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Jung C, Lee E, Rho J. The rise of electrically tunable metasurfaces. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado8964. [PMID: 39178252 PMCID: PMC11343036 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado8964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
Metasurfaces, which offer a diverse range of functionalities in a remarkably compact size, have captured the interest of both scientific and industrial sectors. However, their inherent static nature limits their adaptability for their further applications. Reconfigurable metasurfaces have emerged as a solution to this challenge, expanding the potential for diverse applications. Among the series of tunable devices, electrically controllable devices have garnered particular attention owing to their seamless integration with existing electronic equipment. This review presents recent progress reported with respect to electrically tunable devices, providing an overview of their technological development trajectory and current state of the art. In particular, we analyze the major tuning strategies and discuss the applications in spatial light modulators, tunable optical waveguides, and adaptable emissivity regulators. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities associated with their implementation are explored, thereby highlighting their potential to bridge the gap between electronics and photonics to enable the development of groundbreaking optical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunghwan Jung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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2
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Kaissner R, Renz B, Neubrech F, Hu Y, Liu N. An Electrochemically Programmable Metasurface with Independently Controlled Metasurface Pixels at Optical Frequencies. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:9961-9966. [PMID: 38994869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c02536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Metasurfaces have revolutionized optical technologies by offering powerful, compact, and versatile solutions to control light. Conducting polymers, characterized by their conjugated molecular structures, facilitate charge transport and exhibit interesting electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. Integrating conducting polymers with optical metasurfaces can unlock new opportunities and functionalities in modern optics. In this work, we demonstrate an electrochemically programmable metasurface with independently controlled metasurface pixels at optical frequencies. Electrochemical modulation of locally conjugated polyaniline on gold nanorods, which are arranged on addressable electrodes according to the Pancharatnam-Berry phase design, enables dynamic control over the metasurface pixels into programmable configurations. With the same metasurface device, we showcase diverse optical functions, including dynamic beam diffraction and varifocal lensing along and off the optical axis. The synergy between flat optics and conducting polymer science holds immense potential to enhance the performance and function versatility of metasurfaces, paving the way for innovative optical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Kaissner
- 2nd Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Benjamin Renz
- 2nd Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Frank Neubrech
- 2nd Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yueqiang Hu
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Na Liu
- 2nd Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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3
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Wang M, Wang F, Chen J, Liu W, Si J, Xu Y, Zhang Z, Chen Z, Peng C, Zheng W. Active Beam Steering Enabled by Photonic-Crystal Surface-Emitting Laser. ACS NANO 2024; 18:18880-18888. [PMID: 38991129 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Emitting light toward on-demand directions is important for various optoelectronic applications, such as optical communication, displaying, and ranging. However, almost all existing directional emitters are assemblies of passive optical antennae and external light sources, which are usually bulky and fragile and show unendurable loss of light power. Here we theoretically propose and experimentally demonstrate a conceptual design of a directional emitter, by using a single surface-emitting laser source itself to achieve dynamically controlled beam steering. The laser is built on photonic crystals that operate near the band edges in the continuum. By shrinking laser sizes to tens-of-wavelength, the optical modes quantize in three-dimensional momentum space, and each of them directionally radiates toward the far-field. Further utilizing the luminescence spectrum shifting effect under current injection, we consecutively select a sequence of modes into lasing action and show the laser maintaining single-mode operation with line widths at a minimum of 1.8 MHz and an emitting power of ∼10 milliwatts, and we demonstrate fast beam steering across a range of 3.2° × 4° on a time scale of 500 ns. Our work proposes a method for on-chip active beam steering for the development of automotive, industrial, and robotic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjin Wang
- A Laboratory of Solid State Optoelectronics Information Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, CAS, Beijing 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, CAS, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Feifan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics & Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jingxuan Chen
- A Laboratory of Solid State Optoelectronics Information Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, CAS, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenzhen Liu
- A Laboratory of Solid State Optoelectronics Information Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, CAS, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiahao Si
- A Laboratory of Solid State Optoelectronics Information Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, CAS, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuanbo Xu
- A Laboratory of Solid State Optoelectronics Information Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, CAS, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zihao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics & Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics & Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wanhua Zheng
- A Laboratory of Solid State Optoelectronics Information Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, CAS, Beijing 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, CAS, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Song H, Chen S, Sun X, Cui Y, Yildirim T, Kang J, Yang S, Yang F, Lu Y, Zhang L. Enhancing 2D Photonics and Optoelectronics with Artificial Microstructures. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2403176. [PMID: 39031754 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202403176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
By modulating subwavelength structures and integrating functional materials, 2D artificial microstructures (2D AMs), including heterostructures, superlattices, metasurfaces and microcavities, offer a powerful platform for significant manipulation of light fields and functions. These structures hold great promise in high-performance and highly integrated optoelectronic devices. However, a comprehensive summary of 2D AMs remains elusive for photonics and optoelectronics. This review focuses on the latest breakthroughs in 2D AM devices, categorized into electronic devices, photonic devices, and optoelectronic devices. The control of electronic and optical properties through tuning twisted angles is discussed. Some typical strategies that enhance light-matter interactions are introduced, covering the integration of 2D materials with external photonic structures and intrinsic polaritonic resonances. Additionally, the influences of external stimuli, such as vertical electric fields, enhanced optical fields and plasmonic confinements, on optoelectronic properties is analysed. The integrations of these devices are also thoroughly addressed. Challenges and future perspectives are summarized to stimulate research and development of 2D AMs for future photonics and optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizeng Song
- Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, China
- College of Physics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Materials and Physics (NUAA), MIIT, Nanjing, 211106, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- College of Physics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Materials and Physics (NUAA), MIIT, Nanjing, 211106, China
| | - Xueqian Sun
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, the Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Yichun Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Test Physics and Numerical Mathematics, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Tanju Yildirim
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, East Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Jian Kang
- College of Physics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Materials and Physics (NUAA), MIIT, Nanjing, 211106, China
| | - Shunshun Yang
- College of Physics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Materials and Physics (NUAA), MIIT, Nanjing, 211106, China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Physics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Materials and Physics (NUAA), MIIT, Nanjing, 211106, China
| | - Yuerui Lu
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, the Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Linglong Zhang
- College of Physics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Materials and Physics (NUAA), MIIT, Nanjing, 211106, China
- Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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Kim J, Im JH, So S, Choi Y, Kang H, Lim B, Lee M, Kim YK, Rho J. Dynamic Hyperspectral Holography Enabled by Inverse-Designed Metasurfaces with Oblique Helicoidal Cholesterics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311785. [PMID: 38456592 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Metasurfaces are flat arrays of nanostructures that allow exquisite control of phase and amplitude of incident light. Although metasurfaces offer new active element for both fundamental science and applications, the challenge still remains to overcome their low information capacity and passive nature. Here, by integrating an inverse-designed-metasurface with oblique helicoidal cholesteric liquid crystal (ChOH), simultaneous spatial and spectral tunable metasurfaces with a high information capacity for dynamic hyperspectral holography, are demonstrated. The inverse design facilitates a single-phase map encoding of ten independent holographic images at different wavelengths. ChOH provides precise spectral modulation with narrow bandwidth and wide tunable regime in response to programmed stimuli, thus enabling dynamic switching of the multicolor holography. The results provide simple and generalizable principles for the rational design of interactive metasurfaces that will find numerous applications, including security platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hyung Im
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunae So
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Control and Instrumentation Engineering, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongseon Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Bogyu Lim
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjae Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ki Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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Li C, Pan R, Gu C, Guo H, Li J. Reconfigurable Micro/Nano-Optical Devices Based on Phase Transitions: From Materials, Mechanisms to Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306344. [PMID: 38489745 PMCID: PMC11132080 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, numerous efforts have been devoted to exploring innovative micro/nano-optical devices (MNODs) with reconfigurable functionality, which is highly significant because of the progressively increasing requirements for next-generation photonic systems. Fortunately, phase change materials (PCMs) provide an extremely competitive pathway to achieve this goal. The phase transitions induce significant changes to materials in optical, electrical properties or shapes, triggering great research interests in applying PCMs to reconfigurable micro/nano-optical devices (RMNODs). More specifically, the PCMs-based RMNODs can interact with incident light in on-demand or adaptive manners and thus realize unique functions. In this review, RMNODs based on phase transitions are systematically summarized and comprehensively overviewed from materials, phase change mechanisms to applications. The reconfigurable optical devices consisting of three kinds of typical PCMs are emphatically introduced, including chalcogenides, transition metal oxides, and shape memory alloys, highlighting the reversible state switch and dramatic contrast of optical responses along with designated utilities generated by phase transition. Finally, a comprehensive summary of the whole content is given, discussing the challenge and outlooking the potential development of the PCMs-based RMNODs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chensheng Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum PhysicsSchool of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Ruhao Pan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
| | - Changzhi Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum PhysicsSchool of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Haiming Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum PhysicsSchool of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Junjie Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum PhysicsSchool of Physical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Songshan Lake Materials LaboratoryDongguanGuangdong523808China
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Han J, Meng F, Guan C, Wang C, Jin T, Cai T, Ding C, Burokur SN, Wu Q, Ding X. Complex-Amplitude Programmable Versatile Metasurface Platform Driven by Guided Wave. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2309873. [PMID: 38482743 PMCID: PMC11109637 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Metasurfaces have shown unparalleled controllability of electromagnetic (EM) waves. However, most of the metasurfaces need external spatial feeding sources, which renders practical implementation quite challenging. Here, a low-profile programmable metasurface with 0.05λ0 thickness driven by guided waves is proposed to achieve dynamic control of both amplitude and phase simultaneously. The metasurface is fed by a guided wave traveling in a substrate-integrated waveguide, avoiding external spatial sources and complex power divider networks. By manipulating the state of the p-i-n diodes embedded in each meta-atom, the proposed metasurface enables 1-bit amplitude switching between radiating and nonradiating states, as well as a 1-bit phase switching between 0° and 180°. As a proof of concept, two advanced functionalities, namely, low sidelobe-level beam scanning and Airy beam generation, are experimentally demonstrated with a single platform operating in the far- and near-field respectively. Such complex-amplitude, programmable, and low-profile metasurfaces can overcome integration limitations of traditional metasurfaces, and open up new avenues for more accurate and advanced EM wave control within an unprecedented degree of freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian‐Qiao Han
- Department of Microwave EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001P. R. China
| | - Fan‐Yi Meng
- Department of Microwave EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001P. R. China
| | - Chunsheng Guan
- Air and Missile Defense CollegeAir Force Engineering UniversityXi'an710051P. R. China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Microwave EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001P. R. China
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Microwave EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001P. R. China
| | - Tong Cai
- Air and Missile Defense CollegeAir Force Engineering UniversityXi'an710051P. R. China
| | - Chang Ding
- Air Force Engineering UniversityXi'an710051P. R. China
| | | | - Qun Wu
- Department of Microwave EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001P. R. China
| | - Xumin Ding
- Advanced Microscopy and Instrumentation Research CenterHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150080P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesNanjing210096P. R. China
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Fang Z, Chen R, Fröch JE, Tanguy QAA, Khan AI, Wu X, Tara V, Manna A, Sharp D, Munley C, Miller F, Zhao Y, Geiger S, Böhringer KF, Reynolds MS, Pop E, Majumdar A. Nonvolatile Phase-Only Transmissive Spatial Light Modulator with Electrical Addressability of Individual Pixels. ACS NANO 2024; 18:11245-11256. [PMID: 38639708 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Active metasurfaces with tunable subwavelength-scale nanoscatterers are promising platforms for high-performance spatial light modulators (SLMs). Among the tuning methods, phase-change materials (PCMs) are attractive because of their nonvolatile, threshold-driven, and drastic optical modulation, rendering zero-static power, crosstalk immunity, and compact pixels. However, current electrically controlled PCM-based metasurfaces are limited to global amplitude modulation, which is insufficient for SLMs. Here, an individual-pixel addressable, transmissive metasurface is experimentally demonstrated using the low-loss PCM Sb2Se3 and doped silicon nanowire heaters. The nanowires simultaneously form a diatomic metasurface, supporting a high-quality-factor (∼406) quasi-bound-state-in-the-continuum mode. A global phase-only modulation of ∼0.25π (∼0.2π) in simulation (experiment) is achieved, showing ten times enhancement. A 2π phase shift is further obtained using a guided-mode resonance with enhanced light-Sb2Se3 interaction. Finally, individual-pixel addressability and SLM functionality are demonstrated through deterministic multilevel switching (ten levels) and tunable far-field beam shaping. Our work presents zero-static power transmissive phase-only SLMs, enabled by electrically controlled low-loss PCMs and individual meta-molecule addressable metasurfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Fang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Johannes E Fröch
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Quentin A A Tanguy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Asir Intisar Khan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xiangjin Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Virat Tara
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Arnab Manna
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David Sharp
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Christopher Munley
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Forrest Miller
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Sarah Geiger
- The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Karl F Böhringer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Institute for Nano-engineered Systems, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Matthew S Reynolds
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Eric Pop
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Arka Majumdar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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Misugi Y, Nakano T, Kita T. Silicon-based high-resolution and low-power-consumption two-dimensional beam scanner integrated with hybrid wavelength-tunable laser diode. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:13746-13760. [PMID: 38859336 DOI: 10.1364/oe.513719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Optical phased array (OPA) is a useful device for achieving the solid-state beam scanner required in compact light detection and ranging. However, conventional OPAs actively control the phase difference between arrays. Therefore, power consumption is extremely high in a high-resolution OPA. Herein, we fabricated a passive OPA with a 128-channel silicon arrayed waveguide and Si-dot grating antennas with large apertures. Moreover, we integrated a hybrid wavelength-tunable laser diode with a passive OPA. The field of view was 43.9° × 10.4°, and the FWHM of the beam width was 0.233° × 0.0495°. The power consumption per antenna was 0.397 mW.
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10
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Chae HU, Shrewsbury B, Ahsan R, Povinelli ML, Kapadia R. GaAs Mid-IR Electrically Tunable Metasurfaces. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:2581-2588. [PMID: 38349389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we explore III-V based metal-semiconductor-metal structures for tunable metasurfaces. We use an epitaxial transfer technique to transfer a III-V thin film directly on metallic surfaces, realizing III-V metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) structures without heavily doped semiconductors as substitutes for metal layers. The device platform consists of gold metal layers with a p-i-n GaAs junction. The target resonance wavelength can be tuned by modifying the geometry of the top metal grating on the GaAs, while systematic resonance tunability has been shown through the modulation of various carrier concentration injections in the mid-IR range. Electrically tunable metasurfaces with multilevel biasing can serve as a fundamental building block for electrically tunable metasurfaces. We believe that our demonstration can contribute to understanding the optical tuning of III-V under various biased conditions, inducing changes in metasurfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Uk Chae
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles California 90089, United States
| | - Bo Shrewsbury
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles California 90089, United States
| | - Ragib Ahsan
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles California 90089, United States
| | - Michelle L Povinelli
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles California 90089, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles California 90089, United States
| | - Rehan Kapadia
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles California 90089, United States
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Zheng T, Gu Y, Kwon H, Roberts G, Faraon A. Dynamic light manipulation via silicon-organic slot metasurfaces. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1557. [PMID: 38378672 PMCID: PMC10879521 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45544-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Active metasurfaces provide the opportunity for fast spatio-temporal control of light. Among various tuning methods, organic electro-optic materials provide some unique advantages due to their fast speed and large nonlinearity, along with the possibility of using fabrication techniques based on infiltration. In this letter, we report a silicon-organic platform where organic electro-optic material is infiltrated into the narrow gaps of slot-mode metasurfaces with high quality factors. The mode confinement into the slot enables the placement of metallic electrodes in close proximity, thus enabling tunability at lower voltages. We demonstrate the maximum tuning sensitivity of 0.16nm/V, the maximum extinction ratio of 38% within ± 17V voltage at telecommunication wavelength. The device has 3dB bandwidth of 3MHz. These results provide a path towards tunable silicon-organic hybrid metasurfaces at CMOS-level voltages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhe Zheng
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics and Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Yiran Gu
- Department of Applied Physics and Material Science, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Hyounghan Kwon
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics and Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Center for Quantum Information at Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory Roberts
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics and Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Tech4Health Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Andrei Faraon
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics and Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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12
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Koo Y, Moon T, Kang M, Joo H, Lee C, Lee H, Kravtsov V, Park KD. Dynamical control of nanoscale light-matter interactions in low-dimensional quantum materials. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:30. [PMID: 38272869 PMCID: PMC10810844 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01380-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Tip-enhanced nano-spectroscopy and -imaging have significantly advanced our understanding of low-dimensional quantum materials and their interactions with light, providing a rich insight into the underlying physics at their natural length scale. Recently, various functionalities of the plasmonic tip expand the capabilities of the nanoscopy, enabling dynamic manipulation of light-matter interactions at the nanoscale. In this review, we focus on a new paradigm of the nanoscopy, shifting from the conventional role of imaging and spectroscopy to the dynamical control approach of the tip-induced light-matter interactions. We present three different approaches of tip-induced control of light-matter interactions, such as cavity-gap control, pressure control, and near-field polarization control. Specifically, we discuss the nanoscale modifications of radiative emissions for various emitters from weak to strong coupling regime, achieved by the precise engineering of the cavity-gap. Furthermore, we introduce recent works on light-matter interactions controlled by tip-pressure and near-field polarization, especially tunability of the bandgap, crystal structure, photoluminescence quantum yield, exciton density, and energy transfer in a wide range of quantum materials. We envision that this comprehensive review not only contributes to a deeper understanding of the physics of nanoscale light-matter interactions but also offers a valuable resource to nanophotonics, plasmonics, and materials science for future technological advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonjeong Koo
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyoung Moon
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingu Kang
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Huitae Joo
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Changjoo Lee
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongwoo Lee
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Vasily Kravtsov
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Kyoung-Duck Park
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Hsu WL, Huang CF, Tan CC, Liu NYC, Chu CH, Huang PS, Wu PC, Yiin SJ, Tanaka T, Weng CJ, Wang CM. High-Resolution Metalens Imaging with Sequential Artificial Intelligence Models. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:11614-11620. [PMID: 37937950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
An analysis of the optical response of a GaN-based metalens was conducted alongside the utilization of two sequential artificial intelligence (AI) models in addressing the occasional issues of blurriness and color cast in captured images. The optical loss of the metalens in the blue spectral range was found to have resulted in the color cast of images. Autoencoder and CodeFormer sequential models were employed in order to correct the color cast and reconstruct image details, respectively. Said sequential models successfully addressed the color cast and reconstructed details for all of the allocated face image categories. Subsequently, the CIE 1931 chromaticity diagrams and peak signal-to-noise ratio analysis provided numerical evidence of the AI models' effectiveness in image reconstruction. Furthermore, the AI models can still repair the image without blue information. Overall, the integration of metalens and artificial intelligence models marks a breakthrough in enhancing the performance of full-color metalens-based imaging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lun Hsu
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan, 320371, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Fu Huang
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan, 320371, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chun Tan
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan, 320371, Taiwan
| | - Noreena Yi-Chin Liu
- Design & Creative Industries Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei
| | - Cheng Hung Chu
- YongLin Institute of Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106038 Taiwan
| | - Po-Sheng Huang
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Pin Chieh Wu
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
- Center for Quantum Frontiers of Research & Technology (QFort), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
- Meta-nanoPhotonics Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | | | - Takuo Tanaka
- Innovative Photon Manipulation Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Saitama, 3510198, Japan
| | - Chun-Jen Weng
- Taiwan Instrument Research Institute, National Applied Research Laboratories, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ming Wang
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan, 320371, Taiwan
- Optical Science Center, National Central University, Taoyuan, 320371, Taiwan
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14
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Hail CU, Foley M, Sokhoyan R, Michaeli L, Atwater HA. High quality factor metasurfaces for two-dimensional wavefront manipulation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8476. [PMID: 38123546 PMCID: PMC10733294 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The strong interaction of light with micro- and nanostructures plays a critical role in optical sensing, nonlinear optics, active optical devices, and quantum optics. However, for wavefront shaping, the required local control over light at a subwavelength scale limits this interaction, typically leading to low-quality-factor optical devices. Here, we demonstrate an avenue towards high-quality-factor wavefront shaping in two spatial dimensions based on all-dielectric higher-order Mie-resonant metasurfaces. We design and experimentally realize transmissive band stop filters, beam deflectors and high numerical aperture radial lenses with measured quality factors in the range of 202-1475 at near-infrared wavelengths. The excited optical mode and resulting wavefront control are both local, allowing versatile operation with finite apertures and oblique illumination. Our results represent an improvement in quality factor by nearly two orders of magnitude over previous localized mode designs, and provide a design approach for a new class of compact optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio U Hail
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Morgan Foley
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Ruzan Sokhoyan
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Lior Michaeli
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Harry A Atwater
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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15
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Dong C, Zhou Z, Gu X, Zhang Y, Tong G, Wu Z, Zhang H, Wang W, Xia J, Wu J, Chen T, Guo J, Wang F, Tang F. Dynamic Spectral Modulation on Meta-Waveguides Utilizing Liquid Crystal. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304116. [PMID: 37870207 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The integration of metasurfaces and optical waveguides is gradually attracting the attention of researchers because it allows for more efficient manipulation and guidance of light. However, most of the existing studies focus on passive devices, which lack dynamic modulation. This work utilizes the meta-waveguides with liquid crystal(LC) to modulate the on-chip spectrum, which is the first experimentally verified, to the authors' knowledge. By applying a voltage, the refractive index of the liquid crystal surrounding the meta-waveguides can be tuned, resulting in a blue shift of the spectrum. The simulation shows that the 18.4 dB switching ratio can be achieved at 1550 nm. The meta-waveguides are prepared using electron beam lithography (EBL), and the improved transmittance of the spectrum in the short wavelength is experimentally verified, which is consistent with the simulation trend. At 1551.64 nm wavelength, the device achieves a switching ratio of ≈16 dB with an active area of 8 µm × 0.4 µm. Based on this device, an optoelectronic computing architecture for the Hadamard matrix product and a novel wavelength selection switch are proposed. This work offers a promising avenue for on-chip dynamic modulation in integrated photonics, which has the advantage of a compact active area, fast response time, and low energy consumption compared to conventional thermal-light modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkun Dong
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Ziwei Zhou
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Xiaowen Gu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- National Key Laboratory of Solid-State Microwave Devices and Circuits, Nanjing Electronic Devices Institute, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yichen Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Guodong Tong
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Zhihai Wu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Wenqi Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Jun Xia
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Tangsheng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Solid-State Microwave Devices and Circuits, Nanjing Electronic Devices Institute, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Jinping Guo
- Accelink Technology Co. Ltd., Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Accelink Technology Co. Ltd., Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Fengfan Tang
- Accelink Technology Co. Ltd., Wuhan, 430010, China
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16
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Zhang C, Zhou X, Wang D, Hao L, Zeng Z, Su L. Hydrogel-Loaded Exosomes: A Promising Therapeutic Strategy for Musculoskeletal Disorders. J Clin Pharm Ther 2023; 2023:1-36. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/1105664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2024]
Abstract
Clinical treatment strategies for musculoskeletal disorders have been a hot research topic. Accumulating evidence suggests that hydrogels loaded with MSC-derived EVs show great potential in improving musculoskeletal injuries. The ideal hydrogels should be capable of promoting the development of new tissues and simulating the characteristics of target tissues, with the properties matching the cell-matrix constituents of autologous tissues. Although there have been numerous reports of hydrogels loaded with MSC-derived EVs for the repair of musculoskeletal injuries, such as intervertebral disc injury, tendinopathy, bone fractures, and cartilage injuries, there are still many hurdles to overcome before the clinical application of modified hydrogels. In this review, we focus on the advantages of the isolation technique of EVs in combination with different types of hydrogels. In this context, the efficacy of hydrogels loaded with MSC-derived EVs in different musculoskeletal injuries is discussed in detail to provide a reference for the future application of hydrogels loaded with MSC-derived EVs in the clinical treatment of musculoskeletal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Zhang
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuchang Zhou
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dongxue Wang
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Li Hao
- Shougang Technician College, Nursing School, Beijing 100043, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Zhipeng Zeng
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
- Shougang Technician College, Nursing School, Beijing 100043, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Lei Su
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, China
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17
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Ersaro NT, Yalcin C, Murray L, Kabuli L, Waller L, Muller R. Fast non-iterative algorithm for 3D point-cloud holography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:36468-36485. [PMID: 38017799 DOI: 10.1364/oe.498302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Recently developed iterative and deep learning-based approaches to computer-generated holography (CGH) have been shown to achieve high-quality photorealistic 3D images with spatial light modulators. However, such approaches remain overly cumbersome for patterning sparse collections of target points across a photoresponsive volume in applications including biological microscopy and material processing. Specifically, in addition to requiring heavy computation that cannot accommodate real-time operation in mobile or hardware-light settings, existing sampling-dependent 3D CGH methods preclude the ability to place target points with arbitrary precision, limiting accessible depths to a handful of planes. Accordingly, we present a non-iterative point cloud holography algorithm that employs fast deterministic calculations in order to efficiently allocate patches of SLM pixels to different target points in the 3D volume and spread the patterning of all points across multiple time frames. Compared to a matched-performance implementation of the iterative Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm, our algorithm's relative computation speed advantage was found to increase with SLM pixel count, reaching >100,000x at 512 × 512 array format.
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18
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Mason S, Benea-Chelmus IC. Hybrid silicon-organic Huygens' metasurface for phase modulation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:36161-36170. [PMID: 38017771 DOI: 10.1364/oe.504216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Spatial light modulators have desirable applications in sensing and free space communication because they create an interface between the optical and electronic realms. Electro-optic modulators allow for high-speed intensity manipulation of an electromagnetic wavefront. However, most surfaces of this sort pose limitations due to their ability to modulate intensity rather than phase. Here we investigate an electro-optic modulator formed from a silicon-organic Huygens' metasurface. In a simulation-based study, we discover a metasurface design immersed in high-performance electro-optic molecules that can achieve near-full resonant transmission with phase coverage over the full 2π range. Through the electro-optic effect, we show 140 ∘ (0.79π) modulation over a range of -100 to 100 V at 1330 nm while maintaining near-constant transmitted field intensity (between 0.66 and 0.8). These results potentiate the fabrication of a high-speed spatial light modulator with the resolved parameters.
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19
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So S, Mun J, Park J, Rho J. Revisiting the Design Strategies for Metasurfaces: Fundamental Physics, Optimization, and Beyond. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2206399. [PMID: 36153791 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the capabilities of metasurfaces in light modulation with subwavelength thickness have been proven, and metasurfaces are expected to miniaturize conventional optical components and add various functionalities. Herein, various metasurface design strategies are reviewed thoroughly. First, the scalar diffraction theory is revisited to provide the basic principle of light propagation. Then, widely used design methods based on the unit-cell approach are discussed. The methods include a set of simplified steps, including the phase-map retrieval and meta-atom unit-cell design. Then, recently emerging metasurfaces that may not be accurately designed using unit-cell approach are introduced. Unconventional metasurfaces are examined where the conventional design methods fail and finally potential design methods for such metasurfaces are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunae So
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Mun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Park
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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20
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Moitra P, Xu X, Maruthiyodan Veetil R, Liang X, Mass TWW, Kuznetsov AI, Paniagua-Domínguez R. Electrically Tunable Reflective Metasurfaces with Continuous and Full-Phase Modulation for High-Efficiency Wavefront Control at Visible Frequencies. ACS NANO 2023; 17:16952-16959. [PMID: 37585264 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
All-dielectric optical metasurfaces can locally control the amplitude and phase of light at the nanoscale, enabling arbitrary wavefront shaping. However, lack of postfabrication tunability has limited the true potential of metasurfaces for many applications. Here, we utilize a thin liquid crystal (LC) layer as a tunable medium surrounding the metasurface to achieve a phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM) with high reflection in the visible frequency, exhibiting active and continuous resonance tuning with associated 2π phase control and uncoupled amplitude. Dynamic wavefront shaping is demonstrated by programming 96 individually addressable electrodes with a small pixel pitch of ∼1 μm. The small pixel size is facilitated by the reduced LC thickness, strongly suppressing cross-talk among pixels. This device is used to demonstrate dynamic beam steering with a wide field-of-view and high absolute diffraction efficiencies. We believe that our demonstration may help realize next-generation, high-resolution SLMs, with wide applications in dynamic holography, tunable optics, and light detection and ranging (LiDAR), to mention a few.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parikshit Moitra
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xuewu Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Rasna Maruthiyodan Veetil
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xinan Liang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Tobias W W Mass
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Arseniy I Kuznetsov
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ramón Paniagua-Domínguez
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
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21
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Hwang JS, Xu J, Raman AP. Simultaneous Control of Spectral And Directional Emissivity with Gradient Epsilon-Near-Zero InAs Photonic Structures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302956. [PMID: 37465943 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Controlling both the spectral bandwidth and directionality of emitted thermal radiation is a fundamental challenge in contemporary photonics. Recent work has shown that materials with a spatial gradient in the frequency range of their epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) response can support broad spectrum directionality in their emissivity, enabling high total radiance to specific angles of incidence. However, this capability is limited spectrally and directionally by the availability of materials with phonon-polariton resonances over long-wave infrared wavelengths. Here, an approach is designed and experimentally demonstrated using doped III-V semiconductors that can simultaneously tailor spectral peak, bandwidth, and directionality of infrared emissivity. InAs-based gradient ENZ photonic structures that exhibit broadband directional emission with varying spectral bandwidths and directional ranges as a function of their doping concentration profile and thickness are epitaxially grown and characterized. Due to its easy-to-fabricate geometry, it is believed that this approach provides a versatile photonic platform to dynamically control broadband spectral and directional emissivity for a range of emerging applications in heat transfer and infrared sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae S Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Aaswath P Raman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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22
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Wu GB, Dai JY, Shum KM, Chan KF, Cheng Q, Cui TJ, Chan CH. A universal metasurface antenna to manipulate all fundamental characteristics of electromagnetic waves. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5155. [PMID: 37620303 PMCID: PMC10449906 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40717-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Metasurfaces have promising potential to revolutionize a variety of photonic and electronic device technologies. However, metasurfaces that can simultaneously and independently control all electromagnetics (EM) waves' properties, including amplitude, phase, frequency, polarization, and momentum, with high integrability and programmability, are challenging and have not been successfully attempted. Here, we propose and demonstrate a microwave universal metasurface antenna (UMA) capable of dynamically, simultaneously, independently, and precisely manipulating all the constitutive properties of EM waves in a software-defined manner. Our UMA further facilitates the spatial- and time-varying wave properties, leading to more complicated waveform generation, beamforming, and direct information manipulations. In particular, the UMA can directly generate the modulated waveforms carrying digital information that can fundamentally simplify the architecture of information transmitter systems. The proposed UMA with unparalleled EM wave and information manipulation capabilities will spark a surge of applications from next-generation wireless systems, cognitive sensing, and imaging to quantum optics and quantum information science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng-Bo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jun Yan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Kam Man Shum
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Ka Fai Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Chi Hou Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Big Data Imaging and Communication, Shenzhen, 518048, China.
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23
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Abstract
Metalenses have the potential to revolutionize optical devices into the next generation of consumer devices. Through new inventive strategies, metalenses with advanced functionalities have been released to integrate multiple responses into a single flat device. Here, we design metalenses that are sensitive to the incident spin angular momentum to provide three distinct modes based on the handedness of the incident and transmitted light. Propagation phase is employed to encode a hyperbolic lens phase to the metalens, while geometric phase is exploited for additional spin-selective properties. We experimentally demonstrate two different metalenses: the co-polarized channels function as a standard metalens, while the cross-polarized channels (1) deflect and (2) introduce orbital angular momentum to the transmitted light. We experimentally characterize the metalenses and prove their use for spin-selective imaging of visible light. We envision that such trichannel metalenses could be employed in chiral bioimaging, optical computing, and computer vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhwa Seong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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Moitra P, Wang Y, Liang X, Lu L, Poh A, Mass TWW, Simpson RE, Kuznetsov AI, Paniagua-Dominguez R. Programmable Wavefront Control in the Visible Spectrum Using Low-Loss Chalcogenide Phase-Change Metasurfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2205367. [PMID: 36341483 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
All-dielectric metasurfaces provide unique solutions for advanced wavefront manipulation of light with complete control of amplitude and phase at sub-wavelength scales. One limitation, however, for most of these devices is the lack of any post-fabrication tunability of their response. To break this limit, a promising approach is employing phase-change materials (PCMs), which provide fast, low energy, and non-volatile means to endow metasurfaces with a switching mechanism. In this regard, great advancements have been done in the mid-infrared and near-infrared spectrum using different chalcogenides. In the visible spectral range, however, very few devices have demonstrated full phase manipulation, high efficiencies, and reversible optical modulation. In this work, a programmable all-dielectric Huygens' metasurface made of antimony sulfide (Sb2 S3 ) PCM is experimentally demonstrated, a low loss and high-index material in the visible spectral range with a large contrast (≈0.5) between its amorphous and crystalline states. ≈2π phase modulation is shown with high associated transmittance and it is used to create programmable beam-steering devices. These novel chalcogenide PCM metasurfaces have the potential to emerge as a platform for next-generation spatial light modulators and to impact application areas such as programmable and adaptive flat optics, light detection and ranging (LiDAR), and many more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parikshit Moitra
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Yunzheng Wang
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
- Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Xinan Liang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Li Lu
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Alyssa Poh
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Tobias W W Mass
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Robert E Simpson
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Arseniy I Kuznetsov
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Ramon Paniagua-Dominguez
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
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25
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Wang Z, Sebek M, Liang X, Elbanna A, Nemati A, Zhang N, Goh CHK, Jiang M, Pan J, Shen Z, Su X, Thanh NTK, Sun H, Teng J. Greatly Enhanced Resonant Exciton-Trion Conversion in Electrically Modulated Atomically Thin WS 2 at Room Temperature. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302248. [PMID: 37165546 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Excitonic resonance in atomically thin semiconductors offers a favorite platform to study 2D nanophotonics in both classical and quantum regimes and promises potentials for highly tunable and ultra-compact optical devices. The understanding of charge density dependent exciton-trion conversion is the key for revealing the underlaying physics of optical tunability. Nevertheless, the insufficient and inefficient light-matter interactions hinder the observation of trionic phenomenon and the development of excitonic devices for dynamic power-efficient electro-optical applications. Here, by engaging an optical cavity with atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), greatly enhanced exciton-trion conversion is demonstrated at room temperature (RT) and achieve electrical modulation of reflectivity of ≈40% at exciton and 7% at trion state, which correspondingly enables a broadband large phase tuning in monolayer tungsten disulfide. Besides the absorptive conversion, ≈100% photoluminescence conversion from excitons to trions is observed at RT, illustrating a clear physical mechanism of an efficient exciton-trion conversion for extraordinary optical performance. The results indicate that both excitons and trions can play significant roles in electrical modulation of the optical parameters of TMDCs at RT. The work shows the real possibility for realizing electrical tunable and multi-functional ultra-thin optical devices using 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Matej Sebek
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetics and Nanomaterials Laboratories, London, W1S 4BS, UK
| | - Xinan Liang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Ahmed Elbanna
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonic Institute, SPMS, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Arash Nemati
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Nan Zhang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Choon Hwa Ken Goh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Mengting Jiang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Jisheng Pan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Zexiang Shen
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonic Institute, SPMS, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Xiaodi Su
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Nguyen Thi Kim Thanh
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetics and Nanomaterials Laboratories, London, W1S 4BS, UK
| | - Handong Sun
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonic Institute, SPMS, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Jinghua Teng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
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26
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John-Herpin A, Tittl A, Kühner L, Richter F, Huang SH, Shvets G, Oh SH, Altug H. Metasurface-Enhanced Infrared Spectroscopy: An Abundance of Materials and Functionalities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2110163. [PMID: 35638248 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Infrared spectroscopy provides unique information on the composition and dynamics of biochemical systems by resolving the characteristic absorption fingerprints of their constituent molecules. Based on this inherent chemical specificity and the capability for label-free, noninvasive, and real-time detection, infrared spectroscopy approaches have unlocked a plethora of breakthrough applications for fields ranging from environmental monitoring and defense to chemical analysis and medical diagnostics. Nanophotonics has played a crucial role for pushing the sensitivity limits of traditional far-field spectroscopy by using resonant nanostructures to focus the incident light into nanoscale hot-spots of the electromagnetic field, greatly enhancing light-matter interaction. Metasurfaces composed of regular arrangements of such resonators further increase the design space for tailoring this nanoscale light control both spectrally and spatially, which has established them as an invaluable toolkit for surface-enhanced spectroscopy. Starting from the fundamental concepts of metasurface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy, a broad palette of resonator geometries, materials, and arrangements for realizing highly sensitive metadevices is showcased, with a special focus on emerging systems such as phononic and 2D van der Waals materials, and integration with waveguides for lab-on-a-chip devices. Furthermore, advanced sensor functionalities of metasurface-based infrared spectroscopy, including multiresonance, tunability, dielectrophoresis, live cell sensing, and machine-learning-aided analysis are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelian John-Herpin
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Tittl
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Lucca Kühner
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Richter
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Steven H Huang
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Gennady Shvets
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Sang-Hyun Oh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Hatice Altug
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
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27
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Zhang L, Zhang L, Xie R, Ni Y, Wu X, Yang Y, Xing F, Zhao X, You Z. Highly Tunable Cascaded Metasurfaces for Continuous Two-Dimensional Beam Steering. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300542. [PMID: 37339803 PMCID: PMC10460883 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Cascaded metasurfaces can exhibit powerful dynamic light manipulation by mechanically tuning the far-field interactions in the layers. However, in most current designs, the metasurfaces are separated by gaps smaller than a wavelength to form a total phase profile, representing the direct accumulation of the phase profiles of each layer. Such small gap sizes may not only conflict with the far-field conditions but also pose great difficulties for practical implementations. To overcome this limitation, a design paradigm taking advantage of a ray-tracing scheme that allows the cascaded metasurfaces to operate optimally at easily achievable gap sizes is proposed. Enabled by the relative lateral translation of two cascaded metasurfaces, a continuous two-dimensional (2D) beam-steering device for 1064 nm light is designed as a proof of concept. Simulation results demonstrate tuning ranges of ±45° for biaxial deflection angles within ±3.5 mm biaxial translations, while keeping the divergence of deflected light less than 0.007°. The experimental results agree well with theoretical predictions, and a uniform optical efficiency is observed. The generializeddesign paradigm can pave a way towards myriad tunable cascaded metasurface devices for various applications, including but not limited to light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and free space optical communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Zhang
- Department of Precision InstrumentTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and InstrumentsTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Precision InstrumentTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and InstrumentsTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Rongbo Xie
- Department of Precision InstrumentTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and InstrumentsTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Yibo Ni
- Department of Precision InstrumentTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and InstrumentsTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and InstrumentsTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Yuanmu Yang
- Department of Precision InstrumentTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and InstrumentsTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Fei Xing
- Department of Precision InstrumentTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and InstrumentsTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Xiaoguang Zhao
- Department of Precision InstrumentTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and InstrumentsTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Zheng You
- Department of Precision InstrumentTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and InstrumentsTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
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28
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Yang Y, Seong J, Choi M, Park J, Kim G, Kim H, Jeong J, Jung C, Kim J, Jeon G, Lee KI, Yoon DH, Rho J. Integrated metasurfaces for re-envisioning a near-future disruptive optical platform. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:152. [PMID: 37339970 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces have been continuously garnering attention in both scientific and industrial fields, owing to their unprecedented wavefront manipulation capabilities using arranged subwavelength artificial structures. To date, research has mainly focused on the full control of electromagnetic characteristics, including polarization, phase, amplitude, and even frequencies. Consequently, versatile possibilities of electromagnetic wave control have been achieved, yielding practical optical components such as metalenses, beam-steerers, metaholograms, and sensors. Current research is now focused on integrating the aforementioned metasurfaces with other standard optical components (e.g., light-emitting diodes, charged-coupled devices, micro-electro-mechanical systems, liquid crystals, heaters, refractive optical elements, planar waveguides, optical fibers, etc.) for commercialization with miniaturization trends of optical devices. Herein, this review describes and classifies metasurface-integrated optical components, and subsequently discusses their promising applications with metasurface-integrated optical platforms including those of augmented/virtual reality, light detection and ranging, and sensors. In conclusion, this review presents several challenges and prospects that are prevalent in the field in order to accelerate the commercialization of metasurfaces-integrated optical platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghwan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhwa Seong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junkyeong Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeongtae Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongyoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyeon Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunghwan Jung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoseon Jeon
- Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (RIST), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Il Lee
- Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (RIST), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Yoon
- Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (RIST), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Chung H, Hwang I, Yu J, Boehm G, Belkin MA, Lee J. Electrical Phase Modulation Based on Mid-Infrared Intersubband Polaritonic Metasurfaces. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207520. [PMID: 37029461 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrically reconfigurable metasurfaces that overcome the static limitations in controlling the fundamental properties of scattered light are opening new avenues for functional flat optics. This work proposes and experimentally demonstrates electrically phase-tunable mid-infrared metasurfaces based on the polaritonic coupling of Stark-tunable intersubband transitions in semiconductor heterostructures and electromagnetic modes in plasmonic nanoresonators. In the applied voltage range of -3 to +3 V, the local phase tuning of the light reflects from the metasurface, which enables the electrical control of the polarization state and wavefront of the reflected wave. Electrical beam polarization control, electrical beam diffraction control, and electrical beam steering are experimentally demonstrated as applications for local phase tunability. The proposed electrically tunable metasurfaces can easily tune the operating wavelength and function at relatively low voltages, which will enable various applications in the mid-infrared region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongju Chung
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Inyong Hwang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyeon Yu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Gerhard Boehm
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Mikhail A Belkin
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Jongwon Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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30
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Yi L, Hou B, Zhao H, Liu X. X-ray-to-visible light-field detection through pixelated colour conversion. Nature 2023:10.1038/s41586-023-05978-w. [PMID: 37165192 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05978-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Light-field detection measures both the intensity of light rays and their precise direction in free space. However, current light-field detection techniques either require complex microlens arrays or are limited to the ultraviolet-visible light wavelength ranges1-4. Here we present a robust, scalable method based on lithographically patterned perovskite nanocrystal arrays that can be used to determine radiation vectors from X-rays to visible light (0.002-550 nm). With these multicolour nanocrystal arrays, light rays from specific directions can be converted into pixelated colour outputs with an angular resolution of 0.0018°. We find that three-dimensional light-field detection and spatial positioning of light sources are possible by modifying nanocrystal arrays with specific orientations. We also demonstrate three-dimensional object imaging and visible light and X-ray phase-contrast imaging by combining pixelated nanocrystal arrays with a colour charge-coupled device. The ability to detect light direction beyond optical wavelengths through colour-contrast encoding could enable new applications, for example, in three-dimensional phase-contrast imaging, robotics, virtual reality, tomographic biological imaging and satellite autonomous navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luying Yi
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bo Hou
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - He Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, Fuzhou, China.
- Center for Functional Materials, National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou, China.
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
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31
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Li M, Hail CU, Biswas S, Atwater HA. Excitonic Beam Steering in an Active van der Waals Metasurface. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:2771-2777. [PMID: 36921321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDCs) are promising candidates for ultrathin active nanophotonic elements due to the strong tunable excitonic resonances that dominate their optical response. Here, we demonstrate dynamic beam steering by an active van der Waals metasurface that leverages large complex refractive index tunability near excitonic resonances in monolayer molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2). Through varying the radiative and nonradiative rates of the excitons, we can dynamically control both the reflection amplitude and phase profiles, resulting in an excitonic phased array metasurface. Our experiments show reflected light steering to angles between -30° and 30° at different resonant wavelengths corresponding to the A exciton and B exciton. This active van der Waals metasurface relies solely on the excitonic resonances of the monolayer MoSe2 material rather than geometric resonances of patterned nanostructures, suggesting the potential to harness the tunability of excitonic resonances for wavefront shaping in emerging photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Li
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Claudio U Hail
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Souvik Biswas
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Harry A Atwater
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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32
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de Jong D, Karst J, Ludescher D, Floess M, Moell S, Dirnberger K, Hentschel M, Ludwigs S, Braun PV, Giessen H. Electrically switchable metallic polymer metasurface device with gel polymer electrolyte. NANOPHOTONICS 2023; 12:1397-1404. [PMID: 37114093 PMCID: PMC10125172 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2022-0654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present an electrically switchable, compact metasurface device based on the metallic polymer PEDOT:PSS in combination with a gel polymer electrolyte. Applying square-wave voltages, we can reversibly switch the PEDOT:PSS from dielectric to metallic. Using this concept, we demonstrate a compact, standalone, and CMOS compatible metadevice. It allows for electrically controlled ON and OFF switching of plasmonic resonances in the 2-3 µm wavelength range, as well as electrically controlled beam switching at angles up to 10°. Furthermore, switching frequencies of up to 10 Hz, with oxidation times as fast as 42 ms and reduction times of 57 ms, are demonstrated. Our work provides the basis towards solid state switchable metasurfaces, ultimately leading to submicrometer-pixel spatial light modulators and hence switchable holographic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek de Jong
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center ScoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Materials Research Laboratory, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801, USA
| | - Julian Karst
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center ScoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dominik Ludescher
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center ScoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Moritz Floess
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center ScoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sophia Moell
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center ScoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Dirnberger
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mario Hentschel
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center ScoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Paul V. Braun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Materials Research Laboratory, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801, USA
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center ScoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
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33
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Shen Z, Zhao F, Jin C, Wang S, Cao L, Yang Y. Monocular metasurface camera for passive single-shot 4D imaging. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1035. [PMID: 36823191 PMCID: PMC9950364 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36812-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
It is a grand challenge for an imaging system to simultaneously obtain multi-dimensional light field information, such as depth and polarization, of a scene for the accurate perception of the physical world. However, such a task would conventionally require bulky optical components, time-domain multiplexing, and active laser illumination. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a compact monocular camera equipped with a single-layer metalens that can capture a 4D image, including 2D all-in-focus intensity, depth, and polarization of a target scene in a single shot under ambient illumination conditions. The metalens is optimized to have a conjugate pair of polarization-decoupled rotating single-helix point-spread functions that are strongly dependent on the depth of the target object. Combined with a straightforward, physically interpretable image retrieval algorithm, the camera can simultaneously perform high-accuracy depth sensing and high-fidelity polarization imaging over an extended depth of field for both static and dynamic scenes in both indoor and outdoor environments. Such a compact multi-dimensional imaging system could enable new applications in diverse areas ranging from machine vision to microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Shen
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Feng Zhao
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Chunqi Jin
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Shuai Wang
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Liangcai Cao
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Yuanmu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Zangeneh Kamali K, Xu L, Gagrani N, Tan HH, Jagadish C, Miroshnichenko A, Neshev D, Rahmani M. Electrically programmable solid-state metasurfaces via flash localised heating. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:40. [PMID: 36810847 PMCID: PMC9944259 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01078-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, metasurfaces have attracted much attention because of their extraordinary light-scattering properties. However, their inherently static geometry is an obstacle to many applications where dynamic tunability in their optical behaviour is required. Currently, there is a quest to enable dynamic tuning of metasurface properties, particularly with fast tuning rate, large modulation by small electrical signals, solid state and programmable across multiple pixels. Here, we demonstrate electrically tunable metasurfaces driven by thermo-optic effect and flash-heating in silicon. We show a 9-fold change in transmission by <5 V biasing voltage and the modulation rise-time of <625 µs. Our device consists of a silicon hole array metasurface encapsulated by transparent conducting oxide as a localised heater. It allows for video frame rate optical switching over multiple pixels that can be electrically programmed. Some of the advantages of the proposed tuning method compared with other methods are the possibility to apply it for modulation in the visible and near-infrared region, large modulation depth, working at transmission regime, exhibiting low optical loss, low input voltage requirement, and operating with higher than video-rate switching speed. The device is furthermore compatible with modern electronic display technologies and could be ideal for personal electronic devices such as flat displays, virtual reality holography and light detection and ranging, where fast, solid-state and transparent optical switches are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khosro Zangeneh Kamali
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Lei Xu
- Advanced Optics and Photonics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Nikita Gagrani
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Hark Hoe Tan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Chennupati Jagadish
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Andrey Miroshnichenko
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Dragomir Neshev
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Mohsen Rahmani
- Advanced Optics and Photonics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
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35
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Ni F, Li H, Liu H, Zheng Y, Chen X. High-speed optical pulse shaping based on programmable lithium niobate spatial light modulators. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:884-887. [PMID: 36790966 DOI: 10.1364/ol.477967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pulse shaping plays a key role in various applications of ultrafast lasers, such as optical communications, laser micromachining, microscopy, and quantum coherent control. Conventional pulse shaping devices based on liquid crystal spatial light modulators (LCSLMs) or digital micromirror devices (DMDs) only have the shaping speed of several hertz to kilohertz, which is not suitable for applications requiring a high-speed response. Here, we demonstrate a high-speed programmable lithium niobate spatial light modulator (LNSLM) with 128 individual modulation channels and a modulation speed that can reach 1 MHz. Then we establish a high-speed LNSLM-based Fourier-transform (FT) pulse shaper to realize high-speed pulse shaping, and the update rate can reach 350 kHz, only limited by the electric circuit. The proposed high-speed pulse shaper scheme opens new avenues for future applications of ultrafast science, such as microscopic imaging, interaction between light and matter, and spectroscopy.
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36
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Wan S, Dai C, Li Z, Deng L, Shi Y, Hu W, Zheng G, Zhang S, Li Z. Toward Water-Immersion Programmable Meta-Display. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205581. [PMID: 36529952 PMCID: PMC9929123 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Heading toward next-generation intelligent display, dynamic control capability for meta-devices is critical for real world applications. Beyond the conventional electrical/optical/mechanical/thermal tuning methods, liquid immersion recently has emerged as a facile tuning mechanism which is easily accessible (especially water) and practically implementable for large tuning area. However, due to the longstanding and critical drawback of lacking independent-encoding capability, the state-of-art immersion approach remains incapable of pixel-level programmable switching. Here a water-immersion tuning scheme with pixel-scale programmability for dynamic meta-displays is proposed. Tunable meta-pixels can be engineered to construct spectral selective patterns at prior-/post- immersion states, such that a metasurface enables pixel-level transforming animations for dynamic multifield meta-displays, including near-field dual-nanoprints and far-field dual-holographic displays. The proposed water-immersion programmable approach for meta-display, benefitting from its large tuning area, facile operation and strong repeatability, may find a revolutionary path toward next-generation intelligent display with practical applications in dynamic display/encryption, information anticounterfeit/storage, and optical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wan
- Electronic Information SchoolWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
| | - Chenjie Dai
- Electronic Information SchoolWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
| | - Zhe Li
- Electronic Information SchoolWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
| | - Liangui Deng
- Electronic Information SchoolWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Shi
- Electronic Information SchoolWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
| | - Wanlin Hu
- Electronic Information SchoolWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
| | - Guoxing Zheng
- Electronic Information SchoolWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum TechnologyWuhan430206P. R. China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of PhysicsThe University of Hong KongPokfulam RoadHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Zhongyang Li
- Electronic Information SchoolWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum TechnologyWuhan430206P. R. China
- School of MicroelectronicsWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
- Suzhou Institute of Wuhan UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
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37
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Xie R, Zhang L, You Z, Zhao X. Design of metasurfaces with decoupled amplitude and phase response for spatial light modulation. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:117-120. [PMID: 36563384 DOI: 10.1364/ol.478090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Spatial light modulators based on metasurfaces have attracted great attention due to their abilities of amplitude and phase modulation. However, the traditional one degree of freedom (1-DOF) tunable metasurfaces are limited by incomplete phase coverage and coupled amplitude and phase modulation. Here, we propose an optimization method for 2-DOF tunable metasurfaces within the framework of temporal coupled mode theory. As a validation of the proposed method, we present a germanium antimony tellurium (GST)-alloy-based 2-DOF tunable reflective metasurface. Full-wave simulation shows that independent modulation of amplitude and phase is realized with full phase coverage and amplitude range from 0 to 0.55. Our proposed design scheme for a 2-DOF tunable metasurface may facilitate the development of high-performance metasurface devices.
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38
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Xu Y, Ding B, Huang Z, Dai L, Liu P, Li B, Cai W, Cheng HM, Liu B. Deep ultraviolet hydrogel based on 2D cobalt-doped titanate. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:1. [PMID: 36587040 PMCID: PMC9805428 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00991-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Birefringent optical elements that work in deep ultraviolet (DUV) region become increasingly important these years. However, most of the DUV optical elements have fixed birefringence which is hard to be tuned. Here, we invent a birefringence-tunable optical hydrogel with mechano-birefringence effect in the DUV region, based on two-dimensional (2D) low-cobalt-doped titanate. This 2D oxide material has an optical anisotropy factor of 1.5 × 10-11 C2 J-1 m-1, larger than maximum value obtained previously, leading to an extremely large specific magneto-optical Cotton-Mouton coefficient of 3.9 × 106 T-2 m-1. The extremely large coefficient enables the fabrication of birefringent hydrogel in a small magnetic field with an ultra-low concentration of 2D oxide material. The hydrogel can stably and continuously modulate 303 nm DUV light with large phase tunability by varying the strain (compression or stretching) from 0 to 50%. Our work opens the door to design and fabricate new proof-of-concept DUV birefringence-tunable element, as demonstrated by optical hydrogels capable of DUV modulation by mechanical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youan Xu
- Xi'an Research Institute of High Technology, Xi'an, 710025, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Baofu Ding
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality/Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, CAS, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Ziyang Huang
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lixin Dai
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Bing Li
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Xi'an Research Institute of High Technology, Xi'an, 710025, China.
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality/Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, CAS, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Bilu Liu
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Hentschel M, Koshelev K, Sterl F, Both S, Karst J, Shamsafar L, Weiss T, Kivshar Y, Giessen H. Dielectric Mie voids: confining light in air. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:3. [PMID: 36587036 PMCID: PMC9805462 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-01015-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating light on the nanoscale has become a central challenge in metadevices, resonant surfaces, nanoscale optical sensors, and many more, and it is largely based on resonant light confinement in dispersive and lossy metals and dielectrics. Here, we experimentally implement a novel strategy for dielectric nanophotonics: Resonant subwavelength localized confinement of light in air. We demonstrate that voids created in high-index dielectric host materials support localized resonant modes with exceptional optical properties. Due to the confinement in air, the modes do not suffer from the loss and dispersion of the dielectric host medium. We experimentally realize these resonant Mie voids by focused ion beam milling into bulk silicon wafers and experimentally demonstrate resonant light confinement down to the UV spectral range at 265 nm (4.68 eV). Furthermore, we utilize the bright, intense, and naturalistic colours for nanoscale colour printing. Mie voids will thus push the operation of functional high-index metasurfaces into the blue and UV spectral range. The combination of resonant dielectric Mie voids with dielectric nanoparticles will more than double the parameter space for the future design of metasurfaces and other micro- and nanoscale optical elements. In particular, this extension will enable novel antenna and structure designs which benefit from the full access to the modal field inside the void as well as the nearly free choice of the high-index material for novel sensing and active manipulation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Hentschel
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Kirill Koshelev
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Florian Sterl
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Steffen Both
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julian Karst
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lida Shamsafar
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Weiss
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, and NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Yuri Kivshar
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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40
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Sun X, Sun J, Wang Z, Wang L, Qiu F, Wen L. Manipulating Dual Bound States in the Continuum for Efficient Spatial Light Modulator. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9982-9989. [PMID: 36475737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Spatial light modulators (SLMs) that could control diverse optical properties are highly demanded by many optoelectronic systems. Recently, the integration of nonlinear χ(2) materials and metasurfaces has been recognized as a promising strategy for next-generation SLMs. However, their modulation efficiency still encounters challenges due to low quality factor and weak light-matter interaction. Here, we demonstrate an efficient SLM by manipulating the dual bound state in continuum (BIC) with the assistance of a binary-pore anodic alumina oxide template technique. The coexistence of symmetry-protected BIC and Fabry-Pérot BIC is obtained by a desirable sandwich configuration with a BIC metasurface and EO polymer, which efficiently restrain radiative loss and generate a strong quasi-BIC resonance. The assembled SLM with large absorption and Q-factor delivers a modulation depth of 77% and an f3 dB of nearly 100 MHz. This dual BIC metasurface provides potential for applications including switches, LIDAR, augmented and virtual reality, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Sun
- College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future (RCIF), School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Jiacheng Sun
- Research Center for Industries of the Future (RCIF), School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Zichen Wang
- Research Center for Industries of the Future (RCIF), School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Lang Wang
- Research Center for Industries of the Future (RCIF), School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou310018, China
- Taiji Laboratory for Gravitational Wave Universe, Hangzhou, 310018, China
- Key Laboratory of Gravitational Wave Precision Measurement of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Liaoyong Wen
- Research Center for Industries of the Future (RCIF), School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
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41
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Du B, Xu Y, Ding H, Jiang W, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Tunable Light Field Modulations with Chip- and Fiber-Compatible Monolithic Dielectric Metasurfaces. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:69. [PMID: 36615979 PMCID: PMC9823379 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces with a high engineering degree of freedom are promising building blocks for applications in metalenses, beam deflectors, metaholograms, sensing, and many others. Though the fundamental and technological challenges, proposing tunable metasurfaces is still possible. Previous efforts in this field are mainly taken on designing sophisticated structures with active materials introduced. Here, we present a generic kind of monolithic dielectric metasurfaces for tunable light field modulations. Changes in the period number and surrounding refractive index enable discrete and continuous modulations of spatial light fields, respectively. We exemplify this concept in monolithic Lithium Niobate metasurfaces for tunable metalenses and beam deflectors. The utilization of monolithic dielectric materials facilitates the ready integration of the metasurfaces with both chip and optical fiber platforms. This concept is not limited by the availability of active materials or expensive and time-consuming fabrication techniques, which can be applied to any transparent dielectric materials and various optical platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobo Du
- Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices of Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Yunfan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices of Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Huimin Ding
- Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices of Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Weitao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices of Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Yanpeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices of Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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42
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Single-shot 3D imaging with point cloud projection based on metadevice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7842. [PMID: 36543781 PMCID: PMC9772337 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35483-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) imaging is a crucial information acquisition technology for light detection, autonomous vehicles, gesture recognition, machine vision, and other applications. Metasurface, as a subwavelength scale two-dimensional array, offers flexible control of optical wavefront owing to abundant design freedom. Metasurfaces are promising for use as optical devices because they have large field of view and powerful functionality. In this study, we propose a flat optical device based on a single-layer metasurface to project a coded point cloud in the Fourier space and explore a sophisticated matching algorithm to achieve 3D reconstruction, offering a complete technical roadmap for single-shot detection. We experimentally demonstrate that the depth accuracy of our system is smaller than 0.24 mm at a measurement distance of 300 mm, indicating the feasibility of the submillimetre measurement platform. Our method can pave the way for practical applications such as surface shape detection, gesture recognition, and personal authentication.
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43
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Atalar O, Yee S, Safavi-Naeini AH, Arbabian A. Y-Z cut lithium niobate longitudinal piezoelectric resonant photoelastic modulator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:47103-47114. [PMID: 36558647 DOI: 10.1364/oe.476970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The capability to modulate the intensity of an optical beam has scientific and practical significance. In this work, we demonstrate Y-Z cut lithium niobate acousto-optic modulators with record-high modulation efficiency, requiring only 1.5 W/cm2 for 100% modulation at 7 MHz. These modulators use a simple fabrication process; coating the top and bottom surfaces of a thin lithium niobate wafer with transparent electrodes. The fundamental shear acoustic mode of the wafer is excited through the transparent electrodes by applying voltage with frequency corresponding to the resonant frequency of this mode, confining an acoustic standing wave to the electrode region. Polarization of light propagating through this region is modulated at the applied frequency. Polarization modulation is converted to intensity modulation by placing the modulator between polarizers. To showcase an important application space for this modulator, we integrate it with a standard image sensor and demonstrate 4 megapixel time-of-flight imaging.
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44
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Lee KY, Yoon S, Song SH, Yoon JW. Topological beaming of light. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd8349. [PMID: 36490348 PMCID: PMC9733916 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add8349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanophotonic light emitters are key components in numerous application areas because of their compactness and versatility. Here, we propose a topological beam emitter structure that takes advantage of submicrometer footprint size, small divergence angle, high efficiency, and adaptable beam shaping capability. The proposed structure consists of a topological junction of two guided-mode resonance gratings inducing a leaky Jackiw-Rebbi state resonance. The leaky Jackiw-Rebbi state leads to in-plane optical confinement with funnel-like energy flow and enhanced emission probability, resulting in highly efficient optical beam emission. In addition, the structure allows adaptable beam shaping for any desired positive definite profiles by means of Dirac mass distribution control, which can be directly encoded in lattice geometry parameters. Therefore, the proposed approach provides highly desirable properties for efficient micro-light emitters and detectors in various applications including display, solid-state light detection and ranging, laser machining, label-free sensors, optical interconnects, and telecommunications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Young Lee
- Department of Physics, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjin Yoon
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Seok Ho Song
- Department of Physics, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Woong Yoon
- Department of Physics, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, Republic of Korea
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45
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Electro-active metaobjective from metalenses-on-demand. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7183. [PMID: 36418295 PMCID: PMC9684136 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Switchable metasurfaces can actively control the functionality of integrated metadevices with high efficiency and on ultra-small length scales. Such metadevices include active lenses, dynamic diffractive optical elements, or switchable holograms. Especially, for applications in emerging technologies such as AR (augmented reality) and VR (virtual reality) devices, sophisticated metaoptics with unique functionalities are crucially important. In particular, metaoptics which can be switched electrically on or off will allow to change the routing, focusing, or functionality in general of miniaturized optical components on demand. Here, we demonstrate metalenses-on-demand made from metallic polymer plasmonic nanoantennas which are electrically switchable at CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) compatible voltages of ±1 V. The nanoantennas exhibit plasmonic resonances which can be reversibly switched ON and OFF via the applied voltage, utilizing the optical metal-to-insulator transition of the metallic polymer. Ultimately, we realize an electro-active non-volatile multi-functional metaobjective composed of two metalenses, whose unique optical states can be set on demand. Overall, our work opens up the possibility for a new level of electro-optical elements for ultra-compact photonic integration.
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Na S, Kim S, Lee J, Kim Y, Kim H. Design of a three-phase amplitude macro-pixel full-color complex spatial light modulator with an in-cell geometric phase retardation layer. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:5909-5912. [PMID: 37219134 DOI: 10.1364/ol.475087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Complex spatial light modulation, which can simultaneously control the amplitude and phase of light, is an essential optical technology for holographic display. We propose a twisted nematic liquid crystal (TNLC) mode with an in-cell type embedded geometric phase (GP) plate for full-color complex spatial light modulation. The proposed architecture provides an achromatic full-color complex light modulation capability in the far-field plane. The feasibility and working characteristics of the design are validated through numerical simulation.
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Metasurface-driven full-space structured light for three-dimensional imaging. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5920. [PMID: 36216802 PMCID: PMC9550774 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Structured light (SL)-based depth-sensing technology illuminates the objects with an array of dots, and backscattered light is monitored to extract three-dimensional information. Conventionally, diffractive optical elements have been used to form laser dot array, however, the field-of-view (FOV) and diffraction efficiency are limited due to their micron-scale pixel size. Here, we propose a metasurface-enhanced SL-based depth-sensing platform that scatters high-density ~10 K dot array over the 180° FOV by manipulating light at subwavelength-scale. As a proof-of-concept, we place face masks one on the beam axis and the other 50° apart from axis within distance of 1 m and estimate the depth information using a stereo matching algorithm. Furthermore, we demonstrate the replication of the metasurface using the nanoparticle-embedded-resin (nano-PER) imprinting method which enables high-throughput manufacturing of the metasurfaces on any arbitrary substrates. Such a full-space diffractive metasurface may afford ultra-compact depth perception platform for face recognition and automotive robot vision applications. 3D depth sensing with structured light enables simultaneous imaging of multiple objects, but has limited field of view and low efficiency. Here, the authors demonstrate 3D imaging with scattered light from a metasurface composed of periodic supercells, covering a 180° field of view with a high-density dot array.
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Nano-electromechanical spatial light modulator enabled by asymmetric resonant dielectric metasurfaces. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5811. [PMID: 36192401 PMCID: PMC9530114 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33449-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial light modulators (SLMs) play essential roles in various free-space optical technologies, offering spatio-temporal control of amplitude, phase, or polarization of light. Beyond conventional SLMs based on liquid crystals or microelectromechanical systems, active metasurfaces are considered as promising SLM platforms because they could simultaneously provide high-speed and small pixel size. However, the active metasurfaces reported so far have achieved either limited phase modulation or low efficiency. Here, we propose nano-electromechanically tunable asymmetric dielectric metasurfaces as a platform for reflective SLMs. Exploiting the strong asymmetric radiation of perturbed high-order Mie resonances, the metasurfaces experimentally achieve a phase-shift close to 290∘, over 50% reflectivity, and a wavelength-scale pixel size. Electrical control of diffraction patterns is also achieved by displacing the Mie resonators using nano-electro-mechanical forces. This work paves the ways for future exploration of the asymmetric metasurfaces and for their application to the next-generation SLMs. This work experimentally demonstrates nano-electromechanically tunable asymmetric dielectric metasurfaces. The metasurfaces enable large phase tuning, high reflection, a wavelength-scale pixel size, and electrical control of diffraction patterns.
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Metasurface-enhanced light detection and ranging technology. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5724. [PMID: 36175421 PMCID: PMC9523074 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33450-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Deploying advanced imaging solutions to robotic and autonomous systems by mimicking human vision requires simultaneous acquisition of multiple fields of views, named the peripheral and fovea regions. Among 3D computer vision techniques, LiDAR is currently considered at the industrial level for robotic vision. Notwithstanding the efforts on LiDAR integration and optimization, commercially available devices have slow frame rate and low resolution, notably limited by the performance of mechanical or solid-state deflection systems. Metasurfaces are versatile optical components that can distribute the optical power in desired regions of space. Here, we report on an advanced LiDAR technology that leverages from ultrafast low FoV deflectors cascaded with large area metasurfaces to achieve large FoV (150°) and high framerate (kHz) which can provide simultaneous peripheral and central imaging zones. The use of our disruptive LiDAR technology with advanced learning algorithms offers perspectives to improve perception and decision-making process of ADAS and robotic systems.
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Abdelraouf OAM, Wang Z, Liu H, Dong Z, Wang Q, Ye M, Wang XR, Wang QJ, Liu H. Recent Advances in Tunable Metasurfaces: Materials, Design, and Applications. ACS NANO 2022; 16:13339-13369. [PMID: 35976219 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces, a two-dimensional (2D) form of metamaterials constituted by planar meta-atoms, exhibit exotic abilities to tailor electromagnetic (EM) waves freely. Over the past decade, tremendous efforts have been made to develop various active materials and incorporate them into functional devices for practical applications, pushing the research of tunable metasurfaces to the forefront of nanophotonics. Those active materials include phase change materials (PCMs), semiconductors, transparent conducting oxides (TCOs), ferroelectrics, liquid crystals (LCs), atomically thin material, etc., and enable intriguing performances such as fast switching speed, large modulation depth, ultracompactness, and significant contrast of optical properties under external stimuli. Integration of such materials offers substantial tunability to the conventional passive nanophotonic platforms. Tunable metasurfaces with multifunctionalities triggered by various external stimuli bring in rich degrees of freedom in terms of material choices and device designs to dynamically manipulate and control EM waves on demand. This field has recently flourished with the burgeoning development of physics and design methodologies, particularly those assisted by the emerging machine learning (ML) algorithms. This review outlines recent advances in tunable metasurfaces in terms of the active materials and tuning mechanisms, design methodologies, and practical applications. We conclude this review paper by providing future perspectives in this vibrant and fast-growing research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A M Abdelraouf
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Hailong Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Zhaogang Dong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Qian Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Ming Ye
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiao Renshaw Wang
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Qi Jie Wang
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
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