Consensus on the key characteristics of endocrine-disrupting chemicals as a basis for hazard identification

Efficient enrichment and sensitive determination of endocrine disruptors in PPCPs by novel magnetic covalent organic framework extraction coupled with HPLC-MS/MS

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are a growing class of pollutants commonly found in environmental matrices due to their extensive use in pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). In this study, a novel magnetic covalent organic framework (COF), Fe3O4-COOH@TFP-BHBD, was successfully synthesized and utilized as an adsorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of EDCs from PPCPs. The core-shell structured adsorbent demonstrated a high specific surface area, strong magnetic responsiveness and excellent stability. A COF-MSPE-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (COF-MSPE-HPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the quantitative analysis of EDCs in PPCPs. Under the optimized condition, the detection and quantification limits of this method reached as low as 0.001-0.007 ng/mL and 0.004-0.025 ng/mL, respectively. This method was validated and proven capable to analyze real PPCP samples, while the spiked recovery rates in ranged from 85.62 to 107.83 % with RSD of 2.28-8.58 %. Moreover, the adsorption mechanism was investigated using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The DFT results revealed that the efficient enrichment capacity of Fe3O4-COOH@TFP-BHBD for EDCs can be attributed to π-π interactions and hydrogen bondings. This proposed method provides excellent adsorption ability and sensitivity for the extraction and precise detection of EDCs in PPCPs.

A fluorescence biosensor with a dual-function DNA probe targeting the activated estrogen receptor for estrogenic activity evaluation

Rapid screening and evaluation of endocrine disruption chemicals including environmental estrogens (EEs) is crucial for environmental safety and public health. Conventional methods such as animal tests and cell assays are costly, time consuming, and hardly reproducible. In this work, a fluorescence biosensor mimicking the molecular interactions in the estrogen receptor (ER) signaling pathway was developed for the rapid evaluation of estrogenic activity of environmental chemicals. The key element of the biosensor is a dual-function DNA probe composed of an ER binding sequence and a dye-binding sequence. The ER binding sequence is part of the estrogen response element in the ER signaling pathway and used to bind the activated ER. The dye-binding sequence consists of six thymine bases which the OliGreen fluorescent dye binds to selectively and thus labels non-covalently. In the presence of an estrogenic chemical, ER is activated and then complexed with the DNA, leading to a reduction in the fluorescence anisotropy of OliGreen. Detection of estradiol produced a dose-response curve with an EC50 of 3 nM and lower limit of 0.5 nM, whereas a known ER antagonist did not show any response. Five emerging contaminants including resorcinol bis(diphenyl) phosphate (RDP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), perfluoro-nonenoxybenzene sulfonate (OBS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were evaluated by the biosensor, and the results were consistent with those of the cell assays. Detection of RDP, TPHP and OBS in spiked river water samples resulted in recovery rates of 103%, 93%, and 98%, respectively. The biosensor detection is significantly faster, more robust and easier to carry out than the cell assays, and may provide a new high throughput technique for the screening of estrogenic chemicals and environmental contaminants.

Immunotoxicity of thyroid hormone system disrupting compounds in fish

Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are among the most studied environmental pollutants in the field of (eco)toxicology, and different fish species are commonly used as model organisms, especially for studying reprotoxic effects. Despite the scientific and regulatory importance of EDCs, little attention has been given to their immunotoxic effects in fish. Basic knowledge and test systems for immune-related outcomes in fish are limited. For example, while the impact of estrogenic EDCs on the fish immune system has raised some attention in the last decade, thyroid hormone system disrupting compounds (THSDCs) and their impact on the fish immune system are less well studied. Thus, this literature review is aimed at describing the immunomodulatory roles of thyroid hormones (THs), as well as summarizing the existing research on the immunotoxicity of THSDCs in fish. A simplified potential adverse outcome pathway (AOP) was created, explaining the key events between THSD and lowered survival of fish experiencing pathogen infections along with chemical exposure. This AOP demonstrates that THSDCs can alter immune system functioning on a molecular, cellular, and organism level and, therefore, lead to reduced survival by lowering pathogen resistance of fish. However, available data were mainly limited to molecular analyses of immune-related biomarkers and included only few studies that conducted experiments demonstrating immunotoxic effects at organism level that can inform about population-relevant outcomes. Our putatively developed and simplified AOP can support the incorporation of immune-related endpoints in EDC testing guidelines and aid the development of risk assessments for THSDCs for human and environmental health.

Prioritizing endocrine-disrupting chemicals targeting systemic lupus erythematosus genes via Mendelian randomization and colocalization analyses

BACKGROUND

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease, with both genetic and environmental influences contributing to its development. Among environmental factors, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), present in plastics, pesticides, and personal care products, have been implicated in immune disruption. This study investigated the interactions between EDCs and SLE-associated genes to elucidate their role in SLE susceptibility.

METHODS

We employed Mendelian randomization (MR) and colocalization analyses to explore genetic predispositions and environmental interactions in SLE. Cis-expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTL) data were obtained from the eQTLGen Consortium, and genome-wide association study (GWAS) data for SLE were acquired from the IEU Open GWAS database. MR analysis was performed to establish causal links between gene expression and SLE, and colocalization analysis was used to validate these associations.

RESULTS

Our analysis identified 18 genes causally associated with SLE. Among them, five genes (CDCA7, HOXA1, LRRC37A4P, HOXA5, and DND1P1) showed strong evidence of colocalization with SLE. Further, 28 EDCs, including bisphenol A, bisphenol S, and endosulfan, were found to interact with these key genes, potentially influencing immune function and exacerbating the genetic susceptibility to SLE.

CONCLUSIONS

This study highlights the complex interactions between EDCs and genetic predisposition in SLE. The findings provide valuable insights into how environmental exposures, particularly EDCs, may contribute to the development and progression of autoimmune diseases like SLE. These results suggest potential targets for future therapeutic interventions and underscore the need for further research on gene-environment interactions in SLE.

Consensus on the key characteristics of metabolism disruptors

Metabolism-disrupting agents (MDAs) are chemical, infectious or physical agents that increase the risk of metabolic disorders. Examples include pharmaceuticals, such as antidepressants, and environmental agents, such as bisphenol A. Various types of studies can provide evidence to identify MDAs, yet a systematic method is needed to integrate these data to help to identify such hazards. Inspired by work to improve hazard identification of carcinogens using key characteristics (KCs), we developed 12 KCs of MDAs based on our knowledge of processes underlying metabolic diseases and the effects of their causal agents: (1) alters function of the endocrine pancreas; (2) impairs function of adipose tissue; (3) alters nervous system control of metabolic function; (4) promotes insulin resistance; (5) disrupts metabolic signalling pathways; (6) alters development and fate of metabolic cell types; (7) alters energy homeostasis; (8) causes inappropriate nutrient handling and partitioning; (9) promotes chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation in metabolic tissues; (10) disrupts gastrointestinal tract function; (11) induces cellular stress pathways; and (12) disrupts circadian rhythms. In this Consensus Statement, we present the logic that revealed the KCs of MDAs and highlight evidence that supports the identification of KCs. We use chemical, infectious and physical agents as examples to illustrate how the KCs can be used to organize and use mechanistic data to help to identify MDAs.

Mechanism-Driven Design of Isothiazolinone Alternatives

The extensive application of isothiazolinones has led to widespread pollution and poses a threat to ecological health, creating a need for the development of green alternatives. With the objective of devising chemical design strategies, we initially explored the structure-activity relationship (SAR) and structure-toxicity relationship (STR) of isothiazolinones. By comparing the antimicrobial activities of commercial isothiazolinone analogues, chlorine substitutions were identified as key determinants of pathogen growth inhibition potency. The variability of reproductive endocrine-disrupting toxicity was primarily driven by the length of the alkyl carbon chain, based on interactions with molecular initiating events and disturbances in sex hormones. Inspired by the SAR and STR guidelines, two new isothiazolinones (i.e., Target 1 and Target 2) were designed and synthesized. Compared to the commercial analogue dichloro-octylisothiazolinone, Target 1, which has a shorter alkyl chain and the same chlorine count, demonstrated slightly stronger antimicrobial activity, significantly lower endocrine-disrupting toxicity, and longer environmental persistence. Meanwhile, Target 2, containing ether bonds within a shorter alkyl chain and the same chlorine count, exhibited weaker antimicrobial activity, significantly lower endocrine-disrupting toxicity, and slightly longer environmental persistence. Overall, this study proposes a mechanism-driven design strategy for isothiazolinone alternatives that successfully reduces endocrine toxicity while maintaining antimicrobial activity.

Toxic Alerts of Endocrine Disruption Revealed by Explainable Artificial Intelligence

The local interpretable model-agnostic explanation method was used to unveil substructures (toxic alerts) that cause endocrine disruption in chemical compounds using machine learning models. The random forest classifier was applied to build explainable models with the TOX21 data sets after data curation. Using these models applied to the EDC and EDKB-FDA data sets, the substructures that cause endocrine disruption in chemical compounds were unveiled, providing stable, more specific, and consistent explanations, which are essential for trust and acceptance of the findings, mainly due to the difficulty of finding relevant experimental evidence for different receptors (androgen, estrogen, aryl hydrocarbon, aromatase, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors). This approach is significant because of its contribution to the interpretability of explainable machine learning algorithms, particularly in the context of unveiling substructures associated with endocrine disruption in five targets (androgen receptor, estrogen receptor, aryl hydrocarbon receptors, aromatase receptors, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors), thereby advancing the relevant field of environmental toxicology, where a careful evaluation of the potential risks of exposure to new compounds is needed. The specific substructures thiophosphate, sulfamate, anilide, carbamate, sulfamide, and thiocyanate are presented as toxic alerts that cause endocrine disruption to better understand their potential risks and adverse effects on human health and the environment.

Environmental Pollutants, Occupational Exposures, and Liver Disease

Environmental pollutants significantly impact liver disease development, progression, and outcomes. This review examines the complex relationship between environmental exposures and liver pathology, from malignant conditions like hepatocellular carcinoma to steatotic and cholestatic liver diseases. Key environmental factors include air pollutants, volatile organic compounds, persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. These compounds can act through multiple mechanisms, including endocrine disruption, metabolic perturbation, oxidative stress, and direct hepatotoxicity. The impact of these exposures is often modified by factors such as sex, diet, and genetic predisposition. Recent research has revealed that even low-level exposures to certain chemicals can significantly affect liver health, particularly when combined with other risk factors. The emergence of exposomics as a research tool promises to enhance our understanding of how environmental factors influence liver disease. Importantly, exposure effects can vary by demographic and socioeconomic factors, highlighting environmental justice concerns. Implementation of this knowledge in clinical practice requires new diagnostic approaches, healthcare system adaptations, and increased awareness among medical professionals. In conclusion, this review provides a comprehensive examination of current evidence linking environmental exposures to liver disease and discusses implications for clinical practice and public health policy.

Visible-light photocatalytic oxygen activation by oxygen vacancies-rich BiOI for enhanced removal of bisphenol A in water

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a persistent endocrine disruptor that poses high ecological and healthy risks. Photocatalytic oxygen (O2) activation has emerged as a promising technology for water decontamination, but its efficiency is often hindered by sluggish interfacial electron transfer between photocatalysts and O2 molecules. In this study, a Zn/S co-doping defect engineering strategy was developed to introduce oxygen vacancies (OVs) into BiOI for enhancing visible-light photocatalytic O2 activation and BPA removal. The OVs-rich BiOI with sub-band near the conduction band provided electron and reactant trapping sites that facilitated spatial separation of photogenerated electrons (e-) and holes (h+). The localized electrons at OVs reduced O2 via single-electron transfer to generate superoxide radicals (•O2-), which were further oxidized to singlet oxygen (1O2) by h+. Synergistic oxidation of 1O2 and h+ significantly enhanced BPA degradation, achieving approximately 90 % removal within 120 min. The reaction rate constant (0.01829 min-1) was nearly double that of pure BiOI (0.00948 min-1). Furthermore, the OVs-rich BiOI catalyst demonstrated excellent stability and reusability, maintaining >90 % BPA removal efficiency after five cycles of test. This study offers a new strategy for developing visible-light photocatalyst to remove recalcitrant emerging organic contaminants in water.

Novel Approach to Screen Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals via Endocrine-Enhanced Reduced Human Transcriptome

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can interfere with multiple pathways and trigger different modes of action. Thus, the traditional EDC in vitro screening processes often require a battery of bioassays to cover multiple target pathways. Here we developed an endocrine-enhanced reduced human transcriptome (ERHT) focused on hormone receptor signaling induced by the EDCs regulating specific genes. ERHT was developed based on 1200 prioritized genes covering 110 endocrine-related biological pathways across eight potential adverse outcomes. The ability of this approach to identify EDCs was derived from machine learning of 1068 dose-dependent transcriptome profiles and enhanced by quantifying chemical-induced critical pathway responses, and thus, it demonstrated excellent classification performance (AUC = 0.84 ± 0.03) in internal cross-validation. We ultimately applied this approach to known EDCs and inactive substances to validate the reliability of this approach. Through external validation on 210 chemicals, the extrapolation accuracy exceeded 80%, demonstrating the outstanding practical performance of this approach. Meanwhile, the pathway responses induced by the same chemical were consistent with the experimental results reported by multiple sequencing platforms, highlighting the robustness of this approach. The above results demonstrate that this approach can provide novel insights for EDCs' high-throughput screening and comprehensive toxic mechanisms through biological pathways.

Mitigating the environmental effects of healthcare: the role of the endocrinologist

Human health depends on planetary health, and yet healthcare provision can have unintended consequences for the health of the planet. Emissions from the healthcare sector include greenhouse gases, air pollution and plastic pollution, alongside chemical contamination. Chemical pollution resulting in endocrine disruption has been associated with plastics, which are a source of concerning additives such as phthalates, bisphenols, perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, and flame retardants (all routinely found in healthcare products). Many endocrine-disrupting chemicals are persistent and ubiquitous in the environment (including water and food sources), with potential secondary harms for human health, including disrupting reproductive, metabolic and thyroid function. Here we review evidence-based strategies for mitigating environmental effects of healthcare delivery. We focus on what endocrinologists can do, including reducing demand for healthcare services through better preventative health, focusing on high-value care and improving sustainability of medical equipment and pharmaceuticals through adopting circular economy principles (including reduce, reuse and, as a last resort, recycle). The specific issue of endocrine-disrupting chemicals might be mitigated through responsible disposal and processing, alongside advocating for the use of alternative materials and replacing additive chemicals with those that have lower toxicity profiles, as well as tighter regulations. We must work to urgently transition to sustainable models of care provision, minimizing negative effects on human and planetary health.

Occurrence, Removal, and Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment of 18 Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Wastewater Treatment Plants in Nanjing, China

This study analyzed the characteristics of 18 endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) detected in four wastewater treatment plants in Nanjing, China. The removal efficiency, ecological and health risks of EDCs were evaluated. The results showed that EDCs were detected to different degrees, with prednisone as the main contributor, and the total concentrations of EDCs ranged from 532.89 to 8535.88 ng/L and 14.98 to 128.91 ng/L, respectively. Most of the EDCs were significantly decreased after secondary treatment, with removal efficiencies ranging from 9.7% to 100%. The ecological risk assessment showed that trenbolone and norethindrone had the highest risk quotients and posed a high risk to aquatic organisms. The health risk evaluation suggested that the health risk values in the cases of adult drinking water route, children's drinking water route, and adult exposure route were all less than 1, indicating that EDCs did not pose significant non-carcinogenic health hazards to humans.

Multidisciplinary assessment of the impact of assisted reproductive techniques on pregnancy and long-term outcomes of mother and child: Foundation of the LE-REP (Leipzig Reproductive Health) Center

About 8-10 % of all people of reproductive age are unable to conceive children. In recent years, an increased number of consultations for fertility treatments has been observed with a continuing positive trend. It is known that infertility itself and assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) are frequently associated with recurrent miscarriages, pregnancy complications or psychosocial problems. In parallel, metabolic and vascular diseases and obesity are becoming a growing issue, even among the younger population, and are affecting fertility and pregnancy outcomes of mother and child. Possible interactions between these conditions and the underlying mechanisms are not well understood hitherto. Furthermore, reproductive outcomes are increasingly challenged by the potential effects of environmental pollution on key reproductive processes, including oocyte maturation and atresia, sperm quality, implantation as well as their role in recurrent miscarriages. The Leipzig reproductive health (LE-REP) project is aimed at investigating the interplay between ARTs and the aforementioned reproductive challenges, including different aspects of fertility problems, early and late pregnancy as well as long-term effects on mothers and their children born via fertility treatment. This multidisciplinary initiative is expected to provide a deep understanding of underlying mechanisms, providing a framework for future preventive strategies improving reproductive health. Finally, LE-REP aims to establish a high-level university fertility center of excellence, combining advanced clinical care, cutting-edge research and education to train future reproductive medicine specialists.

Endocrine disruptor identification and multitoxicity level assessment of organic chemicals: An example of multiple machine learning models

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) pollution is a major global environmental issue. Assessing the multiple toxic effects of EDCs is key to managing their risks. This study successfully developed an EDCs classification and recognition model based on recursive feature elimination and random forest coupling, which passed external validation. Furthermore, the study classified the hormonal effects of EDCs and elucidated their hormonal roles. Molecular dynamics simulations were employed to investigate the toxicity of EDCs, and a regression model for such toxicity was developed using neural networks. A multi-toxicity regression model for EDCs was also developed using the XGBoost algorithm. This model can evaluate carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, and potential developmental toxicity of EDCs. The Spearman and Kendall correlation coefficient methods were used to assess the relations between toxicities. This study combines data filtering with model optimisation to ensure the use of efficient and concise methods. This allows for a comprehensive assessment of EDCs toxicity. It also helps analyse the link between EDCs molecular structure and their toxic effects, providing ideas for designing new chemicals. However, the model exhibits high complexity, and some processes are difficult to fully explain.

Hidden link between endocrine-disrupting chemicals and pediatric obesity

The increasing prevalence of pediatric obesity has emerged as a significant public health concern. Among various contributing factors, exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has gained recognition for its potential role. EDCs, including bisphenols, phthalates, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and organochlorines, disrupt hormonal regulation and metabolic processes, contributing to alterations in fat storage, appetite regulation, and insulin sensitivity. This study offers a comprehensive review of the current research linking EDC exposure to pediatric obesity by integrating the findings from experimental and epidemiological studies. It also addresses the complexities of interpreting this evidence in the context of public health, highlighting the urgent need for further research.

The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis is disrupted by exposure to a mix of tributyltin and bisphenol S

Tributyltin is a biocide and bisphenol S is a plasticizer. The effects of the TBT + BPS mix on thyroid axis function are unknown. This study evaluated the effects of subacute exposure to TBT and BPS, both in mix and alone, in female young Wistar rats. Thyroid morphophysiology, gene expression, oxidative stress and collagen deposition were evaluated. TBT and BPS exposure resulted in a decrease in thyroid hormone levels, whereas TBT alone resulted in a decrease in TSH levels. The TBT + BPS group exhibited an increase in T4 levels, a decrease in T3 levels, a decrease in TPO activity, and an increase in TSHr mRNA expression. Deiodinase 1 (D1) and 2 (D2) were increased in the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis (except for D2 in the pituitary gland) and in the liver of the TBT + BPS group, beside increases in the pituitary TRHr and thyroid ER mRNAs. The thyroid morphology of the TBT + BPS group revealed significant expansion of both the thyroid follicle and its surrounding tissue. In contrast, the TBT and BPS groups displayed numerous thyroid follicles undergoing fusion, a decrease in epithelial height and the epithelial/colloid ratio. The BPS group was the only group that exhibited increased collagen deposition. The TBT + BPS group demonstrated significant increases in the transcript levels of nrf2 and keap1. In all groups, the number of thiol groups decreased. There was an increase in SOD activity in the TBT + BPS group. Overall, subacute exposure to a mix deregulates the HPT axis, which correspondingly affects gene expression and causes enzymatic and morphological changes in the thyroid gland.

Perceptions and awareness of endocrine disruptors among mothers in Serbia and health implications

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals are significant contributors to various detrimental conditions, mechanistically disrupting the endocrine system and causing adverse health effects. Mounting evidence suggests they can induce multigenerational and transgenerational effects, yet awareness among individuals remain insufficient. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and ways of informing mothers in Serbia about endocrine disruptors based on information from 190 women in Serbia. The research was conducted using a survey consisting of multiple-choice questions comprising: the first part aimed to collect sociodemographic data, the second part related to knowledge and attitudes about endocrine disruptors, and the third part focused on the sources of information about endocrine disruptors. Cronbach's alpha was used to check for scale reliability, and Pearson correlation was used to test the relations between interval variables. ANOVA was employed to test for group differences. The results indicated that mothers in Serbia do not have adequate knowledge about endocrine disruptors (potential sources, categories of substances and alternatives) nor confidence in their ability to mitigate exposure to endocrine disruptors. Also, the estimation of the health risks of exposure to endocrine disruptors was perceived as high, and the mothers thought that they should get additional information about endocrine disruptors before pregnancy. Although with several limitations (i.e. mothers were recruited among those with higher education and mainly from urban areas), the study results highlight the necessity for enhanced maternal education in Serbia regarding endocrine disruptors. Health professionals are deemed most suitable for providing this education, given the respondents' high level of trust in them.

Environmental contamination by bisphenols: From plastic production to modulation of the intestinal morphophysiology in experimental models

Bisphenols are frequently found in a range of plastic products and have been associated with the development of diseases such as diabetes mellitus type 2 and obesity. These compounds are known as endocrine disruptors and have led to restrictions on their use due to their presence in the environment and their association with non-communicable chronic diseases. The gastrointestinal tract, being the primary site of food and water absorption, is particularly vulnerable to the effects of bisphenols. For this reason, a review of studies showing associations between bisphenols exposure and adverse effects in the gut microbiota, morphology tissue, gut permeability, and on the enteric nervous system was carried out. We have included perinatal studies and in different adult experimental models. The effects of bisphenol exposure on the gut microbiota are complex and varied. Bisphenol exposure generally leads to a decrease in microbial diversity and may impact the integrity of the intestinal barrier, resulting in elevated levels of inflammation, changes in morphological and metabolic characteristics of the gut, modifications in tight junction expression, and changes in goblet cell expression. In addition, bisphenol exposure in the perinatal phase can lead to important intestinal changes, including increased colonic inflammation and decreased colonic paracellular permeability.

Reduction of Prostate Cancer Risk: Role of Frequent Ejaculation-Associated Mechanisms

Prostate cancer (PCa) accounts for roughly 15% of diagnosed cancers among men, with disease incidence increasing worldwide. Age, family history and ethnicity, diet, physical activity, and chemoprevention all play a role in reducing PCa risk. The prostate is an exocrine gland that is characterized by its multi-functionality, being involved in reproductive aspects such as male ejaculation and orgasmic ecstasy, as well as playing key roles in the regulation of local and systemic concentrations of 5α-dihydrotestosterone. The increase in androgen receptors at the ventral prostate is the first elevated response induced by copulation. The regulation of prostate growth and function is mediated by an androgen-dependent mechanism. Binding 5-DHT to androgen receptors (AR) results in the formation of a 5α-DHT:AR complex. The interaction of the 5α-DHT:AR complex with the specific DNA enhancer element of androgen-regulated genes leads to the regulation of androgen-specific target genes to maintain prostate homeostasis. Consequently, ejaculation may play a significant role in the reduction of PCa risk. Thus, frequent ejaculation in the absence of risky sexual behavior is a possible approach for the prevention of PCa. In this review, we provide an insight into possible mechanisms regulating the impact of frequent ejaculation on reducing PCa risk.

Advanced detection of bisphenol A in plastic water bottles using liquid-liquid phase extraction and LC-MS

The release of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can harm humans and wildlife. It is therefore important to monitor bisphenol A (BPA) consumption, an endocrine disruptor commonly found in water from plastic products, and detect BPA at low concentrations for accurate health risk assessments. We present a method for estimating BPA levels in plastic-bottled products that is highly sensitive, precise, and effective. BPA analysis was performed using advanced liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS), with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) on a state-of-the-art Orbitrap mass spectrometry system using negative ionization techniques. To assess the quality of Indian brands of water, we used LC-MS to obtain balanced hydrophilic-lipophilic extracts. Brand water samples showed efficiently separated BPA in 2.35 minutes, with other sources typically taking between 5 and 8 minutes. BPA concentrations, measured within a range of 10 ng mL-1 to 1 pg mL-1 with a lower detection limit (LOD) of 0.037 ng mL-1, were characterized by dynamic linear ranges and corresponding linear equations for each compound. We also evaluated the reproducibility and sensitivity of the detection of BPA in different water samples, including mineral, river, and tap water, with low levels of BPA found in Indian river water (below 4.54 ng mL-1). Thus, this study explored alternatives to solid phase extraction (SPE) for screening BPA analogs in water samples, and real samples from an Indian supermarket revealed BPA in plastic bottles at concentrations comparable to those described in Europe, the United States, Korea, Japan, and China.

Covalent organic frameworks with nitrogen-rich triazine units and suitable pore size for highly efficient adsorption and sensitive detection of bisphenols in water

Herein, using 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol (Tp) and 4,4',4″-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl) tris(1,1'-biphenyl) trianiline (Ttba) as ligands, nitrogen-rich triazine unit-based covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with a suitable pore size, named TpTtba-COFs, were synthesized, and they were employed as adsorbents for the extraction and detection of three bisphenols (BPs)-BP A (BPA), BP B (BPB), and BP S (BPS)-in water. Using 2,4,6-tris(4-aminophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine (Tapt) and 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene (Tapb) ligands as substitutes for Ttba, nitrogen-rich triazine unit-based COFs with a smaller pore size and nitrogen-poor triazine unit-based COFs, named TpTapt-COFs and TpTapb-COFs, respectively, were also prepared for comparison. The adsorption performances of the three COF adsorbents with regard to the three BPs were tested. Owing to nitrogen-rich triazine units and a pore size suitable for BP adsorption, the maximum adsorption capacities of TpTtba-COFs for BPA, BPB, and BPS were 1.13, 1.33, and 1.37 times those of TpTapt-COFs and 2.10, 2.27, and 1.92 times those of TpTapb-COFs, respectively. The adsorption behavior and possible adsorption mechanism of the BPs on the TpTtba-COFs were also investigated. In addition, a TpTtba-COF-based dispersive solid-phase extraction-high-performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet method exhibited an excellent linear range (1-800 ng/mL) and satisfactory limit of detection values (0.20-0.32 ng/mL) for the three BPs. The spiked recoveries of the three BPs in river and lake water ranged within 81.9%-101.9% and 82.8%-100.8%, respectively. Overall, this study offers valuable insights into the rational design of adsorbents for adsorption and sensitive detection of BPs in environmental water.

An ultrasensitive ECL immunosensor with a dual signal amplification strategy using AuNPs@GO@SmMoSe2 and Gd2(MoO4)3 for estriol detection

BACKGROUND

Estriol (E3) is a common estrogen responsible for regulating the female reproductive system, but excessive amount can pose health risks to humans and wild life. Therefore, sensitive and accurate detection of estriol level is crucial. A novel competitive ECL immunosensor based on a dual signal amplification strategy of AuNPs@GO@SmMoSe2 and Gd2(MoO4)3 was fabricated for ultrasensitive detection of estriol. Graphene oxide (GO) increased the electric conductivity and surface area of SmMoSe2 and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) improved the electrochemical active sites of GO@SmMoSe2. In order to further amplify the ECL signals, Gd2(MoO4)3 with excellent electron transfer capability were used for binding E3-antigen (Ag). Then, Gd2(MoO4)3-Ag/BSA competed with Standard E3 for limited number of antibodies to construct a competitive ECL immunosensor.

RESULTS

Under optimized condition, the proposed competitive ECL immunosensor was used to detect various concentrations of Standard E3 samples. In addition, the proposed ECL immunosensor showed the high sensitivity for E3 detection in range between 0.001 and 500 ng/mL with the detection limit of 0.0073 ng/mL (S/N = 3). The wider linear range and lower detection limits of the proposed ECL immunosensor might be attributed to outstanding ECL properties of AuNPs@GO@SmMoSe2 and Gd2(MoO4)3 nanosheets. Furthermore, the proposed competitive ECL immunosensor was also compared with various detection methods. Based on above, the fabricated ECL immunosensor was employed for real sample analysis with acceptable RSD values and recoveries.

SIGNIFICANCE

A dual signal amplification strategy enhanced the potential of the well-prepared ECL immunosensor for detecting E3 samples in the real environment. Thereby, the successfully fabricated competitive ECL immunosensor with excellent electrochemical properties, long term storage stability, and high sensitivity and selectivity validated its potential application for environmental monitoring and analysis.

Bisphenol A and DDT disrupt adipocyte function in the mammary gland: implications for breast cancer risk and progression

As breast cancer incidence continues to rise worldwide, there is a pressing need to understand the environmental factors that contribute to its development. Obesogens, including Bisphenol A (BPA) and Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), are highly prevalent in the environment, and have been associated with obesity and metabolic dysregulation. BPA and DDT, known to disrupt hormone signaling in breast epithelial cells, also promote adipogenesis, lipogenesis, and adipokine secretion in adipose tissue, directly contributing to the pathogenesis of obesity. While the adipose-rich mammary gland may be particularly vulnerable to environmental obesogens, there is a scarcity of research investigating obesogen-mediated changes in adipocytes that drive oncogenic transformation of breast epithelial cells. Here, we review the preclinical and clinical evidence linking BPA and DDT to impaired mammary gland development and breast cancer risk. We discuss how the obesogen-driven mechanisms that contribute to obesity, including changes in adipogenesis, lipogenesis, and adipokine secretion, could provide a pro-inflammatory, nutrient-rich environment that promotes activation of oncogenic pathways in breast epithelial cells. Understanding the role of obesogens in breast cancer risk and progression is essential for informing public health guidelines aimed at minimizing obesogen exposure, to ultimately reduce breast cancer incidence and improve outcomes for women.

Quantification of Pesticides and In Vitro Effects of Water-Soluble Fractions of Agricultural Soils in South Africa

Although agrochemicals protect crops and reduce losses, these chemicals can migrate to non-target environments via run-off and leaching following irrigation or heavy rainfall, where non-target organisms can be exposed to a mixture of water-soluble compounds. This study investigated whether the water-soluble fractions of selected agricultural soils from South Africa contain quantifiable concentrations of four commonly used pesticides, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), atrazine, dicamba and imidacloprid, and whether the aqueous extracts induce effects in vitro. Effects investigated included cytotoxicity using the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] cell viability assay; xenobiotic metabolism using the H4IIE-luc rat hepatoma cell line; and (anti-)androgenic and (anti-)oestrogenic effects were screened for with the human breast carcinoma cell lines MDA-kb2 and T47D-KBluc, respectively. Oxidative stress responses were measured in H4IIE-luc and human duodenum adenocarcinoma (HuTu-80) cells. All extracts of soil induced oxidative stress, while several samples caused moderate to severe cytotoxicity and/or anti-androgenic effects. The herbicide atrazine had the greatest frequency of detection (89%), followed by dicamba (84%), 2,4-D (74%) and imidacloprid (32%). Concentrations of atrazine [2.0 × 10-1 to 2.1 × 102 ng/g, dry mass (dm)] and the neonicotinoid insecticide, imidacloprid (2.0 × 101 to 9.7 × 101 ng/g, dm), exceeded international soil quality guidelines. Overall, there was no observable trend between the biological effects and pesticides quantified. Nonetheless, the findings of this study show that agricultural soils in South Africa can elicit effects in vitro and contain quantifiable concentrations of polar pesticides. These agrochemicals might pose risks to the health of humans and the environment, but more assessment is necessary to quantify such potential effects.

Effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals, blood metabolome, and epigenetics on breast cancer risk: A multi-dimensional mendelian randomization study

Current research on the relationship between environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and breast cancer remains insufficient, with limited evidence and inconsistent conclusions. Mendelian randomization (MR) is a robust method for establishing causality, as it reduces biases from confounding factors and reverse causation. This study uses MR to investigate the effects of three types of EDCs, including bisphenols, parabens, and phthalates, on the risk of overall breast cancer and its subtypes-Luminal A, Luminal B, triple negative, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-enriched, and estrogen receptor-positive/negative. The study also examines the 1400 blood metabolome as potential mediators and explores EDCs-associated DNA methylation changes as potential factors, with a focus on European populations. Our results shows that n-butyl paraben (n-BuP) is positively associated with Luminal A, mono-methyl phthalate is negatively associated with Luminal B, and mono-iso-butyl phthalate (MiBP) is positively associated with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Mediation analysis reveals that blood metabolites, such as caffeic acid sulfate and the caffeine-to-paraxanthine ratio, mediate the effect of n-BuP on Luminal A, while methylsuccinate mediate the effect of MiBP on TNBC. Epigenetic analysis shows associations between EDCs exposure-related DNA methylation changes at specific CpG sites (cg26325335, cg08537847, cg27454300) and different breast cancer risks. These findings not only suggest potential biomarkers for early detection and intervention but also underscore the imperative for further research to rigorously validate these associations.

Bisphenol A induces sex-dependent alterations in the neuroendocrine response of Djungarian hamsters to photoperiod

In nature, species synchronize reproduction and energy metabolism with seasons to optimize survival and growth. This study investigates the effect of oral exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) on phenotypic and neuroendocrine seasonal adaptations in the Djungarian hamster, which in contrast to conventional laboratory rodents, is a well-recognized seasonal model. Adult female and male hamsters were orally exposed to BPA (5, 50, or 500 μg/kg/d) or vehicle during a 10-week transition from a long (LP) to short (SP) photoperiod (winter transition) or vice versa (summer transition). Changes in body weight, food intake, and pelage color were monitored weekly and, at the end of the exposure, expression of hypophysio-hypothalamic markers of photoperiodic (TSHβ, deiodinases), reproductive (Rfrp, kisspeptin) and metabolic (somatostatin, Pomc) integration, reproductive organ activity, and glycemia were assessed. Our results revealed sex-specific effects of BPA on acquiring SP and LP phenotypes. During LP to SP transition, females exposed to 500 μg/kg/d BPA exhibited delayed body weight loss and reduced feed efficiency associated with a lower expression of somatostatin, while males exposed to 5 μg/kg/d BPA showed an accelerated acquisition of SP-induced metabolic parameters. During SP to LP transition, females exposed to 5 μg/kg/d BPA displayed a faster LP adaptation in reproductive and metabolic parameters, along with kisspeptin downregulation occurring 5 weeks earlier and Pomc upregulation delayed for up to 10 weeks. In males, BPA exposure led to decreased expression of central photoperiodic integrators, with no effect on the acquisition of the LP phenotype. This pioneering study investigating EDCs' effects on mammalian seasonal physiology shows that BPA alters the dynamics of metabolic adaptation to both SP and LP transitions with marked sex dimorphism, causing temporal discordance in seasonal adaptation between males and females. These findings emphasize the importance of investigating EDCs' effects on non-conventional animal models, providing insights into wildlife physiology.

Soil and water pollution and cardiovascular disease

Healthy, uncontaminated soils and clean water support all life on Earth and are essential for human health. Chemical pollution of soil, water, air and food is a major environmental threat, leading to an estimated 9 million premature deaths worldwide. The Global Burden of Disease study estimated that pollution was responsible for 5.5 million deaths related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) in 2019. Robust evidence has linked multiple pollutants, including heavy metals, pesticides, dioxins and toxic synthetic chemicals, with increased risk of CVD, and some reports suggest an association between microplastic and nanoplastic particles and CVD. Pollutants in soil diminish its capacity to produce food, leading to crop impurities, malnutrition and disease, and they can seep into rivers, worsening water pollution. Deforestation, wildfires and climate change exacerbate pollution by triggering soil erosion and releasing sequestered pollutants into the air and water. Despite their varied chemical makeup, pollutants induce CVD through common pathophysiological mechanisms involving oxidative stress and inflammation. In this Review, we provide an overview of the relationship between soil and water pollution and human health and pathology, and discuss the prevalence of soil and water pollutants and how they contribute to adverse health effects, focusing on CVD.

Global metabolomic alterations associated with endocrine-disrupting chemicals among pregnant individuals and newborns

BACKGROUND

Gestational exposure to non-persistent endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may be associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. While many EDCs affect the endocrine system, their effects on endocrine-related metabolic pathways remain unclear. This study aims to explore the global metabolome changes associated with EDC biomarkers at delivery.

METHODS

This study included 75 pregnant individuals who delivered at the University of Cincinnati Hospital from 2014 to 2017. We measured maternal urinary biomarkers of paraben/phenol (12), phthalate (13), and phthalate replacements (4) from the samples collected during the delivery visit. Global serum metabolome profiles were analyzed from maternal blood (n = 72) and newborn (n = 63) cord blood samples collected at delivery. Fifteen of the 29 urinary biomarkers were excluded due to low detection frequency or potential exposures during hospital stay. We assessed metabolome-wide associations between 14 maternal urinary biomarkers and maternal/newborn metabolome profiles. Additionally, performed enrichment analysis to identify potential alterations in metabolic pathways.

RESULTS

We observed metabolome-wide associations between maternal urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites (mono-isobutyl phthalate), phthalate replacements (mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl terephthalate, mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl terephthalate) and phenols (bisphenol-A, bisphenol-S) and maternal serum metabolome, using q-value < 0.2 as a threshold. Additionally, associations of phthalate metabolites (mono-n-butyl phthalate, monobenzyl phthalate) and phenols (2,5-dichlorophenol, BPA) with the newborn metabolome were noted. Enrichment analyses revealed associations (p-gamma < 0.05) with amino acid, carbohydrate, lipid, glycan, vitamin, and other cofactor metabolism pathways.

CONCLUSION

Maternal paraben, phenol, phthalate, and phthalate replacement biomarker concentrations at delivery were associated with maternal and newborn serum global metabolome.

Impact of 17-alpha ethinyl estradiol (EE2) and diethyl phthalate (DEP) exposure on microRNAs expression and their target genes in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells

Environmental endocrine disruptor chemicals (EDCs) have raised significant concerns due to their potential adverse effects on human health, particularly on the central nervous system (CNS). This study provides a comparative analysis of the effects of 17-alpha ethinyl estradiol (EE2) and diethyl phthalate (DEP) on neuronal cell proliferation and neurotoxicity. Using differentiated SH-SY5Y human neuronal cells, we evaluated cell viability, microRNA (miRNA) regulation, and RNA expression following exposure to subtoxic concentrations of EE2 and DEP. Our results show that both EDCs downregulated specific miRNAs-miR-18b-5p, miR-200a-3p, and miR-653-5p-affecting key processes such as cell proliferation, survival, and apoptosis. Gene expression analysis revealed the upregulation of EGFR, IGF1R, BTG2, and SH3BP4, implicating these miRNAs in the regulation of the Ras and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways. Our findings highlight distinct cellular responses: DEP disrupts PTEN activity, while EE2 enhances phosphorylation within the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, promoting pro-survival and anti-apoptotic signals. This study emphasizes the urgent need for regulatory measures to mitigate the neurotoxic effects of EDCs and offers valuable insights into their molecular impacts on brain health.

Tetrahydrocurcumin alleviates di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced adipose tissue dysfunction and testicular toxicity in adult mice: possible involvement of adiponectin-adipoR signaling in the testis

Widespread exposure to endocrine disruptors is associated with metabolic dysfunction and reproductive toxicity. Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) has attracted attention as it offers protection against obesity and metabolic disorders due to its potent antioxidative and diverse biological properties but its influence and underlying mechanism of action on adipose tissue function and DEHP-induced testicular injury remain unknown. Our results showed that THC (100 mg kg-1 day-1) administration for 27 weeks enlarged adipocytes while attenuating macrophage infiltration and IL-6 expression in the adipose tissue of male C57BL/6J mice exposed to 5 mg kg-1 day-1 of DEHP. Moreover, THC ameliorated DEHP-induced deregulation of adiponectin but not leptin. DEHP caused testicular histological damage, spermatogenesis impairment, apoptosis, inflammation, and AGE, which were improved by THC. THC treatment elevated Nrf2/HO-1 and decreased Glut1 in interstitial Leydig cells, which may contribute to its beneficial effects on the testis. Our results further demonstrated that THC also ameliorated circulating adiponectin and testicular adipoR1-AMPK signaling, partially accounting for the improvement of DEHP-caused testicular dysfunction. The finding of this study revealed that THC is a promising candidate for improving adipose and testicular dysfunction caused by DEHP.

Unique and Common Agonists Activate the Insect Juvenile Hormone Receptor and the Human AHR

Transcription factors of the bHLH-PAS family play vital roles in animal development, physiology, and disease. Two members of the family require binding of low-molecular weight ligands for their activity: the vertebrate aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and the insect juvenile hormone receptor (JHR). In the fly Drosophila melanogaster, the paralogous proteins GCE and MET constitute the ligand-binding component of JHR complexes. Whilst GCE/MET and AHR are phylogenetically heterologous, their mode of action is similar. JHR is targeted by several synthetic agonists that serve as insecticides disrupting the insect endocrine system. AHR is an important regulator of human endocrine homeostasis, and it responds to environmental pollutants and endocrine disruptors. Whether AHR signaling is affected by compounds that can activate JHR has not been reported. To address this question, we screened a chemical library of 50,000 compounds to identify 93 novel JHR agonists in a reporter system based on Drosophila cells. Of these compounds, 26% modulated AHR signaling in an analogous reporter assay in a human cell line, indicating a significant overlap in the agonist repertoires of the two receptors. To explore the structural features of agonist-dependent activation of JHR and AHR, we compared the ligand-binding cavities and their interactions with selective and common ligands of AHR and GCE. Molecular dynamics modeling revealed ligand-specific as well as conserved side chains within the respective cavities. Significance of predicted interactions was supported through site-directed mutagenesis. The results have indicated that synthetic insect juvenile hormone agonists might interfere with AHR signaling in human cells.

[Development of Methods for the Early Detection of Chemical Hazard and the Prevention of Pre-disease, Focusing on Environment, Food, and Health]

Based on the perspectives of the environment, food, and health, this review reflects on previous research examining stem cells for the early detection of chemical hazards and the development of preventive health tools. The risks posed by endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the environment are investigated, including studies on 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), phthalate esters, and bisphenol A. Building on the findings of these studies, this review identifies emerging challenges in the field of endocrine-disrupting chemical research. Moreover, this paper explores innovative testing methods aimed at accurately evaluating the impact of chemicals on human health. The key topics covered include the implementation of developmental neurotoxicity testing methods, the species-specific effects of methylmercury, nanomaterials and the application of human pluripotent cells to assess the effects of low-dose radiation. Additionally, this review highlights transformative approaches in chemical health impact assessment that integrate cell science and artificial intelligence, and addresses challenges related to the application of multi-omics technologies in environmental health and toxicology.

The impact of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on stem cells: Mechanisms and implications for human health

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are compounds, either natural or man-made, that interfere with the normal functioning of the endocrine system. There is increasing evidence that exposure to EDCs can have profound adverse effects on reproduction, metabolic disorders, neurological alterations, and increased risk of hormone-dependent cancer. Stem cells (SCs) are integral to these pathological processes, and it is therefore crucial to understand how EDCs may influence SC functionality. This review examines the literature on different types of EDCs and their effects on various types of SCs, including embryonic, adult, and cancer SCs. Possible molecular mechanisms through which EDCs may influence the phenotype of SCs are also evaluated. Finally, the possible implications of these effects on human health are discussed. The available literature demonstrates that EDCs can influence the biology of SCs in a variety of ways, including by altering hormonal pathways, DNA damage, epigenetic changes, reactive oxygen species production and alterations in the gene expression patterns. These disruptions may lead to a variety of cell fates and diseases later in adulthood including increased risk of endocrine disorders, obesity, infertility, reproductive abnormalities, and cancer. Therefore, the review emphasizes the importance of raising broader awareness regarding the intricate impact of EDCs on human health.

Effect-based analysis of endocrine effects in surface and ground water with focus on progestagenicity using Arxula yeast-based reporter gene assays

The use of effect-based methods in water monitoring for identifying risks to aquatic organisms and human health is important for aiding regulatory decisions. In the past decades, the database on monitoring, especially in surface waters, has grown as this aquatic environment is openly exposed to various contamination sources. With regard to endocrine disruption, estrogenic and androgenic effects have been primarily investigated. Here, yeast-based bioassays emerged as potent tools, offering sensitivity to environmentally relevant concentrations and high robustness. The objectives of this study were to investigate further endocrine endpoints and extend the monitoring to ground waters. The inclusion of progestagenic effects is crucial due to their multifaceted roles in various functions of organisms. Hence, three different Arxula-yeast hormone screens (estrogen, androgen, and progesterone receptors) were applied, revealing simultaneous exposure to diverse endocrine effects in surface and ground water matrices. Although effect profiles in surface waters showed mainly activation of hormone receptors, in-ground water samples inhibitory effects clearly predominate. Although toxicological thresholds are not yet legally binding, they are essential for effective regulatory measures and risk management to ensure the good ecological status of aquatic ecosystems. The results were compared with effect-based trigger values for ecological as well as human risk assessment depending on the sample matrix, none of which were exceeded.

Impact of Maternal BPA Exposure during Pregnancy on Obesity in Male Offspring: A Mechanistic Mouse Study of Adipose-Derived Exosomal miRNA

BACKGROUND

The widespread use of bisphenol A (BPA) has led to universal exposure among the population, raising concerns about its health effects. Epidemiological studies have linked environmentally relevant levels of BPA exposure to obesity.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to uncover the complex mechanisms by which oral exposure during pregnancy with BPA affects the offspring.

METHODS

We conducted a two-stage mouse study. In stage 1, we gavaged dams with BPA at 0.05, 0.5, and 5 mg / kg  per day during pregnancy, and we tracked the offspring's weight and diet to 12 wk of age. In stage 2, exosomes from BPA-exposed dams and offspring were injected into pregnant mice and 3-wk-old males, respectively, and the mice were observed up to 12 wk. We then sequenced exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) in male offspring whose dams had been exposed to BPA during pregnancy and checked their expression in adipose, liver, and serum samples at weeks 3, 6, 9, and 12. Finally, we explored the functions of exosomes and exosomal miRNAs secreted by adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, and we investigated whether the exosomes and miRNAs they secreted could affect glucose uptake, triglyceride synthesis, and the expression of genes related to glucose and lipid metabolism in alpha mouse liver 12 cells.

RESULTS

Gavage of 0.05 mg / kg  per day of BPA during pregnancy in dams led to obesity in male offspring mice, and injection of exosomes from male offspring with BPA exposure during pregnancy also induced similar outcomes in the next generation of male pups. Exosomal miRNA sequencing identified differentially expressed miRNAs associated with BPA-induced obesity in male offspring, revealing sustained high expression of miRNAs in adipose tissue and a gradual increase in the liver and serum over time. Further mechanistic studies showed that exosomes derived from BPA-treated adipose-derived stem cells reduced the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and fibroblast growth factor 21, leading to impaired insulin signaling and lipid metabolism in hepatocytes. Overexpression of miR-124-3p in hepatocytes mimicked these effects; in contrast, knockdown of miR-124-3p or inhibition of exosome secretion reversed them.

DISCUSSION

The present study corroborates the regulatory function of adipose-derived exosomal miRNAs in obesity in male offspring mice resulting from BPA exposure during pregnancy. Exosomal miRNA may be a key and novel molecular biomarker in the adverse effects of chemical exposure during pregnancy. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14888.

Influence of exposure to endocrine disruptors and other environmental chemicals on breast development in girls: A systematic review of human studies

BACKGROUND

Age at thelarche has decreased over recent decades. This change in female puberty timing may be influenced by exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during critical periods of development.

OBJECTIVE

To review the scientific literature for evidence on the association of exposure to EDCs and other environmental chemicals with the timing of thelarche in girls.

METHODS

A systematic search for original peer-reviewed articles published up to July 2023 was conducted in three databases (Medline/PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science), following the PECO strategy and PRISMA guidelines. The quality of evidence and reporting and the risk of bias were evaluated using GRADE, STROBE, and ROBINS-E tools.

RESULTS

Out of 3094 articles retrieved in the search, 67 met the review inclusion criteria. Data from 10 out of the 14 studies offering high-quality suggest that in utero and/or childhood exposure to certain synthetic and natural chemicals is associated with earlier breast development in girls; 8 of these 10 studies described a relationship with exposure to organohalogenated compounds in utero and to phthalates in childhood.

CONCLUSIONS

This systematic review provides the first overview of available human data on the association of EDCs/environmental chemicals with the timing of thelarche. Further high-quality research is urgently needed to fully elucidate the influence of this exposure on breast development timing in girls.

Effects of Microplastic Exposure on Human Digestive, Reproductive, and Respiratory Health: A Rapid Systematic Review

Microplastics are ubiquitous environmental contaminants for which there are documented human exposures, but there is a paucity of research evaluating their impacts on human health. We conducted a rapid systematic review using the "Navigation Guide" systematic review method. We searched four databases in July 2022 and April 2024 with no restriction on the date. We included studies using predefined eligibility criteria that quantitatively examined the association of microplastic exposure with any health outcomes. We amended the eligibility criteria after screening studies and prioritized digestive, reproductive, and respiratory outcomes for further evaluation. We included three human observational studies examining reproductive (n = 2) and respiratory (n = 1) outcomes and 28 animal studies examining reproductive (n = 11), respiratory (n = 7), and digestive (n = 10) outcomes. For reproductive outcomes (sperm quality) and digestive outcomes (immunosuppresion) we rated overall body evidence as "high" quality and concluded microplastic exposure is "suspected" to adversely impact them. For reproductive outcomes (female follicles and reproductive hormones), digestive outcomes (gross or microanatomic colon/small intestine effects, alters cell proliferation and cell death, and chronic inflammation), and respiratory outcomes (pulmonary function, lung injury, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress) we rated the overall body of evidence as "moderate" quality and concluded microplastic exposure is "suspected" to adversely impact them. We concluded that exposure to microplastics is "unclassifiable" for birth outcomes and gestational age in humans on the basis of the "low" and "very low" quality of the evidence. We concluded that microplastics are "suspected" to harm human reproductive, digestive, and respiratory health, with a suggested link to colon and lung cancer. Future research on microplastics should investigate additional health outcomes impacted by microplastic exposure and identify strategies to reduce exposure.

Quantifying EDC Emissions from Consumer Products: A Novel Rapid Method and Its Application for Systematic Evaluation of Health Impacts

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are widely used in consumer products and have been associated with adverse public health outcomes and significant economic costs. We developed a rapid chamber method for measuring EDC emissions from consumer products, significantly reducing the time to reach steady state from weeks or months to minutes or hours. Using this method, we quantified EDC emissions from a wide range of products, determined the emission-control parameters, and established their relationship with the EDC content (Wf) and physicochemical properties. By incorporating Wf data from consumer product databases and applying stochastic models, we systematically estimated emissions for 400 EDC-product combinations and assessed the associated exposure and disease burden for the U.S. population. Our results suggest that more than 60% of these combinations could result in carcinogenic disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) above the acceptable threshold. The overall disease burden caused by EDCs in consumer products can be substantial, with DALYs exceeding those associated with other pollutants, such as particulate matter, in a worst-case scenario. This study provides a valuable tool for prioritizing hazardous EDCs in consumer products, evaluating safer alternatives, and formulating effective intervention strategies, thereby supporting policymakers and manufacturers in making informed, sustainable decisions.

Mechanistic Insight into the Reproductive Toxicity of Trifloxystrobin in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats

Previous studies have demonstrated the reproductive toxicity of trifluorostrobin (TRI) in male organisms. However, the underlying mechanisms of TRI responsible for testicular damage and hormonal disruption remain elusive. This study elucidated the male reproductive toxicity of TRI at the molecular level under environmentally relevant concentrations and its associations with gut microbiota dysbiosis. The rats were administered TRI (1.5, 15, and 75 mg/kg of body weight/day) continuously via gavage for 90 days. Exposure to 15 mg/kg (below the no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 30 mg/kg) and 75 mg/kg TRI damaged testicular tissue, reduced sperm count, and lowered serum hormone and total cholesterol levels. Transcriptomics analysis combined with molecular docking simulations and cell proliferation assays showed that exposure to TRI led to testicular damage by inhibiting the expression of cholesterol receptor genes, which, in turn, disrupted steroid hormone biosynthesis. Furthermore, exposure to TRI resulted in a marked decline in the relative abundance of the probiotic bacteria. Consistently, significant reductions in the relative abundance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), retinoic acids, and steroid hormones in the gut were observed. Additionally, a significant correlation was observed between the relative abundance of Parabacteroides and serum testosterone levels, a vital biomarker for reproductive toxicity monitoring. These findings shed light on the mode of action of TRI-induced male reproductive toxicity and highlight the link between testicular injury and gut microbiota.

Associations of maternal and paternal preconception and maternal pregnancy urinary phthalate biomarker and bisphenol A concentrations with offspring autistic behaviors: The PEACE study

BACKGROUND

Environmental chemical exposures in utero may play a role in autism development. While preconception risk factors for autism are increasingly being investigated, little is known about the influence of chemical exposures during the preconception period, particularly for paternal exposures.

METHODS

In 195 children from the Preconception Environmental exposures And Childhood health Effects (PEACE) cohort born to parents recruited from a fertility clinic in Boston, Massachusetts between 2004 and 2017, we quantified concentrations of 11 phthalate metabolites and bisphenol A (BPA) in urine samples collected from mothers and fathers before conception and mothers throughout pregnancy. When children were 6-15 years old, parents completed the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) questionnaire assessing autistic behaviors. We used linear mixed effect models to estimate covariate-adjusted associations of phthalate biomarker and BPA concentrations, separately for maternal preconception (n = 179), paternal preconception (n = 121), and maternal pregnancy (n = 177), with SRS T-scores, based on age and gender, in offspring. We used quantile g-computation models for mixture analyses and evaluated modification by selected dietary factors.

RESULTS

The mean SRS T-score was 47.7 (±7.4), lower than the normative mean of 50. In adjusted models for individual biomarkers or mixtures, few associations were observed and estimates were generally negative (e.g., lower SRS T-scores) and imprecise. We observed associations of higher mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP) concentrations measured in maternal preconception and paternal preconception periods with lower SRS T-scores (βmaternal_precon = -1.6, 95% CI -2.7; -0.4; βpaternal_precon = -2.9, 95% CI -4.6; -1.2) for each loge increase. In a subset of participants with maternal preconception nutrition information, we generally observed stronger inverse associations with higher folate and iron intake, particularly for folate intake and MiBP concentrations.

CONCLUSIONS

Urinary phthalate biomarker and BPA concentrations during preconception (maternal and paternal) and pregnancy (maternal) were not associated with adverse autistic behaviors in these children. Larger studies are needed to elucidate the observed associations, while considering interactions between maternal nutrition and chemical exposures.

The ENDOMIX perspective: how everyday chemical mixtures impact human health and reproduction by targeting the immune system†

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals are natural and synthetic compounds found ubiquitously in the environment that interfere with the hormonal-immune axis, potentially impacting human health and reproduction. Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals has been associated with numerous health risks, such as neurodevelopmental disorders, metabolic syndrome, thyroid dysfunction, infertility, and cancers. Nevertheless, the current approach to establishing causality between these substances and disease outcomes has limitations. Epidemiological and experimental research on endocrine-disrupting chemicals faces challenges in accurately assessing chemical exposure and interpreting non-monotonic dose response curves. In addition, most studies have focused on single chemicals or simple mixtures, overlooking complex real-life exposures and mechanistic insights, in particular regarding endocrine-disrupting chemicals' impact on the immune system. The ENDOMIX project, funded by the EU's Horizon Health Program, addresses these challenges by integrating epidemiological, risk assessment, and immunotoxicology methodologies. This systemic approach comprises the triangulation of human cohort, in vitro, and in vivo data to determine the combined effects of chemical mixtures. The present review presents and discusses current literature regarding human reproduction in the context of immunotolerance and chemical disruption mode of action. It further underscores the ENDOMIX perspective to elucidate the impact of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on immune-reproductive health.

Endocrine disruptor chemicals exposure and female fertility declining: from pathophysiology to epigenetic risks

Over the last decades, human infertility has become a major concern in public health, with severe societal and health consequences. Growing evidence shows that endocrine disruptors chemicals (EDCs) have been considered as risk factors of infertility. Their presence in our everyday life has become ubiquitous because of their universal use in food and beverage containers, personal care products, cosmetics, phytosanitary products. Exposure to these products has an impact on human reproductive health. Recent studies suggest that women are more exposed to EDCs than men due to higher chemical products use. The aim of this review is to understand the possible link between reproductive disorders and EDCs such as phthalates, bisphenol, dioxins, and pesticides. In women, the loss of endocrine balance leads to altered oocyte maturation, competency, anovulation and uterine disorders, endometriosis, premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) or embryonic defect and decreases the in vitro fertilization outcomes. In this review, we consider EDCs effects on the women's reproductive system, embryogenesis, with a focus on associated reproductive pathologies.

Awareness and Knowledge of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals Among Pregnant Women and New Mothers: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous substances that interfere with hormone regulation, leading to adverse health outcomes. Despite the wide use of EDCs in daily products like plastics, personal care items, and food packaging, public awareness remains low. Pregnant women and new mothers are particularly vulnerable, as exposure to EDCs during early life stages can have long-term health impacts. This cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study aimed to assess the awareness of EDCs among pregnant women and new mothers at a maternity hospital.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital between January and August 2022. A questionnaire based on the Mutualités Libres/AIM 2020 survey was used to assess awareness of EDCs among pregnant and postpartum women. The original survey was adapted culturally and linguistically for the Turkish population through translation and expert review. The questionnaire included sections on sociodemographics, habits, knowledge, information sources, healthcare, readiness for change, expectations, and attitudes.

RESULTS

The results showed that 59.2% of participants were unfamiliar with EDCs, and many lacked awareness of the associated health risks, including cancers, infertility, and developmental disorders in children. A significant portion of respondents had never heard of bisphenol A (BPA) or phthalates, while awareness of parabens was relatively higher.

CONCLUSIONS

The study concluded that increasing awareness of EDCs is essential for fostering informed avoidance behaviors, especially in vulnerable populations like pregnant women and new mothers. Public health campaigns and healthcare provider involvement are crucial for enhancing awareness and reducing the health risks associated with EDCs.

Cytosolic sulfotransferases in endocrine disruption

The mammalian cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) catalyze the sulfation of endocrine hormones as well as a broad array of drugs, environmental chemicals, and other xenobiotics. Many endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) interact with these SULTs as substrates and inhibitors, and thereby alter sulfation reactions responsible for metabolism and regulation of endocrine hormones such as estrogens and thyroid hormones. EDCs or their metabolites may also regulate expression of SULTs through direct interaction with nuclear receptors and other transcription factors. Moreover, some sulfate esters derived from EDCs (EDC-sulfates) may serve as ligands for endocrine hormone receptors. While the sulfation of an EDC can lead to its excretion in the urine or bile, it may also result in retention of the EDC-sulfate through its reversible binding to serum proteins and thereby enable transport to other tissues for intracellular hydrolysis and subsequent endocrine disruption. This mini-review outlines the potential roles of SULTs and sulfation in the effects of EDCs and our evolving understanding of these processes.

Impact of Endocrine Disruptors on the Genitourinary Tract

Over the last decades, the human species has seen an increase in the incidence of pathologies linked to the genitourinary tract. Observations in animals have allowed us to link these increases, at least in part, to changes in the environment and, in particular, to an increasing presence of endocrine disruptors. These can be physical agents, such as light or heat; natural products, such as phytoestrogens; or chemicals produced by humans. Endocrine disruptors may interfere with the signaling pathways mediated by the endocrine system, particularly those linked to sex hormones. These factors and their general effects are presented before focusing on the male and female genitourinary tracts by describing their anatomy, development, and pathologies, including bladder and prostate cancer.

Obesogens and Energy Homeostasis: Definition, Mechanisms of Action, Exposure, and Adverse Effects on Human Health

BACKGROUND

Obesity is a major risk factor for noncommunicable diseases and is associated with a reduced life expectancy of up to 20 years, as well as with other consequences such as unemployment and increased economic burden for society. It is a multifactorial disease, and physiopathology of obesity involves dysregulated calorie utilization and energy balance, disrupted homeostasis of appetite and satiety, lifestyle factors including sedentary lifestyle, lower socioeconomic status, genetic predisposition, epigenetics, and environmental factors. Some endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been proposed as "obesogens" that stimulate adipogenesis leading to obesity. In this review, definition of obesogens, their adverse effects, underlying mechanisms, and metabolic implications will be updated and discussed.

SUMMARY

Disruption of lipid homeostasis by EDCs involves multiple mechanisms including increase in the number and size of adipocytes, disruption of endocrine-regulated adiposity and metabolism, alteration of hypothalamic regulation of appetite, satiety, food preference and energy balance, and modification of insulin sensitivity in the liver, skeletal muscle, pancreas, gastrointestinal system, and the brain. At a cellular level, obesogens can exert their endocrine disruptive effects by interfering with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and steroid receptors. Human exposure to chemical obesogens mainly occurs by ingestion and, to some extent, by inhalation and dermal uptake, usually in an unconscious manner. Persistent pollutants are lipophilic features; thus, they bioaccumulate in adipose tissue.

KEY MESSAGES

Although there are an increasing number of reports studying the effects of obesogens, their mechanisms of action remain to be elucidated. In addition, epidemiological studies are needed in order to evaluate human exposure to obesogens.

Melamine regulatory assessment for endocrine disruption

Melamine has several domestic and industrial uses as a flame retardant or in the manufacture of melamine-formaldehyde resins. Based on available scientific literature data, the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES) included this substance in the list of "chemicals that may present endocrine disruptor (ED) properties", and the substance was prioritized to assess whether it should be classified as an ED in European Union (EU) regulations for hazard identification. This review reports the assessment of melamine based on relevant studies from the registration dossier under REACH, and peer-reviewed literature. Among the various adverse effects, reproductive, neurodevelopmental, and thyroid effects were analyzed in particular, because they could be the consequence of an endocrine disruption. The different modes of action (endocrine or non-endocrine) potentially leading to these effects were scrutinized to understand whether the WHO definition for ED and the criteria for hazard identification were met. It was concluded that the reproductive effect on spermatogenesis was not a consequence of endocrine activity. A biologically plausible link between this effect and endocrine activity was not established, and other modes of action (oxidative stress or altered energy metabolism) could be involved. Similarly, thyroid and neurodevelopmental effects appeared at higher doses than those leading to renal toxicity. Our assessment confirms that melamine is a reprotoxic substance but does not support ED classification. This assessment illustrates the scientific and regulatory challenges in differentiating specific endocrine disruption from an indirect endocrine effect resulting from non-ED mediated systemic toxicity.

Sex-specific effects on elements of the social brain neural network in Wistar rats from perinatal exposure to FireMaster 550 or its components

Developmental exposure to chemical flame retardants (FRs) has been linked to a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders and abnormal socioemotional behaviors in human and laboratory animal studies. We have previously shown in Wistar rats that gestational and lactational exposure to the FR mixture Firemaster 550 (FM 550) or its brominated or organophosphate ester (OPFR) components (at 2000 µg, 1000 µg, and 1000 µg oral to the dam respectively (absolute and not by bodyweight)) results in increased anxiety-like behaviors in females and decreased sociality in both sexes. Using their siblings, this study characterized sex and chemical specific targets of disruption in brain regions underlying each behavioral phenotype. Offspring were exposed across gestation and lactation then prepared for either immunohistochemistry or autoradiography at postnatal day 90 to quantify expression of serotonin, estrogen receptor α (ERα), and oxytocin receptor (OTR) in multiple brain regions. No effect of exposure was found in males for any biological target. In females, serotonin innervation was increased in the medial amygdala of FM 550 exposed animals while ERα expression in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) was reduced by FM 550 and OPFR. Evidence of disrupted OTR was observed in males, particularly the BNST but considered an exploratory finding given the small sample size. These results begin to shed light on the mechanisms by which developmental FR exposure alters socioemotional behaviors of relevance to neurodevelopmental disorders.

Female-biased sex ratios and delayed puberty in two fish species with different Ecologies in an Anthropogenically affected urban lake

In aquatic ecosystems, endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) pose a growing concern for their potential adverse effects on fish reproduction and development. In lake Pyhäjärvi, located in the urban boreal region of Tampere, Finland, a significant number of sexually immature pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) individuals have been identified in size and age categories that are expected to be sexually mature. To explore if this phenomenon is attributed to estrogenic endocrine disruption, we conducted a comprehensive study comparing fish from lake Pyhäjärvi with those from a nearby reference lake, lake Näsijärvi. Roach (Rutilus rutilus), known for its susceptibility to EDCs, was also included for comparison. We examined various parameters in both pikeperch and roach, including size, condition factor, age, reproductive indicators, biometric indices and gonadal histology. We also assessed liver vitellogenin mRNA levels and genetic sex in roach, and measured estrogen levels in lake waters and wastewater treatment plant effluents. Results revealed that approximately one-third of fish in both species exhibited sexual immaturity in lake Pyhäjärvi, with a female-biased sex ratio. Surprisingly, we found no signs of estrogenic endocrine disruption, indicated by the absence of intersex fish in both species. Furthermore, vitellogenin levels in roach closely resembled those in the reference lake. Estrogens were undetectable in the lake waters, suggesting that factors other than estrogenic EDCs, including other potential endocrine disruptors such as PCBs or heavy metals, may be influencing delayed sexual maturity and skewed sex ratios. Further inquiry is needed to pinpoint these underlying causes. Our study provides essential baseline information on fish sexual development in lake Pyhäjärvi, emphasizing the need for ongoing monitoring and research to understand delayed sexual maturity and biased sex ratios. This is vital given the increasing concern about EDC impacts on aquatic ecosystems and the necessity for effective management strategies to protect these ecosystems' health and integrity.

Two Hits of EDCs Three Generations Apart: Evaluating Multigenerational Anxiety-Like Behavioral Phenotypes in Female Rats Exposed to Aroclor 1221 and Vinclozolin

BACKGROUND

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous chemical compounds that interfere with the normal function of the endocrine system and are linked to direct and inherited adverse effects in both humans and wildlife. Legacy EDCs such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are no longer used yet remain detectable in biological specimens around the world; concurrently, we are exposed to newer EDCs like the fungicide vinclozolin (VIN). This combination of individuals' direct environmental chemical exposures and any heritable changes caused by their ancestors' chemical exposures leads to a layered pattern of both direct and ancestrally inherited exposures that might have cumulative effects over generations.

OBJECTIVES

We assessed consequences of both direct and ancestral exposure to EDCs over six generations, examining anxiety-like behaviors in maternal and paternal lines of female rats. We used the "two hits, three generations apart" multigenerational exposure model to explore how two distinct EDCs-the weakly estrogenic PCB mixture Aroclor 1221 (A1221) and the antiandrogenic VIN-interact on behavior across generations. We also explored serum hormones as a potential mechanism.

METHODS

Rats were prenatally exposed to A1221, VIN, or vehicle (DMSO) in the F1 generation, and a second exposure (same or different) was administered to the F4 generation. Anxiety-like behavior was measured in the Open Field test, Light:Dark box, and Elevated Plus Maze in the F1, F3, F4, and F6 generations. Serum concentrations of estradiol and corticosterone were analyzed.

RESULTS

Behavioral effects were not detectable in the F1 generation but emerged and became more robust across generations. Rats with ancestral VIN exposure demonstrated less anxiety-like behavior in the F3 paternal line in comparison with controls. Rats exposed to ancestral then prenatal A1221/VIN and VIN/A1221 had more anxiety-like behavior in the F4 maternal line, and those with two ancestral hits of VIN/VIN had more anxiety in the F6 paternal line, in comparison with controls.

DISCUSSION

Our findings suggest that anxiety-like behavioral phenotypes can manifest in rats following germline exposure to EDCs and that subsequent exposures across generations can intensify these effects in a lineage-dependent manner. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP15621.