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Pressley KR, Schwegman L, Montes De Oca Arena M, Chase Huizar C, Zamvil SS, Forsthuber TG. HLA-transgenic mouse models to study autoimmune central nervous system diseases. Autoimmunity 2024; 57:2387414. [PMID: 39167553 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2024.2387414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
It is known that certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes are associated with autoimmune central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), but their exact role in disease susceptibility and etiopathogenesis remains unclear. The best studied HLA-associated autoimmune CNS disease is MS, and thus will be the primary focus of this review. Other HLA-associated autoimmune CNS diseases, such as autoimmune encephalitis and neuromyelitis optica will be discussed. The lack of animal models to accurately capture the complex human autoimmune response remains a major challenge. HLA transgenic (tg) mice provide researchers with powerful tools to investigate the underlying mechanisms promoting susceptibility and progression of HLA-associated autoimmune CNS diseases, as well as for elucidating the myelin epitopes potentially targeted by T cells in autoimmune disease patients. We will discuss the potential role(s) of autoimmune disease-associated HLA alleles in autoimmune CNS diseases and highlight information provided by studies using HLA tg mice to investigate the underlying pathological mechanisms and opportunities to use these models for development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Pressley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lance Schwegman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Maria Montes De Oca Arena
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Carol Chase Huizar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Scott S Zamvil
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Program in Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas G Forsthuber
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Braun B, Fischbach F, Pfeffer LK, Richter J, Janson D, Kröger NM, Mariottini A, Heesen C, Häußler V. Exploring the therapeutic potential of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in progressive multiple sclerosis-a systematic review. Eur J Neurol 2024:e16427. [PMID: 39104136 DOI: 10.1111/ene.16427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The aim was to determine the value of autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT) as a therapeutic intervention for progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS) based on a systematic review of the current literature. METHODS All studies from the databases PubMed and Google Scholar published in English before February 2024 which provided individual data for PMS patients were systematically reviewed. PICO was defined as population (P), primary progressive MS and secondary progressive MS patients; intervention (I), treatment with aHSCT; comparison (C), none, disease-modifying therapy treated/relapsing-remitting MS cohorts if available; outcome (O), transplant-related mortality, progression-free survival (PFS) and no evidence of disease activity. RESULTS A total of 15 studies met the criteria including 665 patients with PMS (74 primary progressive MS, 591 secondary progressive MS) and 801 patients with relapsing-remitting MS as controls. PFS data were available for 647 patients. PMS patients showed more severe disability at baseline than relapsing-remitting MS patients. The average transplant-related mortality for PMS in 10 studies was 1.9%, with 10 deaths in 528 patients. PFS ranged from 0% to 78% in PMS groups 5 years after treatment initiation, demonstrating a high variability. No evidence of disease activity scores at 5 years ranged from 0% to 75%. CONCLUSION Based on the available data, aHSCT does not halt progression in people with PMS. However, there appears to be evidence of improved outcome in selected patients. Due to the heterogeneity of the available data, more comprehensive clinical trials assessing the efficacy of aHSCT across different patient groups are urgently needed to reduce variability and improve patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Braun
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix Fischbach
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lena Kristina Pfeffer
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Richter
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dietlinde Janson
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicolaus M Kröger
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alice Mariottini
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department Neurology II, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Christoph Heesen
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vivien Häußler
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Amin M, Martínez-Heras E, Ontaneda D, Prados Carrasco F. Artificial Intelligence and Multiple Sclerosis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2024; 24:233-243. [PMID: 38940994 PMCID: PMC11258192 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-024-01354-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we analyse the different advances in artificial intelligence (AI) approaches in multiple sclerosis (MS). AI applications in MS range across investigation of disease pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. A subset of AI, Machine learning (ML) models analyse various data sources, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), genetic, and clinical data, to distinguish MS from other conditions, predict disease progression, and personalize treatment strategies. Additionally, AI models have been extensively applied to lesion segmentation, identification of biomarkers, and prediction of outcomes, disease monitoring, and management. Despite the big promises of AI solutions, model interpretability and transparency remain critical for gaining clinician and patient trust in these methods. The future of AI in MS holds potential for open data initiatives that could feed ML models and increasing generalizability, the implementation of federated learning solutions for training the models addressing data sharing issues, and generative AI approaches to address challenges in model interpretability, and transparency. In conclusion, AI presents an opportunity to advance our understanding and management of MS. AI promises to aid clinicians in MS diagnosis and prognosis improving patient outcomes and quality of life, however ensuring the interpretability and transparency of AI-generated results is going to be key for facilitating the integration of AI into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Amin
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Eloy Martínez-Heras
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Laboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Ontaneda
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ferran Prados Carrasco
- e-Health Center, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
- Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
- Center for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at UCL and UCLH, London, UK.
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4
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von Drathen S, Gold SM, Peper J, Rahn AC, Ramien C, Magyari M, Hansen HC, Friede T, Heesen C. Stress and Multiple Sclerosis - Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association with disease onset, relapse risk and disability progression. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 120:620-629. [PMID: 38906489 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This systematic review and meta-analysis address the evidence on the association of psychological stressors with onset of multiple sclerosis, inflammatory disease activity (relapses or new disease activity on magnetic resonance imaging, MRI) and disability progression. METHODS PubMed was searched from 1946 to 15 July 2022. Studies and certain stressors were selected when they assessed stressors independent from stress elicited by the disease process itself. Risk of bias was assessed by the CASP Case Control Study Checklist and the CASP Cohort Study Checklist. Normal-Normal Hierarchical Model (NNHM) for random-effects meta-analysis was used in the Bayesian framework. RESULTS 30 studies reporting data from 26 cohorts reporting on 24.781 cases could be identified. Ten studies addressed stressors and MS disease onset showing a weak to modest effect of psychological stressors. A meta-analysis of three studies investigating diagnosed stress disorders and MS risk showed a 1.87-fold (CI 1.061 to 3.429) increased MS risk. Stress and MS relapse risk were addressed in 19 heterogeneous studies. Meta-analyses from two independent cohorts investigating the same military threat of a population showed a threefold increased risk for relapses in association with war (relapse rate: 3.0, CI 1.56 to 5.81). In addition, two studies confirmed an association of stressful life events and MRI activity. Three studies of stressors and disease progression were included indicating some effect on disease progression. CONCLUSIONS Taken together studies indicate a minor to modest impact of psychological stressors on disease onset, inflammatory activity and progression of MS. Possible case-selection bias and lack of confounder analysis were present in many studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sönke von Drathen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Friedrich-Ebert-Krankenhaus, Friesenstraße 11, D-24534 Neumünster, Germany.
| | - Stefan Michael Gold
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg; Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Psychiatry, Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF), Hindenburgdamm 30, D-12203 Berlin, Germany; Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medical Department, Section Psychosomatic Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF), Hindenburgdamm 30, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Peper
- Institute of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Nursing Research Unit, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anne Christin Rahn
- Institute of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Nursing Research Unit, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Caren Ramien
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg
| | - Melinda Magyari
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center and The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans-Christian Hansen
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Ebert-Krankenhaus, Friesenstraße 11, D-24534 Neumünster, Germany
| | - Tim Friede
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 32, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Heesen
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg
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Canever JB, Queiroz LY, Soares ES, de Avelar NCP, Cimarosti HI. Circadian rhythm alterations affecting the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurochem 2024; 168:1475-1489. [PMID: 37358003 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The circadian rhythm is a nearly 24-h oscillation found in various physiological processes in the human brain and body that is regulated by environmental and genetic factors. It is responsible for maintaining body homeostasis and it is critical for essential functions, such as metabolic regulation and memory consolidation. Dysregulation in the circadian rhythm can negatively impact human health, resulting in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, psychiatric disorders, and premature death. Emerging evidence points to a relationship between the dysregulation circadian rhythm and neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting that the alterations in circadian function might play crucial roles in the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Better understanding this association is of paramount importance to expand the knowledge on the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases, as well as, to provide potential targets for the development of new interventions based on the dysregulation of circadian rhythm. Here we review the latest findings on dysregulation of circadian rhythm alterations in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, spinocerebellar ataxia and multiple-system atrophy, focusing on research published in the last 3 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaquelini Betta Canever
- Postgraduate Program of Neuroscience, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Letícia Yoshitome Queiroz
- Postgraduate Program of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ericks Sousa Soares
- Postgraduate Program of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Núbia Carelli Pereira de Avelar
- Laboratory of Aging, Resources and Rheumatology, Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Helena Iturvides Cimarosti
- Postgraduate Program of Neuroscience, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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6
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Sonner JK, Mayer C, Friese MA. Microglial complex I activity: a crucial factor for smoldering inflammation in the central nervous system. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:185. [PMID: 39080271 PMCID: PMC11289079 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01894-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jana K Sonner
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christina Mayer
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manuel A Friese
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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7
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Geng C, Tang Y. Association between levels of sex hormones and risk of multiple sclerosis: a mendelian randomization study. Acta Neurol Belg 2024:10.1007/s13760-024-02613-x. [PMID: 39073697 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-024-02613-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This research aimed to examine the causal connections between multiple sclerosis (MS) and a range of sex hormone-related traits, such as bioavailable testosterone (BT), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), testosterone, and estradiol (E2). METHODS A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis using summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) was conducted to investigate the relationship between sex hormone-related traits and MS. Moreover, the Inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was employed as the primary analysis approach. RESULTS The MR analysis, using the IVW method, found a significant correlation between genetically determined SHBG levels and MS (OR = 1.634, 95% CI: 1.029-2.599, p = 0.038). Similarly, the reverse MR analysis suggested a causal link between MS and SHBG (OR = 1.005, 95% CI: 1.001-1.009, P = 0.003). However, no association was observed between MS risk and E2, testosterone, or BT levels. CONCLUSION Our MR analysis demonstrated that genetically predicted higher SHBG may be positively correlated with the risk of MS. Moreover, the role of SHBG in MS could be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Geng
- Department of Neurology and Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Neurology and Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China.
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8
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Yang C, Ma Y, Lu Q, Qu Y, Li Y, Cheng S, Xiao C, Chen J, Wang C, Wang F, Xiang AP, Huang W, Tang X, Zheng H. 2-Bromo-1,4-Naphthalenedione promotes CD8 + T cell expansion and limits Th1/Th17 to mitigate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:181. [PMID: 39068463 PMCID: PMC11283727 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03172-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Treating Multiple sclerosis (MS), a well-known immune-mediated disease characterized by axonal demyelination, is challenging due to its complex causes. Naphthalenedione, present in numerous plants, is being explored as a potential medicine for MS due to its immunomodulatory properties. However, its effects on lymphocytes can vary depending on factors such as the specific compound, concentration, and experimental conditions. In this study, we aim to explore the therapeutic potential of 2-bromo-1,4-naphthalenedione (BrQ), a derivative of naphthalenedione, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS, and to elucidate its underlying mechanisms. We observed that mice treated with BrQ exhibited reduced severity of EAE symptoms, including lower clinical scores, decreased leukocyte infiltration, and less extensive demyelination in central nervous system. Furthermore, it was noted that BrQ does not directly affect the remyelination process. Through cell-chat analysis based on bulk RNA-seq data, coupled with validation of flow analysis, we discovered that BrQ significantly promotes the expansion of CD8+ T cells and their interactions with other immune cells in peripheral immune system in EAE mice. Subsequent CD8+ T cell depletion experiments confirmed that BrQ alleviates EAE in a CD8+ T cell-dependent manner. Mechanistically, expanded CD8+ cells were found to selectively reduce antigen-specific CD4+ cells and subsequently inhibit Th1 and Th17 cell development in vivo, ultimately leading to relief from EAE. In summary, our findings highlight the crucial role of BrQ in modulating the pathogenesis of MS, suggesting its potential as a novel drug candidate for treating MS and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuixia Yang
- Central Laboratory, Chaozhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Chaozhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanchen Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiying Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuliang Qu
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuantao Li
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shimei Cheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chongjun Xiao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinshuo Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuangjia Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Andy Peng Xiang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijun Huang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaorong Tang
- Central Laboratory, Chaozhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Chaozhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Haiqing Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, China.
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9
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Woo MS, Mayer C, Binkle-Ladisch L, Sonner JK, Rosenkranz SC, Shaposhnykov A, Rothammer N, Tsvilovskyy V, Lorenz SM, Raich L, Bal LC, Vieira V, Wagner I, Bauer S, Glatzel M, Conrad M, Merkler D, Freichel M, Friese MA. STING orchestrates the neuronal inflammatory stress response in multiple sclerosis. Cell 2024; 187:4043-4060.e30. [PMID: 38878778 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation-induced neurodegeneration is a defining feature of multiple sclerosis (MS), yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. By dissecting the neuronal inflammatory stress response, we discovered that neurons in MS and its mouse model induce the stimulator of interferon genes (STING). However, activation of neuronal STING requires its detachment from the stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), a process triggered by glutamate excitotoxicity. This detachment initiates non-canonical STING signaling, which leads to autophagic degradation of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), essential for neuronal redox homeostasis and thereby inducing ferroptosis. Both genetic and pharmacological interventions that target STING in neurons protect against inflammation-induced neurodegeneration. Our findings position STING as a central regulator of the detrimental neuronal inflammatory stress response, integrating inflammation with glutamate signaling to cause neuronal cell death, and present it as a tractable target for treating neurodegeneration in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel S Woo
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christina Mayer
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Binkle-Ladisch
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jana K Sonner
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sina C Rosenkranz
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Artem Shaposhnykov
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Rothammer
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Volodymyr Tsvilovskyy
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Svenja M Lorenz
- Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lukas Raich
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lukas C Bal
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Vieira
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University and University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Simone Bauer
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Conrad
- Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University and University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marc Freichel
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuel A Friese
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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10
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Zhao X, Ma D, Yang B, Wang Y, Zhang L. Research progress of T cell autophagy in autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1425443. [PMID: 39104538 PMCID: PMC11298352 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1425443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
T cells, as a major lymphocyte population involved in the adaptive immune response, play an important immunomodulatory role in the early stages of autoimmune diseases. Autophagy is a cellular catabolism mediated by lysosomes. Autophagy maintains cell homeostasis by recycling degraded cytoplasmic components and damaged organelles. Autophagy has a protective effect on cells and plays an important role in regulating T cell development, activation, proliferation and differentiation. Autophagy mediates the participation of T cells in the acquired immune response and plays a key role in antigen processing as well as in the maintenance of T cell homeostasis. In autoimmune diseases, dysregulated autophagy of T cells largely influences the pathological changes. Therefore, it is of great significance to study how T cells play a role in the immune mechanism of autoimmune diseases through autophagy pathway to guide the clinical treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Liyun Zhang
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
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11
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Ingvarsson J, Grut V, Biström M, Berg LP, Stridh P, Huang J, Hillert J, Alfredsson L, Kockum I, Olsson T, Waterboer T, Nilsson S, Sundström P. Rubella virus seropositivity after infection or vaccination as a risk factor for multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2024:e16387. [PMID: 39023088 DOI: 10.1111/ene.16387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease affecting millions of people worldwide. Hereditary susceptibility and environmental factors contribute to disease risk. Infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) have previously been associated with MS risk. Other neurotropic viruses, such as rubella virus (RV), are possible candidates in MS aetiopathogenesis, but previous results are limited and conflicting. METHODS In this nested case-control study of biobank samples in a Swedish cohort, we analysed the serological response towards RV before the clinical onset of MS with a bead-based multiplex assay in subjects vaccinated and unvaccinated towards RV. The association between RV seropositivity and MS risk was analysed with conditional logistic regression. RESULTS Seropositivity towards RV was associated with an increased risk of MS for unvaccinated subjects, even when adjusting for plausible confounders including EBV, HHV-6A, cytomegalovirus and vitamin D (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8-8.8). Cases also had stronger antibody reactivity towards rubella than controls, which was not seen for other neurotropic viruses such as herpes simplex or varicella zoster. Furthermore, we observed an association between RV seropositivity and MS in vaccinated subjects. However, this association was not significant when adjusting for the aforementioned confounders (AOR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.0-2.9). CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, these are the first reported associations between early RV seropositivity and later MS development. This suggests a broadening of the virus hypothesis in MS aetiology, where molecular mimicry between rubella epitopes and human central nervous system molecules could be an attractive possible mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Ingvarsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Viktor Grut
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Martin Biström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Linn Persson Berg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Stridh
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesse Huang
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Hillert
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Alfredsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Kockum
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Division of Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Staffan Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Sundström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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12
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Yang X, Zhu X, Sheng J, Fu Y, Nie D, You X, Chen Y, Yang X, Ling Q, Zhang H, Li X, Hu S. RNF213 promotes Treg cell differentiation by facilitating K63-linked ubiquitination and nuclear translocation of FOXO1. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5961. [PMID: 39013878 PMCID: PMC11252262 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50392-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive CD4+ T helper cells are critical players that orchestrate the immune response both in multiple sclerosis (MS) and in other neuroinflammatory autoimmune diseases. Ubiquitination is a posttranslational protein modification involved in regulating a variety of cellular processes, including CD4+ T cell differentiation and function. However, only a limited number of E3 ubiquitin ligases have been characterized in terms of their biological functions, particularly in CD4+ T cell differentiation and function. In this study, we found that the RING finger protein 213 (RNF213) specifically promoted regulatory T (Treg) cell differentiation in CD4+ T cells and attenuated autoimmune disease development in an FOXO1-dependent manner. Mechanistically, RNF213 interacts with Forkhead Box Protein O1 (FOXO1) and promotes nuclear translocation of FOXO1 by K63-linked ubiquitination. Notably, RNF213 expression in CD4+ T cells was induced by IFN-β and exerts a crucial role in the therapeutic efficacy of IFN-β for MS. Together, our study findings collectively emphasize the pivotal role of RNF213 in modulating adaptive immune responses. RNF213 holds potential as a promising therapeutic target for addressing disorders associated with Treg cells.
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MESH Headings
- Ubiquitination
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics
- Cell Differentiation
- Animals
- Forkhead Box Protein O1/metabolism
- Forkhead Box Protein O1/genetics
- Mice
- Humans
- Interferon-beta/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/metabolism
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus
- Female
- Mice, Knockout
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- HEK293 Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junli Sheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuling Fu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dingnai Nie
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong You
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yitian Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodan Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiao Ling
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huili Zhang
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Department of Respiratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shengfeng Hu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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13
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Puthenparampil M, Basili E, Ponzano M, Mauceri VA, Miscioscia A, Pilotto E, Perini P, Rinaldi F, Bovis F, Gallo P. Hyper-reflective foci changes in RRMS under natalizumab therapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1421755. [PMID: 39076978 PMCID: PMC11284017 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1421755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Microglia (MG) is suggested to play an immunopathological role of in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Since hyper-reflective foci (HRF) might mark MG activation, in vivo analysis by Optic Coherence Tomography (OCT) in MS patients under disease modifying therapies may help to clarify MS immunopathology as well as drug's mechanism of intrathecal action. Objective To analyze HRF in patients treated with Natalizumab (NTZ), a high efficacy therapy for MS. Materials and methods The effect of NTZ on the retina of 36 Relapsing-Remitting MS patients was investigated in a prospective, single-center study. OCT was performed immediately before the first infusion and then between infusion 3 and 4, infusion 6 and 7, infusion 11 and 13. Peripapillary and macular scans were acquired, evaluating peripapillary RNFL thickness, macular volumes (vertical scans), and HRF count (horizontal scan) in Ganglion Cell Layer (GCL), Inner Plexiform Layer (IPL) and Inner Nuclear Layer (INL). Clinical examination was performed every six months. Results HRF count significantly increased under NTZ therapy (p<0.001) in both GCL (18.85 ± 6.93 at baseline, 28.24 ± 9.55 after 12 months) and IPL (25.73 ± 7.03 at baseline, 33.21 ± 8.50 after 12 months) but remained stable in INL (33.65 ± 7.76 at baseline, 36.06 ± 6.86 after 12 months, p=0.87), while no relevant modification of pRNFL and macular volumes were observed during the study. EDSS remained stable and no clinical relapse was observed between month 6 and 12. Conclusion In RRMS NTZ affects HRF count in GCL and IPL, but not in INL, suggesting that NTZ does not impact on some aspects of MS immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Puthenparampil
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Basili
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Marta Ponzano
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Biostatistics, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Valentina Annamaria Mauceri
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | - Paola Perini
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Rinaldi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Bovis
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Biostatistics, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Gallo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padua, Italy
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14
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Song Z, Li J, He Y, Wang X, Tian J, Wu Y. A novel PROTAC molecule dBET1 alleviates pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice by degrading BRD4. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 139:112646. [PMID: 39002520 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration are hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS). Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4), a bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) protein family member, is indispensable for the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes. Therefore, inhibiting BRD4 may be a prospective therapeutic approach for modulating the inflammatory response and regulating the course of MS. dBET1, a newly synthesized proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC), exhibits effectively degrades of BRD4. However, the precise effects of dBET1 on MS require further investigation. Therefore, we assessed the effect of dBET1 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a typical MS experimental model. Our findings revealed that BRD4 is mainly expressed in astrocytes and neurons of the spinal cords, and is up-regulated in the spinal cords of EAE mice. The dBET1 attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of astrocytic pro-inflammatory mediators and inhibited deleterious molecular activity in astrocytes. Correspondingly, dBET1, used in preventive and therapeutic settings, alleviated the behavioral symptoms in EAE mice, as demonstrated by decreased demyelination, alleviated leukocyte infiltration, reduced microglial and astrocyte activation, and diminished inflammatory mediator levels. In addition, dBET1 corrected the imbalance in peripheral T cells and protected blood-brain barrier integrity in EAE mice. The underlying mechanism involved suppressing the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B, mitogen-activated protein kinase /extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and nuclear factor kappa B pathways. In summary, our data strongly suggests that dBET1 is a promising treatment option for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Song
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yijie He
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiaokun Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jianan Tian
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China.
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15
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Prapas P, Anagnostouli M. Macrophages and HLA-Class II Alleles in Multiple Sclerosis: Insights in Therapeutic Dynamics. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7354. [PMID: 39000461 PMCID: PMC11242320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Antigen presentation is a crucial mechanism that drives the T cell-mediated immune response and the development of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Genetic alterations within the highly variable Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II (MHC II) have been proven to result in significant changes in the molecular basis of antigen presentation and the clinical course of patients with both Adult-Onset MS (AOMS) and Pediatric-Onset MS (POMS). Among the numerous polymorphisms of the Human Leucocyte Antigens (HLA), within MHC II complex, HLA-DRB1*15:01 has been labeled, in Caucasian ethnic groups, as a high-risk allele for MS due to the ability of its structure to increase affinity to Myelin Basic Protein (MBP) epitopes. This characteristic, among others, in the context of the trimolecular complex or immunological synapsis, provides the foundation for autoimmunity triggered by environmental or endogenous factors. As with all professional antigen presenting cells, macrophages are characterized by the expression of MHC II and are often implicated in the formation of MS lesions. Increased presence of M1 macrophages in MS patients has been associated both with progression and onset of the disease, each involving separate but similar mechanisms. In this critical narrative review, we focus on macrophages, discussing how HLA genetic alterations can promote dysregulation of this population's homeostasis in the periphery and the Central Nervous System (CNS). We also explore the potential interconnection in observed pathological macrophage mechanisms and the function of the diverse structure of HLA alleles in neurodegenerative CNS, seen in MS, by comparing available clinical with molecular data through the prism of HLA-immunogenetics. Finally, we discuss available and experimental pharmacological approaches for MS targeting the trimolecular complex that are based on cell phenotype modulation and HLA genotype involvement and try to reveal fertile ground for the potential development of novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Prapas
- Research Immunogenetics Laboratory, First Department of Neurology, Aeginition University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Vas. Sofias 72-74, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Anagnostouli
- Research Immunogenetics Laboratory, First Department of Neurology, Aeginition University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Vas. Sofias 72-74, 11528 Athens, Greece
- Multiple Sclerosis and Demyelinating Diseases Unit, Center of Expertise for Rare Demyelinating and Autoimmune Diseases of CNS, First Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens NKUA, Aeginition University Hospital, Vas. Sofias 72-74, 11528 Athens, Greece
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16
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Nguyen TL, Phan NM, Kim J. Administration of ROS-Scavenging Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Simply Mixed with Autoantigenic Peptides Induce Antigen-Specific Immune Tolerance against Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:33106-33120. [PMID: 38906850 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
The scavenging ability of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeNPs) for reactive oxygen species has been intensively studied in the field of catalysis. However, the immunological impact of these particles has not yet been thoroughly investigated, despite intensive research indicating that modulation of the reactive oxygen species could potentially regulate cell fate and adaptive immune responses. In this study, we examined the intrinsic capability of CeNPs to induce tolerogenic dendritic cells via their reactive oxygen species-scavenging effect when the autoantigenic peptides were simply mixed with CeNPs. CeNPs effectively reduced the intracellular reactive oxygen species levels in dendritic cells in vitro, leading to the suppression of costimulatory molecules as well as NLRP3 inflammasome activation, even in the presence of pro-inflammatory stimuli. Subcutaneously administrated PEGylated CeNPs were predominantly taken up by antigen-presenting cells in lymph nodes and to suppress cell maturation in vivo. The administration of a mixture of PEGylated CeNPs and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptides, a well-identified autoantigen associated with antimyelin autoimmunity, resulted in the generation of antigen-specific Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in mouse spleens. The induced peripheral regulatory T cells actively inhibited the infiltration of autoreactive T cells and antigen-presenting cells into the central nervous system, ultimately protecting animals from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis when tested using a mouse model mimicking human multiple sclerosis. Overall, our findings reveal the potential of CeNPs for generating antigen-specific immune tolerance to prevent multiple sclerosis, opening an avenue to restore immune tolerance against specific antigens by simply mixing the well-identified autoantigens with the immunosuppressive CeNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Loc Nguyen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngoc Man Phan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyun Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics (IQB), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of MetaBioHealth, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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17
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Negro-Demontel L, Maleki AF, Reich DS, Kemper C. The complement system in neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1396520. [PMID: 39022733 PMCID: PMC11252048 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1396520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis, affect millions of people globally. As aging is a major risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, the continuous increase in the elderly population across Western societies is also associated with a rising prevalence of these debilitating conditions. The complement system, a crucial component of the innate immune response, has gained increasing attention for its multifaceted involvement in the normal development of the central nervous system (CNS) and the brain but also as a pathogenic driver in several neuroinflammatory disease states. Although complement is generally understood as a liver-derived and blood or interstitial fluid operative system protecting against bloodborne pathogens or threats, recent research, particularly on the role of complement in the healthy and diseased CNS, has demonstrated the importance of locally produced and activated complement components. Here, we provide a succinct overview over the known beneficial and pathological roles of complement in the CNS with focus on local sources of complement, including a discussion on the potential importance of the recently discovered intracellularly active complement system for CNS biology and on infection-triggered neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Negro-Demontel
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Neuroinflammation and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Adam F. Maleki
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), Bethesda, MD, United States
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Daniel S. Reich
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Claudia Kemper
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), Bethesda, MD, United States
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18
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Fan G, Li G, Li L, Da Y. Pin1 maintains the effector program of pathogenic Th17 cells in autoimmune neuroinflammation. J Autoimmun 2024; 147:103262. [PMID: 38833897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Th17 cells mediated immune response is the basis of a variety of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis and its mouse model of immune aspects, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The gene network that drives both the development of Th17 and the expression of its effector program is dependent on the transcription factor RORγt. In this report, we showed that Peptidylprolyl Cis/Trans Isomerase, NIMA-Interacting 1 (Pin1) formed a complex with RORγt, and enhanced its transactivation activity, thus sustained the expression of the effector genes as well as RORγt in the EAE-pathogenic Th17 cells. We first found out that PIN1 was highly expressed in the samples from patients of multiple sclerosis, and the expression of Pin1 by the infiltrating lymphocytes in the central nerve system of EAE mice was elevated as well. An array of experiments with transgenic mouse models, cellular and molecular assays was included in the study to elucidate the role of Pin1 in the pathology of EAE. It turned out that Pin1 promoted the activation and maintained the effector program of EAE-pathogenic Th17 cells in the inflammation foci, but had little effect on the priming of Th17 cells in the draining lymph nodes. Mechanistically, Pin1 stabilized the phosphorylation of STAT3 induced by proinflammatory stimuli, and interacted with STAT3 in the nucleus of Th17 cells, which resulted in the increased expression of Rorc. Moreover, Pin1 formed a complex with RORγt, and enhanced the transactivation of RORγt to the +11 kb enhancer of Rorc, which enforced and maintained the expression of both Rorc and the effector program of pathogenic Th17 cells in EAE. Finally, the inhibition of Pin1, by genetic knockdown or by small molecule inhibitor, deceased the population of Th17 cells and the neuroinflammation, and alleviated the symptoms of EAE. These findings suggest that Pin1 is a potential therapeutic target for MS and other autoimmune inflammatory diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
- Animals
- NIMA-Interacting Peptidylprolyl Isomerase/metabolism
- NIMA-Interacting Peptidylprolyl Isomerase/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Mice
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/genetics
- Humans
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Female
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyue Fan
- Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of Education, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Guangliang Li
- Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of Education, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Long Li
- Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of Education, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Yurong Da
- Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of Education, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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19
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Woo MS, Engler JB, Friese MA. The neuropathobiology of multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:493-513. [PMID: 38789516 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00823-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation and neuronal deregulation are two components of a smoldering disease activity that drives the progression of disability in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Although several therapies exist to dampen the acute inflammation that drives MS relapses, therapeutic options to halt chronic disability progression are a major unmet clinical need. The development of such therapies is hindered by our limited understanding of the neuron-intrinsic determinants of resilience or vulnerability to inflammation. In this Review, we provide a neuron-centric overview of recent advances in deciphering neuronal response patterns that drive the pathology of MS. We describe the inflammatory CNS environment that initiates neurotoxicity by imposing ion imbalance, excitotoxicity and oxidative stress, and by direct neuro-immune interactions, which collectively lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and epigenetic dysregulation. The neuronal demise is further amplified by breakdown of neuronal transport, accumulation of cytosolic proteins and activation of cell death pathways. Continuous neuronal damage perpetuates CNS inflammation by activating surrounding glia cells and by directly exerting toxicity on neighbouring neurons. Further, we explore strategies to overcome neuronal deregulation in MS and compile a selection of neuronal actuators shown to impact neurodegeneration in preclinical studies. We conclude by discussing the therapeutic potential of targeting such neuronal actuators in MS, including some that have already been tested in interventional clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel S Woo
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Broder Engler
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manuel A Friese
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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20
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Woo MS, Bal LC, Winschel I, Manca E, Walkenhorst M, Sevgili B, Sonner JK, Di Liberto G, Mayer C, Binkle-Ladisch L, Rothammer N, Unger L, Raich L, Hadjilaou A, Noli B, Manai AL, Vieira V, Meurs N, Wagner I, Pless O, Cocco C, Stephens SB, Glatzel M, Merkler D, Friese MA. The NR4A2/VGF pathway fuels inflammation-induced neurodegeneration via promoting neuronal glycolysis. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e177692. [PMID: 39145444 PMCID: PMC11324305 DOI: 10.1172/jci177692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
A disturbed balance between excitation and inhibition (E/I balance) is increasingly recognized as a key driver of neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. To understand how chronic hyperexcitability contributes to neuronal loss in MS, we transcriptionally profiled neurons from mice lacking inhibitory metabotropic glutamate signaling with shifted E/I balance and increased vulnerability to inflammation-induced neurodegeneration. This revealed a prominent induction of the nuclear receptor NR4A2 in neurons. Mechanistically, NR4A2 increased susceptibility to excitotoxicity by stimulating continuous VGF secretion leading to glycolysis-dependent neuronal cell death. Extending these findings to people with MS (pwMS), we observed increased VGF levels in serum and brain biopsies. Notably, neuron-specific deletion of Vgf in a mouse model of MS ameliorated neurodegeneration. These findings underscore the detrimental effect of a persistent metabolic shift driven by excitatory activity as a fundamental mechanism in inflammation-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel S. Woo
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lukas C. Bal
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Winschel
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elias Manca
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NEF-Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mark Walkenhorst
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bachar Sevgili
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jana K. Sonner
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Giovanni Di Liberto
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christina Mayer
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Binkle-Ladisch
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Rothammer
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Unger
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Raich
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexandros Hadjilaou
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Noli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NEF-Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonio L. Manai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NEF-Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Vanessa Vieira
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nina Meurs
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ole Pless
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cristina Cocco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NEF-Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Samuel B. Stephens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manuel A. Friese
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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21
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Fischbach F, Richter J, Pfeffer LK, Fehse B, Berger SC, Reinhardt S, Kuhle J, Badbaran A, Rathje K, Gagelmann N, Borie D, Seibel J, Ayuk F, Friese MA, Heesen C, Kröger N. CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy in two patients with multiple sclerosis. MED 2024; 5:550-558.e2. [PMID: 38554710 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by compartmentalized smoldering neuroinflammation caused by the proliferation of immune cells residing in the central nervous system (CNS), including B cells. Although inflammatory activity can be prevented by immunomodulatory therapies during early disease, such therapies typically fail to halt disease progression. CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies have revolutionized the field of hematologic malignancies. Although generally considered efficacious, serious adverse events associated with CAR-T cell therapies such as immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) have been observed. Successful use of CD19 CAR-T cells in rheumatic diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus and neuroimmunological diseases like myasthenia gravis have recently been observed, suggesting possible application in other autoimmune diseases. METHODS Here, we report the first individual treatment with a fully human CD19 CAR-T cell therapy (KYV-101) in two patients with progressive MS. FINDINGS CD19 CAR-T cell administration resulted in acceptable safety profiles for both patients. No ICANS was observed despite detection of CD19 CAR-T cells in the cerebrospinal fluid. In case 1, intrathecal antibody production in the cerebrospinal fluid decreased notably after CAR-T cell infusion and was sustained through day 64. CONCLUSIONS CD19 CAR-T cell administration in progressive MS resulted in an acceptable safety profile. CAR-T cell presence and expansion were observed in the cerebrospinal fluid without clinical signs of neurotoxicity, which, along with intrathecal antibody reduction, indicates expansion-dependent effects of CAR-T cells on CD19+ target cells in the CNS. Larger clinical studies assessing CD19 CAR-T cells in MS are warranted. FUNDING Both individual treatments as well the generated data were not based on external funding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Fischbach
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis and Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Richter
- Department for Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lena Kristina Pfeffer
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis and Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Boris Fehse
- Department for Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanna Carolina Berger
- Department for Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Reinhardt
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis and Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens Kuhle
- Multiple Sclerosis Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), Departments of Head, Spine and Neuromedicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anita Badbaran
- Department for Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristin Rathje
- Department for Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nico Gagelmann
- Department for Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Johan Seibel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Francis Ayuk
- Department for Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manuel A Friese
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis and Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Heesen
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis and Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Nicolaus Kröger
- Department for Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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22
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Milne SM, Lahiri A, Sanchez CL, Marshall MJ, Jahan I, Meares GP. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein reactive Th17 cells drive Janus Kinase 1 dependent transcriptional reprogramming in astrocytes and alter cell surface cytokine receptor profiles during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13146. [PMID: 38849434 PMCID: PMC11161502 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63877-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS). T helper (Th) 17 cells are involved in the pathogenesis of MS and its animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by infiltrating the CNS and producing effector molecules that engage resident glial cells. Among these glial cells, astrocytes have a central role in coordinating inflammatory processes by responding to cytokines and chemokines released by Th17 cells. In this study, we examined the impact of pathogenic Th17 cells on astrocytes in vitro and in vivo. We identified that Th17 cells reprogram astrocytes by driving transcriptomic changes partly through a Janus Kinase (JAK)1-dependent mechanism, which included increased chemokines, interferon-inducible genes, and cytokine receptors. In vivo, we observed a region-specific heterogeneity in the expression of cell surface cytokine receptors on astrocytes, including those for IFN-γ, IL-1, TNF-α, IL-17, TGFβ, and IL-10. Additionally, these receptors were dynamically regulated during EAE induced by adoptive transfer of myelin-reactive Th17 cells. This study overall provides evidence of Th17 cell reprogramming of astrocytes, which may drive changes in the astrocytic responsiveness to cytokines during autoimmune neuroinflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Animals
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
- Mice
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytokine/genetics
- Janus Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cellular Reprogramming
- Female
- Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Milne
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Anirudhya Lahiri
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Cristina L Sanchez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Micah J Marshall
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, IBMR 415D, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ishrat Jahan
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, IBMR 415D, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Gordon P Meares
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, IBMR 415D, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
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23
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Adler GL, Le K, Fu Y, Kim WS. Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:745. [PMID: 38927681 PMCID: PMC11202925 DOI: 10.3390/genes15060745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are DNA transposable elements that have integrated into the human genome via an ancestral germline infection. The potential importance of HERVs is underscored by the fact that they comprise approximately 8% of the human genome. HERVs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, a group of CNS diseases characterized by a progressive loss of structure and function of neurons, resulting in cell death and multiple physiological dysfunctions. Much evidence indicates that HERVs are initiators or drivers of neurodegenerative processes in multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and clinical trials have been designed to target HERVs. In recent years, the role of HERVs has been explored in other major neurodegenerative diseases, including frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, with some interesting discoveries. This review summarizes and evaluates the past and current research on HERVs in neurodegenerative diseases. It discusses the potential role of HERVs in disease manifestation and neurodegeneration. It critically reviews antiretroviral strategies used in the therapeutic intervention of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle L. Adler
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Kelvin Le
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - YuHong Fu
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Woojin Scott Kim
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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24
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Turner TJ, Brun P, Gruber RC, Ofengeim D. Comparative CNS Pharmacology of the Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) Inhibitor Tolebrutinib Versus Other BTK Inhibitor Candidates for Treating Multiple Sclerosis. Drugs R D 2024; 24:263-274. [PMID: 38965189 PMCID: PMC11315827 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-024-00468-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Tolebrutinib is a covalent BTK inhibitor designed and selected for potency and CNS exposure to optimize impact on BTK-dependent signaling in CNS-resident cells. We applied a translational approach to evaluate three BTK inhibitors in Phase 3 clinical development in MS with respect to their relative potency to block BTK-dependent signaling and exposure in the CNS METHODS: We used in vitro kinase and cellular activation assays, alongside pharmacokinetic sampling of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the non-human primate cynomolgus to estimate the ability of these candidates (evobrutinib, fenebrutinib, and tolebrutinib) to block BTK-dependent signaling inside the CNS. RESULTS In vitro kinase assays demonstrated that tolebrutinib reacted with BTK 65-times faster than evobrutinib, while fenebrutinib, a classical reversible antagonist with a Ki value of 4.7 nM and slow off-rate (1.54 x 10-5 s-1), also had an association rate 1760-fold slower (0.00245 μM-1 * s-1). Estimates of cellular potency were largely consistent with the in vitro kinase assays, with an estimated IC50 of 0.7 nM for tolebrutinib against 33.5 nM for evobrutinib and 2.9 nM for fenebrutinib. We then observed that evobrutinib, fenebrutinib, and tolebrutinib achieved similar levels of exposure in non-human primate CSF after oral doses of 10 mg/kg. However, tolebrutinib CSF exposure (4.8 ng/mL) (kp,uu CSF=0.40) exceeded the IC90 (the estimated concentration inhibiting 90% of kinase activity) value, while evobrutinib (3.2 ng/mL) (kp,uu CSF=0.13) and fenebrutinib (12.9 ng/mL) (kp,uu CSF=0.15) failed to reach the estimated IC90 values. CONCLUSIONS Tolebrutinib was the only candidate of the three that attained relevant CSF exposure in non-human primates.
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25
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Aliyu M, Zohora FT, Ceylan A, Hossain F, Yazdani R, Azizi G. Immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: molecular and cellular mechanisms and new immunotherapeutic approaches. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2024; 46:355-377. [PMID: 38634438 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2024.2330642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating autoimmune disease with increasing global prevalence. It predominantly affects females, especially those of European descent. The interplay between environmental factors and genetic predisposition plays a crucial role in MS etiopathogenesis. METHODS We searched recent relevant literature on reputable databases, which include, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect using the following keywords: multiple sclerosis, pathogenesis, autoimmunity, demyelination, therapy, and immunotherapy. RESULTS Various animal models have been employed to investigate the MS etiopathogenesis and therapeutics. Autoreactive T cells within the CNS recruit myeloid cells through chemokine expression, leading to the secretion of inflammatory cytokines driving the MS pathogenesis, resulting in demyelination, gliosis, and axonal loss. Key players include T cell lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD8+), B cells, and neutrophils. Signaling dysregulation in inflammatory pathways and the immunogenetic basis of MS are essential considerations for any successful therapy to MS. Data indicates that B cells and neutrophils also have significant roles in MS, despite the common belief that T cells are essential. High neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios correlate with MS severity, indicating their contribution to disease progression. Dysregulated signaling pathways further exacerbate MS progression. CONCLUSION MS remains incurable, but disease-modifying therapies, monoclonal antibodies, and immunomodulatory drugs offer hope for patients. Research on the immunogenetics and immunoregulatory functions of gut microbiota is continuing to provide light on possible treatment avenues. Understanding the complex interplay between genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and immune dysregulation is critical for developing effective treatments for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansur Aliyu
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, TUMS-IC, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Clinical Science, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Fatema Tuz Zohora
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Ayca Ceylan
- Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Fariha Hossain
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Reza Yazdani
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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26
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Li V, Binder MD, Purcell AW, Kilpatrick TJ. Antigen-specific immunotherapy via delivery of tolerogenic dendritic cells for multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 390:578347. [PMID: 38663308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system resulting from loss of immune tolerance. Many disease-modifying therapies for MS have broad immunosuppressive effects on peripheral immune cells, but this can increase risks of infection and attenuate vaccine-elicited immunity. A more targeted approach is to re-establish immune tolerance in an autoantigen-specific manner. This review discusses methods to achieve this, focusing on tolerogenic dendritic cells. Clinical trials in other autoimmune diseases also provide learnings with regards to clinical translation of this approach, including identification of autoantigen(s), selection of appropriate patients and administration route and frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Li
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia; Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Michele D Binder
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Anthony W Purcell
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Trevor J Kilpatrick
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia; Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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27
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Nelson RB, Rose KN, Menniti FS, Zorn SH. Hiding in plain sight: Do recruited dendritic cells surround amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease? Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116258. [PMID: 38705533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, human genome-wide association and expression studies have strongly implicated dysregulation of the innate immune system in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Single cell mRNA sequencing studies have identified innate immune cell subtypes that are minimally present in normal healthy brain, but whose numbers greatly increase in association with AD pathology. These AD pathology-associated immune cells are putatively the locus for the immune-related AD risk. While the prevailing view is that these immune cells arise from transformation of resident brain microglia, studies across several decades and using multiple techniques and strategies suggest instead that the pathology-associated immune cells are bone-marrow derived hematopoietic cells that are recruited into brain. We critically review this translational literature, emphasizing the strengths and limitations of techniques used to address recruitment and the experimental designs employed. We conclude that the aggregate evidence points toward recruitment into brain of innate immune cells of the myeloid dendritic cell lineage. Recruitment of dendritic cells and their role in AD pathogenesis has broad implications for our understanding of the etiology and pathobiology of AD that impact the strategies to develop new, immune system-targeted therapeutics for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Nelson
- MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., Kingston, RI; George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI; Dept of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI.
| | - Kenneth N Rose
- MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., Kingston, RI; Dept of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI
| | - Frank S Menniti
- MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., Kingston, RI; George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI; Dept of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI
| | - Stevin H Zorn
- MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., Kingston, RI; George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI; Dept of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI
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28
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Parsi S, Zhu C, Motlagh NJ, Kim D, Küllenberg EG, Kim HH, Gillani RL, Chen JW. Basic Science of Neuroinflammation and Involvement of the Inflammatory Response in Disorders of the Nervous System. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2024; 32:375-384. [PMID: 38555147 PMCID: PMC10987041 DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a key immune response observed in many neurologic diseases. Although an appropriate immune response can be beneficial, aberrant activation of this response recruits excessive proinflammatory cells to cause damage. Because the central nervous system is separated from the periphery by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that creates an immune-privileged site, it has its own unique immune cells and immune response. Moreover, neuroinflammation can compromise the BBB causing an influx of peripheral immune cells and factors. Recent advances have brought a deeper understanding of neuroinflammation that can be leveraged to develop more potent therapies and improve patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Parsi
- Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Neurovascular Research Unit, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cindy Zhu
- Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Neurovascular Research Unit, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Negin Jalali Motlagh
- Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Neurovascular Research Unit, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daeki Kim
- Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Neurovascular Research Unit, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Enrico G Küllenberg
- Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Neurovascular Research Unit, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hyung-Hwan Kim
- Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Neurovascular Research Unit, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca L Gillani
- Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunology and Neuro-Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John W Chen
- Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Neurovascular Research Unit, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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29
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Muzio L, Perego J. CNS Resident Innate Immune Cells: Guardians of CNS Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4865. [PMID: 38732082 PMCID: PMC11084235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the CNS has been considered for a long time an immune-privileged organ, it is now well known that both the parenchyma and non-parenchymal tissue (meninges, perivascular space, and choroid plexus) are richly populated in resident immune cells. The advent of more powerful tools for multiplex immunophenotyping, such as single-cell RNA sequencing technique and upscale multiparametric flow and mass spectrometry, helped in discriminating between resident and infiltrating cells and, above all, the different spectrum of phenotypes distinguishing border-associated macrophages. Here, we focus our attention on resident innate immune players and their primary role in both CNS homeostasis and pathological neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, two key interconnected aspects of the immunopathology of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Muzio
- Neuroimmunology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Institute of Experimental Neurology, 20133 Milan, Italy;
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Holz A, Obi N, Ahrens W, Berger K, Bohn B, Brenner H, Fischer B, Fricke J, Führer A, Gastell S, Greiser KH, Harth V, Heise JK, Holleczek B, Keil T, Klett-Tammen CJ, Leitzmann M, Lieb W, Meinke-Franze C, Michels KB, Mikolajczyk R, Nimptsch K, Peters A, Pischon T, Riedel O, Schikowski T, Schipf S, Schmidt B, Schulze MB, Stang A, Hellwig K, Riemann-Lorenz K, Heesen C, Becher H. Childhood and adolescence factors and multiple sclerosis: results from the German National Cohort (NAKO). BMC Neurol 2024; 24:123. [PMID: 38614986 PMCID: PMC11015562 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-024-03620-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple Sclerosis (MS) represents the most common inflammatory neurological disease causing disability in early adulthood. Childhood and adolescence factors might be of relevance in the development of MS. We aimed to investigate the association between various factors (e.g., prematurity, breastfeeding, daycare attendance, weight history) and MS risk. METHODS Data from the baseline assessment of the German National Cohort (NAKO) were used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between childhood and adolescence factors and risk of MS. Analyses stratified by sex were conducted. RESULTS Among a total of 204,273 participants, 858 reported an MS diagnosis. Male sex was associated with a decreased MS risk (HR 0.48; 95% CI 0.41-0.56), while overweight (HR 2.03; 95% CI 1.41-2.94) and obesity (HR 1.89; 95% CI 1.02-3.48) at 18 years of age compared to normal weight were associated with increased MS risk. Having been breastfed for ≤ 4 months was associated with a decreased MS risk in men (HR 0.59; 95% CI 0.40-0.86) compared to no breastfeeding. No association with MS risk was observed for the remaining factors. CONCLUSIONS Apart from overweight and obesity at the age of 18 years, we did not observe considerable associations with MS risk. The proportion of cases that can be explained by childhood and adolescence factors examined in this study was low. Further investigations of the association between the onset of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence and its interaction with physical activity and MS risk seem worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Holz
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology (IMBE), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
- Institute of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Nadia Obi
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology (IMBE), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
- University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Klaus Berger
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beate Fischer
- Institute for Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Julia Fricke
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Amand Führer
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics (IMEBI), Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Medical School of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sylvia Gastell
- NAKO Study Center, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Karin Halina Greiser
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker Harth
- Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas Keil
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- State Institute of Health I, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carolina J Klett-Tammen
- Department for Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Brunswick, Germany
| | - Michael Leitzmann
- Institute for Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- Institute of Epidemiology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Claudia Meinke-Franze
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Karin B Michels
- Institute for Prevention and Cancer Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rafael Mikolajczyk
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics (IMEBI), Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Medical School of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Katharina Nimptsch
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Epidemiology, Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Pischon
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Biobank Technology Platform, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Riedel
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Tamara Schikowski
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sabine Schipf
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Börge Schmidt
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Andreas Stang
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology Boston University, 715 Albany Street, Talbot Building, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Kerstin Hellwig
- Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, Neurology Clinic, Clinic of Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Karin Riemann-Lorenz
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Heesen
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Becher
- Institute of Global Health, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Seyedolmohadesin M, Ashkani M, Ghadikolaei TS, Mirshekar M, Bostanghadiri N, Aminzadeh S. Unraveling the complex relationship: Multiple sclerosis, urinary tract infections, and infertility. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2024; 84:105512. [PMID: 38428292 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2024.105512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune system disorder that affects the central nervous system (CNS) and progressively damages nerve fibers and protective myelin. People with MS often experience a wide range of complications, including lower urinary tract dysfunction, urinary tract infections (UTIs) and sexual dysfunction. MS is common in young people and can lead to sexual dysfunction (SD) and infertility, which becomes more pronounced as the disease progresses. RESULTS Over the past two decades, significant advances have been made in the management of MS, which may slow the progression of the disease and alter its course. However, UTI and SD remain significant challenges for these patients. Awareness of the underlying complications of MS, such as UTIs and infertility, is crucial for prevention, early detection and appropriate treatment, as there is a causal relationship between UTIs and the use of corticosteroids during an attack. CONCLUSION This article provides an overview of potential microbial pathogens that contribute to the development of MS, as well as an assessment of people with MS who report UTIs and infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Seyedolmohadesin
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maedeh Ashkani
- Department of Biology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taravat Sadeghi Ghadikolaei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Maryam Mirshekar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narjess Bostanghadiri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila Aminzadeh
- Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Šmídová B, Majer M, Novák J, Revalová A, Horák P, Macháček T. The neurotropic schistosome vs experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: are there any winners? Parasitology 2024; 151:412-420. [PMID: 38443998 PMCID: PMC11044066 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182024000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The incidences of multiple sclerosis have risen worldwide, yet neither the trigger nor efficient treatment is known. Some research is dedicated to looking for treatment by parasites, mainly by helminths. However, little is known about the effect of helminths that infect the nervous system. Therefore, we chose the neurotropic avian schistosome Trichobilharzia regenti, which strongly promotes M2 polarization and tissue repair in the central nervous system, and we tested its effect on the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. Surprisingly, the symptoms of EAE tended to worsen after the infection with T. regenti. The infection did not stimulate tissue repair, as indicated by the similar level of demyelination. Eosinophils heavily infiltrated the infected tissue, and the microglia number increased as well. Furthermore, splenocytes from T. regenti-infected EAE mice produced more interferon (IFN)-γ than splenocytes from EAE mice after stimulation with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. Our research indicates that the combination of increased eosinophil numbers and production of IFN-γ tends to worsen the EAE symptoms. Moreover, the data highlight the importance of considering the direct effect of the parasite on the tissue, as the migrating parasite may further tissue damage and make tissue repair even more difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Šmídová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Majer
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Novák
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Alena Revalová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petr Horák
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Macháček
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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Oppong AE, Coelewij L, Robertson G, Martin-Gutierrez L, Waddington KE, Dönnes P, Nytrova P, Farrell R, Pineda-Torra I, Jury EC. Blood metabolomic and transcriptomic signatures stratify patient subgroups in multiple sclerosis according to disease severity. iScience 2024; 27:109225. [PMID: 38433900 PMCID: PMC10907838 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
There are no blood-based biomarkers distinguishing patients with relapsing-remitting (RRMS) from secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) although evidence supports metabolomic changes according to MS disease severity. Here machine learning analysis of serum metabolomic data stratified patients with RRMS from SPMS with high accuracy and a putative score was developed that stratified MS patient subsets. The top differentially expressed metabolites between SPMS versus patients with RRMS included lipids and fatty acids, metabolites enriched in pathways related to cellular respiration, notably, elevated lactate and glutamine (gluconeogenesis-related) and acetoacetate and bOHbutyrate (ketone bodies), and reduced alanine and pyruvate (glycolysis-related). Serum metabolomic changes were recapitulated in the whole blood transcriptome, whereby differentially expressed genes were also enriched in cellular respiration pathways in patients with SPMS. The final gene-metabolite interaction network demonstrated a potential metabolic shift from glycolysis toward increased gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis in SPMS, indicating metabolic stress which may trigger stress response pathways and subsequent neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra E. Oppong
- Division of Medicine, Department of Inflammation, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Leda Coelewij
- Division of Medicine, Department of Inflammation, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Georgia Robertson
- Division of Medicine, Department of Inflammation, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Lucia Martin-Gutierrez
- Division of Medicine, Department of Inflammation, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Kirsty E. Waddington
- Division of Medicine, Department of Inflammation, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Pierre Dönnes
- Division of Medicine, Department of Inflammation, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
- Scicross AB, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Petra Nytrova
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical, Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, 500 03 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rachel Farrell
- Department of Neuroinflammation, University College London and Institute of Neurology and National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Inés Pineda-Torra
- Division of Medicine, Department of Inflammation, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Elizabeth C. Jury
- Division of Medicine, Department of Inflammation, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
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Oechtering J, Stein K, Schaedelin SA, Maceski AM, Orleth A, Meier S, Willemse E, Qureshi F, Heijnen I, Regeniter A, Derfuss T, Benkert P, D'Souza M, Limberg M, Fischer-Barnicol B, Achtnichts L, Mueller S, Salmen A, Lalive PH, Bridel C, Pot C, Du Pasquier RA, Gobbi C, Wiendl H, Granziera C, Kappos L, Trendelenburg M, Leppert D, Lunemann JD, Kuhle J. Complement Activation Is Associated With Disease Severity in Multiple Sclerosis. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2024; 11:e200212. [PMID: 38354323 PMCID: PMC10913171 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Histopathologic studies have identified immunoglobulin (Ig) deposition and complement activation as contributors of CNS tissue damage in multiple sclerosis (MS). Intrathecal IgM synthesis is associated with higher MS disease activity and severity, and IgM is the strongest complement-activating immunoglobulin. In this study, we investigated whether complement components (CCs) and complement activation products (CAPs) are increased in persons with MS, especially in those with an intrathecal IgM synthesis, and whether they are associated with disease severity and progression. METHODS CC and CAP levels were quantified in plasma and CSF of 112 patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), 127 patients with MS (90 relapsing-remitting, 14 primary progressive, and 23 secondary progressive), 31 inflammatory neurologic disease, and 44 symptomatic controls from the Basel CSF databank study. Patients with CIS/MS were followed in the Swiss MS cohort study (median 6.3 years). Levels of CC/CAP between diagnosis groups were compared; in CIS/MS, associations of CC/CAP levels with intrathecal Ig synthesis, baseline Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores, MS Severity Score (MSSS), and neurofilament light chain (NfL) levels were investigated by linear regression, adjusted for age, sex, and albumin quotient. RESULTS CSF (but not plasma) levels of C3a, C4a, Ba, and Bb were increased in patients with CIS/MS, being most pronounced in those with an additional intrathecal IgM production. In CIS, doubling of C3a and C4a in CSF was associated with 0.31 (CI 0.06-0.56; p = 0.016) and 0.32 (0.02-0.62; p = 0.041) increased EDSS scores at lumbar puncture. Similarly, doubling of C3a and Ba in CIS/MS was associated with 0.61 (0.19-1.03; p < 0.01) and 0.74 (0.18-1.31; p = 0.016) increased future MSSS. In CIS/MS, CSF levels of C3a, C4a, Ba, and Bb were associated with increased CSF NfL levels, e.g., doubling of C3a was associated with an increase of 58% (Est. 1.58; CI 1.37-1.81; p < 0.0001). DISCUSSION CNS-compartmentalized activation of the classical and alternative pathways of complement is increased in CIS/MS and associated with the presence of an intrathecal IgM production. Increased complement activation within the CSF correlates with EDSS, future MSSS, and NfL levels, supporting the concept that complement activation contributes to MS pathology and disease progression. Complement inhibition should be explored as therapeutic target to attenuate disease severity and progression in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Oechtering
- From the Department of Neurology (J.O., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.); Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB) (J.O., S.A.S., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., P.B., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (K.S., H.W., J.D.L.), University Hospital 4 Münster, Germany; Clinical Trial Unit (S.A.S., P.B.), Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Octavebio Bioscience (F.Q.), Menlo Park, CA; Division of Medical Immunology (I.H.), Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Medica Laboratory (A.R.), Zürich; Department of Neurology (L.A.), Cantonal Hospital, Aarau; Department of Neurology (S. Mueller), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.H.L., C.B.), Division of Neurology; Diagnostic Department (P.H.L.), Division of Laboratory Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland (C. Gobbi), Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C. Gobbi), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland; Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel (C. Granziera), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; and Division of Internal Medicine (M.T.), University Hospital Basel and Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Stein
- From the Department of Neurology (J.O., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.); Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB) (J.O., S.A.S., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., P.B., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (K.S., H.W., J.D.L.), University Hospital 4 Münster, Germany; Clinical Trial Unit (S.A.S., P.B.), Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Octavebio Bioscience (F.Q.), Menlo Park, CA; Division of Medical Immunology (I.H.), Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Medica Laboratory (A.R.), Zürich; Department of Neurology (L.A.), Cantonal Hospital, Aarau; Department of Neurology (S. Mueller), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.H.L., C.B.), Division of Neurology; Diagnostic Department (P.H.L.), Division of Laboratory Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland (C. Gobbi), Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C. Gobbi), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland; Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel (C. Granziera), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; and Division of Internal Medicine (M.T.), University Hospital Basel and Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabine A Schaedelin
- From the Department of Neurology (J.O., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.); Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB) (J.O., S.A.S., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., P.B., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (K.S., H.W., J.D.L.), University Hospital 4 Münster, Germany; Clinical Trial Unit (S.A.S., P.B.), Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Octavebio Bioscience (F.Q.), Menlo Park, CA; Division of Medical Immunology (I.H.), Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Medica Laboratory (A.R.), Zürich; Department of Neurology (L.A.), Cantonal Hospital, Aarau; Department of Neurology (S. Mueller), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.H.L., C.B.), Division of Neurology; Diagnostic Department (P.H.L.), Division of Laboratory Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland (C. Gobbi), Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C. Gobbi), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland; Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel (C. Granziera), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; and Division of Internal Medicine (M.T.), University Hospital Basel and Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandra M Maceski
- From the Department of Neurology (J.O., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.); Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB) (J.O., S.A.S., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., P.B., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (K.S., H.W., J.D.L.), University Hospital 4 Münster, Germany; Clinical Trial Unit (S.A.S., P.B.), Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Octavebio Bioscience (F.Q.), Menlo Park, CA; Division of Medical Immunology (I.H.), Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Medica Laboratory (A.R.), Zürich; Department of Neurology (L.A.), Cantonal Hospital, Aarau; Department of Neurology (S. Mueller), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.H.L., C.B.), Division of Neurology; Diagnostic Department (P.H.L.), Division of Laboratory Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland (C. Gobbi), Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C. Gobbi), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland; Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel (C. Granziera), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; and Division of Internal Medicine (M.T.), University Hospital Basel and Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Annette Orleth
- From the Department of Neurology (J.O., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.); Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB) (J.O., S.A.S., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., P.B., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (K.S., H.W., J.D.L.), University Hospital 4 Münster, Germany; Clinical Trial Unit (S.A.S., P.B.), Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Octavebio Bioscience (F.Q.), Menlo Park, CA; Division of Medical Immunology (I.H.), Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Medica Laboratory (A.R.), Zürich; Department of Neurology (L.A.), Cantonal Hospital, Aarau; Department of Neurology (S. Mueller), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.H.L., C.B.), Division of Neurology; Diagnostic Department (P.H.L.), Division of Laboratory Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland (C. Gobbi), Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C. Gobbi), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland; Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel (C. Granziera), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; and Division of Internal Medicine (M.T.), University Hospital Basel and Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Meier
- From the Department of Neurology (J.O., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.); Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB) (J.O., S.A.S., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., P.B., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (K.S., H.W., J.D.L.), University Hospital 4 Münster, Germany; Clinical Trial Unit (S.A.S., P.B.), Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Octavebio Bioscience (F.Q.), Menlo Park, CA; Division of Medical Immunology (I.H.), Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Medica Laboratory (A.R.), Zürich; Department of Neurology (L.A.), Cantonal Hospital, Aarau; Department of Neurology (S. Mueller), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.H.L., C.B.), Division of Neurology; Diagnostic Department (P.H.L.), Division of Laboratory Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland (C. Gobbi), Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C. Gobbi), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland; Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel (C. Granziera), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; and Division of Internal Medicine (M.T.), University Hospital Basel and Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eline Willemse
- From the Department of Neurology (J.O., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.); Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB) (J.O., S.A.S., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., P.B., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (K.S., H.W., J.D.L.), University Hospital 4 Münster, Germany; Clinical Trial Unit (S.A.S., P.B.), Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Octavebio Bioscience (F.Q.), Menlo Park, CA; Division of Medical Immunology (I.H.), Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Medica Laboratory (A.R.), Zürich; Department of Neurology (L.A.), Cantonal Hospital, Aarau; Department of Neurology (S. Mueller), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.H.L., C.B.), Division of Neurology; Diagnostic Department (P.H.L.), Division of Laboratory Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland (C. Gobbi), Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C. Gobbi), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland; Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel (C. Granziera), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; and Division of Internal Medicine (M.T.), University Hospital Basel and Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ferhan Qureshi
- From the Department of Neurology (J.O., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.); Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB) (J.O., S.A.S., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., P.B., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (K.S., H.W., J.D.L.), University Hospital 4 Münster, Germany; Clinical Trial Unit (S.A.S., P.B.), Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Octavebio Bioscience (F.Q.), Menlo Park, CA; Division of Medical Immunology (I.H.), Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Medica Laboratory (A.R.), Zürich; Department of Neurology (L.A.), Cantonal Hospital, Aarau; Department of Neurology (S. Mueller), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.H.L., C.B.), Division of Neurology; Diagnostic Department (P.H.L.), Division of Laboratory Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland (C. Gobbi), Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C. Gobbi), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland; Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel (C. Granziera), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; and Division of Internal Medicine (M.T.), University Hospital Basel and Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ingmar Heijnen
- From the Department of Neurology (J.O., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.); Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB) (J.O., S.A.S., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., P.B., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (K.S., H.W., J.D.L.), University Hospital 4 Münster, Germany; Clinical Trial Unit (S.A.S., P.B.), Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Octavebio Bioscience (F.Q.), Menlo Park, CA; Division of Medical Immunology (I.H.), Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Medica Laboratory (A.R.), Zürich; Department of Neurology (L.A.), Cantonal Hospital, Aarau; Department of Neurology (S. Mueller), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.H.L., C.B.), Division of Neurology; Diagnostic Department (P.H.L.), Division of Laboratory Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland (C. Gobbi), Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C. Gobbi), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland; Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel (C. Granziera), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; and Division of Internal Medicine (M.T.), University Hospital Basel and Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Axel Regeniter
- From the Department of Neurology (J.O., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.); Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB) (J.O., S.A.S., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., P.B., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (K.S., H.W., J.D.L.), University Hospital 4 Münster, Germany; Clinical Trial Unit (S.A.S., P.B.), Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Octavebio Bioscience (F.Q.), Menlo Park, CA; Division of Medical Immunology (I.H.), Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Medica Laboratory (A.R.), Zürich; Department of Neurology (L.A.), Cantonal Hospital, Aarau; Department of Neurology (S. Mueller), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.H.L., C.B.), Division of Neurology; Diagnostic Department (P.H.L.), Division of Laboratory Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland (C. Gobbi), Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C. Gobbi), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland; Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel (C. Granziera), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; and Division of Internal Medicine (M.T.), University Hospital Basel and Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Derfuss
- From the Department of Neurology (J.O., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.); Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB) (J.O., S.A.S., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., P.B., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (K.S., H.W., J.D.L.), University Hospital 4 Münster, Germany; Clinical Trial Unit (S.A.S., P.B.), Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Octavebio Bioscience (F.Q.), Menlo Park, CA; Division of Medical Immunology (I.H.), Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Medica Laboratory (A.R.), Zürich; Department of Neurology (L.A.), Cantonal Hospital, Aarau; Department of Neurology (S. Mueller), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.H.L., C.B.), Division of Neurology; Diagnostic Department (P.H.L.), Division of Laboratory Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland (C. Gobbi), Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C. Gobbi), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland; Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel (C. Granziera), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; and Division of Internal Medicine (M.T.), University Hospital Basel and Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Benkert
- From the Department of Neurology (J.O., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.); Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB) (J.O., S.A.S., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., P.B., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (K.S., H.W., J.D.L.), University Hospital 4 Münster, Germany; Clinical Trial Unit (S.A.S., P.B.), Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Octavebio Bioscience (F.Q.), Menlo Park, CA; Division of Medical Immunology (I.H.), Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Medica Laboratory (A.R.), Zürich; Department of Neurology (L.A.), Cantonal Hospital, Aarau; Department of Neurology (S. Mueller), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.H.L., C.B.), Division of Neurology; Diagnostic Department (P.H.L.), Division of Laboratory Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland (C. Gobbi), Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C. Gobbi), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland; Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel (C. Granziera), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; and Division of Internal Medicine (M.T.), University Hospital Basel and Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcus D'Souza
- From the Department of Neurology (J.O., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.); Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB) (J.O., S.A.S., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., P.B., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (K.S., H.W., J.D.L.), University Hospital 4 Münster, Germany; Clinical Trial Unit (S.A.S., P.B.), Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Octavebio Bioscience (F.Q.), Menlo Park, CA; Division of Medical Immunology (I.H.), Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Medica Laboratory (A.R.), Zürich; Department of Neurology (L.A.), Cantonal Hospital, Aarau; Department of Neurology (S. Mueller), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.H.L., C.B.), Division of Neurology; Diagnostic Department (P.H.L.), Division of Laboratory Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland (C. Gobbi), Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C. Gobbi), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland; Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel (C. Granziera), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; and Division of Internal Medicine (M.T.), University Hospital Basel and Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marguerite Limberg
- From the Department of Neurology (J.O., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.); Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB) (J.O., S.A.S., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., P.B., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (K.S., H.W., J.D.L.), University Hospital 4 Münster, Germany; Clinical Trial Unit (S.A.S., P.B.), Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Octavebio Bioscience (F.Q.), Menlo Park, CA; Division of Medical Immunology (I.H.), Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Medica Laboratory (A.R.), Zürich; Department of Neurology (L.A.), Cantonal Hospital, Aarau; Department of Neurology (S. Mueller), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.H.L., C.B.), Division of Neurology; Diagnostic Department (P.H.L.), Division of Laboratory Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland (C. Gobbi), Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C. Gobbi), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland; Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel (C. Granziera), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; and Division of Internal Medicine (M.T.), University Hospital Basel and Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bettina Fischer-Barnicol
- From the Department of Neurology (J.O., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.); Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB) (J.O., S.A.S., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., P.B., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (K.S., H.W., J.D.L.), University Hospital 4 Münster, Germany; Clinical Trial Unit (S.A.S., P.B.), Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Octavebio Bioscience (F.Q.), Menlo Park, CA; Division of Medical Immunology (I.H.), Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Medica Laboratory (A.R.), Zürich; Department of Neurology (L.A.), Cantonal Hospital, Aarau; Department of Neurology (S. Mueller), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.H.L., C.B.), Division of Neurology; Diagnostic Department (P.H.L.), Division of Laboratory Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland (C. Gobbi), Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C. Gobbi), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland; Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel (C. Granziera), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; and Division of Internal Medicine (M.T.), University Hospital Basel and Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lutz Achtnichts
- From the Department of Neurology (J.O., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.); Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB) (J.O., S.A.S., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., P.B., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (K.S., H.W., J.D.L.), University Hospital 4 Münster, Germany; Clinical Trial Unit (S.A.S., P.B.), Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Octavebio Bioscience (F.Q.), Menlo Park, CA; Division of Medical Immunology (I.H.), Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Medica Laboratory (A.R.), Zürich; Department of Neurology (L.A.), Cantonal Hospital, Aarau; Department of Neurology (S. Mueller), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.H.L., C.B.), Division of Neurology; Diagnostic Department (P.H.L.), Division of Laboratory Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland (C. Gobbi), Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C. Gobbi), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland; Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel (C. Granziera), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; and Division of Internal Medicine (M.T.), University Hospital Basel and Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Mueller
- From the Department of Neurology (J.O., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.); Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB) (J.O., S.A.S., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., P.B., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (K.S., H.W., J.D.L.), University Hospital 4 Münster, Germany; Clinical Trial Unit (S.A.S., P.B.), Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Octavebio Bioscience (F.Q.), Menlo Park, CA; Division of Medical Immunology (I.H.), Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Medica Laboratory (A.R.), Zürich; Department of Neurology (L.A.), Cantonal Hospital, Aarau; Department of Neurology (S. Mueller), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.H.L., C.B.), Division of Neurology; Diagnostic Department (P.H.L.), Division of Laboratory Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland (C. Gobbi), Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C. Gobbi), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland; Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel (C. Granziera), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; and Division of Internal Medicine (M.T.), University Hospital Basel and Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anke Salmen
- From the Department of Neurology (J.O., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.); Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB) (J.O., S.A.S., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., P.B., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (K.S., H.W., J.D.L.), University Hospital 4 Münster, Germany; Clinical Trial Unit (S.A.S., P.B.), Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Octavebio Bioscience (F.Q.), Menlo Park, CA; Division of Medical Immunology (I.H.), Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Medica Laboratory (A.R.), Zürich; Department of Neurology (L.A.), Cantonal Hospital, Aarau; Department of Neurology (S. Mueller), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.H.L., C.B.), Division of Neurology; Diagnostic Department (P.H.L.), Division of Laboratory Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland (C. Gobbi), Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C. Gobbi), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland; Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel (C. Granziera), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; and Division of Internal Medicine (M.T.), University Hospital Basel and Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrice H Lalive
- From the Department of Neurology (J.O., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.); Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB) (J.O., S.A.S., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., P.B., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (K.S., H.W., J.D.L.), University Hospital 4 Münster, Germany; Clinical Trial Unit (S.A.S., P.B.), Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Octavebio Bioscience (F.Q.), Menlo Park, CA; Division of Medical Immunology (I.H.), Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Medica Laboratory (A.R.), Zürich; Department of Neurology (L.A.), Cantonal Hospital, Aarau; Department of Neurology (S. Mueller), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.H.L., C.B.), Division of Neurology; Diagnostic Department (P.H.L.), Division of Laboratory Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland (C. Gobbi), Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C. Gobbi), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland; Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel (C. Granziera), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; and Division of Internal Medicine (M.T.), University Hospital Basel and Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claire Bridel
- From the Department of Neurology (J.O., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.); Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB) (J.O., S.A.S., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., P.B., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (K.S., H.W., J.D.L.), University Hospital 4 Münster, Germany; Clinical Trial Unit (S.A.S., P.B.), Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Octavebio Bioscience (F.Q.), Menlo Park, CA; Division of Medical Immunology (I.H.), Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Medica Laboratory (A.R.), Zürich; Department of Neurology (L.A.), Cantonal Hospital, Aarau; Department of Neurology (S. Mueller), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.H.L., C.B.), Division of Neurology; Diagnostic Department (P.H.L.), Division of Laboratory Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland (C. Gobbi), Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C. Gobbi), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland; Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel (C. Granziera), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; and Division of Internal Medicine (M.T.), University Hospital Basel and Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Pot
- From the Department of Neurology (J.O., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.); Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB) (J.O., S.A.S., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., P.B., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (K.S., H.W., J.D.L.), University Hospital 4 Münster, Germany; Clinical Trial Unit (S.A.S., P.B.), Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Octavebio Bioscience (F.Q.), Menlo Park, CA; Division of Medical Immunology (I.H.), Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Medica Laboratory (A.R.), Zürich; Department of Neurology (L.A.), Cantonal Hospital, Aarau; Department of Neurology (S. Mueller), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.H.L., C.B.), Division of Neurology; Diagnostic Department (P.H.L.), Division of Laboratory Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland (C. Gobbi), Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C. Gobbi), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland; Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel (C. Granziera), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; and Division of Internal Medicine (M.T.), University Hospital Basel and Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Renaud A Du Pasquier
- From the Department of Neurology (J.O., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.); Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB) (J.O., S.A.S., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., P.B., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (K.S., H.W., J.D.L.), University Hospital 4 Münster, Germany; Clinical Trial Unit (S.A.S., P.B.), Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Octavebio Bioscience (F.Q.), Menlo Park, CA; Division of Medical Immunology (I.H.), Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Medica Laboratory (A.R.), Zürich; Department of Neurology (L.A.), Cantonal Hospital, Aarau; Department of Neurology (S. Mueller), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.H.L., C.B.), Division of Neurology; Diagnostic Department (P.H.L.), Division of Laboratory Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland (C. Gobbi), Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C. Gobbi), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland; Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel (C. Granziera), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; and Division of Internal Medicine (M.T.), University Hospital Basel and Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Gobbi
- From the Department of Neurology (J.O., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.); Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB) (J.O., S.A.S., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., P.B., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (K.S., H.W., J.D.L.), University Hospital 4 Münster, Germany; Clinical Trial Unit (S.A.S., P.B.), Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Octavebio Bioscience (F.Q.), Menlo Park, CA; Division of Medical Immunology (I.H.), Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Medica Laboratory (A.R.), Zürich; Department of Neurology (L.A.), Cantonal Hospital, Aarau; Department of Neurology (S. Mueller), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.H.L., C.B.), Division of Neurology; Diagnostic Department (P.H.L.), Division of Laboratory Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland (C. Gobbi), Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C. Gobbi), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland; Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel (C. Granziera), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; and Division of Internal Medicine (M.T.), University Hospital Basel and Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- From the Department of Neurology (J.O., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.); Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB) (J.O., S.A.S., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., P.B., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (K.S., H.W., J.D.L.), University Hospital 4 Münster, Germany; Clinical Trial Unit (S.A.S., P.B.), Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Octavebio Bioscience (F.Q.), Menlo Park, CA; Division of Medical Immunology (I.H.), Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Medica Laboratory (A.R.), Zürich; Department of Neurology (L.A.), Cantonal Hospital, Aarau; Department of Neurology (S. Mueller), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.H.L., C.B.), Division of Neurology; Diagnostic Department (P.H.L.), Division of Laboratory Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland (C. Gobbi), Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C. Gobbi), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland; Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel (C. Granziera), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; and Division of Internal Medicine (M.T.), University Hospital Basel and Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Granziera
- From the Department of Neurology (J.O., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.); Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB) (J.O., S.A.S., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., P.B., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (K.S., H.W., J.D.L.), University Hospital 4 Münster, Germany; Clinical Trial Unit (S.A.S., P.B.), Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Octavebio Bioscience (F.Q.), Menlo Park, CA; Division of Medical Immunology (I.H.), Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Medica Laboratory (A.R.), Zürich; Department of Neurology (L.A.), Cantonal Hospital, Aarau; Department of Neurology (S. Mueller), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.H.L., C.B.), Division of Neurology; Diagnostic Department (P.H.L.), Division of Laboratory Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland (C. Gobbi), Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C. Gobbi), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland; Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel (C. Granziera), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; and Division of Internal Medicine (M.T.), University Hospital Basel and Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ludwig Kappos
- From the Department of Neurology (J.O., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.); Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB) (J.O., S.A.S., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., P.B., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (K.S., H.W., J.D.L.), University Hospital 4 Münster, Germany; Clinical Trial Unit (S.A.S., P.B.), Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Octavebio Bioscience (F.Q.), Menlo Park, CA; Division of Medical Immunology (I.H.), Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Medica Laboratory (A.R.), Zürich; Department of Neurology (L.A.), Cantonal Hospital, Aarau; Department of Neurology (S. Mueller), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.H.L., C.B.), Division of Neurology; Diagnostic Department (P.H.L.), Division of Laboratory Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland (C. Gobbi), Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C. Gobbi), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland; Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel (C. Granziera), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; and Division of Internal Medicine (M.T.), University Hospital Basel and Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marten Trendelenburg
- From the Department of Neurology (J.O., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.); Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB) (J.O., S.A.S., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., P.B., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (K.S., H.W., J.D.L.), University Hospital 4 Münster, Germany; Clinical Trial Unit (S.A.S., P.B.), Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Octavebio Bioscience (F.Q.), Menlo Park, CA; Division of Medical Immunology (I.H.), Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Medica Laboratory (A.R.), Zürich; Department of Neurology (L.A.), Cantonal Hospital, Aarau; Department of Neurology (S. Mueller), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.H.L., C.B.), Division of Neurology; Diagnostic Department (P.H.L.), Division of Laboratory Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland (C. Gobbi), Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C. Gobbi), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland; Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel (C. Granziera), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; and Division of Internal Medicine (M.T.), University Hospital Basel and Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Leppert
- From the Department of Neurology (J.O., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.); Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB) (J.O., S.A.S., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., P.B., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (K.S., H.W., J.D.L.), University Hospital 4 Münster, Germany; Clinical Trial Unit (S.A.S., P.B.), Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Octavebio Bioscience (F.Q.), Menlo Park, CA; Division of Medical Immunology (I.H.), Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Medica Laboratory (A.R.), Zürich; Department of Neurology (L.A.), Cantonal Hospital, Aarau; Department of Neurology (S. Mueller), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.H.L., C.B.), Division of Neurology; Diagnostic Department (P.H.L.), Division of Laboratory Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland (C. Gobbi), Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C. Gobbi), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland; Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel (C. Granziera), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; and Division of Internal Medicine (M.T.), University Hospital Basel and Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan D Lunemann
- From the Department of Neurology (J.O., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.); Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB) (J.O., S.A.S., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., P.B., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (K.S., H.W., J.D.L.), University Hospital 4 Münster, Germany; Clinical Trial Unit (S.A.S., P.B.), Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Octavebio Bioscience (F.Q.), Menlo Park, CA; Division of Medical Immunology (I.H.), Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Medica Laboratory (A.R.), Zürich; Department of Neurology (L.A.), Cantonal Hospital, Aarau; Department of Neurology (S. Mueller), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.H.L., C.B.), Division of Neurology; Diagnostic Department (P.H.L.), Division of Laboratory Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland (C. Gobbi), Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C. Gobbi), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland; Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel (C. Granziera), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; and Division of Internal Medicine (M.T.), University Hospital Basel and Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Kuhle
- From the Department of Neurology (J.O., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.); Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB) (J.O., S.A.S., A.M.M., A.O., S. Meier, E.W., T.D., P.B., M.D.S., M.L., B.F.-B., C. Granziera, L.K., D.L., J.K.), Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (K.S., H.W., J.D.L.), University Hospital 4 Münster, Germany; Clinical Trial Unit (S.A.S., P.B.), Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Octavebio Bioscience (F.Q.), Menlo Park, CA; Division of Medical Immunology (I.H.), Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Medica Laboratory (A.R.), Zürich; Department of Neurology (L.A.), Cantonal Hospital, Aarau; Department of Neurology (S. Mueller), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Department of Neurology (A.S.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.H.L., C.B.), Division of Neurology; Diagnostic Department (P.H.L.), Division of Laboratory Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology (P.H.L.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne; Neurocentre of Southern Switzerland (C. Gobbi), Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale Civico; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C. Gobbi), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland; Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel (C. Granziera), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; and Division of Internal Medicine (M.T.), University Hospital Basel and Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Jensen LT, Attfield KE, Fugger L. A repair pathway lost in multiple sclerosis provides a new drug opportunity. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:385-386. [PMID: 38409258 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01765-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Lise Torp Jensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kathrine E Attfield
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lars Fugger
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Qiu X, Huang MN, Ping S. Genetic susceptibility and causal pathway analysis of eye disorders coexisting in multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1337528. [PMID: 38375484 PMCID: PMC10875133 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1337528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The comorbidity of optic neuritis with multiple sclerosis has been well recognized. However, the causal association between multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis, as well as other eye disorders, remains incompletely understood. To address these gaps, we investigated the genetically relationship between multiple sclerosis and eye disorders, and explored potential drugs. Methods In order to elucidate the genetic susceptibility and causal links between multiple sclerosis and eye disorders, we performed two-sample Mendelian randomization analyses to examine the causality between multiple sclerosis and eye disorders. Additionally, causal single-nucleotide polymorphisms were annotated and searched for expression quantitative trait loci data. Pathway enrichment analysis was performed to identify the possible mechanisms responsible for the eye disorders coexisting with multiple sclerosis. Potential therapeutic chemicals were also explored using the Cytoscape. Results Mendelian randomization analysis revealed that multiple sclerosis increased the incidence of optic neuritis while reducing the likelihood of concurrent of cataract and macular degeneration. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis implicated that lymphocyte proliferation, activation and antigen processing as potential contributors to the pathogenesis of eye disorders coexisting with multiple sclerosis. Furthermore, pharmaceutical agents traditionally employed for allograft rejection exhibited promising therapeutic potential for the eye disorders coexisting with multiple sclerosis. Discussion Multiple sclerosis genetically contributes to the development of optic neuritis while mitigating the concurrent occurrence of cataract and macular degeneration. Further research is needed to validate these findings and explore additional mechanisms underlying the comorbidity of multiple sclerosis and eye disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuecheng Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mi Ni Huang
- Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Suning Ping
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Neurobiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Barrie W, Irving-Pease EK, Willerslev E, Iversen AKN, Fugger L. Ancient DNA reveals evolutionary origins of autoimmune diseases. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:85-86. [PMID: 38177452 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00983-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- William Barrie
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Evan K Irving-Pease
- Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eske Willerslev
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Astrid K N Iversen
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Lars Fugger
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Puthenparampil M, Marin A, Zanotelli G, Mauceri VA, De Napoli F, Gaggiola M, Miscioscia A, Ponzano M, Bovis F, Perini P, Rinaldi F, Molon B, Gallo P. Blood-brain barrier damage associates with glia-related cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2024; 82:105403. [PMID: 38184910 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.105403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) dysfunction is defined by albumin quotient (QALB) and characterize a group of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients at clinical onset. We evaluated the concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 87 cytokines, to better characterize the CSF inflammatory pattern in presence of BBB damage. MATERIALS AND METHOD In an exploratory cohort, CSF cytokines were evaluated by means of Multiplex technology (Bio-Plex Pro-Human Cytokine, GF and Diabetes 27-Plex Panel, Bio-Plex Pro-Human Chemokines 40-Plex Panel, Bio-Plex Pro-Human Inflammation Assays 37-Plex Panel) in a cohort of Other Not Inflammatory Neurological Disorders (ONIND) and in cohort of patients with MS, stratified according to BBB damage into QALB+ and QALB- MS patients. In the validation cohort, we evaluated the relevant molecules in a cohort of MS patients, stratified again into QALB+ and QALB-, including also Neurofilament Light (NfL) and Chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1) CSF concentration. RESULTS While MIP-1α, CXCL-13, and CCL-22 CSF concentrations were higher in both MS groups compared to ONIND, in QALB+ MS CSF concentrations of CXCL-9 (17.85 ± 4.69 pg/mL), CXCL-10 (476.5 ± 324.3 pg/mL), and IL-16 (96.08 ± 86.17 pg/mL) were higher than in QALB- MS (8.98 ± 5368 pg/mL, p < 0.005, 281.0 ± 180.9 pg/mL, p < 0.05, and 47.35 ± 36.87 pg/mL, p < 0.005, respectively) and ONIND (8.98 ± 5368 pg/mlL, p < 0.005, 281.0 ± 180.9 pg/mL, p < 0.005, and 47.35 ± 36.87 pg/mL, p < 0.001, respectively). A strong correlation was observed between CXCL-9 and CXCL-10 in all MS groups (all r>0.75, all p < 0.001). In the validation cohort again CXCL-10 CSF concentration were higher in QALB+ MS than in QALB- MS (94.25 ± 64.75 vs 153.8 ± 99.52, p < 0.05), while no difference was observed in serum. CSF NfL (1642 ± 1963 vs 3231 ± 3492 pg/mL, p < 0.05) and CHI3L1 (183.9 ± 86.62 vs 262 ± 137.5 ng/mL, p < 0.05) were increased in QALB+ MS. CONCLUSIONS BBB damage in MS is linked to a specific CSF cytokines pattern (CXCL-9, CXCL-10, IL-16), that are also involved in astrocyte-microglia interaction. To what extent their continuous production in the CNS may mark a more severe disease course merits to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Puthenparampil
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padua, Italy.
| | - A Marin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - G Zanotelli
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - V A Mauceri
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - F De Napoli
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - M Gaggiola
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - A Miscioscia
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - M Ponzano
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Biostatistics, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - F Bovis
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Biostatistics, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - P Perini
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - F Rinaldi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - B Molon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - P Gallo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padua, Italy
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Beura SK, Panigrahi AR, Yadav P, Palacio I, Casero E, Quintana C, Singh J, Singh MK, Martín Gago JA, Singh SK. Harnessing two-dimensional nanomaterials for diagnosis and therapy in neurodegenerative diseases: Advances, challenges and prospects. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 94:102205. [PMID: 38272267 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are specific brain disorders characterized by the progressive deterioration of different motor activities as well as several cognitive functions. Current conventional therapeutic options for NDDs are limited in addressing underlying causes, delivering drugs to specific neuronal targets, and promoting tissue repair following brain injury. Due to the paucity of plausible theranostic options for NDDs, nanobiotechnology has emerged as a promising field, offering an interdisciplinary approach to create nanomaterials with high diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy for these diseases. Recently, two-dimensional nanomaterials (2D-NMs) have gained significant attention in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications due to their precise drug-loading capabilities, controlled release mechanisms, enhanced stability, improved biodegradability, and reduced cell toxicity. Although various studies have explored the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of different nanomaterials in NDDs, there is a lack of comprehensive review addressing the theranostic applications of 2D-NMs in these neuronal disorders. Therefore, this concise review aims to provide a state-of-the-art understanding of the need for these ultrathin 2D-NMs and their potential applications in biosensing and bioimaging, targeted drug delivery, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine for NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Kumar Beura
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India
| | | | - Pooja Yadav
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India
| | - Irene Palacio
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (CSIC). c/ Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3. Campus de Excelencia de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Elena Casero
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. c/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente, Nº 7. Campus de Excelencia de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Carmen Quintana
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. c/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente, Nº 7. Campus de Excelencia de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Jyoti Singh
- Department of Applied Agriculture, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Singh
- Department of Physics, School of Engineering and Technology, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendragarh, Haryana 123031, India
| | - Jose A Martín Gago
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (CSIC). c/ Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3. Campus de Excelencia de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Spain.
| | - Sunil Kumar Singh
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India.
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Etebar F, Harkin DG, White AR, Dando SJ. Non-invasive in vivo imaging of brain and retinal microglia in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1355557. [PMID: 38348116 PMCID: PMC10859418 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1355557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia play crucial roles in immune responses and contribute to fundamental biological processes within the central nervous system (CNS). In neurodegenerative diseases, microglia undergo functional changes and can have both protective and pathogenic roles. Microglia in the retina, as an extension of the CNS, have also been shown to be affected in many neurological diseases. While our understanding of how microglia contribute to pathological conditions is incomplete, non-invasive in vivo imaging of brain and retinal microglia in living subjects could provide valuable insights into their role in the neurodegenerative diseases and open new avenues for diagnostic biomarkers. This mini-review provides an overview of the current brain and retinal imaging tools for studying microglia in vivo. We focus on microglia targets, the advantages and limitations of in vivo microglia imaging approaches, and applications for evaluating the pathogenesis of neurological conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazeleh Etebar
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Damien G. Harkin
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anthony R. White
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Samantha J. Dando
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Sánchez-Sanz A, Muñoz-Viana R, Sabín-Muñoz J, Moreno-Torres I, Brea-Álvarez B, Rodríguez-De la Fuente O, García-Merino A, Sánchez-López AJ. Response to Fingolimod in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Is Associated with a Differential Transcriptomic Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1372. [PMID: 38338652 PMCID: PMC10855583 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Fingolimod is an immunomodulatory sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) analogue approved for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). The identification of biomarkers of clinical responses to fingolimod is a major necessity in MS to identify optimal responders and avoid the risk of disease progression in non-responders. With this aim, we used RNA sequencing to study the transcriptomic changes induced by fingolimod in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of MS-treated patients and their association with clinical response. Samples were obtained from 10 RRMS patients (five responders and five non-responders) at baseline and at 12 months of fingolimod therapy. Fingolimod exerted a vast impact at the transcriptional level, identifying 7155 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) compared to baseline that affected the regulation of numerous signaling pathways. These DEGs were predominantly immune related, including genes associated with S1P metabolism, cytokines, lymphocyte trafficking, master transcription factors of lymphocyte functions and the NF-kB pathway. Responder and non-responder patients exhibited a differential transcriptomic regulation during treatment, with responders presenting a higher number of DEGs (6405) compared to non-responders (2653). The S1P, NF-kB and TCR signaling pathways were differentially modulated in responder and non-responder patients. These transcriptomic differences offer the potential of being exploited as biomarkers of a clinical response to fingolimod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Sánchez-Sanz
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana, 28222 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rafael Muñoz-Viana
- Bioinformatics Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana, 28222 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Julia Sabín-Muñoz
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain; (J.S.-M.); (O.R.-D.l.F.)
| | - Irene Moreno-Torres
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Beatriz Brea-Álvarez
- Radiodiagnostic Division, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ofir Rodríguez-De la Fuente
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain; (J.S.-M.); (O.R.-D.l.F.)
| | - Antonio García-Merino
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana, 28222 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain; (J.S.-M.); (O.R.-D.l.F.)
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Sánchez-López
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana, 28222 Madrid, Spain;
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Biobank, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana, 28222 Madrid, Spain
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Wang X, Liu Z, Wang D, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Xue F, Wang X, Tang Z, Han X. Immunoswitch Nanomodulators Enable Active Targeting and Selective Proliferation of Regulatory T Cells for Multiple Sclerosis Therapy. ACS NANO 2024; 18:770-782. [PMID: 38113242 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) used in multiple sclerosis (MS) therapy modulates the balance between regulatory T (Treg) cells and effector T (Teff) cells. However, the off-target activation of Teff cells by IL-2 limits its clinical application. Therefore, a rapidly prepared immunoswitch nanomodulator termed aT-IL2C NPs was developed, which specifically recognized Treg cells with high TIGIT expression thanks to the presence of an anti-TIGIT and an IL-2/JES6-1 complex (IL2C) being delivered to Treg cells but not to Teff cells with low TIGIT expression. Then, IL2C released IL-2 due to the specific expression of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor on Treg cells, thus enabling the active targeting and selective proliferation of Treg cells. Moreover, the anti-TIGIT of aT-IL2C NPs selectively inhibited the proliferation of Teff cells while leaving the proliferation of Treg cells unaffected. In addition, since the IL-2 receptor on Teff cells had medium-affinity, the IL2C hardly released IL-2 to Teff cells, thus enabling the inhibition of Teff cell proliferation. The treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice with aT-IL2C NPs ameliorated the severity of the EAE and restored white matter integrity. Collectively, this work described a potential promising agent for effective MS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuang Wang
- No. 1 Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Road, Changchun 130033, China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Road, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhilin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Road, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Di Wang
- No. 1 Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Road, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Yingyu Zhang
- No. 1 Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Road, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Honglei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Road, Changchun 130022, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials & Application Technology of Hunan Province, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Fuxin Xue
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Road, Changchun 130022, China
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology (Northeast Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Xianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Road, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhaohui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Road, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xuemei Han
- No. 1 Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Road, Changchun 130033, China
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Fleischer V, Gonzalez-Escamilla G, Pareto D, Rovira A, Sastre-Garriga J, Sowa P, Høgestøl EA, Harbo HF, Bellenberg B, Lukas C, Ruggieri S, Gasperini C, Uher T, Vaneckova M, Bittner S, Othman AE, Collorone S, Toosy AT, Meuth SG, Zipp F, Barkhof F, Ciccarelli O, Groppa S. Prognostic value of single-subject grey matter networks in early multiple sclerosis. Brain 2024; 147:135-146. [PMID: 37642541 PMCID: PMC10766234 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of prognostic markers in early multiple sclerosis (MS) is challenging and requires reliable measures that robustly predict future disease trajectories. Ideally, such measures should make inferences at the individual level to inform clinical decisions. This study investigated the prognostic value of longitudinal structural networks to predict 5-year Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) progression in patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). We hypothesized that network measures, derived from MRI, outperform conventional MRI measurements at identifying patients at risk of developing disability progression. This longitudinal, multicentre study within the Magnetic Resonance Imaging in MS (MAGNIMS) network included 406 patients with RRMS (mean age = 35.7 ± 9.1 years) followed up for 5 years (mean follow-up = 5.0 ± 0.6 years). EDSS was determined to track disability accumulation. A group of 153 healthy subjects (mean age = 35.0 ± 10.1 years) with longitudinal MRI served as controls. All subjects underwent MRI at baseline and again 1 year after baseline. Grey matter atrophy over 1 year and white matter lesion load were determined. A single-subject brain network was reconstructed from T1-weighted scans based on grey matter atrophy measures derived from a statistical parameter mapping-based segmentation pipeline. Key topological measures, including network degree, global efficiency and transitivity, were calculated at single-subject level to quantify network properties related to EDSS progression. Areas under receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed for grey matter atrophy and white matter lesion load, and the network measures and comparisons between ROC curves were conducted. The applied network analyses differentiated patients with RRMS who experience EDSS progression over 5 years through lower values for network degree [H(2) = 30.0, P < 0.001] and global efficiency [H(2) = 31.3, P < 0.001] from healthy controls but also from patients without progression. For transitivity, the comparisons showed no difference between the groups [H(2) = 1.5, P = 0.474]. Most notably, changes in network degree and global efficiency were detected independent of disease activity in the first year. The described network reorganization in patients experiencing EDSS progression was evident in the absence of grey matter atrophy. Network degree and global efficiency measurements demonstrated superiority of network measures in the ROC analyses over grey matter atrophy and white matter lesion load in predicting EDSS worsening (all P-values < 0.05). Our findings provide evidence that grey matter network reorganization over 1 year discloses relevant information about subsequent clinical worsening in RRMS. Early grey matter restructuring towards lower network efficiency predicts disability accumulation and outperforms conventional MRI predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinzenz Fleischer
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gabriel Gonzalez-Escamilla
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Deborah Pareto
- Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology (IDI), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Rovira
- Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology (IDI), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Sastre-Garriga
- Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Piotr Sowa
- Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar A Høgestøl
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanne F Harbo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Barbara Bellenberg
- Institute of Neuroradiology, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Carsten Lukas
- Institute of Neuroradiology, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Serena Ruggieri
- Department of Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Gasperini
- Department of Neurosciences, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, 00152 Rome, Italy
| | - Tomas Uher
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Manuela Vaneckova
- Department of Radiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Bittner
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ahmed E Othman
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sara Collorone
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Science, University College of London, WC1E 6BT London, UK
| | - Ahmed T Toosy
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Science, University College of London, WC1E 6BT London, UK
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Frauke Zipp
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Science, University College of London, WC1E 6BT London, UK
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, 1100 DD Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Olga Ciccarelli
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Science, University College of London, WC1E 6BT London, UK
| | - Sergiu Groppa
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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44
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Liblau RS, Latorre D, Kornum BR, Dauvilliers Y, Mignot EJ. The immunopathogenesis of narcolepsy type 1. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:33-48. [PMID: 37400646 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00902-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a chronic sleep disorder resulting from the loss of a small population of hypothalamic neurons that produce wake-promoting hypocretin (HCRT; also known as orexin) peptides. An immune-mediated pathology for NT1 has long been suspected given its exceptionally tight association with the MHC class II allele HLA-DQB1*06:02, as well as recent genetic evidence showing associations with polymorphisms of T cell receptor genes and other immune-relevant loci and the increased incidence of NT1 that has been observed after vaccination with the influenza vaccine Pandemrix. The search for both self-antigens and foreign antigens recognized by the pathogenic T cell response in NT1 is ongoing. Increased T cell reactivity against HCRT has been consistently reported in patients with NT1, but data demonstrating a primary role for T cells in neuronal destruction are currently lacking. Animal models are providing clues regarding the roles of autoreactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the disease. Elucidation of the pathogenesis of NT1 will allow for the development of targeted immunotherapies at disease onset and could serve as a model for other immune-mediated neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland S Liblau
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, Toulouse, France.
- Department of Immunology, Toulouse University Hospitals, Toulouse, France.
| | | | - Birgitte R Kornum
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- National Reference Center for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Kleine-Levin Syndrome, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel J Mignot
- Stanford University, Center for Narcolepsy, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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Barrie W, Yang Y, Irving-Pease EK, Attfield KE, Scorrano G, Jensen LT, Armen AP, Dimopoulos EA, Stern A, Refoyo-Martinez A, Pearson A, Ramsøe A, Gaunitz C, Demeter F, Jørkov MLS, Møller SB, Springborg B, Klassen L, Hyldgård IM, Wickmann N, Vinner L, Korneliussen TS, Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Kristiansen K, Rodriguez S, Nielsen R, Iversen AKN, Lawson DJ, Fugger L, Willerslev E. Elevated genetic risk for multiple sclerosis emerged in steppe pastoralist populations. Nature 2024; 625:321-328. [PMID: 38200296 PMCID: PMC10781639 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuro-inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease that is most prevalent in Northern Europe. Although it is known that inherited risk for MS is located within or in close proximity to immune-related genes, it is unknown when, where and how this genetic risk originated1. Here, by using a large ancient genome dataset from the Mesolithic period to the Bronze Age2, along with new Medieval and post-Medieval genomes, we show that the genetic risk for MS rose among pastoralists from the Pontic steppe and was brought into Europe by the Yamnaya-related migration approximately 5,000 years ago. We further show that these MS-associated immunogenetic variants underwent positive selection both within the steppe population and later in Europe, probably driven by pathogenic challenges coinciding with changes in diet, lifestyle and population density. This study highlights the critical importance of the Neolithic period and Bronze Age as determinants of modern immune responses and their subsequent effect on the risk of developing MS in a changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Barrie
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yaoling Yang
- Department of Statistical Sciences, School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Evan K Irving-Pease
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kathrine E Attfield
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gabriele Scorrano
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise Torp Jensen
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Angelos P Armen
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Aaron Stern
- Departments of Integrative Biology and Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Alba Refoyo-Martinez
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alice Pearson
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Abigail Ramsøe
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charleen Gaunitz
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fabrice Demeter
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Eco-anthropologie (EA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université de Paris, Musée de l'Homme, Paris, France
| | - Marie Louise S Jørkov
- Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Lutz Klassen
- Museum Østdanmark-Djursland og Randers, Randers, Denmark
| | | | | | - Lasse Vinner
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Morten E Allentoft
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Martin Sikora
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Kristiansen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Santiago Rodriguez
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Rasmus Nielsen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Departments of Integrative Biology and Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Astrid K N Iversen
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Daniel J Lawson
- Department of Statistical Sciences, School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Lars Fugger
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Eske Willerslev
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
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46
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Phan NM, Nguyen TL, Shin H, Trinh TA, Kim J. ROS-Scavenging Lignin-Based Tolerogenic Nanoparticle Vaccine for Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. ACS NANO 2023; 17:24696-24709. [PMID: 38051295 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating autoimmune disease, in which the immune system attacks myelin. Although systemic immunosuppressive agents have been used to treat MS, long-term treatment with these drugs causes undesirable side effects such as altered glucose metabolism, insomnia, and hypertension. Herein, we propose a tolerogenic therapeutic vaccine to treat MS based on lignin nanoparticles (LNP) with intrinsic reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging capacity derived from their phenolic moieties. The LNP loaded with autoantigens of MS allowed for inducing tolerogenic DCs with low-level expression of costimulatory molecules while presenting antigenic peptides. Intravenous injection of an LNP-based tolerogenic vaccine into an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model led to durable antigen-specific immune tolerance via inducing regulatory T cells (Tregs). Autoreactive T helper type 1 cells, T helper type 17 cells, and inflammatory antigen presentation cells (APCs) were suppressed in the central nervous system (CNS), ameliorating ongoing MS in early and late disease states. Additionally, the incorporation of dexamethasone into an LNP-based tolerogenic nanovaccine could further improve the recovery of EAE mice in the severe chronic stage. As lignin is the most abundant biomass and waste byproduct in the pulping industry, a lignin-based tolerogenic vaccine could be a novel, cost-effective, high-value vaccine platform with potent therapeutic efficiency in treating autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Man Phan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Thanh Loc Nguyen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsu Shin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Thuy An Trinh
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyun Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics (IQB), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Gauthier T, Martin-Rodriguez O, Chagué C, Daoui A, Ceroi A, Varin A, Bonnefoy F, Valmary-Degano S, Couturier M, Behlke S, Saas P, Cartron PF, Perruche S. Amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by in vivo reprogramming of macrophages using pro-resolving factors. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:307. [PMID: 38124095 PMCID: PMC10734130 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02994-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reinstating inflammation resolution represents an innovative concept to regain inflammation control in diseases marked by chronic inflammation. While most therapeutics target inflammatory molecules and inflammatory effector cells and mediators, targeting macrophages to initiate inflammation resolution to control neuroinflammation has not yet been attempted. Resolution-phase macrophages are critical in the resolution process to regain tissue homeostasis, and are programmed through the presence and elimination of apoptotic leukocytes. Hence, inducing resolution-phase macrophages might represent an innovative therapeutic approach to control and terminate dysregulated neuroinflammation. METHODS Here, we investigated if the factors released by in vitro induced resolution-phase macrophages (their secretome) are able to therapeutically reprogram macrophages to control neuroinflammation in the model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). RESULTS We found that injection of the pro-resolutive secretome reduced demyelination and decreased inflammatory cell infiltration in the CNS, notably through the in vivo reprogramming of macrophages at the epigenetic level. Adoptive transfer experiments with in vivo or in vitro reprogrammed macrophages using such pro-resolutive secretome confirmed the stability and transferability of this acquired therapeutic activity. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data confirm the therapeutic activity of a pro-resolution secretome in the treatment of ongoing CNS inflammation, via the epigenetic reprogramming of macrophages and open with that a new therapeutic avenue for diseases marked by neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Gauthier
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, 25000, Besançon, France
| | | | - Cécile Chagué
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Anna Daoui
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Adam Ceroi
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Alexis Varin
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Francis Bonnefoy
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, 25000, Besançon, France
- MED'INN'Pharma, 25000, Besancon, France
| | | | | | | | - Philippe Saas
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Pierre-François Cartron
- Team "Apoptosis and Tumor Progression" CRCINA-INSERM U1232, Université de Nantes Nantes, LaBEX IGO, REpiCGO, EpiSAVMEN, LaBCT, Institut de Cancérologie de L'Ouest (ICO), 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Sylvain Perruche
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, 25000, Besançon, France.
- MED'INN'Pharma, 25000, Besancon, France.
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Rahiman N, Zamani P, Arabi L, Alavizadeh SH, Nikpoor A, Mashreghi M, Badiee A, Jaafari MR. Novel liposomal glatiramer acetate: Preparation and immunomodulatory evaluation in murine model of multiple sclerosis. Int J Pharm 2023; 648:123620. [PMID: 37981250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The frequent administration rate required for Glatiramer acetate (GA), a first-line therapy for Multiple sclerosis (MS), poses patient compliance issues. Only a small portion of the subcutaneously administered GA is available for phagocytosis by macrophages, as most of it is hydrolyzed at its administration site or excreted renally. To unravel these hurdles, we have prepared liposomal formulations of GA through thin film-hydration method plus extrusion. The clinical and histopathological efficacy of GA-loaded liposomes were assessed in prophylactic and therapeutic manners on murine model of MS (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)). The selected GA liposomal formulation showed favorable size (275 nm on average), high loading efficiency, and high macrophage localization. Moreover, administration of GA-liposomes in mice robustly suppressed the inflammatory responses and decreased the inflammatory and demyelinated lesion regions in CNS compared to the free GA with subsequent reduction of the EAE clinical score. Our study indicated that liposomal GA could be served as a reliable nanomedicine-based platform to hopefully curb MS-related aberrant autoreactive immune responses with higher efficacy, longer duration of action, fewer administration frequencies, and higher delivery rate to macrophages. This platform has the potential to be introduced as a vaccine for MS after clinical translation and merits further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Rahiman
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parvin Zamani
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Arabi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Hoda Alavizadeh
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Aminreza Nikpoor
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mashreghi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Badiee
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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49
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Zevallos VF, Yogev N, Hauptmann J, Nikolaev A, Pickert G, Heib V, Fittler N, Steven S, Luessi F, Neerukonda M, Janoschka C, Tobinski AM, Klotz L, Waisman A, Schuppan D. Dietary wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors exacerbate CNS inflammation in experimental multiple sclerosis. Gut 2023; 73:92-104. [PMID: 37595983 PMCID: PMC10715558 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-329562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wheat has become a main staple globally. We studied the effect of defined pro-inflammatory dietary proteins, wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors (ATI), activating intestinal myeloid cells via toll-like receptor 4, in experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), a model of multiple sclerosis (MS). DESIGN EAE was induced in C57BL/6J mice on standardised dietary regimes with defined content of gluten/ATI. Mice received a gluten and ATI-free diet with defined carbohydrate and protein (casein/zein) content, supplemented with: (a) 25% of gluten and 0.75% ATI; (b) 25% gluten and 0.19% ATI or (c) 1.5% purified ATI. The effect of dietary ATI on clinical EAE severity, on intestinal, mesenteric lymph node, splenic and central nervous system (CNS) subsets of myeloid cells and lymphocytes was analysed. Activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with MS and healthy controls was compared. RESULTS Dietary ATI dose-dependently caused significantly higher EAE clinical scores compared with mice on other dietary regimes, including on gluten alone. This was mediated by increased numbers and activation of pro-inflammatory intestinal, lymph node, splenic and CNS myeloid cells and of CNS-infiltrating encephalitogenic T-lymphocytes. Expectedly, ATI activated peripheral blood monocytes from both patients with MS and healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Dietary wheat ATI activate murine and human myeloid cells. The amount of ATI present in an average human wheat-based diet caused mild intestinal inflammation, which was propagated to extraintestinal sites, leading to exacerbation of CNS inflammation and worsening of clinical symptoms in EAE. These results support the importance of the gut-brain axis in inflammatory CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor F Zevallos
- Institute of Translational Immunology, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Applied and Health Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Nir Yogev
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Koln, Germany
| | - Judith Hauptmann
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexei Nikolaev
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Geethanjali Pickert
- Institute of Translational Immunology, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Valeska Heib
- Institute of Translational Immunology, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicola Fittler
- Institute of Translational Immunology, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Steven
- Department of Cardiology, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Felix Luessi
- Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manjusha Neerukonda
- Institute of Translational Immunology, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Ann-Marie Tobinski
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Neurology Department, University Hospital Munster, Munster, Germany
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Vališ M, Achiron A, Hartung HP, Mareš J, Tichá V, Štourač P, Halusková S, Angelucci F, Pavelek Z. The Benefits and Risks of Switching from Fingolimod to Siponimod for the Treatment of Relapsing-Remitting and Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Drugs R D 2023; 23:331-338. [PMID: 37640862 PMCID: PMC10676342 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-023-00434-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS). Currently, MS treatment is limited to several Food and Drug Administration (FDA)- and European Medicines Agency (EMA)-approved medications that slow disease progression by immunomodulatory action. Fingolimod and siponimod have similar mechanisms of action, and consequently, their therapeutic effects may be comparable. However, while fingolimod is mainly used for relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), siponimod, according to EMA label, is recommended for active secondary progressive MS (SPMS). Clinicians and scientists are analysing whether patients can switch from fingolimod to siponimod and identifying the advantages or disadvantages of such a switch from a therapeutic point of view. In this review, we aim to discuss the therapeutic effects of these two drugs and the advantages/disadvantages of switching treatment from fingolimod to siponimod in patients with the most common forms of MS, RRMS and SPMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vališ
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Sokolská 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Anat Achiron
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Neurology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hans Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine at Palacký University and University Hospital in Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jan Mareš
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine at Palacký University and University Hospital in Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Tichá
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Štourač
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Sokolská 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Halusková
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Sokolská 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Francesco Angelucci
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Sokolská 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyšek Pavelek
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Sokolská 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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