1
|
Sansalone G, Wroe S, Coates G, Attard MRG, Fruciano C. Unexpectedly uneven distribution of functional trade-offs explains cranial morphological diversity in carnivores. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3275. [PMID: 38627430 PMCID: PMC11021405 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47620-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Functional trade-offs can affect patterns of morphological and ecological evolution as well as the magnitude of morphological changes through evolutionary time. Using morpho-functional landscape modelling on the cranium of 132 carnivore species, we focused on the macroevolutionary effects of the trade-off between bite force and bite velocity. Here, we show that rates of evolution in form (morphology) are decoupled from rates of evolution in function. Further, we found theoretical morphologies optimising for velocity to be more diverse, while a much smaller phenotypic space was occupied by shapes optimising force. This pattern of differential representation of different functions in theoretical morphological space was highly correlated with patterns of actual morphological disparity. We hypothesise that many-to-one mapping of cranium shape on function may prevent the detection of direct relationships between form and function. As comparatively only few morphologies optimise bite force, species optimising this function may be less abundant because they are less likely to evolve. This, in turn, may explain why certain clades are less variable than others. Given the ubiquity of functional trade-offs in biological systems, these patterns may be general and may help to explain the unevenness of morphological and functional diversity across the tree of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sansalone
- Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology (CNR-IRBIM), National Research Council, Via S. Raineri 4, 98122, Messina, Italy.
- Function, Evolution and Anatomy Research Lab, Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213D, 41125, Modena, Italy.
| | - Stephen Wroe
- Function, Evolution and Anatomy Research Lab, Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Coates
- Function, Evolution and Anatomy Research Lab, Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Marie R G Attard
- Function, Evolution and Anatomy Research Lab, Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, CB3 0ET, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carmelo Fruciano
- Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology (CNR-IRBIM), National Research Council, Via S. Raineri 4, 98122, Messina, Italy.
- National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy.
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, via Androne 81, 95124, Catania, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Marquez-Florez K, Arroyave-Tobon S, Tadrist L, Linares JM. Elbow dimensions in quadrupedal mammals driven by lubrication regime. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2177. [PMID: 38272957 PMCID: PMC10810906 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50619-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Synovial joints, such as the elbow, experience different lubrication regimes, ranging from fluid film to boundary lubrication, depending on locomotion conditions. We explore the relationship between the elbow lubrication regime and the size of quadrupedal mammals. We use allometry to analyze the dimensions, contact stress, and sliding speed of the elbow in 110 quadrupedal mammals. Our results reveal that the average diameter and width of the distal humerus are scaled [Formula: see text], which allowed us to estimate a consistent contact pressure and sliding speed across mammals. This consistency likely promotes fluid film lubrication regardless of body mass. Further, the ratio between the diameter and width is about 0.5 for all analyzed taxa, which is a good compromise between loading capacity and size. Our study deepens our understanding of synovial joints and their adaptations, with implications for the development of treatments, prostheses, and bioinspired joint designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Loïc Tadrist
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang J, Wang S, Zheng L, Ren L. Adhesion Behavior in Fish: From Structures to Applications. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:534. [PMID: 37999175 PMCID: PMC10669881 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8070534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In nature, some fish can adhere tightly to the surface of stones, aquatic plants, and even other fish bodies. This adhesion behavior allows these fish to fix, eat, hide, and migrate in complex and variable aquatic environments. The adhesion function is realized by the special mouth and sucker tissue of fish. Inspired by adhesion fish, extensive research has recently been carried out. Therefore, this paper presents a brief overview to better explore underwater adhesion mechanisms and provide bionic applications. Firstly, the adhesion organs and structures of biological prototypes (e.g., clingfish, remora, Garra, suckermouth catfish, hill stream loach, and goby) are presented separately, and the underwater adhesion mechanisms are analyzed. Then, based on bionics, it is explained that the adhesion structures and components are designed and created for applications (e.g., flexible gripping adhesive discs and adhesive motion devices). Furthermore, we offer our perspectives on the limitations and future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China; (J.W.); (L.R.)
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China;
- Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai 264402, China
| | - Shukun Wang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China;
| | - Long Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China; (J.W.); (L.R.)
- Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai 264402, China
| | - Luquan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China; (J.W.); (L.R.)
- Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai 264402, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tseng ZJ, Garcia-Lara S, Flynn JJ, Holmes E, Rowe TB, Dickson BV. A switch in jaw form-function coupling during the evolution of mammals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220091. [PMID: 37183899 PMCID: PMC10184249 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary shift from a single-element ear, multi-element jaw to a multi-element ear, single-element jaw during the transition to crown mammals marks one of the most dramatic structural transformations in vertebrates. Research on this transformation has focused on mammalian middle-ear evolution, but a mandible comprising only the dentary is equally emblematic of this evolutionary radiation. Here, we show that the remarkably diverse jaw shapes of crown mammals are coupled with surprisingly stereotyped jaw stiffness. This strength-based morphofunctional regime has a genetic basis and allowed mammalian jaws to effectively resist deformation as they radiated into highly disparate forms with markedly distinct diets. The main functional consequences for the mandible of decoupling hearing and mastication were a trade-off between higher jaw stiffness versus decreased mechanical efficiency and speed compared with non-mammals. This fundamental and consequential shift in jaw form-function underpins the ecological and taxonomic diversification of crown mammals. This article is part of the theme issue 'The mammalian skull: development, structure and function'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Jack Tseng
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Sergio Garcia-Lara
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - John J Flynn
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
- Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Emily Holmes
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Timothy B Rowe
- Jackson School of Geological Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Blake V Dickson
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Simon MN, Moen DS. Bridging Performance and Adaptive Landscapes to Understand Long-Term Functional Evolution. Physiol Biochem Zool 2023; 96:304-320. [PMID: 37418608 DOI: 10.1086/725416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
AbstractUnderstanding functional adaptation demands an integrative framework that captures the complex interactions between form, function, ecology, and evolutionary processes. In this review, we discuss how to integrate the following two distinct approaches to better understand functional evolution: (1) the adaptive landscape approach (ALA), aimed at finding adaptive peaks for different ecologies, and (2) the performance landscape approach (PLA), aimed at finding performance peaks for different ecologies. We focus on the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process as the evolutionary model for the ALA and on biomechanical modeling to estimate performance for the PLA. Whereas both the ALA and the PLA have each given insight into functional adaptation, separately they cannot address how much performance contributes to fitness or whether evolutionary constraints have played a role in form-function evolution. We show that merging these approaches leads to a deeper understanding of these issues. By comparing the locations of performance and adaptive peaks, we can infer how much performance contributes to fitness in species' current environments. By testing for the relevance of history on phenotypic variation, we can infer the influence of past selection and constraints on functional adaptation. We apply this merged framework in a case study of turtle shell evolution and explain how to interpret different possible outcomes. Even though such outcomes can be quite complex, they represent the multifaceted relations among function, fitness, and constraints.
Collapse
|
6
|
Bishop PJ, Brocklehurst RJ, Pierce SE. Intelligent sampling of high‐dimensional joint mobility space for analysis of articular function. Methods Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.14016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Bishop
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts USA
- Geosciences Program, Queensland Museum Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Robert J. Brocklehurst
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Stephanie E. Pierce
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rawson JRG, Esteve-Altava B, Porro LB, Dutel H, Rayfield EJ. Early tetrapod cranial evolution is characterized by increased complexity, constraint, and an offset from fin-limb evolution. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadc8875. [PMID: 36083907 PMCID: PMC9462696 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adc8875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The developmental underpinnings and functional consequences of modifications to the limbs during the origin of the tetrapod body plan are increasingly well characterized, but less is understood about the evolution of the tetrapod skull. Decrease in skull bone number has been hypothesized to promote morphological and functional diversification in vertebrate clades, but its impact during the initial rise of tetrapods is unknown. Here, we test this by quantifying topological changes to cranial anatomy in fossil and living taxa bracketing the fin-to-limb transition using anatomical network analysis. We find that bone loss across the origin of tetrapods is associated not only with increased complexity of bone-to-bone contacts but also with decreasing topological diversity throughout the late Paleozoic, which may be related to developmental and/or mechanical constraints. We also uncover a 10-Ma offset between fin-limb and cranial morphological evolution, suggesting that different evolutionary drivers affected these features during the origin of tetrapods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Borja Esteve-Altava
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i la Salud, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura B. Porro
- Centre for Integrative Anatomy, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Hugo Dutel
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
- Department of Engineering, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Emily J. Rayfield
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sansalone G, Paolo C, Riccardo C, Stephen W, Silvia C, Pasquale R. Trapped in the morphospace: The relationship between morphological integration and functional performance. Evolution 2022; 76:2020-2031. [PMID: 35864587 PMCID: PMC9542761 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of complex morphological structures can be characterized by the interplay between different anatomical regions evolving under functional integration in response to shared selective pressures. Using the highly derived humeral morphology of talpid moles as a model, here we test whether functional performance is linked to increased levels of evolutionary integration between humerus subunits and, if so, what the strength is of the relationship. Combining two-dimensional geometric morphometrics, phylogenetic comparative methods, and functional landscape modeling, we demonstrate that the high biomechanical performance of subterranean moles' humeri is coupled with elevated levels of integration, whereas taxa with low-performance values show intermediate or low integration. Theoretical morphs occurring in high-performance areas of the functional landscape are not occupied by any species, and show a marked drop in covariation levels, suggesting the existence of a strong relationship between integration and performance in the evolution of talpid moles' humeri. We argue that the relative temporal invariance of the subterranean environment may have contributed to stabilize humeral morphology, trapping subterranean moles in a narrow region of the landscape and impeding any attempt to reposition on a new ascending slope.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sansalone
- Function, Evolution and Anatomy Research Lab, Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural ScienceUniversity of New EnglandArmidaleNSW2351Australia,Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology (IRBIM)National Research CouncilMessina98122Italy
| | - Colangelo Paolo
- Research Institute on Terrestrial EcosystemsNational Research CouncilMontelibretti00015Italy
| | - Castiglia Riccardo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin,”“La Sapienza” University of RomeRoma00161Italy
| | - Wroe Stephen
- Function, Evolution and Anatomy Research Lab, Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural ScienceUniversity of New EnglandArmidaleNSW2351Australia
| | - Castiglione Silvia
- Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and ResourcesUniversità degli Studi di Napoli Federico IINaples80138Italy
| | - Raia Pasquale
- Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and ResourcesUniversità degli Studi di Napoli Federico IINaples80138Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Calcagno D, Chu A, Gaul S, Taghdiri N, Toomu A, Leszczynska A, Kaufmann B, Papouchado B, Wree A, Geisler L, Hoffman HM, Feldstein AE, King KR. NOD-like receptor protein 3 activation causes spontaneous inflammation and fibrosis that mimics human NASH. Hepatology 2022; 76:727-741. [PMID: 34997987 PMCID: PMC10176600 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a central contributor to human acute and chronic liver disease, yet the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which its activation precipitates injury remain incompletely understood. Here, we present single cell transcriptomic profiling of livers from a global transgenic tamoxifen-inducible constitutively activated Nlrp3A350V mutant mouse, and we investigate the changes in parenchymal and nonparenchymal liver cell gene expression that accompany inflammation and fibrosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS Our results demonstrate that NLRP3 activation causes chronic extramedullary myelopoiesis marked by myeloid progenitors that differentiate into proinflammatory neutrophils, monocytes, and monocyte-derived macrophages. We observed prominent neutrophil infiltrates with increased Ly6gHI and Ly6gINT cells exhibiting transcriptomic signatures of granulopoiesis typically found in the bone marrow. This was accompanied by a marked increase in Ly6cHI monocytes differentiating into monocyte-derived macrophages that express transcriptional programs similar to macrophages of NASH models. NLRP3 activation also down-regulated metabolic pathways in hepatocytes and shifted hepatic stellate cells toward an activated profibrotic state based on expression of collagen and extracellular matrix regulatory genes. CONCLUSIONS These results define the single cell transcriptomes underlying hepatic inflammation and fibrosis precipitated by NLRP3 activation. Clinically, our data support the notion that NLRP3-induced mechanisms should be explored as therapeutic target in NASH-like inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Calcagno
- University of California San Diego, Department of Bioengineering, San Diego, United States
| | - Angela Chu
- University of California San Diego, Department of Pediatrics, San Diego, United States
| | - Susanne Gaul
- University of California San Diego, Department of Pediatrics, San Diego, United States
- Leipzig University, Clinic and Polyclinic of Cardiology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nika Taghdiri
- University of California San Diego, Department of Bioengineering, San Diego, United States
| | - Avinash Toomu
- University of California San Diego, Department of Bioengineering, San Diego, United States
| | | | - Benedikt Kaufmann
- University of California San Diego, Department of Pediatrics, San Diego, United States
| | - Bettina Papouchado
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Alexander Wree
- Charité University Medicine, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lukas Geisler
- Charité University Medicine, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hal M. Hoffman
- University of California San Diego, Department of Pediatrics, San Diego, United States
| | - Ariel E. Feldstein
- University of California San Diego, Department of Pediatrics, San Diego, United States
| | - Kevin R. King
- University of California San Diego, Department of Bioengineering, San Diego, United States
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hebdon N, Polly PD, Peterman DJ, Ritterbush KA. Detecting Mismatch in Functional Narratives of Animal Morphology: a Test Case With Fossils. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:icac034. [PMID: 35660875 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A boom in technological advancements over the last two decades has driven a surge in both the diversity and power of analytical tools available to biomechanical and functional morphology research. However, in order to adequately investigate each of these dense datasets, one must often consider only one functional narrative at a time. There is more to each organism than any one of these form-function relationships. Joint performance landscapes determined by maximum likelihood are a valuable tool that can be used to synthesize our understanding of these multiple functional hypotheses to further explore an organism's ecology. We present an example framework for applying these tools to such a problem using the morphological transition of ammonoids from the Middle Triassic to the Early Jurassic. Across this time interval, morphospace occupation shifts from a broad occupation across Westermann Morphospace to a dense occupation of a region emphasizing an exposed umbilicus and modest frontal profile. The hydrodynamic capacities and limitations of the shell have seen intense scrutiny as a likely explanation of this transition. However, conflicting interpretations of hydrodynamic performance remain despite this scrutiny, with scant offerings of alternative explanations. Our analysis finds that hydrodynamic measures of performance do little to explain the shift in morphological occupation, highlighting a need for a more robust investigation of alternative functional hypotheses that are often intellectually set aside. With this we show a framework for consolidating the current understanding of the form-function relationships in an organism, and assess when they are insufficiently characterizing the dynamics those data are being used to explain. We aim to encourage the broader adoption of this framework and these ideas as a foundation to bring the field close to comprehensive synthesis and reconstruction of organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Hebdon
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, Chapman University, Keck Center, 450 North Center Street, Orange, CA, 92866
| | - P David Polly
- Departments of Earth & Atmospheric Science, Biology, and Anthropology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - David Joseph Peterman
- Dept. Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Frederick Albert Sutton Building, 115 S 1460 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0102
| | - Kathleen A Ritterbush
- Dept. Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Frederick Albert Sutton Building, 115 S 1460 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0102
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Holzman R, Keren T, Kiflawi M, Martin CH, China V, Mann O, Olsson KH. A new theoretical performance landscape for suction feeding reveals adaptive kinematics in a natural population of reef damselfish. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:275892. [PMID: 35647659 PMCID: PMC9339911 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how organismal traits determine performance and, ultimately, fitness is a fundamental goal of evolutionary eco-morphology. However, multiple traits can interact in non-linear and context-dependent ways to affect performance, hindering efforts to place natural populations with respect to performance peaks or valleys. Here, we used an established mechanistic model of suction-feeding performance (SIFF) derived from hydrodynamic principles to estimate a theoretical performance landscape for zooplankton prey capture. This performance space can be used to predict prey capture performance for any combination of six morphological and kinematic trait values. We then mapped in situ high-speed video observations of suction feeding in a natural population of a coral reef zooplanktivore, Chromis viridis, onto the performance space to estimate the population's location with respect to the topography of the performance landscape. Although the kinematics of the natural population closely matched regions of high performance in the landscape, the population was not located on a performance peak. Individuals were furthest from performance peaks on the peak gape, ram speed and mouth opening speed trait axes. Moreover, we found that the trait combinations in the observed population were associated with higher performance than expected by chance, suggesting that these combinations are under selection. Our results provide a framework for assessing whether natural populations occupy performance optima. Highlighted Article: The in situ feeding performance of Chromis viridis indicates that the population resides close to a local performance peak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roi Holzman
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.,The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, POB 469, Eilat 88103, Israel
| | - Tal Keren
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.,The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, POB 469, Eilat 88103, Israel
| | - Moshe Kiflawi
- The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, POB 469, Eilat 88103, Israel.,Department of life Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Christopher H Martin
- Department of Integrative Biology, and the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Victor China
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.,The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, POB 469, Eilat 88103, Israel
| | - Ofri Mann
- The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, POB 469, Eilat 88103, Israel.,Department of life Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Karin H Olsson
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.,The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, POB 469, Eilat 88103, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Deakin WJ, Anderson PSL, den Boer W, Smith TJ, Hill JJ, Rücklin M, Donoghue PCJ, Rayfield EJ. Increasing morphological disparity and decreasing optimality for jaw speed and strength during the radiation of jawed vertebrates. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl3644. [PMID: 35302857 PMCID: PMC8932669 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl3644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The Siluro-Devonian adaptive radiation of jawed vertebrates, which underpins almost all living vertebrate biodiversity, is characterized by the evolutionary innovation of the lower jaw. Multiple lines of evidence have suggested that the jaw evolved from a rostral gill arch, but when the jaw took on a feeding function remains unclear. We quantified the variety of form in the earliest jaws in the fossil record from which we generated a theoretical morphospace that we then tested for functional optimality. By drawing comparisons with the real jaw data and reconstructed jaw morphologies from phylogenetically inferred ancestors, our results show that the earliest jaw shapes were optimized for fast closure and stress resistance, inferring a predatory feeding function. Jaw shapes became less optimal for these functions during the later radiation of jawed vertebrates. Thus, the evolution of jaw morphology has continually explored previously unoccupied morphospace and accumulated disparity through time, laying the foundation for diverse feeding strategies and the success of jawed vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William J. Deakin
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Philip S. L. Anderson
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Wendy den Boer
- Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Palaeobiology, Frescativägen 40, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas J. Smith
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Jennifer J. Hill
- Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
| | - Martin Rücklin
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Philip C. J. Donoghue
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Emily J. Rayfield
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kawano SM, Blob RW. Terrestrial force production by the limbs of a semi-aquatic salamander provides insight into the evolution of terrestrial locomotor mechanics. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274955. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Amphibious fishes and salamanders are valuable functional analogs for vertebrates that spanned the water-to-land transition. However, investigations of walking mechanics have focused on terrestrial salamanders and, thus, may better reflect the capabilities of stem tetrapods that were already terrestrial. The earliest tetrapods were likely aquatic, so salamanders that are not primarily terrestrial may yield more appropriate data for modelling the incipient stages of terrestrial locomotion. In the present study, locomotor biomechanics were quantified from semi-aquatic Pleurodeles waltl, a salamander that spends most of its adult life in water, and then compared to a primarily terrestrial salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) and semi-aquatic fish (Periophthalmus barbarus) to evaluate whether terrestrial locomotion was more comparable between species with ecological versus phylogenetic similarities. Ground reaction forces (GRFs) from individual limbs or fins indicated that the pectoral appendages of each taxon had distinct patterns of force production, but GRFs from the hind limbs were comparable between the salamander species. The rate that force is produced can affect musculoskeletal function, so we also calculated ‘yank’ (first time derivative of force) to quantify the dynamics of GRF production. Yank was sometimes slower in P. waltl but there were some similarities between the three species. Finally, the semi-aquatic taxa (P. waltl and P. barbarus) had a more medial inclination of the GRF compared to terrestrial salamanders, potentially elevating bone stresses among more aquatic taxa and limiting their excursions onto land.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandy M. Kawano
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, USA
| | - Richard W. Blob
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
MacIver MA, Finlay BL. The neuroecology of the water-to-land transition and the evolution of the vertebrate brain. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20200523. [PMID: 34957852 PMCID: PMC8710882 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The water-to-land transition in vertebrate evolution offers an unusual opportunity to consider computational affordances of a new ecology for the brain. All sensory modalities are changed, particularly a greatly enlarged visual sensorium owing to air versus water as a medium, and expanded by mobile eyes and neck. The multiplication of limbs, as evolved to exploit aspects of life on land, is a comparable computational challenge. As the total mass of living organisms on land is a hundredfold larger than the mass underwater, computational improvements promise great rewards. In water, the midbrain tectum coordinates approach/avoid decisions, contextualized by water flow and by the animal's body state and learning. On land, the relative motions of sensory surfaces and effectors must be resolved, adding on computational architectures from the dorsal pallium, such as the parietal cortex. For the large-brained and long-living denizens of land, making the right decision when the wrong one means death may be the basis of planning, which allows animals to learn from hypothetical experience before enactment. Integration of value-weighted, memorized panoramas in basal ganglia/frontal cortex circuitry, with allocentric cognitive maps of the hippocampus and its associated cortices becomes a cognitive habit-to-plan transition as substantial as the change in ecology. This article is part of the theme issue 'Systems neuroscience through the lens of evolutionary theory'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm A. MacIver
- Center for Robotics and Biosystems, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Barbara L. Finlay
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral and Evolutionary Neuroscience Group, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bertolesi GE, Debnath N, Malik HR, Man LLH, McFarlane S. Type II Opsins in the Eye, the Pineal Complex and the Skin of Xenopus laevis: Using Changes in Skin Pigmentation as a Readout of Visual and Circadian Activity. Front Neuroanat 2022; 15:784478. [PMID: 35126061 PMCID: PMC8814574 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.784478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The eye, the pineal complex and the skin are important photosensitive organs. The African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, senses light from the environment and adjusts skin color accordingly. For example, light reflected from the surface induces camouflage through background adaptation while light from above produces circadian variation in skin pigmentation. During embryogenesis, background adaptation, and circadian skin variation are segregated responses regulated by the secretion of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and melatonin through the photosensitivity of the eye and pineal complex, respectively. Changes in the color of skin pigmentation have been used as a readout of biochemical and physiological processes since the initial purification of pineal melatonin from pigs, and more recently have been employed to better understand the neuroendocrine circuit that regulates background adaptation. The identification of 37 type II opsin genes in the genome of the allotetraploid X. laevis, combined with analysis of their expression in the eye, pineal complex and skin, is contributing to the elucidation of the role of opsins in the different photosensitive organs, but also brings new questions and challenges. In this review, we analyze new findings regarding the anatomical localization and functions of type II opsins in sensing light. The contribution of X. laevis in revealing the neuroendocrine circuits that regulate background adaptation and circadian light variation through changes in skin pigmentation is discussed. Finally, the presence of opsins in X. laevis skin melanophores is presented and compared with the secretory melanocytes of birds and mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel E. Bertolesi
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Whitney MR, Pierce SE. Osteohistology of Greererpeton provides insight into the life history of an early Carboniferous tetrapod. J Anat 2021; 239:1256-1272. [PMID: 34310687 PMCID: PMC8602017 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate transition to land is one of the most consequential, yet poorly understood periods in tetrapod evolution. Despite the importance of the water-land transition in establishing modern ecosystems, we still know very little about the life histories of the earliest tetrapods. Bone histology provides an exceptional opportunity to study the biology of early tetrapods and has the potential to reveal new insights into their life histories. Here, we examine the femoral bone histology from an ontogenetic series of Greererpeton, an early tetrapod from the Middle-Late Mississippian (early Carboniferous) of North America. Thin-sections and micro-CT data show a moderately paced rate of bone deposition with significant cortical thickening through development. An interruption to regular bone deposition, as indicated by a zone of avascular tissue and growth marks, is notable at the same late juvenile stage of development throughout our sample. This suggests that an inherent aspect to the life history of juvenile Greererpeton resulted in a temporary reduction in bone deposition. We review several possible life history correlates for this bony signature including metamorphosis, an extended juvenile phase, environmental stress, and movement (migration/dispersal) between habitats. We argue that given the anatomy of Greererpeton, it is unlikely that events related to polymorphism (metamorphosis, extended juvenile phase) can explain the bony signature observed in our sample. Furthermore, the ubiquity of this signal in our sample indicates a taxon-level rather than a population-level trait, which is expected for an environmental stress. We conclude that movement via dispersal represents a likely correlate, as such events are a common life history strategy of aquatically bound vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan R. Whitney
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Stephanie E. Pierce
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gee BM. Returning to the roots: resolution, reproducibility, and robusticity in the phylogenetic inference of Dissorophidae (Amphibia: Temnospondyli). PeerJ 2021; 9:e12423. [PMID: 34820181 PMCID: PMC8582317 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The phylogenetic relationships of most Paleozoic tetrapod clades remain poorly resolved, which is variably attributed to a lack of study, the limitations of inference from phenotypic data, and constant revision of best practices. While refinement of phylogenetic methods continues to be important, any phylogenetic analysis is inherently constrained by the underlying dataset that it analyzes. Therefore, it becomes equally important to assess the accuracy of these datasets, especially when a select few are repeatedly propagated. While repeat analyses of these datasets may appear to constitute a working consensus, they are not in fact independent, and it becomes especially important to evaluate the accuracy of these datasets in order to assess whether a seeming consensus is robust. Here I address the phylogeny of the Dissorophidae, a speciose clade of Paleozoic temnospondyls. This group is an ideal case study among temnospondyls for exploring phylogenetic methods and datasets because it has been extensively studied (eight phylogenetic studies to date) but with most (six studies) using a single matrix that has been propagated with very little modification. In spite of the conserved nature of the matrix, dissorophid studies have produced anything but a conserved topology. Therefore, I analyzed an independently designed matrix, which recovered less resolution and some disparate nodes compared to previous studies. In order to reconcile these differences, I carefully examined previous matrices and analyses. While some differences are a matter of personal preference (e.g., analytical software), others relate to discrepancies with respect to what are currently considered as best practices. The most concerning discovery was the identification of pervasive dubious scorings that extend back to the origins of the widely propagated matrix. These include scores for skeletal features that are entirely unknown in a given taxon (e.g., postcrania in Cacops woehri) and characters for which there appear to be unstated working assumptions to scoring that are incompatible with the character definitions (e.g., scoring of taxa with incomplete skulls for characters based on skull length). Correction of these scores and other pervasive errors recovered a distinctly less resolved topology than previous studies, more in agreement with my own matrix. This suggests that previous analyses may have been compromised, and that the only real consensus of dissorophid phylogeny is the lack of one.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan M. Gee
- Burke Museum and Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jones KE, Brocklehurst RJ, Pierce SE. AutoBend: An Automated Approach for Estimating Intervertebral Joint Function from Bone-Only Digital Models. Integr Org Biol 2021; 3:obab026. [PMID: 34661062 PMCID: PMC8514422 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the biological function of rare or extinct species is key to understanding evolutionary patterns across the tree of life. While soft tissues are vital determinants of joint function, they are rarely available for study. Therefore, extracting functional signals from skeletons, which are more widely available via museum collections, has become a priority for the field of comparative biomechanics. While most work has focused on the limb skeleton, the axial skeleton plays a critical role in body support, respiration, and locomotion, and is therefore of central importance for understanding broad-scale functional evolution. Here, we describe and experimentally validate AutoBend, an automated approach to estimating intervertebral joint function from bony vertebral columns. AutoBend calculates osteological range of motion (oROM) by automatically manipulating digitally articulated vertebrae while incorporating multiple constraints on motion, including both bony intersection and the role of soft tissues by restricting excessive strain in both centrum and zygapophyseal articulations. Using AutoBend and biomechanical data from cadaveric experiments on cats and tegus, we validate important modeling parameters required for oROM estimation, including the degree of zygapophyseal disarticulation, and the location of the center of rotation. Based on our validation, we apply a model with the center of rotation located within the vertebral disk, no joint translation, around 50% strain permitted in both zygapophyses and disks, and a small amount of vertebral intersection permitted. Our approach successfully reconstructs magnitudes and craniocaudal patterns of motion obtained from ex vivo experiments, supporting its potential utility. It also performs better than more typical methods that rely solely on bony intersection, emphasizing the importance of accounting for soft tissues. We estimated the sensitivity of the analyses to vertebral model construction by varying joint spacing, degree of overlap, and the impact of landmark placement. The effect of these factors was small relative to biological variation craniocaudally and between bending directions. We also present a new approach for estimating joint stiffness directly from oROM and morphometric measurements that can successfully reconstruct the craniocaudal patterns, but not magnitudes, derived from experimental data. Together, this work represents a significant step forward for understanding vertebral function in difficult-to-study (e.g., rare or extinct) species, paving the way for a broader understanding of patterns of functional evolution in the axial skeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K E Jones
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - R J Brocklehurst
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - S E Pierce
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Iyer AA, Briggman KL. Amphibian behavioral diversity offers insights into evolutionary neurobiology. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 71:19-28. [PMID: 34481981 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have served to emphasize the unique placement of amphibians, composed of more than 8000 species, in the evolution of the brain. We provide an overview of the three amphibian orders and their respective ecologies, behaviors, and brain anatomy. Studies have probed the origins of independently evolved parental care strategies in frogs and the biophysical principles driving species-specific differences in courtship vocalization patterns. Amphibians are also important models for studying the central control of movement, especially in the context of the vertebrate origin of limb-based locomotion. By highlighting the versatility of amphibians, we hope to see a further adoption of anurans, urodeles, and gymnophionans as model systems for the evolution and neural basis of behavior across vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya A Iyer
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (Caesar), Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kevin L Briggman
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (Caesar), Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Simões TR, Pierce SE. Sustained high rates of morphological evolution during the rise of tetrapods. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:1403-1414. [PMID: 34426679 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01532-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The fish-to-tetrapod transition is one of the most iconic events in vertebrate evolution, yet fundamental questions regarding the dynamics of this transition remain unresolved. Here, we use advances in Bayesian morphological clock modelling to reveal the evolutionary dynamics of early tetrapodomorphs (tetrapods and their closest fish relatives). We show that combining osteological and ichnological calibration data results in major shifts on the time of origin of all major groups of tetrapodomorphs (up to 25 million years) and that low rates of net diversification, not fossilization, explain long ghost lineages in the early tetrapodomorph fossil record. Further, our findings reveal extremely low rates of morphological change for most early tetrapodomorphs, indicating widespread stabilizing selection upon their 'fish' morphotype. This pattern was broken only by elpistostegalians (including early tetrapods), which underwent sustained high rates of morphological evolution for ~30 Myr during the deployment of the tetrapod body plan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago R Simões
- Museum of Comparative Zoology & Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Stephanie E Pierce
- Museum of Comparative Zoology & Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Smith SM, Stayton CT, Angielczyk KD. How many trees to see the forest? Assessing the effects of morphospace coverage and sample size in performance surface analysis. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Smith
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center Field Museum of Natural History Chicago IL USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lennie KI, Manske SL, Mansky CF, Anderson JS. Locomotory behaviour of early tetrapods from Blue Beach, Nova Scotia, revealed by novel microanatomical analysis. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210281. [PMID: 34084552 PMCID: PMC8150034 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence for terrestriality in early tetrapods is fundamentally contradictory. Fossil trackways attributed to early terrestrial tetrapods long predate the first body fossils from the Late Devonian. However, the Devonian body fossils demonstrate an obligatorily aquatic lifestyle. Complicating our understanding of the transition from water to land is a pronounced gap in the fossil record between the aquatic Devonian taxa and presumably terrestrial tetrapods from the later Early Carboniferous. Recent work suggests that an obligatorily aquatic habit persists much higher in the tetrapod tree than previously recognized. Here, we present independent microanatomical data of locomotor capability from the earliest Carboniferous of Blue Beach, Nova Scotia. The site preserves limb bones from taxa representative of Late Devonian to mid-Carboniferous faunas as well as a rich trackway record. Given that bone remodels in response to functional stresses including gravity and ground reaction forces, we analysed both the midshaft compactness profiles and trabecular anisotropy, the latter using a new whole bone approach. Our findings suggest that early tetrapods retained an aquatic lifestyle despite varied limb morphologies, prior to their emergence onto land. These results suggest that trackways attributed to early tetrapods be closely scrutinized for additional information regarding their creation conditions, and demand an expansion of sampling to better identify the first terrestrial tetrapods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kendra I. Lennie
- Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 507 Campus Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Sarah L. Manske
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
- Radiology, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, 1403-29th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 2T9
| | - Chris F. Mansky
- Blue Beach Fossil Museum, 127 Blue Beach Road, Hantsport, Nova Scotia, Canada B0P 1P0
| | - Jason S. Anderson
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
- Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Foothills Campus, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lungmus JK, Angielczyk KD. Phylogeny, function and ecology in the deep evolutionary history of the mammalian forelimb. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210494. [PMID: 33878918 PMCID: PMC8059613 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals are the only living members of the larger clade Synapsida, which has a fossil record spanning 320 Ma. Despite the fact that much of the ecological diversity of mammals has been considered in the light of limb morphology, the ecological comparability of mammals to their fossil forerunners has not been critically assessed. Because of the wide use of limb morphology in testing ecomorphological hypothesis about extinct tetrapods, we sought: (i) to estimate when in synapsid history, modern mammals become analogues for predicting fossil ecologies; (ii) to document examples of ecomorphological convergence; and (iii) to compare the functional solutions of distinct synapsid radiations. We quantitatively compared the forelimb shapes of the multiple fossil synapsid radiations to a broad sample of extant Mammalia representing a variety of divergent locomotor ecologies. Our results indicate that each synapsid radiation explored different areas of morphospace and arrived at functional solutions that reflected their distinctive ancestral morphologies. This work counters the narrative of non-mammalian synapsid forelimb evolution as a linear progression towards more mammalian morphologies. Instead, a disparate array of early-evolving shapes subsequently contracted towards more mammal-like forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline K. Lungmus
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605-2496, USA
| | - Kenneth D. Angielczyk
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605-2496, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jones KE, Dickson BV, Angielczyk KD, Pierce SE. Adaptive landscapes challenge the "lateral-to-sagittal" paradigm for mammalian vertebral evolution. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1883-1892.e7. [PMID: 33657406 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of mammals from their extinct forerunners, the non-mammalian synapsids, is one of the most iconic locomotor transitions in the vertebrate fossil record. In the limb skeleton, the synapsid-mammal transition is traditionally characterized by a shift from a sprawling limb posture, resembling that of extant reptiles and amphibians, to more adducted limbs, as seen in modern-day mammals. Based on proposed postural similarities between early synapsids and extant reptiles, this change is thought to be accompanied by a shift from ancestral reptile-like lateral bending to mammal-like sagittal bending of the vertebral column. To test this "lateral-to-sagittal" evolutionary paradigm, we used combinatorial optimization to produce functionally informed adaptive landscapes and determined the functional trade-offs associated with evolutionary changes in vertebral morphology. We show that the synapsid adaptive landscape is different from both extant reptiles and mammals, casting doubt on the reptilian model for early synapsid axial function, or indeed for the ancestral condition of amniotes more broadly. Further, the synapsid-mammal transition is characterized by not only increasing sagittal bending in the posterior column but also high stiffness and increasing axial twisting in the anterior column. Therefore, we refute the simplistic lateral-to-sagittal hypothesis and instead suggest the synapsid-mammal locomotor transition involved a more complex suite of functional changes linked to increasing regionalization of the backbone. These results highlight the importance of fossil taxa for understanding major evolutionary transitions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina E Jones
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Williamson Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Blake V Dickson
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Biological Sciences Building, 130 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Kenneth D Angielczyk
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605-2496, USA
| | - Stephanie E Pierce
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Molnar JL, Hutchinson JR, Diogo R, Clack JA, Pierce SE. Evolution of forelimb musculoskeletal function across the fish-to-tetrapod transition. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabd7457. [PMID: 33523947 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd7457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
One of the most intriguing questions in vertebrate evolution is how tetrapods gained the ability to walk on land. Although many hypotheses have been proposed, few have been rigorously tested using the fossil record. Here, we build three-dimensional musculoskeletal models of the pectoral appendage in Eusthenopteron, Acanthostega, and Pederpes and quantitatively examine changes in forelimb function across the fin-to-limb transition. Through comparison with extant fishes and tetrapods, we show that early tetrapods share a suite of characters including restricted mobility in humerus long-axis rotation, increased muscular leverage for humeral retraction, but not depression/adduction, and increased mobility in elbow flexion-extension. We infer that the earliest steps in tetrapod forelimb evolution were related to limb-substrate interactions, whereas specializations for weight support appeared later. Together, these results suggest that competing selective pressures for aquatic and terrestrial environments produced a unique, ancestral "early tetrapod" forelimb locomotor mode unlike that of any extant animal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Molnar
- Anatomy Department, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Boulevard, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
| | - J R Hutchinson
- Structure & Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - R Diogo
- Anatomy Department, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W St. NW, Numa Adams Building, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - J A Clack
- University Museum of Zoology, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - S E Pierce
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| |
Collapse
|