ultrasound. Energy delivery facilitated by FUS has been the foundation for many neuromodulation techniques, owing to its precision and penetration depth. FUS possesses the potential to penetrate deeply (∼centimeters) into tissue while maintaining relatively precise spatial resolution, although there exists a trade-off between the penetration depth and spatial resolution. FUS may work synergistically with ultrasound-responsive nanotransducers or devices to produce a secondary energy, such as light, heat, or an electric field, in the target region. This layered technology, first enabled by noninvasive FUS, overcomes the need for bulky invasive implants and also often improves the spatiotemporal precision of light, heat, electrical fields, or other techniques alone. Conversely, the second form of mechanical force modulation is the generation of mechanical force from other modalities, such as light or magnetic fields, for neuromodulation via mechanosensitive proteins. This approach localizes the mechanical force at the cellular level, enhancing the precision of the original energy delivery. Direct interaction of mechanical force with tissue presents translational potential in its ability to interface with endogenous mechanosensitive proteins without the need for transgenes.In this Account, we categorize force-mediated neuromodulation into two categories: 1) methods where mechanical force is the primary stimulus and 2) methods where mechanical force is generated as a secondary stimulus in response to other modalities. We summarize the general design principles and current progress of each respective approach. We identify the key advantages of the limitations of each technology, particularly noting features in spatiotemporal precision, the need for transgene delivery, and the potential outlook. Finally, we highlight recent technologies that leverage mechanical force for enhanced spatiotemporal precision and advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Cooper
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Marigold Gil Malinao
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Guosong Hong
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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8
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Bassetto CAZ, Pfeffermann J, Yadav R, Strassgschwandtner S, Glasnov T, Bezanilla F, Pohl P. Photolipid excitation triggers depolarizing optocapacitive currents and action potentials. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1139. [PMID: 38326372 PMCID: PMC10850502 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Optically-induced changes in membrane capacitance may regulate neuronal activity without requiring genetic modifications. Previously, they mainly relied on sudden temperature jumps due to light absorption by membrane-associated nanomaterials or water. Yet, nanomaterial targeting or the required high infrared light intensities obstruct broad applicability. Now, we propose a very versatile approach: photolipids (azobenzene-containing diacylglycerols) mediate light-triggered cellular de- or hyperpolarization. As planar bilayer experiments show, the respective currents emerge from millisecond-timescale changes in bilayer capacitance. UV light changes photolipid conformation, which awards embedding plasma membranes with increased capacitance and evokes depolarizing currents. They open voltage-gated sodium channels in cells, generating action potentials. Blue light reduces the area per photolipid, decreasing membrane capacitance and eliciting hyperpolarization. If present, mechanosensitive channels respond to the increased mechanical membrane tension, generating large depolarizing currents that elicit action potentials. Membrane self-insertion of administered photolipids and focused illumination allows cell excitation with high spatiotemporal control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Z Bassetto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Juergen Pfeffermann
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Gruberstraße 40, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Rohit Yadav
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Gruberstraße 40, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | | | - Toma Glasnov
- Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University, Graz, Austria
| | - Francisco Bezanilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Peter Pohl
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Gruberstraße 40, 4020, Linz, Austria.
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9
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Yang D, Ren Q, Nie J, Zhang Y, Wu H, Chang Z, Wang B, Dai J, Fang Y. Black Phosphorus Flake-Enabled Wireless Neuromodulation for Epilepsy Treatment. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:1052-1061. [PMID: 37955335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a prevalent and severe neurological disorder and generally requires prolonged electrode implantation and tether brain stimulation in refractory cases. However, implants may cause potential chronic immune inflammation and permanent tissue damage due to material property mismatches with soft brain tissue. Here, we demonstrated a nanomaterial-enabled near-infrared (NIR) neuromodulation approach to provide nongenetic and nonimplantable therapeutic benefits in epilepsy mouse models. Our study showed that crystal-exfoliated photothermal black phosphorus (BP) flakes could enhance neural activity by altering the membrane capacitive currents in hippocampus neurons through NIR photothermal neuromodulation. Optical stimulation facilitated by BP flakes in hippocampal slices evoked action potentials with a high spatiotemporal resolution. Furthermore, BP flake-enabled NIR neuromodulation of hippocampus neural circuits can suppress epileptic signals in epilepsy model mice with minimal invasiveness and high biocompatibility. Consequently, nanomaterial-enabled NIR neuromodulation may open up opportunities for nonimplantable optical therapy of epilepsy in nontransgenic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqi Yang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine; The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qinjuan Ren
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine; The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jianfang Nie
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine; The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine; The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Haofan Wu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine; The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhiqiang Chang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine; The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bingfang Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine; The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jing Dai
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine; The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yin Fang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine; The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
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10
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Venturino I, Vurro V, Bonfadini S, Moschetta M, Perotto S, Sesti V, Criante L, Bertarelli C, Lanzani G. Skeletal muscle cells opto-stimulation by intramembrane molecular transducers. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1148. [PMID: 37952040 PMCID: PMC10640616 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical stimulation and control of muscle cell contraction opens up a number of interesting applications in hybrid robotic and medicine. Here we show that recently designed molecular phototransducer can be used to stimulate C2C12 skeletal muscle cells, properly grown to exhibit collective behaviour. C2C12 is a skeletal muscle cell line that does not require animal sacrifice Furthermore, it is an ideal cell model for evaluating the phototransducer pacing ability due to its negligible spontaneous activity. We study the stimulation process and analyse the distribution of responses in multinuclear cells, in particular looking at the consistency between stimulus and contraction. Contractions are detected by using an imaging software for object recognition. We find a deterministic response to light stimuli, yet with a certain distribution of erratic behaviour that is quantified and correlated to light intensity or stimulation frequency. Finally, we compare our optical stimulation with electrical stimulation showing advantages of the optical approach, like the reduced cell stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Venturino
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milano, Italy
| | - Vito Vurro
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvio Bonfadini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Moschetta
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Perotto
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Sesti
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta" Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Luigino Criante
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Bertarelli
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta" Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy.
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milano, Italy.
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11
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Berndt A, Cai D, Cohen A, Juarez B, Iglesias JT, Xiong H, Qin Z, Tian L, Slesinger PA. Current Status and Future Strategies for Advancing Functional Circuit Mapping In Vivo. J Neurosci 2023; 43:7587-7598. [PMID: 37940594 PMCID: PMC10634581 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1391-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The human brain represents one of the most complex biological systems, containing billions of neurons interconnected through trillions of synapses. Inherent to the brain is a biochemical complexity involving ions, signaling molecules, and peptides that regulate neuronal activity and allow for short- and long-term adaptations. Large-scale and noninvasive imaging techniques, such as fMRI and EEG, have highlighted brain regions involved in specific functions and visualized connections between different brain areas. A major shortcoming, however, is the need for more information on specific cell types and neurotransmitters involved, as well as poor spatial and temporal resolution. Recent technologies have been advanced for neuronal circuit mapping and implemented in behaving model organisms to address this. Here, we highlight strategies for targeting specific neuronal subtypes, identifying, and releasing signaling molecules, controlling gene expression, and monitoring neuronal circuits in real-time in vivo Combined, these approaches allow us to establish direct causal links from genes and molecules to the systems level and ultimately to cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denise Cai
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhenpeng Qin
- University of Texas-Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080
| | - Lin Tian
- University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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12
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Aleksanyan M, Grafmüller A, Crea F, Georgiev VN, Yandrapalli N, Block S, Heberle J, Dimova R. Photomanipulation of Minimal Synthetic Cells: Area Increase, Softening, and Interleaflet Coupling of Membrane Models Doped with Azobenzene-Lipid Photoswitches. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304336. [PMID: 37653602 PMCID: PMC10625111 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Light can effectively interrogate biological systems in a reversible and physiologically compatible manner with high spatiotemporal precision. Understanding the biophysics of photo-induced processes in bio-systems is crucial for achieving relevant clinical applications. Employing membranes doped with the photolipid azobenzene-phosphatidylcholine (azo-PC), a holistic picture of light-triggered changes in membrane kinetics, morphology, and material properties obtained from correlative studies on cell-sized vesicles, Langmuir monolayers, supported lipid bilayers, and molecular dynamics simulations is provided. Light-induced membrane area increases as high as ≈25% and a ten-fold decrease in the membrane bending rigidity is observed upon trans-to-cis azo-PC isomerization associated with membrane leaflet coupling and molecular curvature changes. Vesicle electrodeformation measurements and atomic force microscopy reveal that trans azo-PC bilayers are thicker than palmitoyl-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine (POPC) bilayers but have higher specific membrane capacitance and dielectric constant suggesting an increased ability to store electric charges across the membrane. Lastly, incubating POPC vesicles with azo-PC solutions results in the insertion of azo-PC in the membrane enabling them to become photoresponsive. All these results demonstrate that light can be used to finely manipulate the shape, mechanical and electric properties of photolipid-doped minimal cell models, and liposomal drug carriers, thus, presenting a promising therapeutic alternative for the repair of cellular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Aleksanyan
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesScience Park Golm14476PotsdamGermany
- Institute for Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität Berlin14195BerlinGermany
| | - Andrea Grafmüller
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesScience Park Golm14476PotsdamGermany
| | - Fucsia Crea
- Department of PhysicsFreie Universität Berlin14195BerlinGermany
| | - Vasil N. Georgiev
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesScience Park Golm14476PotsdamGermany
| | - Naresh Yandrapalli
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesScience Park Golm14476PotsdamGermany
| | - Stephan Block
- Institute for Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität Berlin14195BerlinGermany
| | - Joachim Heberle
- Department of PhysicsFreie Universität Berlin14195BerlinGermany
| | - Rumiana Dimova
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesScience Park Golm14476PotsdamGermany
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13
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Cui H, Zhao S, Hong G. Wireless deep-brain neuromodulation using photovoltaics in the second near-infrared spectrum. DEVICE 2023; 1:100113. [PMID: 37990694 PMCID: PMC10659575 DOI: 10.1016/j.device.2023.100113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Conventional electrical neuromodulation techniques are constrained by the need for invasive implants in neural tissues, whereas methods using optogenetic are subjected to genetic alterations and hampered by the poor tissue penetration of visible light. Photovoltaic neuromodulation using light from the second near-infrared (NIR-II) spectrum, which minimizes scattering and enhances tissue penetration, shows promise as an alternative to existing neuromodulation technologies. NIR-II light has been used in deep-tissue imaging and in deep-brain photothermal neuromodulation via nanotransducers. This Perspective will provide an overview for the underpinning mechanisms of photovoltaic neuromodulation and identify avenues for future research in materials science and bioengineering that can further advance NIR-II photovoltaic neuromodulation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Su Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Guosong Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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14
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Moschetta M, Vurro V, Sesti V, Bertarelli C, Paternò GM, Lanzani G. Modulation of Mechanosensitive Potassium Channels by a Membrane-targeted Nongenetic Photoswitch. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:8869-8878. [PMID: 37815392 PMCID: PMC10591468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c04551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Mechanosensitive ion channels are present in the plasma membranes of all cells. They play a fundamental role in converting mechanical stimuli into biochemical signals and are involved in several physiological processes such as touch sensation, hearing, and blood pressure regulation. This protein family includes TWIK-related arachidonic acid-stimulated K+ channel (TRAAK), which is specifically implicated in the maintenance of the resting membrane potential and in the regulation of a variety of important neurobiological functions. Dysregulation of these channels has been linked to various diseases, including blindness, epilepsy, cardiac arrhythmia, and chronic pain. For these reasons, mechanosensitive channels are targets for the treatment of several diseases. Here, we propose a new approach to investigate TRAAK ion channel modulation that is based on nongenetic photostimulation. We employed an amphiphilic azobenzene, named Ziapin2. In the dark, Ziapin2 preferentially dwells in the plasma membrane, causing a thinning of the membrane. Upon light irradiation, an isomerization occurs, breaking the dimers and inducing membrane relaxation. To study the effect of Ziapin2 on the mechanosensitive channels, we expressed human TRAAK (hTRAAK) channels in HEK293T cells. We observed that Ziapin2 insertion in the membrane is able per se to recruit hTRAAK, permitting the exit of K+ ions outside the cells with a consequent hyperpolarization of the cell membrane. During light stimulation, membrane relaxation induces hTRAAK closure, generating a consistent and compensatory depolarization. These results add information to the Ziapin2 mechanism and suggest that membrane deformation can be a tool for the nonselective modulation of mechanosensitive channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Moschetta
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - Vito Vurro
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Sesti
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Bertarelli
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maria Paternò
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
- Department
of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
- Department
of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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15
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Bassetto CAZ, Pfeffermann J, Yadav R, Strassgschwandtner S, Glasnov T, Bezanilla F, Pohl P. Photolipid excitation triggers depolarizing optocapacitive currents and action potentials. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.11.552849. [PMID: 37645959 PMCID: PMC10462005 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.11.552849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Optically-induced changes in membrane capacitance may regulate neuronal activity without requiring genetic modifications. Previously, they mainly relied on sudden temperature jumps due to light absorption by membrane-associated nanomaterials or water. Yet, nanomaterial targeting or the required high infrared light intensities obstruct broad applicability. Now, we propose a very versatile approach: photolipids (azobenzene-containing diacylglycerols) mediate light-triggered cellular de- or hyperpolarization. As planar bilayer experiments show, the respective currents emerge from millisecond-timescale changes in bilayer capacitance. UV light changes photolipid conformation, which awards embedding plasma membranes with increased capacitance and evokes depolarizing currents. They open voltage-gated sodium channels in cells, generating action potentials. Blue light reduces the area per photolipid, decreasing membrane capacitance and eliciting hyperpolarization. If present, mechanosensitive channels respond to the increased mechanical membrane tension, generating large depolarizing currents that elicit action potentials. Membrane self-insertion of administered photolipids and focused illumination allows cell excitation with high spatiotemporal control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Z. Bassetto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Juergen Pfeffermann
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Gruberstraße 40, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Rohit Yadav
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Gruberstraße 40, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | | | - Toma Glasnov
- Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University, Graz, Austria
| | - Francisco Bezanilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Peter Pohl
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Gruberstraße 40, 4020 Linz, Austria
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16
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Magni A, Mattiello S, Beverina L, Mattioli G, Moschetta M, Zucchi A, Paternò GM, Lanzani G. A membrane intercalating metal-free conjugated organic photosensitizer for bacterial photodynamic inactivation. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8196-8205. [PMID: 37538813 PMCID: PMC10395270 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01168b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic inhibition (PDI) of bacteria represents a powerful strategy for dealing with multidrug-resistant pathogens and infections, as it exhibits minimal development of antibiotic resistance. The PDI action stems from the generation of a triplet state in the photosensitizer (PS), which subsequently transfers energy or electrons to molecular oxygen, resulting in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS are then able to damage cells, eventually causing bacterial eradication. Enhancing the efficacy of PDI includes the introduction of heavy atoms to augment triplet generation in the PS, as well as membrane intercalation to circumvent the problem of the short lifetime of ROS. However, the former approach can pose safety and environmental concerns, while achieving stable membrane partitioning remains challenging due to the complex outer envelope of bacteria. Here, we introduce a novel PS, consisting of a metal-free donor-acceptor thiophene-based conjugate molecule (BV-1). It presents several advantageous features for achieving effective PDI, namely: (i) it exhibits strong light absorption due to the conjugated donor-acceptor moieties; (ii) it exhibits spontaneous and stable membrane partitioning thanks to its amphiphilicity, accompanied by a strong fluorescence turn-on; (iii) it undergoes metal-free intersystem crossing, which occurs preferentially when the molecule resides in the membrane. All these properties, which we rationalized via optical spectroscopies and calculations, enable the effective eradication of Escherichia coli, with an inhibition concentration that is below that of current state-of-the-art treatments. Our approach holds significant potential for the development of new PS for controlling bacterial infections, particularly those caused by Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Magni
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano 20133 Milan Italy
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Sara Mattiello
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca 20125 Milan Italy
| | - Luca Beverina
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca 20125 Milan Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mattioli
- CNR - Istituto di Struttura della Materia I-00015 Monterotondo Scalo Italy
| | - Matteo Moschetta
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Anita Zucchi
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca 20125 Milan Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maria Paternò
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano 20133 Milan Italy
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano 20133 Milan Italy
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia 20133 Milan Italy
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17
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Moccia F, Fiorio Pla A, Lim D, Lodola F, Gerbino A. Intracellular Ca 2+ signalling: unexpected new roles for the usual suspect. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1210085. [PMID: 37576340 PMCID: PMC10413985 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1210085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic Ca2+ signals are organized in complex spatial and temporal patterns that underlie their unique ability to regulate multiple cellular functions. Changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) are finely tuned by the concerted interaction of membrane receptors and ion channels that introduce Ca2+ into the cytosol, Ca2+-dependent sensors and effectors that translate the elevation in [Ca2+]i into a biological output, and Ca2+-clearing mechanisms that return the [Ca2+]i to pre-stimulation levels and prevent cytotoxic Ca2+ overload. The assortment of the Ca2+ handling machinery varies among different cell types to generate intracellular Ca2+ signals that are selectively tailored to subserve specific functions. The advent of novel high-speed, 2D and 3D time-lapse imaging techniques, single-wavelength and genetic Ca2+ indicators, as well as the development of novel genetic engineering tools to manipulate single cells and whole animals, has shed novel light on the regulation of cellular activity by the Ca2+ handling machinery. A symposium organized within the framework of the 72nd Annual Meeting of the Italian Society of Physiology, held in Bari on 14-16th September 2022, has recently addressed many of the unexpected mechanisms whereby intracellular Ca2+ signalling regulates cellular fate in healthy and disease states. Herein, we present a report of this symposium, in which the following emerging topics were discussed: 1) Regulation of water reabsorption in the kidney by lysosomal Ca2+ release through Transient Receptor Potential Mucolipin 1 (TRPML1); 2) Endoplasmic reticulum-to-mitochondria Ca2+ transfer in Alzheimer's disease-related astroglial dysfunction; 3) The non-canonical role of TRP Melastatin 8 (TRPM8) as a Rap1A inhibitor in the definition of some cancer hallmarks; and 4) Non-genetic optical stimulation of Ca2+ signals in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Moccia
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Dmitry Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro”, Novara, Italy
| | - Francesco Lodola
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Gerbino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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18
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Höglsperger F, Vos BE, Hofemeier AD, Seyfried MD, Stövesand B, Alavizargar A, Topp L, Heuer A, Betz T, Ravoo BJ. Rapid and reversible optical switching of cell membrane area by an amphiphilic azobenzene. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3760. [PMID: 37353493 PMCID: PMC10290115 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39032-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular membrane area is a key parameter for any living cell that is tightly regulated to avoid membrane damage. Changes in area-to-volume ratio are known to be critical for cell shape, but are mostly investigated by changing the cell volume via osmotic shocks. In turn, many important questions relating to cellular shape, membrane tension homeostasis and local membrane area cannot be easily addressed because experimental tools for controlled modulation of cell membrane area are lacking. Here we show that photoswitching an amphiphilic azobenzene can trigger its intercalation into the plasma membrane of various mammalian cells ranging from erythrocytes to myoblasts and cancer cells. The photoisomerization leads to a rapid (250-500 ms) and highly reversible membrane area change (ca 2 % for erythrocytes) that triggers a dramatic shape modulation of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Höglsperger
- Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Bart E Vos
- Third Institute of Physics-Biophysics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arne D Hofemeier
- Third Institute of Physics-Biophysics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maximilian D Seyfried
- Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Bastian Stövesand
- Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Azadeh Alavizargar
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Leon Topp
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Heuer
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Timo Betz
- Third Institute of Physics-Biophysics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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19
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Vurro V, Shani K, Ardoña HAM, Zimmerman JF, Sesti V, Lee KY, Jin Q, Bertarelli C, Parker KK, Lanzani G. Light-triggered cardiac microphysiological model. APL Bioeng 2023; 7:026108. [PMID: 37234844 PMCID: PMC10208677 DOI: 10.1063/5.0143409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Light is recognized as an accurate and noninvasive tool for stimulating excitable cells. Here, we report on a non-genetic approach based on organic molecular phototransducers that allows wiring- and electrode-free tissue modulation. As a proof of concept, we show photostimulation of an in vitro cardiac microphysiological model mediated by an amphiphilic azobenzene compound that preferentially dwells in the cell membrane. Exploiting this optical based stimulation technology could be a disruptive approach for highly resolved cardiac tissue stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Vurro
- Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Teconologia, Milano, 20133 Italy
| | - K. Shani
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02134, USA
| | | | - J. F. Zimmerman
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02134, USA
| | | | | | - Q. Jin
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02134, USA
| | | | - K. K. Parker
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02134, USA
| | - G. Lanzani
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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20
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Vurro V, Moschetta M, Bondelli G, Sardar S, Magni A, Sesti V, Paternò GM, Bertarelli C, D'Andrea C, Lanzani G. Membrane Order Effect on the Photoresponse of an Organic Transducer. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:membranes13050538. [PMID: 37233599 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13050538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Non-genetic photostimulation, which allows for control over cellular activity via the use of cell-targeting phototransducers, is widely used nowadays to study and modulate/restore biological functions. This approach relies on non-covalent interactions between the phototransducer and the cell membrane, thus implying that cell conditions and membrane status can dictate the effectiveness of the method. For instance, although immortalized cell lines are traditionally used in photostimulation experiments, it has been demonstrated that the number of passages they undergo is correlated to the worsening of cell conditions. In principle, this could impact cell responsivity against exogenous stressors, including photostimulation. However, these aspects have usually been neglected in previous experiments. In this work, we investigated whether cell passages could affect membrane properties (such as polarity and fluidity). We applied optical spectroscopy and electrophysiological measurements in two different biological models: (i) an epithelial immortalized cell line (HEK-293T cells) and (ii) liposomes. Different numbers of cell passages were compared to a different morphology in the liposome membrane. We demonstrated that cell membranes show a significant decrease in ordered domains upon increasing the passage number. Furthermore, we observed that cell responsivity against external stressors is markedly different between aged and non-aged cells. Firstly, we noted that the thermal-disordering effect that is usually observed in membranes is more evident in aged cells than in non-aged ones. We then set up a photostimulation experiment by using a membrane-targeted azobenzene as a phototransducer (Ziapin2). As an example of a functional consequence of such a condition, we showed that the rate of isomerization of an intramembrane molecular transducer is significantly impaired in aged cells. The reduction in the photoisomerization rate translates in cells with a sustained reduction of the Ziapin2-related hyperpolarization of the membrane potential and an overall increase in the molecule fluorescence. Overall, our results suggest that membrane stimulation strongly depends on membrane order, highlighting the importance of cell passage during the characterization of the stimulation tools. This study can shine light on the correlation between aging and the development of diseases driven by membrane degradation as well as on the different cell responsivities against external stressors, such as temperature and photostimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Vurro
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Moschetta
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Gaia Bondelli
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20134 Milan, Italy
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Samim Sardar
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Magni
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20134 Milan, Italy
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Sesti
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20134 Milan, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maria Paternò
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20134 Milan, Italy
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Bertarelli
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20134 Milan, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Cosimo D'Andrea
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20134 Milan, Italy
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20134 Milan, Italy
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
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21
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Wu X, Yang F, Cai S, Pu K, Hong G. Nanotransducer-Enabled Deep-Brain Neuromodulation with NIR-II Light. ACS NANO 2023; 17:7941-7952. [PMID: 37079455 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The second near-infrared window (NIR-II window), which ranges from 1000 to 1700 nm in wavelength, exhibits distinctive advantages of reduced light scattering and thus deep penetration in biological tissues in comparison to the visible spectrum. The NIR-II window has been widely employed for deep-tissue fluorescence imaging in the past decade. More recently, deep-brain neuromodulation has been demonstrated in the NIR-II window by leveraging nanotransducers that can efficiently convert brain-penetrant NIR-II light into heat. In this Perspective, we discuss the principles and potential applications of this NIR-II deep-brain neuromodulation technique, together with its advantages and limitations compared with other existing optical methods for deep-brain neuromodulation. We also point out a few future directions where the advances in materials science and bioengineering can expand the capability and utility of NIR-II neuromodulation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Sa Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Guosong Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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22
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Rodrigues AF, Rebelo C, Reis T, Simões S, Bernardino L, Peça J, Ferreira L. Engineering optical tools for remotely controlled brain stimulation and regeneration. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:3034-3050. [PMID: 36947145 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm02059a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are one of the world's leading medical and societal challenges due to the lack of efficacy of the first line treatment. Although pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions have been employed with the aim of regulating neuronal activity and survival, they have failed to avoid symptom relapse and disease progression in the vast majority of patients. In the last 5 years, advanced drug delivery systems delivering bioactive molecules and neuromodulation strategies have been developed to promote tissue regeneration and remodel neuronal circuitry. However, both approaches still have limited spatial and temporal precision over the desired target regions. While external stimuli such as electromagnetic fields and ultrasound have been employed in the clinic for non-invasive neuromodulation, they do not have the capability of offering single-cell spatial resolution as light stimulation. Herein, we review the latest progress in this area of study and discuss the prospects of using light-responsive nanomaterials to achieve on-demand delivery of drugs and neuromodulation, with the aim of achieving brain stimulation and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Filipe Rodrigues
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3000-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Rebelo
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3000-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Central, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Tiago Reis
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3000-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Central, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Susana Simões
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3000-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Central, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Liliana Bernardino
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - João Peça
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3000-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Central, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Lino Ferreira
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3000-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Central, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal.
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23
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Optical modulation of excitation-contraction coupling in human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. iScience 2023; 26:106121. [PMID: 36879812 PMCID: PMC9984557 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-genetic photostimulation is a novel and rapidly growing multidisciplinary field that aims to induce light-sensitivity in living systems by exploiting exogeneous phototransducers. Here, we propose an intramembrane photoswitch, based on an azobenzene derivative (Ziapin2), for optical pacing of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs). The light-mediated stimulation process has been studied by applying several techniques to detect the effect on the cell properties. In particular, we recorded changes in membrane capacitance, in membrane potential (Vm), and modulation of intracellular Ca2+ dynamics. Finally, cell contractility was analyzed using a custom MATLAB algorithm. Photostimulation of intramembrane Ziapin2 causes a transient Vm hyperpolarization followed by a delayed depolarization and action potential firing. The observed initial electrical modulation nicely correlates with changes in Ca2+ dynamics and contraction rate. This work represents the proof of principle that Ziapin2 can modulate electrical activity and contractility in hiPSC-CMs, opening up a future development in cardiac physiology.
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24
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Yang F, Kim SJ, Wu X, Cui H, Hahn SK, Hong G. Principles and applications of sono-optogenetics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 194:114711. [PMID: 36708773 PMCID: PMC9992299 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics has revolutionized neuroscience research through its spatiotemporally precise activation of specific neurons by illuminating light on opsin-expressing neurons. A long-standing challenge of in vivo optogenetics arises from the limited penetration depth of visible light in the neural tissue due to scattering and absorption of photons. To address this challenge, sono-optogenetics has been developed to enable spatiotemporally precise light production in a three-dimensional volume of neural tissue by leveraging the deep tissue penetration and focusing ability of ultrasound as well as circulation-delivered mechanoluminescent nanotransducers. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the sono-optogenetics method from the physical principles of ultrasound and mechanoluminescence to its emerging applications for unique neuroscience studies. We also discuss a few promising directions in which sono-optogenetics can make a lasting transformative impact on neuroscience research from the perspectives of mechanoluminescent materials, ultrasound-tissue interaction, to the unique neuroscience opportunities of "scanning optogenetics".
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Seong-Jong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiang Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Han Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sei Kwang Hahn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Guosong Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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25
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de Souza‐Guerreiro TC, Bondelli G, Grobas I, Donini S, Sesti V, Bertarelli C, Lanzani G, Asally M, Paternò GM. Membrane Targeted Azobenzene Drives Optical Modulation of Bacterial Membrane Potential. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205007. [PMID: 36710255 PMCID: PMC10015841 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that bacterial membrane potential is dynamic and plays signaling roles. Yet, little is still known about the mechanisms of membrane potential dynamics regulation-owing to a scarcity of appropriate research tools. Optical modulation of bacterial membrane potential could fill this gap and provide a new approach for studying and controlling bacterial physiology and electrical signaling. Here, the authors show that a membrane-targeted azobenzene (Ziapin2) can be used to photo-modulate the membrane potential in cells of the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. It is found that upon exposure to blue-green light (λ = 470 nm), isomerization of Ziapin2 in the bacteria membrane induces hyperpolarization of the potential. To investigate the origin of this phenomenon, ion-channel-deletion strains and ion channel blockers are examined. The authors found that in presence of the chloride channel blocker idanyloxyacetic acid-94 (IAA-94) or in absence of KtrAB potassium transporter, the hyperpolarization response is attenuated. These results reveal that the Ziapin2 isomerization can induce ion channel opening in the bacterial membrane and suggest that Ziapin2 can be used for studying and controlling bacterial electrical signaling. This new optical tool could contribute to better understand various microbial phenomena, such as biofilm electric signaling and antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaia Bondelli
- Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyIstituto Italiano di TeconologiaMilano20133Italy
| | - Iago Grobas
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry LaboratoryOxfordOX1 3QZUK
| | - Stefano Donini
- Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyIstituto Italiano di TeconologiaMilano20133Italy
| | - Valentina Sesti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di MilanoMilano20133Italy
| | - Chiara Bertarelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di MilanoMilano20133Italy
| | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyIstituto Italiano di TeconologiaMilano20133Italy
- Department of PhysicsPolitecnico di MilanoMilano20133Italy
| | - Munehiro Asally
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Giuseppe Maria Paternò
- Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyIstituto Italiano di TeconologiaMilano20133Italy
- Department of PhysicsPolitecnico di MilanoMilano20133Italy
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26
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Wang C, Fang C, Zou Y, Yang J, Sawan M. Artificial intelligence techniques for retinal prostheses: a comprehensive review and future direction. J Neural Eng 2023; 20. [PMID: 36634357 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/acb295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Retinal prostheses are promising devices to restore vision for patients with severe age-related macular degeneration or retinitis pigmentosa disease. The visual processing mechanism embodied in retinal prostheses play an important role in the restoration effect. Its performance depends on our understanding of the retina's working mechanism and the evolvement of computer vision models. Recently, remarkable progress has been made in the field of processing algorithm for retinal prostheses where the new discovery of the retina's working principle and state-of-the-arts computer vision models are combined together.Approach. We investigated the related research on artificial intelligence techniques for retinal prostheses. The processing algorithm in these studies could be attributed to three types: computer vision-related methods, biophysical models, and deep learning models.Main results. In this review, we first illustrate the structure and function of the normal and degenerated retina, then demonstrate the vision rehabilitation mechanism of three representative retinal prostheses. It is necessary to summarize the computational frameworks abstracted from the normal retina. In addition, the development and feature of three types of different processing algorithms are summarized. Finally, we analyze the bottleneck in existing algorithms and propose our prospect about the future directions to improve the restoration effect.Significance. This review systematically summarizes existing processing models for predicting the response of the retina to external stimuli. What's more, the suggestions for future direction may inspire researchers in this field to design better algorithms for retinal prostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqing Wang
- Center of Excellence in Biomedical Research on Advanced Integrated-on-chips Neurotechnologies, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoming Fang
- Center of Excellence in Biomedical Research on Advanced Integrated-on-chips Neurotechnologies, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zou
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yang
- Center of Excellence in Biomedical Research on Advanced Integrated-on-chips Neurotechnologies, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, People's Republic of China
| | - Mohamad Sawan
- Center of Excellence in Biomedical Research on Advanced Integrated-on-chips Neurotechnologies, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, People's Republic of China
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27
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Xiong H, Alberto KA, Youn J, Taura J, Morstein J, Li X, Wang Y, Trauner D, Slesinger PA, Nielsen SO, Qin Z. Optical control of neuronal activities with photoswitchable nanovesicles. NANO RESEARCH 2023; 16:1033-1041. [PMID: 37063114 PMCID: PMC10103898 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-022-4853-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Precise modulation of neuronal activity by neuroactive molecules is essential for understanding brain circuits and behavior. However, tools for highly controllable molecular release are lacking. Here, we developed a photoswitchable nanovesicle with azobenzene-containing phosphatidylcholine (azo-PC), coined 'azosome', for neuromodulation. Irradiation with 365 nm light triggers the trans-to-cis isomerization of azo-PC, resulting in a disordered lipid bilayer with decreased thickness and cargo release. Irradiation with 455 nm light induces reverse isomerization and switches the release off. Real-time fluorescence imaging shows controllable and repeatable cargo release within seconds (< 3 s). Importantly, we demonstrate that SKF-81297, a dopamine D1-receptor agonist, can be repeatedly released from the azosome to activate cultures of primary striatal neurons. Azosome shows promise for precise optical control over the molecular release and can be a valuable tool for molecular neuroscience studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejian Xiong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Kevin A. Alberto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Jonghae Youn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Jaume Taura
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Johannes Morstein
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | - Xiuying Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Paul A. Slesinger
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | - Steven O. Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Zhenpeng Qin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas at Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75080, USA
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
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28
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Zhang Y, Yang D, Nie J, Dai J, Wu H, Zheng JC, Zhang F, Fang Y. Transcranial Nongenetic Neuromodulation via Bioinspired Vesicle-Enabled Precise NIR-II Optical Stimulation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208601. [PMID: 36305036 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Regulating the activity of specific neurons is essentially important in neurocircuit dissection and neuropathy therapy. As a recently developed strategy, nanomaterial-enabled nongenetic neuromodulations that realize remote physical stimuli have made vast progress and shown great clinical potential. However, minimal invasiveness and high spatiotemporal resolution are still challenging for nongenetic neuromodulation. Herein, a second near-infrared (NIR-II)-light-induced transcranial nongenetic neurostimulation via bioinspired nanovesicles is reported. The rationally designed vesicles are obtained from vesicle-membrane-confined enzymatic reactions. This study demonstrates that the vesicle-enabled NIR-II photothermal stimuli can elicit neuronal signaling dynamics with precise spatiotemporal control and thus evoke defined neural circuits in nontransgenic mice. Moreover, the vesicle-mediated NIR-II optical stimulation can regulate mouse motor behaviors with minimal invasiveness by eliminating light-emitting implants. Furthermore, the biological modulation is integrated with photoacoustic brain imaging, realizing navigational, and efficient neuromodulation. Such transcranial and precise NIR-II optical neuromodulation mediated by bioinspired vesicles shows the potential for the optical-theranostics of neurological diseases in nontransgenic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Deqi Yang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jianfang Nie
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jing Dai
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Haofan Wu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jialin Charles Zheng
- The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Material, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yin Fang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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29
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Sessler CD, Zhou Y, Wang W, Hartley ND, Fu Z, Graykowski D, Sheng M, Wang X, Liu J. Optogenetic polymerization and assembly of electrically functional polymers for modulation of single-neuron excitability. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eade1136. [PMID: 36475786 PMCID: PMC9728971 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ionic conductivity and membrane capacitance are two foundational parameters that govern neuron excitability. Conventional optogenetics has emerged as a powerful tool to temporarily manipulate membrane ionic conductivity in intact biological systems. However, no analogous method exists for precisely manipulating cell membrane capacitance to enable long-lasting modulation of neuronal excitability. Genetically targetable chemical assembly of conductive and insulating polymers can modulate cell membrane capacitance, but further development of this technique has been hindered by poor spatiotemporal control of the polymer deposition and cytotoxicity from the widely diffused peroxide. We address these issues by harnessing genetically targetable photosensitizer proteins to assemble electrically functional polymers in neurons with precise spatiotemporal control. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, we demonstrate that this optogenetic polymerization can achieve stepwise modulation of both neuron membrane capacitance and intrinsic excitability. Furthermore, cytotoxicity can be limited by controlling light exposure, demonstrating a promising new method for precisely modulating cell excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanan D. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yiming Zhou
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nolan D. Hartley
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zhanyan Fu
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Graykowski
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Morgan Sheng
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jia Liu
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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30
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Pritzl SD, Morstein J, Kahler S, Konrad DB, Trauner D, Lohmüller T. Postsynthetic Photocontrol of Giant Liposomes via Fusion-Based Photolipid Doping. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:11941-11949. [PMID: 36130117 PMCID: PMC9536078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report on photolipid doping of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) via vesicle fusion with small unilamellar photolipid vesicles (pSUVs), which enables retroactive optical control of the membrane properties. We observe that vesicle fusion is light-dependent, if the phospholipids are neutral. Charge-mediated fusion involving anionic and cationic lipid molecules augments the overall fusion performance and doping efficiency, even in the absence of light exposure. Using phosphatidylcholine analogs with one or two azobenzene photoswitches (azo-PC and dazo-PC) affects domain formation, bending stiffness, and shape of the resulting vesicles in response to irradiation. Moreover, we show that optical membrane control can be extended to long wavelengths using red-absorbing photolipids (red-azo-PC). Combined, our findings present an attractive and practical method for the precise delivery of photolipids, which offers new prospects for the optical control of membrane function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie D. Pritzl
- Chair
for Photonics and Optoelectronics, Nano-Institute Munich, Department
of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
(LMU), 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Morstein
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, Silver Center, New York 10003, United States
- Department
of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Sophia Kahler
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, Silver Center, New York 10003, United States
| | - David B. Konrad
- Department
of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
(LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, Silver Center, New York 10003, United States
| | - Theobald Lohmüller
- Chair
for Photonics and Optoelectronics, Nano-Institute Munich, Department
of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
(LMU), 80539 Munich, Germany
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31
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Huang Y, Cui Y, Deng H, Wang J, Hong R, Hu S, Hou H, Dong Y, Wang H, Chen J, Li L, Xie Y, Sun P, Fu X, Yin L, Xiong W, Shi SH, Luo M, Wang S, Li X, Sheng X. Bioresorbable thin-film silicon diodes for the optoelectronic excitation and inhibition of neural activities. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 7:486-498. [PMID: 36065014 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00931-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neural activities can be modulated by leveraging light-responsive nanomaterials as interfaces for exerting photothermal, photoelectrochemical or photocapacitive effects on neurons or neural tissues. Here we show that bioresorbable thin-film monocrystalline silicon pn diodes can be used to optoelectronically excite or inhibit neural activities by establishing polarity-dependent positive or negative photovoltages at the semiconductor/solution interface. Under laser illumination, the silicon-diode optoelectronic interfaces allowed for the deterministic depolarization or hyperpolarization of cultured neurons as well as the upregulated or downregulated intracellular calcium dynamics. The optoelectronic interfaces can also be mounted on nerve tissue to activate or silence neural activities in peripheral and central nervous tissues, as we show in mice with exposed sciatic nerves and somatosensory cortices. Bioresorbable silicon-based optoelectronic thin films that selectively excite or inhibit neural tissue may find advantageous biomedical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Huang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuting Cui
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hanjie Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rongqi Hong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuhan Hu
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hanqing Hou
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanrui Dong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Huachun Wang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Junyu Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lizhu Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengcheng Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Song-Hai Shi
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Minmin Luo
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shirong Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaojian Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xing Sheng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. .,IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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32
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Fedele C, Ruoko TP, Kuntze K, Virkki M, Priimagi A. New tricks and emerging applications from contemporary azobenzene research. PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN PHOTOCHEMISTRY ASSOCIATION AND THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR PHOTOBIOLOGY 2022; 21:1719-1734. [PMID: 35896915 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Azobenzenes have many faces. They are well-known as dyes, but most of all, azobenzenes are versatile photoswitchable molecules with powerful photochemical properties. Azobenzene photochemistry has been extensively studied for decades, but only relatively recently research has taken a steer towards applications, ranging from photonics and robotics to photobiology. In this perspective, after an overview of the recent trends in the molecular design of azobenzenes, we highlight three research areas where the azobenzene photoswitches may bring about promising technological innovations: chemical sensing, organic transistors, and cell signaling. Ingenious molecular designs have enabled versatile control of azobenzene photochemical properties, which has in turn facilitated the development of chemical sensors and photoswitchable organic transistors. Finally, the power of azobenzenes in biology is exemplified by vision restoration and photactivation of neural signaling. Although the selected examples reveal only some of the faces of azobenzenes, we expect the fields presented to develop rapidly in the near future, and that azobenzenes will play a central role in this development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fedele
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, FI-33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tero-Petri Ruoko
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, FI-33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kim Kuntze
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, FI-33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Matti Virkki
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, FI-33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Arri Priimagi
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, FI-33720, Tampere, Finland.
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33
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Wu X, Jiang Y, Rommelfanger NJ, Yang F, Zhou Q, Yin R, Liu J, Cai S, Ren W, Shin A, Ong KS, Pu K, Hong G. Tether-free photothermal deep-brain stimulation in freely behaving mice via wide-field illumination in the near-infrared-II window. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:754-770. [PMID: 35314800 PMCID: PMC9232843 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00862-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neural circuitry is typically modulated via invasive brain implants and tethered optical fibres in restrained animals. Here we show that wide-field illumination in the second near-infrared spectral window (NIR-II) enables implant-and-tether-free deep-brain stimulation in freely behaving mice with stereotactically injected macromolecular photothermal transducers activating neurons ectopically expressing the temperature-sensitive transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1). The macromolecular transducers, ~40 nm in size and consisting of a semiconducting polymer core and an amphiphilic polymer shell, have a photothermal conversion efficiency of 71% at 1,064 nm, the wavelength at which light attenuation by brain tissue is minimized (within the 400-1,800 nm spectral window). TRPV1-expressing neurons in the hippocampus, motor cortex and ventral tegmental area of mice can be activated with minimal thermal damage on wide-field NIR-II illumination from a light source placed at distances higher than 50 cm above the animal's head and at an incident power density of 10 mW mm-2. Deep-brain stimulation via wide-field NIR-II illumination may open up opportunities for social behavioural studies in small animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuyan Jiang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicholas J Rommelfanger
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rongkang Yin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Junlang Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sa Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Shin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kyrstyn S Ong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Guosong Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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34
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Magni A, Bondelli G, Paternò GM, Sardar S, Sesti V, D'Andrea C, Bertarelli C, Lanzani G. Azobenzene photoisomerization probes cell membrane viscosity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:8716-8723. [PMID: 35373231 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05881a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The viscosity of cell membranes is a crucial parameter that affects the diffusion of small molecules both across and within the lipid membrane and that is related to several diseases. Therefore, the possibility to measure quantitatively membrane viscosity on the nanoscale is of great interest. Here, we report a complete investigation of the photophysics of an amphiphilic membrane-targeted azobenzene (ZIAPIN2) and we propose its use as a viscosity probe for cell membranes. We exploit ZIAPIN2 trans-cis photoisomerization to develop a molecular viscometer and to assess the viscosity of Escherichia coli bacteria membranes employing time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Fluorescence lifetime measurements of ZIAPIN2 in E. coli bacteria suspensions correctly indicate that the membrane viscosity decreases as the temperature of the sample increases. Given the non-homogeneity and the anisotropy of cell membranes, as supported by the photophysical characterization of the probe within the lipid bilayer, we shed new light on the intricate membrane rheology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Magni
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy. .,Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Gaia Bondelli
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe M Paternò
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy. .,Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Samim Sardar
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Sesti
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70, 20133, Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica 'Giulio Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Cosimo D'Andrea
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy. .,Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Bertarelli
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70, 20133, Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica 'Giulio Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy. .,Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70, 20133, Milano, Italy
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35
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Liang E, Shi J, Tian B. Freestanding nanomaterials for subcellular neuronal interfaces. iScience 2022; 25:103534. [PMID: 34977499 PMCID: PMC8683583 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Current technological advances in neural probing and modulation have enabled an extraordinary glimpse into the intricacies of the nervous system. Particularly, nanomaterials are proving to be an incredibly versatile platform for neurological applications owing to their biocompatibility, tunability, highly specific targeting and sensing, and long-term chemical stability. Among the most desirable nanomaterials for neuroengineering, freestanding nanomaterials are minimally invasive and remotely controlled. This review outlines the most recent developments of freestanding nanomaterials that operate on the neuronal interface. First, the different nanomaterials and their mechanisms for modulating neurons are explored to provide a basis for how freestanding nanomaterials operate. Then, the three main applications of subcellular neuronal engineering-modulating neuronal behavior, exploring fundamental neuronal mechanism, and recording neuronal signal-are highlighted with specific examples of current advancements. Finally, we conclude with our perspective on future nanomaterial designs and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Liang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jiuyun Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- The James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- The Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Bozhi Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- The James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- The Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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36
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He F, Ren X, Jiang J, Zhang G, He L. Real-Time, Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Study on Photoinduced Isomerizations of Azobenzene Under a Light Field. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:427-432. [PMID: 34989580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The trans to cis photoisomerization of azobenzene and its reverse (i.e., the cis to trans) processes are studied using real-time propagation time-dependent density functional theory combined with molecular dynamics for ions. We show that the wavelength of the applied laser may significantly affect the transition process. The simulations also show that the photon-excited electrons play essential roles in the isomerization processes, in which the hot electrons couple to phonon modes that drive the transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxiang He
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xinguo Ren
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Guozhen Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lixin He
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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37
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Pritzl SD, Konrad DB, Ober MF, Richter AF, Frank JA, Nickel B, Trauner D, Lohmüller T. Optical Membrane Control with Red Light Enabled by Red-Shifted Photolipids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:385-393. [PMID: 34969246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photoswitchable phospholipids, or "photolipids", that harbor an azobenzene group in their lipid tails are versatile tools to manipulate and control lipid bilayer properties with light. So far, the limited ultraviolet-A/blue spectral range in which the photoisomerization of regular azobenzene operates has been a major obstacle for biophysical or photopharmaceutical applications. Here, we report on the synthesis of nano- and micrometer-sized liposomes from tetra-ortho-chloro azobenzene-substituted phosphatidylcholine (termed red-azo-PC) that undergoes photoisomerization on irradiation with tissue-penetrating red light (≥630 nm). Photoswitching strongly affects the fluidity and mechanical properties of lipid membranes, although small-angle X-ray scattering and dynamic light scattering measurements reveal only a minor influence on the overall bilayer thickness and area expansion. By controlling the photostationary state and the photoswitching efficiency of red-azo-PC for specific wavelengths, we demonstrate that shape transitions such as budding or pearling and the division of cell-sized vesicles can be achieved. These results emphasize the applicability of red-azo-PC as a nanophotonic tool in synthetic biology and for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie D Pritzl
- Chair for Photonics and Optoelectronics, Nano-Institute Munich, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universtität (LMU), Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - David B Konrad
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universtität (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Martina F Ober
- Faculty of Physics and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universtität (LMU), Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Alexander F Richter
- Chair for Photonics and Optoelectronics, Nano-Institute Munich, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universtität (LMU), Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - James A Frank
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Vollum Institute, Oregon, Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Bert Nickel
- Faculty of Physics and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universtität (LMU), Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, Silver Center, 100 Washington Square East, Room 712, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Theobald Lohmüller
- Chair for Photonics and Optoelectronics, Nano-Institute Munich, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universtität (LMU), Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
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38
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Rommelfanger NJ, Keck CH, Chen Y, Hong G. Learning from the brain's architecture: bioinspired strategies towards implantable neural interfaces. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 72:8-12. [PMID: 34365114 PMCID: PMC8671194 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While early neural interfaces consisted of rigid, monolithic probes, recent implantable technologies include meshes, gels, and threads that imitate various properties of the neural tissue itself. Such mimicry brings new capabilities to the traditional electrophysiology toolbox, with benefits for both neuroscience studies and clinical treatments. Specifically, by matching the multi-dimensional mechanical properties of the brain, neural implants can preserve the endogenous environment while functioning over chronic timescales. Further, topological mimicry of neural structures enables seamless integration into the tissue and provides proximal access to neurons for high-quality recordings. Ultimately, we envision that neuromorphic devices incorporating functional, mechanical, and topological mimicry of the brain may facilitate stable operation of advanced brain machine interfaces with minimal disruption of the native tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Rommelfanger
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carl Hc Keck
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yihang Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Guosong Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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39
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Abstract
Azobenzenes are archetypal molecules that have a central role in fundamental and applied research. Over the course of almost two centuries, the area of azobenzenes has witnessed great achievements; azobenzenes have evolved from simple dyes to 'little engines' and have become ubiquitous in many aspects of our lives, ranging from textiles, cosmetics, food and medicine to energy and photonics. Despite their long history, azobenzenes continue to arouse academic interest, while being intensively produced for industrial purposes, owing to their rich chemistry, versatile and straightforward design, robust photoswitching process and biodegradability. The development of azobenzenes has stimulated the production of new coloured and light-responsive materials with various applications, and their use continues to expand towards new high-tech applications. In this Review, we highlight the latest achievements in the synthesis of red-light-responsive azobenzenes and the emerging application areas of photopharmacology, photoswitchable adhesives and biodegradable materials for drug delivery. We show how the synthetic versatility and adaptive properties of azobenzenes continue to inspire new research directions, with limits imposed only by one's imagination.
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40
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Bruno G, Melle G, Barbaglia A, Iachetta G, Melikov R, Perrone M, Dipalo M, De Angelis F. All-Optical and Label-Free Stimulation of Action Potentials in Neurons and Cardiomyocytes by Plasmonic Porous Metamaterials. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100627. [PMID: 34486241 PMCID: PMC8564419 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Optical stimulation technologies are gaining great consideration in cardiology, neuroscience studies, and drug discovery pathways by providing control over cell activity with high spatio-temporal resolution. However, this high precision requires manipulation of biological processes at genetic level concealing its development from broad scale application. Therefore, translating these technologies into tools for medical or pharmacological applications remains a challenge. Here, an all-optical nongenetic method for the modulation of electrogenic cells is introduced. It is demonstrated that plasmonic metamaterials can be used to elicit action potentials by converting near infrared laser pulses into stimulatory currents. The suggested approach allows for the stimulation of cardiomyocytes and neurons directly on commercial complementary metal-oxide semiconductor microelectrode arrays coupled with ultrafast pulsed laser, providing both stimulation and network-level recordings on the same device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bruno
- Plasmon NanotechnologiesIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenova16163Italy
| | - Giovanni Melle
- Plasmon NanotechnologiesIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenova16163Italy
| | - Andrea Barbaglia
- Plasmon NanotechnologiesIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenova16163Italy
| | | | | | - Michela Perrone
- Plasmon NanotechnologiesIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenova16163Italy
| | - Michele Dipalo
- Plasmon NanotechnologiesIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenova16163Italy
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41
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Xia B, Sebesta C, Lee S, Nair V, Zhao X, Coffler S, Robinson JT, Szablowski JO. Biohybrid approaches to interface with the nervous system: the best of both worlds. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 72:86-94. [PMID: 34735989 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic materials and devices that interact with light, ultrasound, or magnetic fields can be used to modulate neural activity with high spatial and temporal precision; however, these approaches often lack the ability to target genetically defined cell types and signaling pathways. Genetically encoded proteins can be expressed to modify the host tissue and provide cellular and molecular specificity, but compared to synthetic materials, these proteins often interact weakly with externally applied energy sources. Synthetic materials can respond to optical, acoustic, and magnetic stimuli to focus, convert, and amplify forms of energy to ones that are more accessible to engineered cells and proteins. By combining the devices, synthetic materials, and genetically encoded proteins or cells, researchers can gain the ability to interface with the nervous system with improved spatiotemporal, cell-type and molecular precision. Here we review recent advances in these 'biohybrid' approaches that use optical, acoustic, and magnetic energy sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boao Xia
- Department of Bioengineering, George R. Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA; Rice Neuroengineering Initiative, George R. Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Charles Sebesta
- Department of Bioengineering, George R. Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA; Rice Neuroengineering Initiative, George R. Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sangsin Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, George R. Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA; Rice Neuroengineering Initiative, George R. Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Vishnu Nair
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George R. Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77251, USA; Rice Neuroengineering Initiative, George R. Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George R. Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77251, USA; Rice Neuroengineering Initiative, George R. Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Applied Physics Graduate Program, Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University 77251, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Samantha Coffler
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George R. Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77251, USA; Rice Neuroengineering Initiative, George R. Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology PhD Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77251, USA
| | - Jacob T Robinson
- Department of Bioengineering, George R. Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George R. Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77251, USA; Rice Neuroengineering Initiative, George R. Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Jerzy O Szablowski
- Department of Bioengineering, George R. Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA; Rice Neuroengineering Initiative, George R. Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Applied Physics Graduate Program, Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University 77251, Houston, TX, USA; Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology PhD Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77251, USA.
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42
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Li S, Wu L, Zhen W, Zhu M, Cheng X, Jiang X. Molecular Nature of Structured Water in the Light-Induced Interfacial Capacitance Changes at the Bioelectric Interface. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:9982-9988. [PMID: 34617750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Uncovering the function of structured water in the interfacial capacitance at the molecular level is the basis for the development of the concept and model of the electric double layer; however, the limitation of the available technology makes this task difficult. Herein, using surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy combined with electrochemistry, we revealed the contribution of the cleavage of loosely bonded tetrahedral water to the enhancement of model membrane capacitance. Upon further combination with ionic perturbation, we found that the interface hydrogen bonding environment in the stern layer was greatly significant for the light-induced cleavage of tetrahedral water and thus the conversion of optical signals into electrical signals. Our work has taken an important step toward gaining experimental insight into the relationship between water structure and capacitance at the bioelectric interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Lie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China
| | - Wenyao Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Manyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Xiue Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, P. R. China
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43
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Optical Fibre-Enabled Photoswitching for Localised Activation of an Anti-Cancer Therapeutic Drug. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910844. [PMID: 34639185 PMCID: PMC8509559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Local activation of an anti-cancer drug when and where needed can improve selectivity and reduce undesirable side effects. Photoswitchable drugs can be selectively switched between active and inactive states by illumination with light; however, the clinical development of these drugs has been restricted by the difficulty in delivering light deep into tissue where needed. Optical fibres have great potential for light delivery in vivo, but their use in facilitating photoswitching in anti-cancer compounds has not yet been explored. In this paper, a photoswitchable chemotherapeutic is switched using an optical fibre, and the cytotoxicity of each state is measured against HCT-116 colorectal cancer cells. The performance of optical-fibre-enabled photoswitching is characterised through its dose response. The UV–Vis spectra confirm light delivered by an optical fibre effectively enables photoswitching. The activated drug is shown to be twice as effective as the inactive drug in causing cancer cell death, characterised using an MTT assay and fluorescent microscopy. This is the first study in which a photoswitchable anti-cancer compound is switched using an optical fibre and demonstrates the feasibility of using optical fibres to activate photoswitchable drugs for potential future clinical applications.
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44
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Bondelli G, Sardar S, Chiaravalli G, Vurro V, Paternò GM, Lanzani G, D'Andrea C. Shedding Light on Thermally Induced Optocapacitance at the Organic Biointerface. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:10748-10758. [PMID: 34524830 PMCID: PMC8488932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c06054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Photothermal
perturbation
of the cell membrane is typically achieved
using transducers that convert light into thermal energy, eventually
heating the cell membrane. In turn, this leads to the modulation of
the membrane electrical capacitance that is assigned to a geometrical
modification of the membrane structure. However, the nature of such
a change is not understood. In this work, we employ an all-optical
spectroscopic approach, based on the use of fluorescent probes, to
monitor the membrane polarity, viscosity, and order directly in living
cells under thermal excitation transduced by a photoexcited polymer
film. We report two major results. First, we show that rising temperature
does not just change the geometry of the membrane but indeed it affects
the membrane dielectric characteristics by water penetration. Second,
we find an additional effect, which is peculiar for the photoexcited
semiconducting polymer film, that contributes to the system perturbation
and that we tentatively assigned to the photoinduced polarization
of the polymer interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Bondelli
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.,Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Samim Sardar
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Greta Chiaravalli
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.,Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Vito Vurro
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maria Paternò
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.,Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Cosimo D'Andrea
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.,Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milan, Italy
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45
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Keefer D, Rouxel JR, Aleotti F, Segatta F, Garavelli M, Mukamel S. Diffractive Imaging of Conical Intersections Amplified by Resonant Infrared Fields. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13806-13815. [PMID: 34402612 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The fate of virtually all photochemical reactions is determined by conical intersections. These are energetically degenerate regions of molecular potential energy surfaces that strongly couple electronic states, thereby enabling fast relaxation channels. Their direct spectroscopic detection relies on weak features that are often buried beneath stronger, less interesting contributions. For azobenzene photoisomerization, a textbook photochemical reaction, we demonstrate how a resonant infrared field can be employed during the conical intersection passage to significantly enhance its coherence signatures in time-resolved X-ray diffraction while leaving the product yield intact. This transition-state amplification holds promise to bring signals of conical intersections above the detection threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Keefer
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Jérémy R Rouxel
- University Lyon, UJM-Saint-Étienne, CNRS, Graduate School Optics Institute, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, Saint-Étienne 42023, France
| | - Flavia Aleotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Segatta
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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46
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Gianni E, Bertoli M, Simonelli I, Paulon L, Tecchio F, Pasqualetti P. tDCS randomized controlled trials in no-structural diseases: a quantitative review. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16311. [PMID: 34381076 PMCID: PMC8357949 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing number and quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) employing transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) denote the rising awareness of neuroscientific community about its electroceutical potential and opening to include these treatments in the framework of medical therapies under the indications of the international authorities. The purpose of this quantitative review is to estimate the recommendation strength applying the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) criteria and PICO (population, intervention, comparison, outcome) model values for effective tDCS treatments on no-structural diseases, and to provide an estimate of Sham effect for future RCTs. Applying GRADE evaluation pathway, we searched in literature the tDCS-based RCTs in psychophysical diseases displaying a major involvement of brain electrical activity imbalances. Three independent authors agreed on Class 1 RCTs (18 studies) and meta-analyses were carried out using a random-effects model for pathologies sub-selected based on PICO and systemic involvement criteria. The meta-analysis integrated with extensive evidence of negligible side effects and low-cost, easy-to-use procedures, indicated that tDCS treatments for depression and fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis ranked between moderately and highly recommendable. For these interventions we reported the PICO variables, with left vs. right dorsolateral prefrontal target for 30 min/10 days against depression and bilateral somatosensory vs occipital target for 15 min/5 days against MS fatigue. An across-diseases meta-analysis devoted to the Sham effect provided references for power analysis in future tDCS RCTs on these clinical conditions. High-quality indications support tDCS as a promising tool to build electroceutical treatments against diseases involving neurodynamics alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Gianni
- LET'S - ISTC - CNR, via Palestro 32, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Bertoli
- LET'S - ISTC - CNR, via Palestro 32, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Department of Imaging and Neuroscience and Clinical Sciences, University 'G. D'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Ilaria Simonelli
- Service of Medical Statistics and Information Technology, Fatebenefratelli Foundation for Health Research and Education, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Paulon
- LET'S - ISTC - CNR, via Palestro 32, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Franca Tecchio
- LET'S - ISTC - CNR, via Palestro 32, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Patrizio Pasqualetti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Medical Statistics, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
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47
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Hou K, Yang C, Shi J, Kuang B, Tian B. Nano- and Microscale Optical and Electrical Biointerfaces and Their Relevance to Energy Research. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100165. [PMID: 34142435 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Different research fields in energy sciences, such as photovoltaics for solar energy conversion, supercapacitors for energy storage, electrocatalysis for clean energy conversion technologies, and materials-bacterial hybrid for CO2 fixation have been under intense investigations over the past decade. In recent years, new platforms for biointerface designs have emerged from the energy conversion and storage principles. This paper reviews recent advances in nano- and microscale materials/devices for optical and electrical biointerfaces. First, a connection is drawn between biointerfaces and energy science, and how these two distinct research fields can be connected is summarized. Then, a brief overview of current available tools for biointerface studies is presented. Third, three representative biointerfaces are reviewed, including neural, cardiac, and bacterial biointerfaces, to show how to apply these tools and principles to biointerface design and research. Finally, two possible future research directions for nano- and microscale biointerfaces are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Hou
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Chuanwang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jiuyun Shi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Boya Kuang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Bozhi Tian
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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48
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Paternò GM, Bondelli G, Lanzani G. Bringing Microbiology to Light: Toward All-Optical Electrophysiology in Bacteria. Bioelectricity 2021; 3:136-142. [PMID: 34476389 DOI: 10.1089/bioe.2021.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The observation of neuron-like behavior in bacteria, such as the occurrence of electric spiking and extended bioelectric signaling, points to the role of membrane dynamics in prokaryotes. Electrophysiology of bacteria, however, has been overlooked for long time, due to the difficulties in monitoring bacterial bioelectric phenomena with those probing techniques that are commonly used for eukaryotes. Optical technologies can allow a paradigm shift in the field of electrophysiology of bacteria, as they would permit to elicit and monitor signaling rapidly, remotely, and with high spatiotemporal precision. In this perspective, we discuss about the potentiality of light interrogation methods in microbiology, encouraging the development of all-optical electrophysiology of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaia Bondelli
- Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milano, Italy.,Physics Department, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milano, Italy.,Physics Department, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
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49
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Cavaletto SM, Keefer D, Rouxel JR, Aleotti F, Segatta F, Garavelli M, Mukamel S. Unveiling the spatial distribution of molecular coherences at conical intersections by covariance X-ray diffraction signals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2105046118. [PMID: 34050030 PMCID: PMC8179141 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2105046118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The outcomes and timescales of molecular nonadiabatic dynamics are decisively impacted by the quantum coherences generated at localized molecular regions. In time-resolved X-ray diffraction imaging, these coherences create distinct signatures via inelastic photon scattering, but they are buried under much stronger background elastic features. Here, we exploit the rich dynamical information encoded in the inelastic patterns, which we reveal by frequency-dispersed covariance ultrafast powder X-ray diffraction of stochastic X-ray free-electron laser pulses. This is demonstrated for the photoisomerization of azobenzene involving the passage through a conical intersection, where the nuclear wave packet branches and explores different quantum pathways. Snapshots of the coherence dynamics are obtained at high frequency shifts, not accessible with conventional diffraction measurements. These provide access to the timing and to the confined spatial distribution of the valence electrons directly involved in the conical intersection passage. This study can be extended to full three-dimensional imaging of conical intersections with ultrafast X-ray and electron diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano M Cavaletto
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Daniel Keefer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Jérémy R Rouxel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- University Lyon, UJM-Saint-Étienne, CNRS, Graduate School Optics Institute, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, Saint-Étienne 42023, France
| | - Flavia Aleotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Segatta
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697;
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
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50
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Imaging conical intersection dynamics during azobenzene photoisomerization by ultrafast X-ray diffraction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2022037118. [PMID: 33436412 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022037118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray diffraction is routinely used for structure determination of stationary molecular samples. Modern X-ray photon sources, e.g., from free-electron lasers, enable us to add temporal resolution to these scattering events, thereby providing a movie of atomic motions. We simulate and decipher the various contributions to the X-ray diffraction pattern for the femtosecond isomerization of azobenzene, a textbook photochemical process. A wealth of information is encoded besides real-time monitoring of the molecular charge density for the cis to trans isomerization. In particular, vibronic coherences emerge at the conical intersection, contributing to the total diffraction signal by mixed elastic and inelastic photon scattering. They cause distinct phase modulations in momentum space, which directly reflect the real-space phase modulation of the electronic transition density during the nonadiabatic passage. To overcome the masking by the intense elastic scattering contributions from the electronic populations in the total diffraction signal, we discuss how this information can be retrieved, e.g., by employing very hard X-rays to record large scattering momentum transfers.
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