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Liu J, Ding C, Shi Y, Wang Y, Zhang X, Huang L, Fang Q, Shuai C, Gao Y, Wu J. Advances in Mechanism of HIV-1 Immune Reconstitution Failure: Understanding Lymphocyte Subpopulations and Interventions for Immunological Nonresponders. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1609-1620. [PMID: 38768409 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
In individuals diagnosed with AIDS, the primary method of sustained suppression of HIV-1 replication is antiretroviral therapy, which systematically increases CD4+ T cell levels and restores immune function. However, there is still a subset of 10-40% of people living with HIV who not only fail to reach normal CD4+ T cell counts but also experience severe immune dysfunction. These individuals are referred to as immunological nonresponders (INRs). INRs have a higher susceptibility to opportunistic infections and non-AIDS-related illnesses, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality rates. Therefore, it is crucial to gain new insights into the primary mechanisms of immune reconstitution failure to enable early and effective treatment for individuals at risk. This review provides an overview of the dynamics of key lymphocyte subpopulations, the main molecular mechanisms of INRs, clinical diagnosis, and intervention strategies during immune reconstitution failure, primarily from a multiomics perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Liu
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chengchao Ding
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Shi
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yiyu Wang
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Lina Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qin Fang
- Central Laboratory of HIV Molecular and Immunology, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Chenxi Shuai
- Central Laboratory of HIV Molecular and Immunology, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Yong Gao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jianjun Wu
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Central Laboratory of HIV Molecular and Immunology, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
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Vos WAJW, Vadaq N, Matzaraki V, Otten T, Groenendijk AL, Blaauw MJT, van Eekeren LE, Brinkman K, de Mast Q, Riksen NP, Stalenhoef AFH, van Lunzen J, van der Ven AJAM, Blok WL, Stalenhoef JE. Cardiometabolic Differences in People Living with HIV Receiving Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors Compared to Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: Implications for Current ART Strategies. Viruses 2024; 16:582. [PMID: 38675924 PMCID: PMC11054623 DOI: 10.3390/v16040582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In people living with HIV (PLHIV), integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are part of the first-line combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), while non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based regimens are alternatives. Distinct cART regimens may variably influence the risk for non-AIDS comorbidities. We aimed to compare the metabolome and lipidome of INSTI and NNRTI-based regimens. The 2000HIV study includes asymptomatic PLHIV (n = 1646) on long-term cART, separated into a discovery cohort with 730 INSTI and 617 NNRTI users, and a validation cohort encompassing 209 INSTI and 90 NNRTI users. Baseline plasma samples from INSTI and NNRTI users were compared using mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomic (n = 500) analysis. Perturbed metabolic pathways were identified using MetaboAnalyst software. Subsequently, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used for targeted lipoprotein and lipid (n = 141) analysis. Metabolome homogeneity was observed between the different types of INSTI and NNRTI. In contrast, higher and lower levels of 59 and 45 metabolites, respectively, were found in the INSTI group compared to NNRTI users, of which 77.9% (81/104) had consistent directionality in the validation cohort. Annotated metabolites belonged mainly to 'lipid and lipid-like molecules', 'organic acids and derivatives' and 'organoheterocyclic compounds'. In pathway analysis, perturbed 'vitamin B1 (thiamin) metabolism', 'de novo fatty acid biosynthesis', 'bile acid biosynthesis' and 'pentose phosphate pathway' were detected, among others. Lipoprotein and lipid levels in NNRTIs were heterogeneous and could not be compared as a group. INSTIs compared to individual NNRTI types showed that HDL cholesterol was lower in INSTIs compared to nevirapine but higher in INSTIs compared to doravirine. In addition, LDL size was lower in INSTIs and nevirapine compared to doravirine. NNRTIs show more heterogeneous cardiometabolic effects than INSTIs, which hampers the comparison between these two classes of drugs. Targeted lipoproteomic and lipid NMR spectroscopy showed that INSTI use was associated with a more unfavorable lipid profile compared to nevirapine, which was shifted to a more favorable profile for INSTI when substituting nevirapine for doravirine, with evidently higher fold changes. The cardiovascular disease risk profile seems more favorable in INSTIs compared to NNRTIs in untargeted metabolomic analysis using mass-spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm A. J. W. Vos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, OLVG, 1091 AC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nadira Vadaq
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vasiliki Matzaraki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Twan Otten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert L. Groenendijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, ErasmusMC, Erasmus University, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc J. T. Blaauw
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Elizabeth-Tweesteden Ziekenhuis, 5022 GC Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Louise E. van Eekeren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Brinkman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, OLVG, 1091 AC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Quirijn de Mast
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels P. Riksen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anton F. H. Stalenhoef
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van Lunzen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Willem L. Blok
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, OLVG, 1091 AC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke E. Stalenhoef
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, OLVG, 1091 AC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Naidoo KK, Highton AJ, Baiyegunhi OO, Bhengu SP, Dong KL, Bunders MJ, Altfeld M, Ndung’u T. Early Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy Preserves the Metabolic Function of CD4+ T Cells in Subtype C Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 Infection. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:753-762. [PMID: 37804102 PMCID: PMC10938216 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune dysfunction often persists in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who are on antiretroviral therapy (ART), clinically manifesting as HIV-1-associated comorbid conditions. Early ART initiation may reduce incidence of HIV-1-associated immune dysfunction and comorbid conditions. Immunometabolism is a critical determinant of functional immunity. We investigated the effect of HIV-1 infection and timing of ART initiation on CD4+ T cell metabolism and function. METHODS Longitudinal blood samples from people living with HIV who initiated ART during hyperacute HIV-1 infection (HHI; before peak viremia) or chronic HIV-1 infection (CHI) were assessed for the metabolic and immune functions of CD4+ T cells. Metabolite uptake and mitochondrial mass were measured using fluorescent analogues and MitoTracker Green accumulation, respectively, and were correlated with CD4+ T cell effector functions. RESULTS Initiation of ART during HHI prevented dysregulation of glucose uptake by CD4+ T cells, but glucose uptake was reduced before and after ART initiation in CHI. Glucose uptake positively correlated with interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor-α production by CD4+ T cells. CHI was associated with elevated mitochondrial mass in effector memory CD4+ T cells that persisted after ART and correlated with PD-1 expression. CONCLUSIONS ART initiation in HHI largely prevented metabolic impairment of CD4+ T cells. ART initiation in CHI was associated with persistently dysregulated immunometabolism of CD4+ T cells, which was associated with impaired cellular functions and exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewreshini K Naidoo
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrew J Highton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Sindiswa P Bhengu
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Krista L Dong
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Madeleine J Bunders
- Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- III Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Disease (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Thumbi Ndung’u
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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4
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Mu W, Patankar V, Kitchen S, Zhen A. Examining Chronic Inflammation, Immune Metabolism, and T Cell Dysfunction in HIV Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:219. [PMID: 38399994 PMCID: PMC10893210 DOI: 10.3390/v16020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection remains a significant challenge to global public health. Despite advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART), which has transformed HIV infection from a fatal disease into a manageable chronic condition, a definitive cure remains elusive. One of the key features of HIV infection is chronic immune activation and inflammation, which are strongly associated with, and predictive of, HIV disease progression, even in patients successfully treated with suppressive ART. Chronic inflammation is characterized by persistent inflammation, immune cell metabolic dysregulation, and cellular exhaustion and dysfunction. This review aims to summarize current knowledge of the interplay between chronic inflammation, immune metabolism, and T cell dysfunction in HIV infection, and also discusses the use of humanized mice models to study HIV immune pathogenesis and develop novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Mu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Vaibhavi Patankar
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Scott Kitchen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Anjie Zhen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Lê-Bury G, Chen Y, Rhen JM, Grenier JK, Singhal A, Russell DG, Boliar S. HIV-1 active and latent infections induce disparate chromatin reorganization and transcriptional regulation of mRNAs and lncRNAs in SupT1 cells. mBio 2023; 14:e0261923. [PMID: 38038477 PMCID: PMC10746154 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02619-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE HIV-1 infection of T-lymphocytes depends on co-opting cellular transcriptional and translational machineries for viral replication. This requires significant changes in the cellular microenvironment. We have characterized and compared the changes in cellular chromatin structures as well as gene expression landscapes in T cells that are either actively or latently infected with HIV-1. Our results reveal that chromatin accessibility and expression of both protein-coding mRNAs and non-coding lncRNAs are uniquely regulated in HIV-1-infected T cells, depending on whether the virus is actively transcribing or remains in a transcriptionally silent, latent state. HIV-1 latent infection elicits more robust changes in the cellular chromatin organization than active viral infection. Our analysis also identifies the effects of such epigenomic changes on the cellular gene expression and subsequent biological pathways. This study comprehensively characterizes the cellular epigenomic and transcriptomic states that support active and latent HIV-1 infection in an in vitro model of SupT1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Lê-Bury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Yao Chen
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jordan M. Rhen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer K. Grenier
- Transcription Regulation and Expression Facility, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Amit Singhal
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David G. Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Saikat Boliar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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6
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Hora S, Pahwa P, Siddiqui H, Saxena A, Kashyap M, Sevak JK, Singh R, Javed M, Yadav P, Kale P, Ramakrishna G, Bajpai M, Rathore A, Maras JS, Tyagi S, Sarin SK, Trehanpati N. Metabolic alterations unravel the maternofetal immune responses with disease severity in pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29257. [PMID: 38054548 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy being an immune compromised state, coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) disease poses high risk of premature delivery and threat to fetus. Plasma metabolome regulates immune cellular responses, therefore we aimed to analyze the change in plasma secretome, metabolome, and immune cells with disease severity in COVID-19 positive pregnant females and their cord blood. COVID-19 reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction positive pregnant females (n = 112) with asymptomatic (Asy) (n = 82), mild (n = 21), or moderate (n = 9) disease, healthy pregnant (n = 18), COVID-19 positive nonpregnant females (n = 7) were included. Eighty-two cord blood from COVID-19 positive and seven healthy cord blood were also analyzed. Mother's peripheral blood and cord blood were analyzed for untargeted metabolome profiling and cytokines by using high-resolution mass spectrometry and cytokine bead array. Immune scan was performed only in mothers' blood by flow cytometry. In Asy severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, the amino acid metabolic pathways such as glycine, serine, l-lactate, and threonine metabolism were upregulated with downregulation of riboflavin and tyrosine metabolism. However, with mild-to-moderate disease, the pyruvate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ ) metabolism were mostly altered. Cord blood mimicked the mother's metabolomic profiles by showing altered valine, leucine, isoleucine, glycine, serine, threonine in Asy and NAD+ , riboflavin metabolism in mild and moderate. Additionally, with disease severity tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)-6 cytokine storm, IL-9 was raised in both mothers and neonates. Pyruvate, NAD metabolism and increase in IL-9 and IFN-γ had an impact on nonclassical monocytes, exhausted T and B cells. Our results demonstrated that immune-metabolic interplay in mother and fetus is influenced with increase in IL-9 and IFN-γ regulated pyruvate, lactate tricarboxylic acid, and riboflavin metabolism with context to disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Hora
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Prabhjyoti Pahwa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Hamda Siddiqui
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anoushka Saxena
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Minal Kashyap
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Lok Nayak Jai Prakash Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Jayesh K Sevak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravinder Singh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Maryam Javed
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pushpa Yadav
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pratibha Kale
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Gayatri Ramakrishna
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Meenu Bajpai
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Asmita Rathore
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Lok Nayak Jai Prakash Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Jaswinder S Maras
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shakun Tyagi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Lok Nayak Jai Prakash Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Shiv K Sarin
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nirupama Trehanpati
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Zhang J, Yuan Z, Li X, Wang F, Wei X, Kang Y, Mo C, Jiang J, Liang H, Ye L. Activation of the JNK/COX-2/HIF-1α axis promotes M1 macrophage via glycolytic shift in HIV-1 infection. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202302148. [PMID: 37798121 PMCID: PMC10556724 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is recognized as a major risk factor for the severity of HIV infection. Whether metabolism reprogramming of macrophages caused by HIV-1 is related to chronic inflammatory activation, especially M1 polarization of macrophages, is inconclusive. Here, we show that HIV-1 infection induces M1 polarization and enhanced glycolysis in macrophages. Blockade of glycolysis inhibits M1 polarization of macrophages, indicating that HIV-1-induced M1 polarization is supported by enhanced glycolysis. Moreover, we find that this immunometabolic adaptation is dependent on hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), a strong inducer of glycolysis. HIF-1α-target genes, including HK2, PDK1, and LDHA, are also involved in this process. Further research discovers that COX-2 regulates HIF-1α-dependent glycolysis. However, the elevated expression of COX-2, enhanced glycolysis, and M1 polarization of macrophages could be reversed by inactivation of JNK in the context of HIV-1 infection. Our study mechanistically elucidates that the JNK/COX-2/HIF-1α axis is activated to strengthen glycolysis, thereby promoting M1 polarization in macrophages in HIV-1 infection, providing a new idea for resolving chronic inflammation in clinical AIDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhan Zhang
- https://ror.org/03dveyr97 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zongxiang Yuan
- https://ror.org/03dveyr97 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xuanrong Li
- https://ror.org/03dveyr97 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Fengyi Wang
- https://ror.org/03dveyr97 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xueqin Wei
- https://ror.org/03dveyr97 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yiwen Kang
- https://ror.org/03dveyr97 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chuye Mo
- https://ror.org/03dveyr97 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Junjun Jiang
- https://ror.org/03dveyr97 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hao Liang
- https://ror.org/03dveyr97 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Li Ye
- https://ror.org/03dveyr97 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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8
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Gupta T, Najumuddin, Rajendran D, Gujral A, Jangra A. Metabolism configures immune response across multi-systems: Lessons from COVID-19. Adv Biol Regul 2023; 90:100977. [PMID: 37690286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2023.100977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Several studies over the last decade demonstrate the recruitment of immune cells, increased inflammatory cytokines, and chemokine in patients with metabolic diseases, including heart failure, parenchymal inflammation, obesity, tuberculosis, and diabetes mellitus. Metabolic rewiring of immune cells is associated with the severity and prevalence of these diseases. The risk of developing COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 infection increases in patients with metabolic dysfunction (heart failure, diabetes mellitus, and obesity). Several etiologies, including fatigue, dyspnea, and dizziness, persist even months after COVID-19 infection, commonly known as Post-Acute Sequelae of CoV-2 (PASC) or long COVID. A chronic inflammatory state and metabolic dysfunction are the factors that contribute to long COVID. Here, this study explores the potential link between pathogenic metabolic and immune alterations across different organ systems that could underlie COVID-19 and PASC. These interactions could be utilized for targeted future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinku Gupta
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), M. B. Road, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Najumuddin
- Program of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Science and Technology, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Dhanya Rajendran
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, 695014, India
| | - Akash Gujral
- Department of Medicine, Nyu Grossman School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Ashok Jangra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, India.
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9
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Zhang J, Chen Y, Wang M, Zhong L, Li L, Yuan Z, Zou S. Amino acid metabolism dysregulation associated with inflammation and insulin resistance in HIV-infected individuals with metabolic disorders. Amino Acids 2023; 55:1545-1555. [PMID: 37726575 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03325-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid metabolic profile, particularly its association with clinical characteristics, remains unclear in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) combined with metabolic disorders. In this study, we performed targeted metabolomic analyses on 64 patients with HIV/AIDS and 21 healthy controls. Twenty-four amino acids and selected intermediate metabolites in the serum were quantitatively detected using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and characteristic changes and metabolic pathways were analyzed in HIV-infected patients with different degrees of abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism. Spearman's partial correlation was used to analyze the association between amino acids, biochemical parameters, and inflammatory cytokines. The results showed that the main metabolic pathways of the eighteen differential metabolites involved were arginine biosynthesis and metabolism, methionine cycle, and tryptophan metabolism. Fourteen differential amino acid metabolites were positively correlated with nine inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, C-reactive protein, IL-1β, and galectin-3 (FDR < 0.1). Kynurenine, ornithine, and homocysteine were positively correlated with fasting blood glucose and insulin resistance index (FDR < 0.1). Our study revealed a multi-pathway imbalance in amino acid metabolism in patients with HIV/AIDS, which was significantly correlated with inflammation and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 8#, Huaying Street, Guangzhou, 518067, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanfang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 8#, Huaying Street, Guangzhou, 518067, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingli Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 8#, Huaying Street, Guangzhou, 518067, Guangdong, China
| | - Liuting Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 63#, Duobao Street, Guangzhou, 510150, Guangdong, China
| | - Linghua Li
- Department of Infection, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 8#, Huaying Street, Guangzhou, 518067, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhongwen Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 63#, Duobao Street, Guangzhou, 510150, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shangrong Zou
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 8#, Huaying Street, Guangzhou, 518067, Guangdong, China.
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10
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Xu K, Saaoud F, Shao Y, Lu Y, Wu S, Zhao H, Chen K, Vazquez-Padron R, Jiang X, Wang H, Yang X. Early hyperlipidemia triggers metabolomic reprogramming with increased SAH, increased acetyl-CoA-cholesterol synthesis, and decreased glycolysis. Redox Biol 2023; 64:102771. [PMID: 37364513 PMCID: PMC10310484 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify metabolomic reprogramming in early hyperlipidemia, unbiased metabolome was screened in four tissues from ApoE-/- mice fed with high fat diet (HFD) for 3 weeks. 30, 122, 67, and 97 metabolites in the aorta, heart, liver, and plasma, respectively, were upregulated. 9 upregulated metabolites were uremic toxins, and 13 metabolites, including palmitate, promoted a trained immunity with increased syntheses of acetyl-CoA and cholesterol, increased S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) and hypomethylation and decreased glycolysis. The cross-omics analysis found upregulation of 11 metabolite synthetases in ApoE‾/‾ aorta, which promote ROS, cholesterol biosynthesis, and inflammation. Statistical correlation of 12 upregulated metabolites with 37 gene upregulations in ApoE‾/‾ aorta indicated 9 upregulated new metabolites to be proatherogenic. Antioxidant transcription factor NRF2-/- transcriptome analysis indicated that NRF2 suppresses trained immunity-metabolomic reprogramming. Our results have provided novel insights on metabolomic reprogramming in multiple tissues in early hyperlipidemia oriented toward three co-existed new types of trained immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keman Xu
- Centers of Cardiovascular Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Fatma Saaoud
- Centers of Cardiovascular Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ying Shao
- Centers of Cardiovascular Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Yifan Lu
- Centers of Cardiovascular Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Sheng Wu
- Metabolic Disease Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Cardiovascular Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Huaqing Zhao
- Medical Education and Data Science, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Kaifu Chen
- Computational Biology Program, Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Roberto Vazquez-Padron
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33125, USA
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Centers of Cardiovascular Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Metabolic Disease Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Cardiovascular Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Metabolic Disease Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Cardiovascular Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Centers of Cardiovascular Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Metabolic Disease Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Cardiovascular Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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11
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Lin W, Li L, Guo P, He Y, He H, Li H, Zhong H, Liu C, Du P, Cai W, Tang X, Li L. Early on-treatment plasma interleukin-18 as a promising indicator for long-term virological response in patients with HIV-1 infection. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1170208. [PMID: 37384047 PMCID: PMC10294041 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1170208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims It is necessary to identify simple biomarkers that can efficiently predict the efficacy of long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART) against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), especially in underdeveloped countries. We characterized the dynamic changes in plasma interleukin-18 (IL-18) and assessed its performance as a predictor of long-term virological response. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of HIV-1-infected patients enrolled in a randomized controlled trial with a follow-up of 144 weeks of ART. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to evaluate plasma IL-18. Long-term virological response was defined as HIV-1 RNA <20 copies/mL at week 144. Results Among the 173 enrolled patients, the long-term virological response rate was 93.1%. Patients with a long-term virological response had significantly lower levels of week 24 IL-18 than non-responders. We defined 64 pg./mL, with a maximum sum of sensitivity and specificity, as the optimal cutoff value of week 24 IL-18 level to predict long-term virological response. After adjusting for age, gender, baseline CD4+ T-cell count, baseline CD4/CD8 ratio, baseline HIV-1 RNA level, HIV-1 genotype and treatment strategy, we found that lower week 24 IL-18 level (≤64 vs. >64 pg./mL, a OR 19.10, 95% CI: 2.36-154.80) was the only independent predictor of long-term virological response. Conclusion Early on-treatment plasma IL-18 could act as a promising indicator for long-term virological response in patients with HIV-1 infection. Chronic immune activation and inflammation may represent a potential mechanism; further validation is necessary.
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12
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Routy JP, Isnard S. An army marches on its stomach: immunometabolic dysregulation in persons with HIV. AIDS 2023; 37:1171-1173. [PMID: 37139654 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Routy
- McGill University Health Centre - Research Institute
- Chronic Viral Illness Service
- Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephane Isnard
- McGill University Health Centre - Research Institute
- Chronic Viral Illness Service
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13
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Jose S, Jerome R, Krishnan A, Jagan OA, Li D, Menon V. Differential Expression Patterns of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 and Other Tryptophan and Arginine Catabolic Pathway Genes in Dengue Correlate with Clinical Severity-Pilot Study Results. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:268-281. [PMID: 36921291 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism can modulate inflammatory responses inducing immunotolerance or immunosuppressive effects. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is the rate-limiting enzyme in this pathway. Early aberrant inflammation is implicated in severe dengue, and herein we investigate and characterize the expression of IDO pathway genes in severe dengue patients. We use a SyBR green-based qPCR to evaluate the leukocyte expression levels of IDO1, IDO2, AhR, TGF-β, ARG1, IFNγ, and IFNα in a dengue patient cohort (n = 51). Twenty-two cases were identified as severe dengue using the WHO case classification (2009) criteria. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to examine the relationships of gene expression profiles with disease severity and laboratory markers of clinical severity. We find that two principal components describe most of the variance (65.3%) in the expression patterns of the cohort. Reduced expression of IDO1, TGF-β, and AhR, represented by low Component 2 scores, was significantly associated with disease severity, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia. Higher expression levels of IDO2, IFNγ, and IFNα positively correlated with Component 1 scores, and were significantly associated with elevated ALT (p = 0.018) and AST (p = 0.017) enzymes. Our results suggest that profiling the baseline expression patterns of the IDO pathway genes may aid in the identification of dengue patients most at risk of severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Jose
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - Roshni Jerome
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - Ajai Krishnan
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | | | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Veena Menon
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
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14
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Fu J, Zhu F, Xu CJ, Li Y. Metabolomics meets systems immunology. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e55747. [PMID: 36916532 PMCID: PMC10074123 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic processes play a critical role in immune regulation. Metabolomics is the systematic analysis of small molecules (metabolites) in organisms or biological samples, providing an opportunity to comprehensively study interactions between metabolism and immunity in physiology and disease. Integrating metabolomics into systems immunology allows the exploration of the interactions of multilayered features in the biological system and the molecular regulatory mechanism of these features. Here, we provide an overview on recent technological developments of metabolomic applications in immunological research. To begin, two widely used metabolomics approaches are compared: targeted and untargeted metabolomics. Then, we provide a comprehensive overview of the analysis workflow and the computational tools available, including sample preparation, raw spectra data preprocessing, data processing, statistical analysis, and interpretation. Third, we describe how to integrate metabolomics with other omics approaches in immunological studies using available tools. Finally, we discuss new developments in metabolomics and its prospects for immunology research. This review provides guidance to researchers using metabolomics and multiomics in immunity research, thus facilitating the application of systems immunology to disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Fu
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.,TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Jian Xu
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.,TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yang Li
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.,TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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15
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Foo SS, Chen W, Jung KL, Azamor T, Choi UY, Zhang P, Comhair SA, Erzurum SC, Jehi L, Jung JU. Immunometabolic rewiring in long COVID patients with chronic headache. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.06.531302. [PMID: 36945569 PMCID: PMC10028820 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.06.531302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Almost 20% of patients with COVID-19 experience long-term effects, known as post-COVID condition or long COVID. Among many lingering neurologic symptoms, chronic headache is the most common. Despite this health concern, the etiology of long COVID headache is still not well characterized. Here, we present a longitudinal multi-omics analysis of blood leukocyte transcriptomics, plasma proteomics and metabolomics of long COVID patients with chronic headache. Long COVID patients experienced a state of hyper-inflammation prior to chronic headache onset and maintained persistent inflammatory activation throughout the progression of chronic headache. Metabolomic analysis also revealed augmented arginine and lipid metabolisms, skewing towards a nitric oxide-based pro-inflammation. Furthermore, metabolisms of neurotransmitters including serotonin, dopamine, glutamate, and GABA were markedly dysregulated during the progression of long COVID headache. Overall, these findings illustrate the immuno-metabolomics landscape of long COVID patients with chronic headache, which may provide insights to potential therapeutic interventions.
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16
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Biological Aging in People Living with HIV on Successful Antiretroviral Therapy: Do They Age Faster? Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2023; 20:42-50. [PMID: 36695947 PMCID: PMC10102129 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-023-00646-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the absence of a prophylactic/therapeutic vaccine or cure, the most amazing achievement in the battle against HIV was the discovery of effective, well-tolerated combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). The primary research question remains whether PLWH on prolonged successful therapy has accelerated, premature, or accentuated biological aging. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the immunometabolic profile in PLWH, potentially associated with biological aging, and a better understanding of the mechanisms and temporal dynamics of biological aging in PLWH. RECENT FINDINGS Biological aging, defined by the epigenetic alterations analyzed by the DNA methylation pattern, has been reported in PLWH with cART that points towards epigenetic age acceleration. The hastened development of specific clinical geriatric syndromes like cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, cancers, liver diseases, neurocognitive diseases, persistent low-grade inflammation, and a shift toward glutamate metabolism in PLWH may potentiate a metabolic profile at-risk for accelerated aging.
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17
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Osuna-Espinoza KY, Rosas-Taraco AG. Metabolism of NK cells during viral infections. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1064101. [PMID: 36742317 PMCID: PMC9889541 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1064101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism is essential for the correct function of immune system cells, including Natural Killer cells (NK). These cells depend on energy to carry out their effector functions, especially in the early stages of viral infection. NK cells participate in the innate immune response against viruses and tumors. Their main functions are cytotoxicity and cytokine production. Metabolic changes can impact intracellular signals, molecule production, secretion, and cell activation which is essential as the first line of immune defense. Metabolic variations in different immune cells in response to a tumor or pathogen infection have been described; however, little is known about NK cell metabolism in the context of viral infection. This review summarizes the activation-specific metabolic changes in NK cells, the immunometabolism of NK cells during early, late, and chronic antiviral responses, and the metabolic alterations in NK cells in SARS-CoV2 infection. The modulation points of these metabolic routes are also discussed to explore potential new immunotherapies against viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenia Y Osuna-Espinoza
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Adrián G Rosas-Taraco
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
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18
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Li SY, Yin LB, Ding HB, Liu M, Lv JN, Li JQ, Wang J, Tang T, Fu YJ, Jiang YJ, Zhang ZN, Shang H. Altered lipid metabolites accelerate early dysfunction of T cells in HIV-infected rapid progressors by impairing mitochondrial function. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1106881. [PMID: 36875092 PMCID: PMC9981933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1106881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex mechanism of immune-system damage in HIV infection is incompletely understood. HIV-infected "rapid progressors" (RPs) have severe damage to the immune system early in HIV infection, which provides a "magnified" opportunity to study the interaction between HIV and the immune system. In this study, forty-four early HIV-infected patients (documented HIV acquisition within the previous 6 months) were enrolled. By study the plasma of 23 RPs (CD4+ T-cell count < 350 cells/µl within 1 year of infection) and 21 "normal progressors" (NPs; CD4+ T-cell count > 500 cells/μl after 1 year of infection), eleven lipid metabolites were identified that could distinguish most of the RPs from NPs using an unsupervised clustering method. Among them, the long chain fatty acid eicosenoate significantly inhibited the proliferation and secretion of cytokines and induced TIM-3 expression in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Eicosenoate also increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and mitochondrial mass in T cells, indicating impairment in mitochondrial function. In addition, we found that eicosenoate induced p53 expression in T cells, and inhibition of p53 effectively decreased mitochondrial ROS in T cells. More importantly, treatment of T cells with the mitochondrial-targeting antioxidant mito-TEMPO restored eicosenoate-induced T-cell functional impairment. These data suggest that the lipid metabolite eicosenoate inhibits immune T-cell function by increasing mitochondrial ROS by inducing p53 transcription. Our results provide a new mechanism of metabolite regulation of effector T-cell function and provides a potential therapeutic target for restoring T-cell function during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yao Li
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Units of Medical Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Lin-Bo Yin
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Liaoning, China
| | - Hai-Bo Ding
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Units of Medical Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Mei Liu
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Units of Medical Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun-Nan Lv
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Units of Medical Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-Qi Li
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Units of Medical Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Wang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Units of Medical Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Tian Tang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Units of Medical Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Ya-Jing Fu
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Units of Medical Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong-Jun Jiang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Units of Medical Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Zi-Ning Zhang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Units of Medical Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Shang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Units of Medical Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
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19
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Identification of CD98 as a Novel Biomarker for HIV-1 Permissiveness and Latent Infection. mBio 2022; 13:e0249622. [PMID: 36214569 PMCID: PMC9765422 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02496-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can integrate viral DNA into host cell chromosomes to establish a long-term stable latent reservoir, which is a major obstacle to cure HIV-1 infection. The characteristics of the HIV-1 latent reservoir have not been fully understood. Here, we identified 126 upregulated plasma membrane proteins in HIV-1 latently infected cells by a label-free liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The higher levels of CD98 expression in multiple HIV-1 latently infected cell lines and primary CD4+ T cells compared to uninfected cells were further confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) and flow cytometry analyses. In addition, CD98high CD4+ T cells displayed hyper-permissiveness to HIV-1 infection and possessed distinct immune phenotypic profiles associated with Th17 and peripheral follicular T helper (pTFH) characteristics. Notably, the CD98high resting memory CD4+ T cells harbored significantly higher cell-associated viral RNA and intact provirus than CD98low counterparts in HIV-1-infected individuals receiving combined antiretroviral therapy. Furthermore, CD98high CD4+ T cells exhibited a robust proliferative capacity and significantly contributed to the clonal expansion of the HIV-1 latent reservoir. Our study demonstrates that CD98 can be used as a novel biomarker of HIV-1 latently infected cells to indicate the effect of various strategies to reduce the viral reservoir. IMPORTANCE Identification of cellular biomarkers is the crucial challenge to eradicate the HIV-1 latent reservoir. In our study, we identified CD98 as a novel plasma membrane biomarker for HIV-1 permissiveness and latent infection. Importantly, CD98high CD4+ T cells exhibited a hyper-permissiveness to HIV-1 infection and significantly contributed to the clonal expansion of the HIV-1 latent reservoir. CD98 could be targeted to develop therapeutic strategies to reduce the HIV-1 latent reservoir in further research.
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20
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Crater JM, Nixon DF, Furler O’Brien RL. HIV-1 replication and latency are balanced by mTOR-driven cell metabolism. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1068436. [PMID: 36467738 PMCID: PMC9712982 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1068436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) relies on host cell metabolism for all aspects of viral replication. Efficient HIV-1 entry, reverse transcription, and integration occurs in activated T cells because HIV-1 proteins co-opt host metabolic pathways to fuel the anabolic requirements of virion production. The HIV-1 viral life cycle is especially dependent on mTOR, which drives signaling and metabolic pathways required for viral entry, replication, and latency. As a central regulator of host cell metabolism, mTOR and its downstream effectors help to regulate the expression of enzymes within the glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways along with other metabolic pathways regulating amino acid uptake, lipid metabolism, and autophagy. In HIV-1 pathogenesis, mTOR, in addition to HIF-1α and Myc signaling pathways, alter host cell metabolism to create an optimal environment for viral replication. Increased glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway activity are required in the early stages of the viral life cycle, such as providing sufficient dNTPs for reverse transcription. In later stages, fatty acid synthesis is required for creating cholesterol and membrane lipids required for viral budding. Epigenetics of the provirus fueled by metabolism and mTOR signaling likewise controls active and latent infection. Acetyl-CoA and methyl group abundance, supplied by the TCA cycle and amino acid uptake respectively, may regulate latent infection and reactivation. Thus, understanding and exploring new connections between cellular metabolism and HIV-1 pathogenesis may yield new insights into the latent viral reservoirs and fuel novel treatments and cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert L. Furler O’Brien
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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21
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Roles of Interleukin-6-mediated immunometabolic reprogramming in COVID-19 and other viral infection-associated diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:109005. [PMID: 35780641 PMCID: PMC9236983 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a highly pleiotropic glycoprotein factor that can modulate innate and adaptive immunity as well as various aspects of metabolism, including glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation. Recently, the expression and release of IL-6 is shown to be significantly increased in numerous diseases related to virus infection, and this increase is positively correlated with the disease severity. Immunity and metabolism are two highly integrated and interdependent systems, the balance between them plays a pivotal role in maintaining body homeostasis. IL-6-elicited inflammatory response is found to be closely associated with metabolic disorder in patients with viral infection. This brief review summarizes the regulatory role of IL-6 in immunometabolic reprogramming among seven viral infection-associated diseases.
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22
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The Role of Immunometabolism in HIV-1 Pathogenicity: Links to Immune Cell Responses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081813. [PMID: 36016435 PMCID: PMC9415820 DOI: 10.3390/v14081813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the successful roll-out of combination antiretroviral treatment, HIV is currently managed as a chronic illness. Of note, immune activation and chronic inflammation are hallmarks of HIV-1 infection that persists even though patients are receiving treatments. Despite strong evidence linking immune activation and low-grade inflammation to HIV-1 pathogenesis, the underlying mechanisms remain less well-understood. As intracellular metabolism is emerging as a crucial factor determining the fate and activity of immune cells, this review article focuses on how links between early immune responses and metabolic reprograming may contribute to HIV pathogenicity. Here, the collective data reveal that immunometabolism plays a key role in HIV-1 pathogenesis. For example, the shift from quiescent immune cells to its activation leads to perturbed metabolic circuits that are major drivers of immune cell dysfunction and an altered phenotype. These findings suggest that immunometabolic perturbations play a key role in the onset of non-AIDS-associated comorbidities and that they represent an attractive target to develop improved diagnostic tools and novel therapeutic strategies to help blunt HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Jalbert E, Ghosh T, Smith C, Amaral FR, Mussi-Pinhata MM, Weinberg A. Impaired functionality of antigen presenting cells in HIV- exposed uninfected infants in the first six months of life. Front Immunol 2022; 13:960313. [PMID: 36032106 PMCID: PMC9411519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.960313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-exposed uninfected infants (HEU) have increased morbidity and mortality due to infections in the first 6 months of life that tapers down to 2 years of life. The underlying immunologic defects remain undefined. We investigated antigen-presenting cells (APC) by comparing the phenotype of unstimulated APC, responses to toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation, and ability to activate natural killer (NK) cells in 24 HEU and 64 HIV-unexposed infants (HUU) at 1-2 days of life (birth) and 28 HEU and 45 HUU at 6 months of life. At birth, unstimulated APC showed higher levels of activation and cytokine production in HEU than HUU and stimulation with TLR agonists revealed lower expression of inflammatory cytokines and activation markers, but similar expression of IL10 regulatory cytokine, in APC from HEU compared to HUU. Differences were still present at 6 months of life. From birth to 6 months, APC underwent extensive phenotypic and functional changes in HUU and minimal changes in HEU. TLR stimulation also generated lower NK cell expression of CD69 and/or IFNγ in HEU compared with HUU at birth and 6 months. In vitro experiments showed that NK IFNγ expression depended on APC cytokine secretion in response to TLR stimulation. Ex vivo IL10 supplementation decreased APC-mediated NK cell activation measured by IFNγ expression. We conclude that APC maturation was stunted or delayed in the first 6 months of life in HEU compared with HUU. Deficient inflammatory APC responses and/or the imbalance between inflammatory and regulatory responses in HEU may play an important role in their increased susceptibility to severe infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Jalbert
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado-Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Tusharkanti Ghosh
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado-Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Christiana Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado-Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Fabiana R. Amaral
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marisa M. Mussi-Pinhata
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Adriana Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado-Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine and Pathology, University of Colorado-Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Adriana Weinberg,
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Immunometabolic Reprogramming in Response to HIV Infection Is Not Fully Normalized by Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061313. [PMID: 35746785 PMCID: PMC9228482 DOI: 10.3390/v14061313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: HIV infection results in immunometabolic reprogramming. While we are beginning to understand how this metabolic reprogramming regulates the immune response to HIV infection, we do not currently understand the impact of ART on immunometabolism in people with HIV (PWH). Methods: Serum obtained from HIV-infected (n = 278) and geographically matched HIV seronegative control subjects (n = 300) from Rakai Uganda were used in this study. Serum was obtained before and ~2 years following the initiation of ART from HIV-infected individuals. We conducted metabolomics profiling of the serum and focused our analysis on metabolic substrates and pathways assocaited with immunometabolism. Results: HIV infection was associated with metabolic adaptations that implicated hyperactive glycolysis, enhanced formation of lactate, increased activity of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), decreased β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids, increased utilization of medium-chain fatty acids, and enhanced amino acid catabolism. Following ART, serum levels of ketone bodies, carnitine, and amino acid metabolism were normalized, however glycolysis, PPP, lactate production, and β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids remained abnormal. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that HIV infection is associated with an increased immunometabolic demand that is satisfied through the utilization of alternative energetic substrates, including fatty acids and amino acids. ART alone was insufficient to completely restore this metabolic reprogramming to HIV infection, suggesting that a sustained impairment of immunometabolism may contribute to chronic immune activation and comorbid conditions in virally suppressed PWH.
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Calvet-Mirabent M, Sánchez-Cerrillo I, Martín-Cófreces N, Martínez-Fleta P, de la Fuente H, Tsukalov I, Delgado-Arévalo C, Calzada MJ, de Los Santos I, Sanz J, García-Fraile L, Sánchez-Madrid F, Alfranca A, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ, Buzón MJ, Martín-Gayo E. Antiretroviral therapy duration and immunometabolic state determine efficacy of ex vivo dendritic cell-based treatment restoring functional HIV-specific CD8+ T cells in people living with HIV. EBioMedicine 2022; 81:104090. [PMID: 35665682 PMCID: PMC9301875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dysfunction of CD8+ T cells in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) receiving anti-retroviral therapy (ART) has restricted the efficacy of dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapies against HIV-1. Heterogeneous immune exhaustion and metabolic states of CD8+ T cells might differentially associate with dysfunction. However, specific parameters associated to functional restoration of CD8+ T cells after DC treatment have not been investigated. Methods We studied association of restoration of functional HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cell responses after stimulation with Gag-adjuvant-primed DC with ART duration, exhaustion, metabolic and memory cell subsets profiles. Findings HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cell responses from a larger proportion of PLWH on long-term ART (more than 10 years; LT-ARTp) improved polyfunctionality and capacity to eliminate autologous p24+ infected CD4+ T cells in vitro. In contrast, functional improvement of CD8+ T cells from PLWH on short-term ART (less than a decade; ST-ARTp) after DC treatment was limited. This was associated with lower frequencies of central memory CD8+ T cells, increased co-expression of PD1 and TIGIT and reduced mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis induction upon TCR activation. In contrast, CD8+ T cells from LT-ARTp showed increased frequencies of TIM3+ PD1− cells and preserved induction of glycolysis. Treatment of dysfunctional CD8+ T cells from ST-ARTp with combined anti-PD1 and anti-TIGIT antibodies plus a glycolysis promoting drug restored their ability to eliminate infected CD4+ T cells. Interpretation Together, our study identifies specific immunometabolic parameters for different PLWH subgroups potentially useful for future personalized DC-based HIV-1 vaccines. Funding NIH (R21AI140930), MINECO/FEDER RETOS (RTI2018-097485-A-I00) and CIBERINF grants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Calvet-Mirabent
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ildefonso Sánchez-Cerrillo
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noa Martín-Cófreces
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular, CIBERCV, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Martínez-Fleta
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hortensia de la Fuente
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular, CIBERCV, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Delgado-Arévalo
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ignacio de Los Santos
- Infectious Diseases Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Infecciosas, CIBERINF, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Sanz
- Infectious Diseases Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Infecciosas, CIBERINF, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucio García-Fraile
- Infectious Diseases Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Infecciosas, CIBERINF, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular, CIBERCV, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arantzazu Alfranca
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Immunology Section, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J Buzón
- Infectious Diseases Department, Institut de Recerca Hospital Univesritari Vall d'Hebrón (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Martín-Gayo
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Infecciosas, CIBERINF, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Giron LB, Abdel-Mohsen M. Viral and Host Biomarkers of HIV Remission Post Treatment Interruption. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2022; 19:217-233. [PMID: 35438384 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-022-00607-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV rebound/remission after antiretroviral therapy (ART) interruption is likely influenced by (a) the size of the inducible replication-competent HIV reservoir and (b) factors in the host environment that influence immunological pressures on this reservoir. Identifying viral and/or host biomarkers of HIV rebound after ART cessation may improve the safety of treatment interruptions and our understanding of how the viral-host interplay results in post-treatment control. Here we review the predictive and functional significance of recently suggested viral and host biomarkers of time to viral rebound and post-treatment control following ART interruption. RECENT FINDINGS There are currently no validated viral or host biomarkers of viral rebound; however, several biomarkers have been recently suggested. A combination of viral and host factors will likely be needed to predict viral rebound and to better understand the mechanisms contributing to post-treatment control of HIV, critical steps to developing a cure for HIV infection.
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Takata H, Trautmann L. Transforming dysfunctional CD8+ T cells into natural controller-like CD8+ T cells: can TCF-1 be the magic wand? J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e160474. [PMID: 35642630 PMCID: PMC9151690 DOI: 10.1172/jci160474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection results in defective CD8+ T cell functions that are incompletely resolved by antiretroviral therapy (ART) except in natural controllers, who have functional CD8+ T cells associated with viral control. In this issue of the JCI, Perdomo-Celis et al. demonstrated that targeting the Wnt/transcription factor T cell factor 1 (Wnt/TCF-1) pathway in dysfunctional CD8+ T cells led to gains in stemness phenotype, metabolic quiescence, survival potential, response to homeostatic γ-chain cytokines, and antiviral capacities, similar to profiles of functional CD8+ T cells in natural controllers. Although reprogramming might not sufficiently reverse the imprinted dysfunction of CD8+ T cells in HIV infection, these findings outline the Wnt/TCF-1 pathway as a potential target to reprogram dysfunctional CD8+ T cells in efforts to achieve HIV remission.
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Fert A, Raymond Marchand L, Wiche Salinas TR, Ancuta P. Targeting Th17 cells in HIV-1 remission/cure interventions. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:580-594. [PMID: 35659433 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of HIV-1, progress has been made in deciphering the viral replication cycle and mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions that has facilitated the implementation of effective antiretroviral therapies (ARTs). Major barriers to HIV-1 remission/cure include the persistence of viral reservoirs (VRs) in long-lived CD4+ T cells, residual viral transcription, and lack of mucosal immunity restoration during ART, which together fuel systemic inflammation. Recently, T helper (Th)17-polarized cells were identified as major contributors to the pool of transcriptionally/translationally competent VRs. In this review, we discuss the functional features of Th17 cells that were elucidated by fundamental immunology studies in the context of autoimmunity. We also highlight recent discoveries supporting the possibility of extrapolating this knowledge toward the identification of new putative Th17-targeted HIV-1 remission/cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Fert
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Laurence Raymond Marchand
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Tomas Raul Wiche Salinas
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
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29
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Masip J, Rallón N, Yeregui E, Olona M, Resino S, Benito JM, Viladés C, García-Pardo G, Alcamí J, Ruiz-Mateos E, Gómez-Bertomeu F, Vargas M, Navarro M, Oteo JA, Pineda JA, Martí A, Alba V, Vidal F, Peraire J, Rull A. Elevated α-Ketoglutaric Acid Concentrations and a Lipid-Balanced Signature Are the Key Factors in Long-Term HIV Control. Front Immunol 2022; 13:822272. [PMID: 35514981 PMCID: PMC9065415 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.822272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term elite controllers (LTECs) are a fascinating small subset of HIV individuals with viral and immunological HIV control in the long term that have been designated as models of an HIV functional cure. However, data on the LTEC phenotype are still scarce, and hence, the metabolomics and lipidomics signatures in the LTEC-extreme phenotype, LTECs with more than 10 years of viral and immunological HIV control, could be pivotal to finding the keys for functional HIV remission. Metabolomics and lipidomics analyses were performed using high-resolution mass spectrometry (ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time of flight [UHPLC-(ESI) qTOF] in plasma samples of 13 patients defined as LTEC-extreme, a group of 20 LTECs that lost viral and/or immunological control during the follow-up study (LTEC-losing) and 9 EC patients with short-term viral and immunological control (less than 5 years; no-LTEC patients). Long-term viral and immunological HIV-1 control was found to be strongly associated with elevated tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle function. Interestingly, of the nine metabolites identified in the TCA cycle, α-ketoglutaric acid (p = 0.004), a metabolite implicated in the activation of the mTOR complex, a modulator of HIV latency and regulator of several biological processes, was found to be a key metabolite in the persistent control. On the other hand, a lipidomics panel combining 45 lipid species showed an optimal percentage of separation and an ability to differentiate LTEC-extreme from LTEC-losing, revealing that an elevated lipidomics plasma profile could be a predictive factor for the reignition of viral replication in LTEC individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Masip
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain.,Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Norma Rallón
- HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Elena Yeregui
- Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain.,Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Olona
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain.,Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Salvador Resino
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Benito
- HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Consuelo Viladés
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain.,Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Graciano García-Pardo
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain.,Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - José Alcamí
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Madrid, Spain.,HIV Unit, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Frederic Gómez-Bertomeu
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Vargas
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Marta Navarro
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Parc Tauli Hospital Universitari, Sabadell, Spain
| | - José A Oteo
- Hospital Universitario San Pedro, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Juan A Pineda
- Unidad de Investigación Hospital Universitario de Valme, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Anna Martí
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain.,Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Verónica Alba
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain.,Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francesc Vidal
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain.,Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquin Peraire
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain.,Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Rull
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain.,Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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Distinct Plasma Concentrations of Acyl-CoA-Binding Protein (ACBP) in HIV Progressors and Elite Controllers. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030453. [PMID: 35336860 PMCID: PMC8949460 DOI: 10.3390/v14030453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV elite controllers (ECs) are characterized by the spontaneous control of viral replication, and by metabolic and autophagic profiles which favor anti-HIV CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses. Extracellular acyl coenzyme A binding protein (ACBP) acts as a feedback inhibitor of autophagy. Herein, we assessed the circulating ACBP levels in ECs, compared to people living with HIV (PLWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) or not. We found lower ACBP levels in ECs compared to ART-naïve or ART-treated PLWH (p < 0.01 for both comparisons), independently of age and sex. ACBP levels were similar in ECs and HIV-uninfected controls. The expression of the protective HLA alleles HLA-B*27, *57, or *58 did not influence ACBP levels in ECs. ACBP levels were not associated with CD4 or CD8 T-cell counts, CD4 loss over time, inflammatory cytokines, or anti-CMV IgG titers in ECs. In ART-treated PLWH, ACBP levels were correlated with interleukin (IL)-1β levels, but not with other inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8, IL-32, or TNF-α. In conclusion, ECs are characterized by low ACBP plasma levels compared to ART-naïve or ART-treated PLWH. As autophagy is key to anti-HIV CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses, the ACBP pathway constitutes an interesting target in HIV cure strategies.
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Gibson MS, Noronha-Estima C, Gama-Carvalho M. Therapeutic Metabolic Reprograming Using microRNAs: From Cancer to HIV Infection. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020273. [PMID: 35205318 PMCID: PMC8872267 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial regulators of cellular processes, including metabolism. Attempts to use miRNAs as therapeutic agents are being explored in several areas, including the control of cancer progression. Recent evidence suggests fine tuning miRNA activity to reprogram tumor cell metabolism has enormous potential as an alternative treatment option. Indeed, cancer growth is known to be linked to profound metabolic changes. Likewise, the emerging field of immunometabolism is leading to a refined understanding of how immune cell proliferation and function is governed by glucose homeostasis. Different immune cell types are now known to have unique metabolic signatures that switch in response to a changing environment. T-cell subsets exhibit distinct metabolic profiles which underlie their alternative differentiation and phenotypic functions. Recent evidence shows that the susceptibility of CD4+ T-cells to HIV infection is intimately linked to their metabolic activity, with many of the metabolic features of HIV-1-infected cells resembling those found in tumor cells. In this review, we discuss the use of miRNA modulation to achieve metabolic reprogramming for cancer therapy and explore the idea that the same approach may serve as an effective mechanism to restrict HIV replication and eliminate infected cells.
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Akusjärvi SS, Ambikan AT, Krishnan S, Gupta S, Sperk M, Végvári Á, Mikaeloff F, Healy K, Vesterbacka J, Nowak P, Sönnerborg A, Neogi U. Integrative proteo-transcriptomic and immunophenotyping signatures of HIV-1 elite control phenotype: A cross-talk between glycolysis and HIF signaling. iScience 2022; 25:103607. [PMID: 35005552 PMCID: PMC8718889 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural control of HIV-1 is a characteristic of <1% of HIV-1-infected individuals, so called elite controllers (EC). In this study, we sought to identify signaling pathways associated with the EC phenotype using integrative proteo-transcriptomic analysis and immunophenotyping. We found HIF signaling and glycolysis as specific traits of the EC phenotype together with dysregulation of HIF target gene transcription. A higher proportion of HIF-1α and HIF-1β in the nuclei of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the male EC were observed, indicating a potential increased activation of the HIF signaling pathway. Furthermore, intracellular glucose levels were elevated in EC even as the surface expression of the metabolite transporters Glut1 and MCT-1 were decreased on lymphocytes indicative of unique metabolic uptake and flux profile. Combined, our data show that glycolytic modulation and altered HIF signaling is a unique feature of the male EC phenotype that may contribute to natural control of HIV-1. Proteo-transcriptomic integration identifying features of EC phenotype Sex-specific differences in EC phenotypes Enrichment of glycolysis and HIF signaling, a unique feature in the male EC Enrichment of HIF signaling independent on HIF-1α protein levels in EC
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Svensson Akusjärvi
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anoop T Ambikan
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shuba Krishnan
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Soham Gupta
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maike Sperk
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ákos Végvári
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Campus Solna, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Flora Mikaeloff
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katie Healy
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Vesterbacka
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Division of Infectious Disease, Karolinska Institutet, I73, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Piotr Nowak
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Division of Infectious Disease, Karolinska Institutet, I73, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medicine Huddinge, Division of Infectious Disease, Karolinska Institutet, I73, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ujjwal Neogi
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden.,Manipal Institute of Virology (MIV), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Mechanisms of immune aging in HIV. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:61-80. [PMID: 34985109 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Massive CD4+ T-cell depletion as well as sustained immune activation and inflammation are hallmarks of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 infection. In recent years, an emerging concept draws an intriguing parallel between HIV-1 infection and aging. Indeed, many of the alterations that affect innate and adaptive immune subsets in HIV-infected individuals are reminiscent of the process of immune aging, characteristic of old age. These changes, of which the presumed cause is the systemic immune activation established in patients, likely participate in the immuno-incompetence described with HIV progression. With the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-seropositive patients can now live for many years despite chronic viral infection. However, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related opportunistic infections have given way to chronic diseases as the leading cause of death since HIV infection. Therefore, the comparison between HIV-1 infected patients and uninfected elderly individuals goes beyond the sole onset of immunosenescence and extends to the deterioration of several physiological functions related to inflammation and systemic aging. In light of this observation, it is interesting to understand the precise link between immune activation and aging in HIV-1 infection to figure out how to best care for people living with HIV (PLWH).
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Awad K, Maghraby AS, Abd-Elshafy DN, Bahgat MM. Carbohydrates Metabolic Signatures in Immune Cells: Response to Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:912899. [PMID: 35983037 PMCID: PMC9380592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.912899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolic reprogramming in immune cells is diverse and distinctive in terms of complexity and flexibility in response to heterogeneous pathogenic stimuli. We studied the carbohydrate metabolic changes in immune cells in different types of infectious diseases. This could help build reasonable strategies when understanding the diagnostics, prognostics, and biological relevance of immune cells under alternative metabolic burdens. METHODS Search and analysis were conducted on published peer-reviewed papers on immune cell metabolism of a single pathogen infection from the four known types (bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses). Out of the 131 selected papers based on the PIC algorithm (pathogen type/immune cell/carbohydrate metabolism), 30 explored immune cell metabolic changes in well-studied bacterial infections, 17 were on fungal infections of known medical importance, and 12 and 57 were on parasitic and viral infections, respectively. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION While carbohydrate metabolism in immune cells is signaled by glycolytic shift during a bacterial or viral infection, it is widely evident that effector surface proteins are expressed on the surface of parasites and fungi to modulate metabolism in these cells. CONCLUSIONS Carbohydrate metabolism in immune cells can be categorized according to the pathogen or the disease type. Accordingly, this classification can be used to adopt new strategies in disease diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem Awad
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Kareem Awad, ; Mahmoud Mohamed Bahgat, ,
| | - Amany Sayed Maghraby
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
- Research Group Immune- and Bio-Markers for Infection, the Center of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina Nadeem Abd-Elshafy
- Research Group Immune- and Bio-Markers for Infection, the Center of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Water Pollution Research, Institute of Environmental Research, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Mohamed Bahgat
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
- Research Group Immune- and Bio-Markers for Infection, the Center of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Kareem Awad, ; Mahmoud Mohamed Bahgat, ,
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Lyu H, Zhou Y, Dai W, Zhen S, Huang S, Zhou L, Huang L, Tang W. Solidarity and HIV Testing Willingness During the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Study Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in China. Front Public Health 2021; 9:752965. [PMID: 34957014 PMCID: PMC8695798 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.752965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Solidarity, such as community connectedness and social cohesion, may be useful in improving HIV testing uptake among men who have sex with men (MSM). This study aimed to evaluate the impact of solidarity on HIV testing before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and HIV testing willingness during COVID-19 among MSM in China. Materials and Methods: An online survey was conducted to collect sociodemographic, sexual behavioral, and solidarity items' information from the participants. We first used factor analysis to reveal the principal component of the solidarity items and then used logistic regression to study the impact of solidarity on HIV testing, by adjusting the possible confounding factors, such as age and education. Results: Social cohesion and community connectedness were revealed by the factor analysis. MSM with high community connectedness were more willing to undergo HIV testing before the epidemic adjusted by age [odds ratio (OR): 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01-1.13]. The community connectedness was also related to the willingness of HIV testing during the epidemic, with adjustments of 1.09 (95% CI: 1.03-1.15). People who did not test for HIV before the COVID-19 epidemic were more willing to have the HIV test during the epidemic, which was correlated with the community connectedness, and the OR value was 1.14 (95%: 1.03-1.25). Conclusion: A high level of community connectedness helped to increase the HIV testing rate before COVID-19 and the willingness of HIV testing during the epidemic among MSM. Strategies can strengthen the role of the community in the management and service of MSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Lyu
- Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, China
| | - Wencan Dai
- Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, China
| | | | - Shanzi Huang
- Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, China
| | - Lanlan Zhou
- Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, China
| | - Liqun Huang
- Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, China
| | - Weiming Tang
- Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,University of North Carolina Project-China, Guangzhou, China
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Th17 cell master transcription factor RORC2 regulates HIV-1 gene expression and viral outgrowth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2105927118. [PMID: 34819367 PMCID: PMC8640723 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2105927118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infects CD4 T cells, and, among these, T helper 17 (Th17) cells are known to be particularly permissive for virus replication. The infection of Th17 cells is critical for AIDS pathogenesis and viral persistence. It is, however, not clear why these cells are highly permissive to HIV-1. We found that Th17 cell permissiveness depends on the expression of the hormone receptor RORC2, which is the master transcriptional regulator of Th17 cell differentiation. We identify RORC2 as a cell-specific host-dependency factor that can be targeted by small molecules. Our results suggest that RORC2 may be a cell-specific target to mitigate the loss of Th17 cells as a consequence of their preferential HIV-1 infection. Among CD4+ T cells, T helper 17 (Th17) cells are particularly susceptible to HIV-1 infection and are depleted from mucosal sites, which causes damage to the gut barrier, resulting in a microbial translocation-induced systemic inflammation, a hallmark of disease progression. Furthermore, a proportion of latently infected Th17 cells persist long term in the gastrointestinal lymphatic tract where a low-level HIV-1 transcription is observed. This residual viremia contributes to chronic immune activation. Thus, Th17 cells are key players in HIV pathogenesis and viral persistence. It is, however, unclear why these cells are highly susceptible to HIV-1 infection. Th17 cell differentiation depends on the expression of the master transcriptional regulator RORC2, a retinoic acid-related nuclear hormone receptor that regulates specific transcriptional programs by binding to promoter/enhancer DNA. Here, we report that RORC2 is a key host cofactor for HIV replication in Th17 cells. We found that specific inhibitors that bind to the RORC2 ligand-binding domain reduced HIV replication in CD4+ T cells. The depletion of RORC2 inhibited HIV-1 infection, whereas its overexpression enhanced it. RORC2 was also found to promote HIV-1 gene expression by binding to the nuclear receptor responsive element in the HIV-1 long terminal repeats (LTR). In treated HIV-1 patients, RORC2+ CD4 T cells contained more proviral DNA than RORC2− cells. Pharmacological inhibition of RORC2 potently reduced HIV-1 outgrowth in CD4+ T cells from antiretroviral-treated patients. Altogether, these results provide an explanation as to why Th17 cells are highly susceptible to HIV-1 infection and suggest that RORC2 may be a cell-specific target for HIV-1 therapy.
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37
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Waters LJ, Psomas CK, Barber TJ. Key highlights from the international AIDS society (IAS) conference 2021. J Virus Erad 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2021.100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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38
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Comprehensive metabolomics profiling reveals common metabolic alterations underlying the four major non-communicable diseases in treated HIV infection. EBioMedicine 2021; 71:103548. [PMID: 34419928 PMCID: PMC8385138 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV infection and normal aging share immune and inflammatory changes that result in premature aging and non-communicable diseases (NCDs), but the exact pathophysiology is not yet uncovered. We identified the common metabolic pathways underlying various NCDs in treated HIV infection. Methods We performed untargeted metabolomics including 87 HIV-negative (–) normal controls (NCs), 87 HIV-positive (+) NCs, and 148 HIV+ subjects with only one type of NCDs, namely, subclinical carotid atherosclerosis, neurocognitive impairment (NCI), liver fibrosis (LF) and renal impairment. All HIV+ subjects were virally suppressed. Results HIV+ patients presented widespread alterations in cellular metabolism compared to HIV– NCs. Glycerophospholipid (GPL) metabolism was the only one disturbed pathway presented in comparisons including HIV– NCs across age groups, HIV+ NCs across age groups, HIV+ NCs vs HIV– NCs and each of HIV+ NCDs vs HIV+ NCs. D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism and alanine-aspartate-glutamate metabolism were presented in comparisons between HIV+ NCs vs HIV– NCs, HIV+ LF or HIV+ NCI vs HIV+ NCs. Consistently, subsequent analysis identified a metabolomic fingerprint specific for HIV+ NCDs, containing 42 metabolites whose relative abundance showed either an upward (mainly GPL-derived lipid mediators) or a downward trend (mainly plasmalogen phosphatidylcholines, plasmalogen phosphatidylethanolamines, and glutamine) from HIV– NCs to HIV+ NCs and then HIV+ NCDs, reflecting a trend of increased oxidative stress. Interpretation GPL metabolism emerges as the common metabolic disturbance linking HIV to NCDs, followed by glutamine and glutamate metabolism. Together, our data point to the aforementioned metabolisms and related metabolites as potential key targets in studying pathophysiology of NCDs in HIV infection and developing therapeutic interventions. Funding China National Science and Technology Major Projects on Infectious Diseases, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Yi-wu Institute of Fudan University, and Shanghai Municipal Health and Family Planning Commission.
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Hasan MR, Suleiman M, Pérez-López A. Metabolomics in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of COVID-19. Front Genet 2021; 12:721556. [PMID: 34367265 PMCID: PMC8343128 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.721556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic triggered an unprecedented global effort in developing rapid and inexpensive diagnostic and prognostic tools. Since the genome of SARS-CoV-2 was uncovered, detection of viral RNA by RT-qPCR has played the most significant role in preventing the spread of the virus through early detection and tracing of suspected COVID-19 cases and through screening of at-risk population. However, a large number of alternative test methods based on SARS-CoV-2 RNA or proteins or host factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection have been developed and evaluated. The application of metabolomics in infectious disease diagnostics is an evolving area of science that was boosted by the urgency of COVID-19 pandemic. Metabolomics approaches that rely on the analysis of volatile organic compounds exhaled by COVID-19 patients hold promise for applications in a large-scale screening of population in point-of-care (POC) setting. On the other hand, successful application of mass-spectrometry to detect specific spectral signatures associated with COVID-19 in nasopharyngeal swab specimens may significantly save the cost and turnaround time of COVID-19 testing in the diagnostic microbiology and virology laboratories. Active research is also ongoing on the discovery of potential metabolomics-based prognostic markers for the disease that can be applied to serum or plasma specimens. Several metabolic pathways related to amino acid, lipid and energy metabolism were found to be affected by severe disease with COVID-19. In particular, tryptophan metabolism via the kynurenine pathway were persistently dysregulated in several independent studies, suggesting the roles of several metabolites of this pathway such as tryptophan, kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine as potential prognostic markers of the disease. However, standardization of the test methods and large-scale clinical validation are necessary before these tests can be applied in a clinical setting. With rapidly expanding data on the metabolic profiles of COVID-19 patients with varying degrees of severity, it is likely that metabolomics will play an important role in near future in predicting the outcome of the disease with a greater degree of certainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rubayet Hasan
- Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Andrés Pérez-López
- Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar
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Tong L, Cong Z, Tian L, Zhang J, Lu J, Lu Q, Chen T, Wang Y, Wei Q, Xue J. Stage-Dependent Within-Individual Comparison Reveals SIV-Specific Activation/Exhaustion Shift in Rhesus Macaques. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:704449. [PMID: 34349746 PMCID: PMC8326587 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.704449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is challenging to trace the complicated individual-based variations of HIV-specific immunocompetence shift during the successful antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. Using eight rhesus monkeys simulating a longitudinal stage-dependent cohort (baseline-SIV acute infection-SIV suppression by ART-ART withdrawal), baseline immunocompetence monitoring for 28 days (SIV-negative stage, SN) was compared with host immunocompetence undergoing 90-day ART treatment (SIV-suppressed stage, SS) to reveal the SIV-specific immunity shift aroused by undetectable individual viral replication. During acute SIV infection for 98 days (SIV-emerged stage, SE), immune activation was compared with re-immune activation post ART for 49-day follow-up (SIV-rebounded stage, SR) to reveal the SIV-specific immune activation variation aroused by detectable individual viral replication. Individual immunocompetence was measured by co-expression of CD4, CD8, CD38, HLA-DR, CCR7, CD45RA, and PD-1 on T cells and a cytokine panel. Compared with SN, mild immune activation/exhaustion was characterized by increased CD38+ HLA-DR– CD4+/CD8+ T-cell subsets and PD-1+ memory CD4+/CD8+ T-cell subsets with three elevated cytokines (MIP-1β, IL-8, and IL-10) significantly emerged in SS. Compared with SE, SR produced more exhaustion characterized by increased PD-1+ CD4+ TCM cells and decreased PD-1+ CD4+ TEM cells with four elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). By such individualized stage-dependent comparison, the sustainable immune activation was found from activation/exhaustion shifted into exhaustion during the longitudinal viral persistence. Further, validated SIV accelerates host immunosenescence continuously independent of viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Tong
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Cong
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Long Tian
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuhan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Wang
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xue
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Pastor-Ibáñez R, Díez-Fuertes F, Sánchez-Palomino S, Alcamí J, Plana M, Torrents D, Leal L, García F. Impact of Transcriptome and Gut Microbiome on the Response of HIV-1 Infected Individuals to a Dendritic Cell-Based HIV Therapeutic Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070694. [PMID: 34202658 PMCID: PMC8310021 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccines based on dendritic cells offer a good approach to HIV-specific T-cell responses and partial control of the viral load after antiretroviral therapy interruption. The aim of the present study was to identify mRNA expression profiles and to assess the impact of the gut microbiome composition for predicting the viral load control after antiretroviral therapy interruption. We enrolled 29 patients to receive either placebo or a monocyte-derived dendritic cell vaccine. Patients with a decrease in their viral load of >0.5 log10 copies/mL by 12 weeks after antiretroviral therapy interruption were considered responders. In total, 66 genes were considered differentially expressed between responders and non-responders. Enrichment analysis revealed several upregulated pathways involved in the host defense response to a virus via the type I interferon signaling pathway. Regarding the gut microbiota, responders showed enriched levels of Bacteroidetes (p < 0.005) and Verrucomicrobia (p = 0.017), while non-responders were enriched with Tenericutes (p = 0.049) and Actinobacteria (p < 0.005). We also found important differences at the genus level. However, we did not discover any effect of the dendritic cell vaccine on the transcriptome or the gut microbiota. An alternative analysis did characterize that the microbiota from responders were associated with the metabolic production of short-chain fatty acids, which are key metabolites in the regulation of intestinal homeostasis. The evidence now consistently shows that short-chain fatty acid depletion occurs in HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretroviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roque Pastor-Ibáñez
- AIDS Research Group, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (R.P.-I.); (S.S.-P.); (J.A.); (M.P.); (F.G.)
| | | | - Sonsoles Sánchez-Palomino
- AIDS Research Group, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (R.P.-I.); (S.S.-P.); (J.A.); (M.P.); (F.G.)
| | - Jose Alcamí
- AIDS Research Group, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (R.P.-I.); (S.S.-P.); (J.A.); (M.P.); (F.G.)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. de Pozuelo, 28, Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Montserrat Plana
- AIDS Research Group, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (R.P.-I.); (S.S.-P.); (J.A.); (M.P.); (F.G.)
| | - David Torrents
- Computational Genomics Groups, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Plaça d’Eusebi Güell, 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Lorna Leal
- AIDS Research Group, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (R.P.-I.); (S.S.-P.); (J.A.); (M.P.); (F.G.)
- Infectious Diseases—Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-932-275-586; Fax: +34-934-514-438
| | - Felipe García
- AIDS Research Group, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (R.P.-I.); (S.S.-P.); (J.A.); (M.P.); (F.G.)
- Infectious Diseases—Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Ding Y, He N. HIV and pulmonary hypertension: CD4 and viral load matter. THE LANCET. HEALTHY LONGEVITY 2021; 2:e389-e390. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-7568(21)00137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Hartana CA, Rassadkina Y, Gao C, Martin-Gayo E, Walker BD, Lichterfeld M, Yu XG. Long noncoding RNA MIR4435-2HG enhances metabolic function of myeloid dendritic cells from HIV-1 elite controllers. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:146136. [PMID: 33938445 PMCID: PMC8087208 DOI: 10.1172/jci146136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Restriction of HIV-1 replication in elite controllers (ECs) is frequently attributed to T cell-mediated immune responses, while the specific contribution of innate immune cells is less clear. Here, we demonstrate an upregulation of the host long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) MIR4435-2HG in primary myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) from ECs. Elevated expression of this lncRNA in mDCs was associated with a distinct immunometabolic profile, characterized by increased oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis activities in response to TLR3 stimulation. Using functional assays, we show that MIR4435-2HG directly influenced the metabolic state of mDCs, likely through epigenetic mechanisms involving H3K27ac enrichment at an intronic enhancer in the RPTOR gene locus, the main component of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Together, these results suggest a role of MIR4435-2HG for enhancing immunometabolic activities of mDCs in ECs through targeted epigenetic modifications of a member of the mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ce Gao
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Enrique Martin-Gayo
- Immunology Unit, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Hospital Universitario la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences, and
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xu G. Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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44
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Xiao N, Nie M, Pang H, Wang B, Hu J, Meng X, Li K, Ran X, Long Q, Deng H, Chen N, Li S, Tang N, Huang A, Hu Z. Integrated cytokine and metabolite analysis reveals immunometabolic reprogramming in COVID-19 patients with therapeutic implications. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1618. [PMID: 33712622 PMCID: PMC7955129 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21907-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a major cause of the multi-organ injury and fatal outcome induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection in severe COVID-19 patients. Metabolism can modulate the immune responses against infectious diseases, yet our understanding remains limited on how host metabolism correlates with inflammatory responses and affects cytokine release in COVID-19 patients. Here we perform both metabolomics and cytokine/chemokine profiling on serum samples from healthy controls, mild and severe COVID-19 patients, and delineate their global metabolic and immune response landscape. Correlation analyses show tight associations between metabolites and proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines, such as IL-6, M-CSF, IL-1α, IL-1β, and imply a potential regulatory crosstalk between arginine, tryptophan, purine metabolism and hyperinflammation. Importantly, we also demonstrate that targeting metabolism markedly modulates the proinflammatory cytokines release by peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from SARS-CoV-2-infected rhesus macaques ex vivo, hinting that exploiting metabolic alterations may be a potential strategy for treating fatal CRS in COVID-19. Metabolism changes can modulate immune responses in many contexts, and vice versa. Here the authors associate metabolomic, as well as cytokine and chemokine, data from stratified COVID-19 patients to find that arginine, tryptophan and purine metabolic pathways correlate with hyperproliferation, thus hinting at potential therapeutic targets for severe COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Meng Nie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Huanhuan Pang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bohong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jieli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangjun Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ke Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiaorong Ran
- Agilent Technologies (China), Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Quanxin Long
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haijun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Na Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shao Li
- Institute for TCM-X, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Division, BNRIST, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ni Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Ailong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Zeping Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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45
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Vinhaes CL, Araujo-Pereira M, Tibúrcio R, Cubillos-Angulo JM, Demitto FO, Akrami KM, Andrade BB. Systemic Inflammation Associated with Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in Persons Living with HIV. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11010065. [PMID: 33477581 PMCID: PMC7831327 DOI: 10.3390/life11010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has represented a major advancement in the care of people living with HIV (PLWHH), resulting in significant reductions in morbidity and mortality through immune reconstitution and attenuation of homeostatic disruption. Importantly, restoration of immune function in PLWH with opportunistic infections occasionally leads to an intense and uncontrolled cytokine storm following ART initiation known as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). IRIS occurrence is associated with the severe and rapid clinical deterioration that results in significant morbidity and mortality. Here, we detail the determinants underlying IRIS development in PLWH, compiling the available knowledge in the field to highlight details of the inflammatory responses in IRIS associated with the most commonly reported opportunistic pathogens. This review also highlights gaps in the understanding of IRIS pathogenesis and summarizes therapeutic strategies that have been used for IRIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caian L. Vinhaes
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil; (C.L.V.); (M.A.-P.); (R.T.); (J.M.C.-A.); (K.M.A.)
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Salvador 40210-320, Brazil;
- Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Bahia Foundation for the Development of Sciences, Salvador 40290-000, Brazil
| | - Mariana Araujo-Pereira
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil; (C.L.V.); (M.A.-P.); (R.T.); (J.M.C.-A.); (K.M.A.)
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Salvador 40210-320, Brazil;
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Rafael Tibúrcio
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil; (C.L.V.); (M.A.-P.); (R.T.); (J.M.C.-A.); (K.M.A.)
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Salvador 40210-320, Brazil;
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Juan M. Cubillos-Angulo
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil; (C.L.V.); (M.A.-P.); (R.T.); (J.M.C.-A.); (K.M.A.)
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Salvador 40210-320, Brazil;
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Fernanda O. Demitto
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Salvador 40210-320, Brazil;
| | - Kevan M. Akrami
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil; (C.L.V.); (M.A.-P.); (R.T.); (J.M.C.-A.); (K.M.A.)
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Salvador 40210-320, Brazil;
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40110-100, Brazil
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bruno B. Andrade
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil; (C.L.V.); (M.A.-P.); (R.T.); (J.M.C.-A.); (K.M.A.)
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Salvador 40210-320, Brazil;
- Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Bahia Foundation for the Development of Sciences, Salvador 40290-000, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40110-100, Brazil
- Curso de Medicina, Centro Universitário Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências (UniFTC), Salvador 41741-590, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-71-3176-2264
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46
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Le Hingrat Q, Sereti I, Landay AL, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. The Hitchhiker Guide to CD4 + T-Cell Depletion in Lentiviral Infection. A Critical Review of the Dynamics of the CD4 + T Cells in SIV and HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:695674. [PMID: 34367156 PMCID: PMC8336601 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.695674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T-cell depletion is pathognomonic for AIDS in both HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections. It occurs early, is massive at mucosal sites, and is not entirely reverted by antiretroviral therapy (ART), particularly if initiated when T-cell functions are compromised. HIV/SIV infect and kill activated CCR5-expressing memory and effector CD4+ T-cells from the intestinal lamina propria. Acute CD4+ T-cell depletion is substantial in progressive, nonprogressive and controlled infections. Clinical outcome is predicted by the mucosal CD4+ T-cell recovery during chronic infection, with no recovery occurring in rapid progressors, and partial, transient recovery, the degree of which depends on the virus control, in normal and long-term progressors. The nonprogressive infection of African nonhuman primate SIV hosts is characterized by partial mucosal CD4+ T-cell restoration, despite high viral replication. Complete, albeit very slow, recovery of mucosal CD4+ T-cells occurs in controllers. Early ART does not prevent acute mucosal CD4+ T-cell depletion, yet it greatly improves their restoration, sometimes to preinfection levels. Comparative studies of the different models of SIV infection support a critical role of immune activation/inflammation (IA/INFL), in addition to viral replication, in CD4+ T-cell depletion, with immune restoration occurring only when these parameters are kept at bay. CD4+ T-cell depletion is persistent, and the recovery is very slow, even when both the virus and IA/INFL are completely controlled. Nevertheless, partial mucosal CD4+ T-cell recovery is sufficient for a healthy life in natural hosts. Cell death and loss of CD4+ T-cell subsets critical for gut health contribute to mucosal inflammation and enteropathy, which weaken the mucosal barrier, leading to microbial translocation, a major driver of IA/INFL. In turn, IA/INFL trigger CD4+ T-cells to become either viral targets or apoptotic, fueling their loss. CD4+ T-cell depletion also drives opportunistic infections, cancers, and comorbidities. It is thus critical to preserve CD4+ T cells (through early ART) during HIV/SIV infection. Even in early-treated subjects, residual IA/INFL can persist, preventing/delaying CD4+ T-cell restoration. New therapeutic strategies limiting mucosal pathology, microbial translocation and IA/INFL, to improve CD4+ T-cell recovery and the overall HIV prognosis are needed, and SIV models are extensively used to this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Le Hingrat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Irini Sereti
- HIV Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alan L Landay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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47
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Hyaluronic acid is a negative regulator of mucosal fibroblast-mediated enhancement of HIV infection. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:1203-1213. [PMID: 33976386 PMCID: PMC8379073 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00409-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The majority of HIV infections are established through the genital or rectal mucosa. Fibroblasts are abundant in these tissues, and although not susceptible to infection, can potently enhance HIV infection of CD4+ T cells. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a major component of the extracellular matrix of fibroblasts, and its levels are influenced by the inflammatory state of the tissue. Since inflammation is known to facilitate HIV sexual transmission, we investigated the role of HA in genital mucosal fibroblast-mediated enhancement of HIV infection. Depletion of HA by CRISPR-Cas9 in primary foreskin fibroblasts augmented the ability of the fibroblasts to increase HIV infection of CD4+ T cells. This amplified enhancement required direct contact between the fibroblasts and CD4+ T cells, and could be attributed to both increased rates of trans-infection and the increased ability of HA-deficient fibroblasts to push CD4+ T cells into a state of higher permissivity to infection. This HIV-permissive state was characterized by differential expression of genes associated with regulation of cell metabolism and death. Our results suggest that conditions resulting in diminished cell-surface HA on fibroblasts, such as genital inflammation, can promote HIV transmission by conditioning CD4+ T cells toward a state more vulnerable to infection by HIV.
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