1
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Zhou Y, Ruesink F, Pavlovich M, Behunin R, Cheng H, Gertler S, Starbuck AL, Leenheer AJ, Pomerene AT, Trotter DC, Musick KM, Gehl M, Kodigala A, Eichenfield M, Lentine AL, Otterstrom N, Rakich P. Electrically interfaced Brillouin-active waveguide for microwave photonic measurements. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6796. [PMID: 39122672 PMCID: PMC11316001 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
New strategies for converting signals between optical and microwave domains could play a pivotal role in advancing both classical and quantum technologies. Traditional approaches to optical-to-microwave transduction typically perturb or destroy the information encoded on intensity of the light field, eliminating the possibility for further processing or distribution of these signals. In this paper, we introduce an optical-to-microwave conversion method that allows for both detection and spectral analysis of microwave photonic signals without degradation of their information content. This functionality is demonstrated using an optomechanical waveguide integrated with a piezoelectric transducer. Efficient electromechanical and optomechanical coupling within this system permits bidirectional optical-to-microwave conversion with a quantum efficiency of up to -54.16 dB. Leveraging the preservation of the optical field envelope in intramodal Brillouin scattering, we demonstrate a multi-channel microwave photonic filter by transmitting an optical signal through a series of electro-optomechanical waveguide segments, each with distinct resonance frequencies. Such electro-optomechanical systems could offer flexible strategies for remote sensing, channelization, and spectrum analysis in microwave photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishu Zhou
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Freek Ruesink
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Ryan Behunin
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Science, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Haotian Cheng
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shai Gertler
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew L Starbuck
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Andrew J Leenheer
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Andrew T Pomerene
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Douglas C Trotter
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Katherine M Musick
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Michael Gehl
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ashok Kodigala
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Matt Eichenfield
- James C. Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Anthony L Lentine
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Nils Otterstrom
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Peter Rakich
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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2
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Descamps T, Liu F, Hangleiter T, Kindel S, Kardynał BE, Bluhm H. Millikelvin confocal microscope with free-space access and high-frequency electrical control. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:083706. [PMID: 39120446 DOI: 10.1063/5.0200889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Cryogenic confocal microscopy is a powerful method for studying solid state quantum devices such as single photon sources and optically controlled qubits. While the vast majority of such studies have been conducted at temperatures of a few Kelvin, experiments involving fragile quantum effects often require lower operating temperatures. To also allow for electrical dynamic control, microwave connectivity is required. For polarization-sensitive studies, free space optical access is advantageous compared to fiber coupling. Here we present a confocal microscope in a dilution refrigerator providing all the above features at temperatures below 100 mK. The installed high frequency cabling meets the requirements for state-of-the-art spin qubit experiments. As another unique advantage of our system, the sample fitting inside a large puck can be exchanged while keeping the cryostat cold with minimal realignment. Assessing the performance of the instrument, we demonstrate confocal imaging, sub-nanosecond modulation of the emission wavelength of a suitable sample, and an electron temperature of 76 mK. While the instrument was constructed primarily with the development of optical interfaces to electrically controlled qubits in mind, it can be used for many experiments involving quantum transport, solid state quantum optics, and microwave-optical transducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Descamps
- JARA-FIT Institute Quantum Information, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Feng Liu
- JARA-FIT Institute Quantum Information, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias Hangleiter
- JARA-FIT Institute Quantum Information, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kindel
- JARA-FIT Institute Quantum Information, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Beata E Kardynał
- Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Department of Physics, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- JARA-FIT Institute Quantum Information, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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3
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Blésin T, Kao W, Siddharth A, Wang RN, Attanasio A, Tian H, Bhave SA, Kippenberg TJ. Bidirectional microwave-optical transduction based on integration of high-overtone bulk acoustic resonators and photonic circuits. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6096. [PMID: 39030168 PMCID: PMC11271592 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49467-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Coherent interconversion between microwave and optical frequencies can serve as both classical and quantum interfaces for computing, communication, and sensing. Here, we present a compact microwave-optical transducer based on monolithic integration of piezoelectric actuators on silicon nitride photonic circuits. Such an actuator couples microwave signals to a high-overtone bulk acoustic resonator defined by the silica cladding of the optical waveguide core, suspended to enhance electromechanical and optomechanical couplings. At room temperature, this triply resonant piezo-optomechanical transducer achieves an off-chip photon number conversion efficiency of 1.6 × 10-5 over a bandwidth of 25 MHz at an input pump power of 21 dBm. The approach is scalable in manufacturing and does not rely on superconducting resonators. As the transduction process is bidirectional, we further demonstrate the synthesis of microwave pulses from a purely optical input. Capable of leveraging multiple acoustic modes for transduction, this platform offers prospects for frequency-multiplexed qubit interconnects and microwave photonics at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Blésin
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center of Quantum Science and Engineering (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wil Kao
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center of Quantum Science and Engineering (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anat Siddharth
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center of Quantum Science and Engineering (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rui N Wang
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center of Quantum Science and Engineering (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Hao Tian
- OxideMEMS Lab, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Sunil A Bhave
- OxideMEMS Lab, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Tobias J Kippenberg
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Center of Quantum Science and Engineering (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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4
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Yoon Y, Lu Z, Uzundal C, Qi R, Zhao W, Chen S, Feng Q, Kim W, Naik MH, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Louie SG, Crommie MF, Wang F. Terahertz phonon engineering with van der Waals heterostructures. Nature 2024; 631:771-776. [PMID: 38926584 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07604-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Phonon engineering at gigahertz frequencies forms the foundation of microwave acoustic filters1, acousto-optic modulators2 and quantum transducers3,4. Terahertz phonon engineering could lead to acoustic filters and modulators at higher bandwidth and speed, as well as quantum circuits operating at higher temperatures. Despite their potential, methods for engineering terahertz phonons have been limited due to the challenges of achieving the required material control at subnanometre precision and efficient phonon coupling at terahertz frequencies. Here we demonstrate the efficient generation, detection and manipulation of terahertz phonons through precise integration of atomically thin layers in van der Waals heterostructures. We used few-layer graphene as an ultrabroadband phonon transducer that converts femtosecond near-infrared pulses to acoustic-phonon pulses with spectral content up to 3 THz. A monolayer WSe2 is used as a sensor. The high-fidelity readout was enabled by the exciton-phonon coupling and strong light-matter interactions. By combining these capabilities in a single heterostructure and detecting responses to incident mechanical waves, we performed terahertz phononic spectroscopy. Using this platform, we demonstrate high-Q terahertz phononic cavities and show that a WSe2 monolayer embedded in hexagonal boron nitride can efficiently block the transmission of terahertz phonons. By comparing our measurements to a nanomechanical model, we obtained the force constants at the heterointerfaces. Our results could enable terahertz phononic metamaterials for ultrabroadband acoustic filters and modulators and could open new routes for thermal engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoseob Yoon
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Zheyu Lu
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Graduate Group in Applied Science and Technology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Can Uzundal
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ruishi Qi
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Wenyu Zhao
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sudi Chen
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Qixin Feng
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Woochang Kim
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mit H Naik
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Electronic and Optical Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Steven G Louie
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael F Crommie
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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5
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Kim H, Seong Y, Kwon K, Hwang TY, Shin H. Acoustic Resonance Tuning by High-Order Lorentzian Mixing. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:7143-7149. [PMID: 38740527 PMCID: PMC11194801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Nanoscale mechanical resonators have attracted a great deal of attention for signal processing, sensors, and quantum applications. Recent progress in ultrahigh-Q acoustic cavities in nanostructures allows strong interactions with various physical systems and advanced functional devices. Those acoustic cavities are highly sensitive to external perturbations, and it is hard to control those resonance properties since those responses are determined by the geometry and material. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel acoustic resonance tuning method by mixing high-order Lorentzian responses in an optomechanical system. Using weakly coupled phononic-crystal acoustic cavities, we achieve coherent mixing of second- and third-order Lorentzian responses, which is capable of the fine-tunability of the bandwidth and peak frequency of the resonance with a tuning range comparable to the acoustic dissipation rate of the device. This novel resonance tuning method can be widely applied to Lorentzian-response systems and optomechanics, especially active compensation for environmental fluctuation and fabrication errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongpin Kim
- Department
of Physics, Pohang University of Science
and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic
of Korea
| | - Yeolheon Seong
- Department
of Physics, Pohang University of Science
and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic
of Korea
| | - Kiwon Kwon
- Department
of Physics, Pohang University of Science
and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic
of Korea
| | - Taek Yong Hwang
- Molding
and Metal Forming R&D Department, Korea
Institute of Industrial Technology, Bucheon 14441, Republic of Korea
| | - Heedeuk Shin
- Department
of Physics, Pohang University of Science
and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic
of Korea
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6
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Iyer A, Kandel YP, Xu W, Nichol JM, Renninger WH. Coherent optical coupling to surface acoustic wave devices. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3993. [PMID: 38734759 PMCID: PMC11088653 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48167-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Surface acoustic waves (SAW) and associated devices are ideal for sensing, metrology, and hybrid quantum devices. While the advances demonstrated to date are largely based on electromechanical coupling, a robust and customizable coherent optical coupling would unlock mature and powerful cavity optomechanical control techniques and an efficient optical pathway for long-distance quantum links. Here we demonstrate direct and robust coherent optical coupling to Gaussian surface acoustic wave cavities with small mode volumes and high quality factors (>105 measured here) through a Brillouin-like optomechanical interaction. High-frequency SAW cavities designed with curved metallic acoustic reflectors deposited on crystalline substrates are efficiently optically accessed along piezo-active directions, as well as non-piezo-active (electromechanically inaccessible) directions. The precise optical technique uniquely enables controlled analysis of dissipation mechanisms as well as detailed transverse spatial mode spectroscopy. These advantages combined with simple fabrication, large power handling, and strong coupling to quantum systems make SAW optomechanical platforms particularly attractive for sensing, material science, and hybrid quantum systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Iyer
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Yadav P Kandel
- Departament of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Wendao Xu
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - John M Nichol
- Departament of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - William H Renninger
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Departament of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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7
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Hackett L, Koppa M, Smith B, Miller M, Santillan S, Weatherred S, Arterburn S, Friedmann TA, Otterstrom N, Eichenfield M. Giant electron-mediated phononic nonlinearity in semiconductor-piezoelectric heterostructures. NATURE MATERIALS 2024:10.1038/s41563-024-01882-4. [PMID: 38702414 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01882-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Efficient and deterministic nonlinear phononic interactions could revolutionize classical and quantum information processing at radio frequencies in much the same way that nonlinear photonic interactions have at optical frequencies. Here we show that in the important class of phononic materials that are piezoelectric, deterministic nonlinear phononic interactions can be enhanced by orders of magnitude via the heterogeneous integration of high-mobility semiconductor materials. To this end, a lithium niobate and indium gallium arsenide heterostructure is utilized to produce the most efficient three- and four-wave phononic mixing to date, to the best of our knowledge. We then show that the conversion efficiency can be further enhanced by applying semiconductor bias fields that amplify the phonons. We present a theoretical model that accurately predicts the three-wave mixing efficiencies in this work and extrapolate that these nonlinearities can be enhanced far beyond what is demonstrated here by confining phonons to smaller dimensions in waveguides and optimizing the semiconductor material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Hackett
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Matthew Koppa
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Brandon Smith
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Michael Miller
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Steven Santillan
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Scott Weatherred
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Shawn Arterburn
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Thomas A Friedmann
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Nils Otterstrom
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Matt Eichenfield
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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8
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Wang Y, Zhang M, Shen Z, Xu GT, Niu R, Sun FW, Guo GC, Dong CH. Optomechanical Frequency Comb Based on Multiple Nonlinear Dynamics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:163603. [PMID: 38701459 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.163603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Phonon-based frequency combs that can be generated in the optical and microwave frequency domains have attracted much attention due to the small repetition rates and the simple setup. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a new type of phonon-based frequency comb in a silicon optomechanical crystal cavity including both a breathing mechanical mode (∼GHz) and flexural mechanical modes (tens of MHz). We observe strong mode competition between two approximate flexural mechanical modes, i.e., 77.19 and 90.17 MHz, resulting in only one preponderant lasing, while maintaining the lasing of the breathing mechanical mode. These simultaneous observations of two-mode phonon lasing state and significant mode competition are counterintuitive. We have formulated comprehensive theories to elucidate this phenomenon in response to this intriguing outcome. In particular, the self-pulse induced by the free carrier dispersion and thermo-optic effects interacts with two approximate flexural mechanical modes, resulting in the repetition rate of the comb frequency-locked to exact fractions of one of the flexural mechanical modes and the mode hopping between them. This phonon-based frequency comb has at least 260 comblines and a repetition rate as low as a simple fraction of the flexural mechanical frequency. Our demonstration offers an alternative optomechanical frequency comb for sensing, timing, and metrology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China; and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Mai Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China; and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Zhen Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China; and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Guan-Ting Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China; and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Rui Niu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China; and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Fang-Wen Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China; and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China; and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Chun-Hua Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China; and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
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9
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Xu X, Zhang Y, Tang J, Chen P, Zeng L, Xia Z, Xing W, Zhou Q, Wang Y, Song H, Guo G, Deng G. Optomechanical Microwave-to-Optical Photon Transducer Chips: Empowering the Quantum Internet Revolution. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:485. [PMID: 38675296 PMCID: PMC11052314 DOI: 10.3390/mi15040485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The first quantum revolution has brought us the classical Internet and information technology. Today, as technology advances rapidly, the second quantum revolution quietly arrives, with a crucial moment for quantum technology to establish large-scale quantum networks. However, solid-state quantum bits (such as superconducting and semiconductor qubits) typically operate in the microwave frequency range, making it challenging to transmit signals over long distances. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop quantum transducer chips capable of converting microwaves into optical photons in the communication band, since the thermal noise of optical photons at room temperature is negligible, rendering them an ideal information carrier for large-scale spatial communication. Such devices are important for connecting different physical platforms and efficiently transmitting quantum information. This paper focuses on the fast-developing field of optomechanical quantum transducers, which has flourished over the past decade, yielding numerous advanced achievements. We categorize transducers based on various mechanical resonators and discuss their principles of operation and their achievements. Based on existing research on optomechanical transducers, we compare the parameters of several mechanical resonators and analyze their advantages and limitations, as well as provide prospects for the future development of quantum transducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyao Xu
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (X.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (X.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jindao Tang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (X.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Peiqin Chen
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (X.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Liping Zeng
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (X.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ziwei Xia
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (X.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Wenbo Xing
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (X.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (X.X.); (Y.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Physics and Photonic Quantum Information, Ministry of Education, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - You Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (X.X.); (Y.Z.)
- Southwest Institute of Technical Physics, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Haizhi Song
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (X.X.); (Y.Z.)
- Southwest Institute of Technical Physics, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Guangcan Guo
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (X.X.); (Y.Z.)
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Guangwei Deng
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (X.X.); (Y.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Physics and Photonic Quantum Information, Ministry of Education, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Institute of Electronics and Information Industry Technology of Kash, Kash 844000, China
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10
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Weaver MJ, Duivestein P, Bernasconi AC, Scharmer S, Lemang M, Thiel TCV, Hijazi F, Hensen B, Gröblacher S, Stockill R. An integrated microwave-to-optics interface for scalable quantum computing. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 19:166-172. [PMID: 37798565 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01515-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Microwave-to-optics transduction is emerging as a vital technology for scaling quantum computers and quantum networks. To establish useful entanglement links between qubit processing units, several key conditions must be simultaneously met: the transducer must add less than a single quantum of input-referred noise and operate with high efficiency, as well as large bandwidth and high repetition rate. Here we present a design for an integrated transducer based on a planar superconducting resonator coupled to a silicon photonic cavity through a mechanical oscillator made of lithium niobate on silicon. We experimentally demonstrate its performance with a transduction efficiency of 0.9% with 1 μW of continuous optical power and a spectral bandwidth of 14.8 MHz. With short optical pulses, we measure the added noise that is limited to a few photons, with a repetition rate of up to 100 kHz. Our device directly couples to a 50 Ω transmission line and can be scaled to a large number of transducers on a single chip, laying the foundations for distributed quantum computing.
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11
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Wang Y, Su QP, Liu T, Zhang GQ, Feng W, Yu Y, Yang CP. Long-distance transmission of arbitrary quantum states between spatially separated microwave cavities. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:4728-4744. [PMID: 38297667 DOI: 10.1364/oe.517001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Long-distance transmission between spatially separated microwave cavities is a crucial area of quantum information science and technology. In this work, we present a method for achieving long-distance transmission of arbitrary quantum states between two microwave cavities, by using a hybrid system that comprises two microwave cavities, two nitrogen-vacancy center ensembles (NV ensembles), two optical cavities, and an optical fiber. Each NV ensemble serves as a quantum transducer, dispersively coupling with a microwave cavity and an optical cavity, which enables the conversion of quantum states between a microwave cavity and an optical cavity. The optical fiber acts as a connector between the two optical cavities. Numerical simulations demonstrate that our method allows for the transfer of an arbitrary photonic qubit state between two spatially separated microwave cavities with high fidelity. Furthermore, the method exhibits robustness against environmental decay, parameter fluctuations, and additive white Gaussian noise. Our approach offers a promising way for achieving long-distance transmission of quantum states between two spatially separated microwave cavities, which may have practical applications in networked large-scale quantum information processing and quantum communication.
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12
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Khodadad Kashi A, Caspani L, Kues M. Spectral Hong-Ou-Mandel Effect between a Heralded Single-Photon State and a Thermal Field: Multiphoton Contamination and the Nonclassicality Threshold. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:233601. [PMID: 38134802 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.233601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) effect is crucial for quantum information processing, and its visibility determines the system's quantum-classical characteristics. In an experimental and theoretical study of the spectral HOM effect between a thermal field and a heralded single-photon state, we demonstrate that the HOM visibility varies dependent on the relative photon statistics of the interacting fields. Our findings reveal that multiphoton components in a heralded state get engaged in quantum interference with a thermal field, resulting in improved visibilities at certain mean photon numbers. We derive a theoretical relationship for the HOM visibility as a function of the mean photon number of the thermal field and the thermal part of the heralded state. We show that the nonclassicality degree of a heralded state is reflected in its HOM visibility with a thermal field; our results establish a lower bound of 41.42% for the peak visibility, indicating the minimum assignable degree of nonclassicality to the heralded state. This research enhances our understanding of the HOM effect and its application to high-speed remote secret key sharing, addressing security concerns due to multiphoton contamination in heralded states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahita Khodadad Kashi
- Institute of Photonics, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, Engineering-Innovation Across Disciplines), Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Lucia Caspani
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Kues
- Institute of Photonics, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, Engineering-Innovation Across Disciplines), Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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13
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Zhao M, Fang K. Low-loss adiabatic fiber-optic coupler for cryogenic photonics. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:9036-9040. [PMID: 38108739 DOI: 10.1364/ao.502604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in quantum light-matter coupled systems and quantum transducers have highlighted the need for cryogenic optical measurements. In this study, we present a packaged fiber-optic coupler with a coupling efficiency of over 50% for telecom wavelength light down to the mK temperature range. Besides the high coupling efficiency, our method enables sensitive photonic device measurements that are immune to mechanical vibrations present in cryogenic setups.
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14
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Strauß M, Shayeghi A, Mauser MF, Geyer P, Kostersitz T, Salapa J, Dobrovolskiy O, Daly S, Commandeur J, Hua Y, Köhler V, Mayor M, Benserhir J, Bruschini C, Charbon E, Castaneda M, Gevers M, Gourgues R, Kalhor N, Fognini A, Arndt M. Highly sensitive single-molecule detection of macromolecule ion beams. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj2801. [PMID: 38039360 PMCID: PMC10691769 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj2801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of proteins in the gas phase benefits from detectors that exhibit high efficiency and precise spatial resolution. Although modern secondary electron multipliers already address numerous analytical requirements, additional methods are desired for macromolecules at energies lower than currently used in post-acceleration detection. Previous studies have proven the sensitivity of superconducting detectors to high-energy particles in time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Here, we demonstrate that superconducting nanowire detectors are exceptionally well suited for quadrupole mass spectrometry and exhibit an outstanding quantum yield at low-impact energies. At energies as low as 100 eV, the sensitivity of these detectors surpasses conventional ion detectors by three orders of magnitude, and they offer the possibility to discriminate molecules by their impact energy and charge. We demonstrate three developments with these compact and sensitive devices, the recording of 2D ion beam profiles, photochemistry experiments in the gas phase, and advanced cryogenic electronics to pave the way toward highly integrated detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Strauß
- Faculty of Physics and Vienna Doctoral School of Physics (VDSP) and Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Shayeghi
- Faculty of Physics and Vienna Doctoral School of Physics (VDSP) and Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin F. X. Mauser
- Faculty of Physics and Vienna Doctoral School of Physics (VDSP) and Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Geyer
- Faculty of Physics and Vienna Doctoral School of Physics (VDSP) and Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tim Kostersitz
- Faculty of Physics and Vienna Doctoral School of Physics (VDSP) and Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Salapa
- Faculty of Physics and Vienna Doctoral School of Physics (VDSP) and Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Oleksandr Dobrovolskiy
- Faculty of Physics and Vienna Doctoral School of Physics (VDSP) and Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Steven Daly
- MSVision, Televisieweg 40, 1322 AM Almere, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Commandeur
- MSVision, Televisieweg 40, 1322 AM Almere, The Netherlands
| | - Yong Hua
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johannsring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Köhler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johannsring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johannsring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jad Benserhir
- Advanced Quantum Architecture Laboratory, EPFL, Rue de la Maladière 71b, CH-2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Bruschini
- Advanced Quantum Architecture Laboratory, EPFL, Rue de la Maladière 71b, CH-2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Charbon
- Advanced Quantum Architecture Laboratory, EPFL, Rue de la Maladière 71b, CH-2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Mario Castaneda
- Single Quantum, Rotterdamseweg 394, 2629 HH, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Gevers
- Single Quantum, Rotterdamseweg 394, 2629 HH, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ronan Gourgues
- Single Quantum, Rotterdamseweg 394, 2629 HH, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Nima Kalhor
- Single Quantum, Rotterdamseweg 394, 2629 HH, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Fognini
- Single Quantum, Rotterdamseweg 394, 2629 HH, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Arndt
- Faculty of Physics and Vienna Doctoral School of Physics (VDSP) and Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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15
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Wang Z, Zhang M, Wong Y, Zhong C, Jiang L. Optimized Protocols for Duplex Quantum Transduction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:220802. [PMID: 38101338 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.220802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Quantum transducers convert quantum signals through hybrid interfaces of physical platforms in quantum networks. Modeled as quantum communication channels, performance of unidirectional quantum transduction can be measured by the quantum channel capacity. However, characterizing performance of quantum transducers used for duplex quantum transduction where signals are converted bidirectionally remains an open question. Here, we propose rate regions to characterize the performance of duplex quantum transduction. Using this tool, we find that quantum transducers optimized for simultaneous duplex transduction can outperform strategies based on the standard protocol of time-shared unidirectional transduction. Integrated over the frequency domain, we demonstrate that the rate region can also characterize quantum transducers with finite bandwidth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyou Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Mengzhen Zhang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Yat Wong
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Changchun Zhong
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Liang Jiang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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16
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Chen IT, Li B, Lee S, Chakravarthi S, Fu KM, Li M. Optomechanical ring resonator for efficient microwave-optical frequency conversion. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7594. [PMID: 37990000 PMCID: PMC10663453 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43393-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Phonons traveling in solid-state devices are emerging as a universal excitation for coupling different physical systems. Phonons at microwave frequencies have a similar wavelength to optical photons in solids, enabling optomechanical microwave-optical transduction of classical and quantum signals. It becomes conceivable to build optomechanical integrated circuits (OMIC) that guide both photons and phonons and interconnect photonic and phononic devices. Here, we demonstrate an OMIC including an optomechanical ring resonator (OMR), where co-resonant infrared photons and GHz phonons induce significantly enhanced interconversion. The platform is hybrid, using wide bandgap semiconductor gallium phosphide (GaP) for waveguiding and piezoelectric zinc oxide (ZnO) for phonon generation. The OMR features photonic and phononic quality factors of >1 × 105 and 3.2 × 103, respectively. The optomechanical interconversion between photonic modes achieved an internal conversion efficiency [Formula: see text] and a total device efficiency [Formula: see text] at a low acoustic pump power of 1.6 mW. The efficient conversion in OMICs enables microwave-optical transduction for quantum information and microwave photonics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Tung Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA
| | - Bingzhao Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA
| | - Seokhyeong Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA
| | | | - Kai-Mei Fu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352, USA
| | - Mo Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA.
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17
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Primo AG, Pinho PV, Benevides R, Gröblacher S, Wiederhecker GS, Alegre TPM. Dissipative optomechanics in high-frequency nanomechanical resonators. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5793. [PMID: 37723162 PMCID: PMC10507050 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The coherent transduction of information between microwave and optical domains is a fundamental building block for future quantum networks. A promising way to bridge these widely different frequencies is using high-frequency nanomechanical resonators interacting with low-loss optical modes. State-of-the-art optomechanical devices rely on purely dispersive interactions that are enhanced by a large photon population in the cavity. Additionally, one could use dissipative optomechanics, where photons can be scattered directly from a waveguide into a resonator hence increasing the degree of control of the acousto-optic interplay. Hitherto, such dissipative optomechanical interaction was only demonstrated at low mechanical frequencies, precluding prominent applications such as the quantum state transfer between photonic and phononic domains. Here, we show the first dissipative optomechanical system operating in the sideband-resolved regime, where the mechanical frequency is larger than the optical linewidth. Exploring this unprecedented regime, we demonstrate the impact of dissipative optomechanical coupling in reshaping both mechanical and optical spectra. Our figures represent a two-order-of-magnitude leap in the mechanical frequency and a tenfold increase in the dissipative optomechanical coupling rate compared to previous works. Further advances could enable the individual addressing of mechanical modes and help mitigate optical nonlinearities and absorption in optomechanical devices.
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Grants
- This work was supported by São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) through grants 19/09738-9, 20/15786-3, 19/01402-1, 18/15577-5, 18/15580-6, 18/25339-4, 22/07719-0, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) (Finance Code 001),the European Research Council (ERC CoG Q-ECHOS, 101001005), and by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO/OCW), as part of the Frontiers of Nanoscience program, as well as through Vrij Programma (680-92-18-04).
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Affiliation(s)
- André G Primo
- Gleb Wataghin Institute of Physics, University of Campinas, 13083-859, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro V Pinho
- Gleb Wataghin Institute of Physics, University of Campinas, 13083-859, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Simon Gröblacher
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gustavo S Wiederhecker
- Gleb Wataghin Institute of Physics, University of Campinas, 13083-859, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago P Mayer Alegre
- Gleb Wataghin Institute of Physics, University of Campinas, 13083-859, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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18
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Ripin A, Peng R, Zhang X, Chakravarthi S, He M, Xu X, Fu KM, Cao T, Li M. Tunable phononic coupling in excitonic quantum emitters. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:1020-1026. [PMID: 37264087 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01410-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Engineering the coupling between fundamental quantum excitations is at the heart of quantum science and technologies. An outstanding case is the creation of quantum light sources in which coupling between single photons and phonons can be controlled and harnessed to enable quantum information transduction. Here we report the deterministic creation of quantum emitters featuring highly tunable coupling between excitons and phonons. The quantum emitters are formed in strain-induced quantum dots created in homobilayer WSe2. The colocalization of quantum-confined interlayer excitons and terahertz interlayer breathing-mode phonons, which directly modulates the exciton energy, leads to a uniquely strong phonon coupling to single-photon emission, with a Huang-Rhys factor reaching up to 6.3. The single-photon spectrum of interlayer exciton emission features a single-photon purity >83% and multiple phonon replicas, each heralding the creation of a phonon Fock state in the quantum emitter. Due to the vertical dipole moment of the interlayer exciton, the phonon-photon interaction is electrically tunable to be higher than the exciton and phonon decoherence rate, and hence promises to reach the strong-coupling regime. Our result demonstrates a solid-state quantum excitonic-optomechanical system at the atomic interface of the WSe2 bilayer that emits flying photonic qubits coupled with stationary phonons, which could be exploited for quantum transduction and interconnection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Ripin
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ruoming Peng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Minhao He
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kai-Mei Fu
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Ting Cao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mo Li
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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19
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Das SR, Majumder S, Sahu SK, Singhal U, Bera T, Singh V. Instabilities near Ultrastrong Coupling in a Microwave Optomechanical Cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:067001. [PMID: 37625056 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.067001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
With artificially engineered systems, it is now possible to realize the coherent interaction rate, which can become comparable to the mode frequencies, a regime known as ultrastrong coupling (USC). We experimentally realize a cavity-electromechanical device using a superconducting waveguide cavity and a mechanical resonator. In the presence of a strong pump, the mechanical-polaritons splitting can nearly reach 81% of the mechanical frequency, overwhelming all the dissipation rates. Approaching the USC limit, the steady-state response becomes unstable. We systematically measure the boundary of the unstable response while varying the pump parameters. The unstable dynamics display rich phases, such as self-induced oscillations, period-doubling bifurcation, and period-tripling oscillations, ultimately leading to the chaotic behavior. The experimental results and their theoretical modeling suggest the importance of residual nonlinear interaction terms in the weak-dissipative regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Ranjan Das
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Sourav Majumder
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Sahu
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Ujjawal Singhal
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Tanmoy Bera
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Vibhor Singh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
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20
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Bonaldi M, Borrielli A, Di Giuseppe G, Malossi N, Morana B, Natali R, Piergentili P, Sarro PM, Serra E, Vitali D. Low Noise Opto-Electro-Mechanical Modulator for RF-to-Optical Transduction in Quantum Communications. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:1087. [PMID: 37510034 PMCID: PMC10378289 DOI: 10.3390/e25071087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present an Opto-Electro-Mechanical Modulator (OEMM) for RF-to-optical transduction realized via an ultra-coherent nanomembrane resonator capacitively coupled to an rf injection circuit made of a microfabricated read-out able to improve the electro-optomechanical interaction. This device configuration can be embedded in a Fabry-Perot cavity for electromagnetic cooling of the LC circuit in a dilution refrigerator exploiting the opto-electro-mechanical interaction. To this aim, an optically measured steady-state frequency shift of 380 Hz was seen with a polarization voltage of 30 V and a Q-factor of the assembled device above 106 at room temperature. The rf-sputtered titanium nitride layer can be made superconductive to develop efficient quantum transducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bonaldi
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, Nanoscience-Trento-FBK Division, 38123 Povo, TN, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, TIFPA, 38123 Povo, TN, Italy
| | - Antonio Borrielli
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, Nanoscience-Trento-FBK Division, 38123 Povo, TN, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, TIFPA, 38123 Povo, TN, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Giuseppe
- Physics Division, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, PG, Italy
| | - Nicola Malossi
- Physics Division, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, PG, Italy
| | - Bruno Morana
- Department of Microelectronics and Computer Engineering, ECTM, Delft University of Technology, Feldmanweg 17, 2628 CT Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Natali
- Physics Division, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, PG, Italy
| | - Paolo Piergentili
- Physics Division, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, PG, Italy
| | - Pasqualina Maria Sarro
- Department of Microelectronics and Computer Engineering, ECTM, Delft University of Technology, Feldmanweg 17, 2628 CT Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Enrico Serra
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, TIFPA, 38123 Povo, TN, Italy
- Department of Microelectronics and Computer Engineering, ECTM, Delft University of Technology, Feldmanweg 17, 2628 CT Delft, The Netherlands
| | - David Vitali
- Physics Division, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, PG, Italy
- CNR-INO, L.go Enrico Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, FI, Italy
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21
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Ma X, Shandilya PK, Barclay PE. Semiconductor-on-diamond cavities for spin optomechanics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:22470-22480. [PMID: 37475357 DOI: 10.1364/oe.487467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Optomechanical cavities are powerful tools for classical and quantum information processing that can be realized using nanophotonic structures that co-localize optical and mechanical resonances. Typically, phononic localization requires suspended devices that forbid vertical leakage of mechanical energy. Achieving this in some promising quantum photonic materials such as diamond requires non-standard nanofabrication techniques, while hindering integration with other components and exacerbating heating related challenges. As an alternative, we have developed a semiconductor-on-diamond platform that co-localizes phononic and photonic modes without requiring undercutting. We have designed an optomechanical crystal cavity that combines high optomechanical coupling with low dissipation, and we show that this platform will enable optomechanical coupling to spin qubits in the diamond substrate. These properties demonstrate the promise of this platform for realizing quantum information processing devices based on spin, phonon, and photon interactions.
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22
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Chiappina P, Banker J, Meesala S, Lake D, Wood S, Painter O. Design of an ultra-low mode volume piezo-optomechanical quantum transducer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:22914-22927. [PMID: 37475390 DOI: 10.1364/oe.493532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Coherent transduction of quantum states from the microwave to the optical domain can play a key role in quantum networking and distributed quantum computing. We present the design of a piezo-optomechanical device formed in a hybrid lithium niobate on silicon platform, that is suitable for microwave-to-optical quantum transduction. Our design is based on acoustic hybridization of an ultra-low mode volume piezoacoustic cavity with an optomechanical crystal cavity. The strong piezoelectric nature of lithium niobate allows us to mediate transduction via an acoustic mode which only minimally interacts with the lithium niobate, and is predominantly silicon-like, with very low electrical and acoustic loss. We estimate that this transducer can realize an intrinsic conversion efficiency of up to 35% with <0.5 added noise quanta when resonantly coupled to a superconducting transmon qubit and operated in pulsed mode at 10 kHz repetition rate. The performance improvement gained in such hybrid lithium niobate-silicon transducers make them suitable for heralded entanglement of qubits between superconducting quantum processors connected by optical fiber links.
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23
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Navarathna A, Bennett JS, Bowen WP. Continuous Optical-to-Mechanical Quantum State Transfer in the Unresolved Sideband Regime. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:263603. [PMID: 37450795 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.263603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Optical-to-mechanical quantum state transfer is an important capability for future quantum networks, quantum communication, and distributed quantum sensing. However, existing continuous state transfer protocols operate in the resolved sideband regime, necessitating a high-quality optical cavity and a high mechanical resonance frequency. Here, we propose a continuous protocol that operates in the unresolved sideband regime. The protocol is based on feedback cooling, can be implemented with current technology, and is able to transfer non-Gaussian quantum states with high fidelity. Our protocol significantly expands the kinds of optomechanical devices for which continuous optical-to-mechanical state transfer is possible, paving the way toward quantum technological applications and the preparation of macroscopic superpositions to test the fundamentals of quantum science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Navarathna
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - James S Bennett
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Warwick P Bowen
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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24
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Qiu L, Sahu R, Hease W, Arnold G, Fink JM. Coherent optical control of a superconducting microwave cavity via electro-optical dynamical back-action. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3784. [PMID: 37355691 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent quantum technologies have established precise quantum control of various microscopic systems using electromagnetic waves. Interfaces based on cryogenic cavity electro-optic systems are particularly promising, due to the direct interaction between microwave and optical fields in the quantum regime. Quantum optical control of superconducting microwave circuits has been precluded so far due to the weak electro-optical coupling as well as quasi-particles induced by the pump laser. Here we report the coherent control of a superconducting microwave cavity using laser pulses in a multimode electro-optical device at millikelvin temperature with near-unity cooperativity. Both the stationary and instantaneous responses of the microwave and optical modes comply with the coherent electro-optical interaction, and reveal only minuscule amount of excess back-action with an unanticipated time delay. Our demonstration enables wide ranges of applications beyond quantum transductions, from squeezing and quantum non-demolition measurements of microwave fields, to entanglement generation and hybrid quantum networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Qiu
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
| | - Rishabh Sahu
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - William Hease
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Georg Arnold
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Johannes M Fink
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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25
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Montblanch ARP, Barbone M, Aharonovich I, Atatüre M, Ferrari AC. Layered materials as a platform for quantum technologies. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023:10.1038/s41565-023-01354-x. [PMID: 37322143 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01354-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Layered materials are taking centre stage in the ever-increasing research effort to develop material platforms for quantum technologies. We are at the dawn of the era of layered quantum materials. Their optical, electronic, magnetic, thermal and mechanical properties make them attractive for most aspects of this global pursuit. Layered materials have already shown potential as scalable components, including quantum light sources, photon detectors and nanoscale sensors, and have enabled research of new phases of matter within the broader field of quantum simulations. In this Review we discuss opportunities and challenges faced by layered materials within the landscape of material platforms for quantum technologies. In particular, we focus on applications that rely on light-matter interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro R-P Montblanch
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Barbone
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, (MCQST), Munich, Germany
- Walter Schottky Institut and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mete Atatüre
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Andrea C Ferrari
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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26
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Sahu R, Qiu L, Hease W, Arnold G, Minoguchi Y, Rabl P, Fink JM. Entangling microwaves with light. Science 2023; 380:718-721. [PMID: 37200415 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg3812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Quantum entanglement is a key resource in currently developed quantum technologies. Sharing this fragile property between superconducting microwave circuits and optical or atomic systems would enable new functionalities, but this has been hindered by an energy scale mismatch of >104 and the resulting mutually imposed loss and noise. In this work, we created and verified entanglement between microwave and optical fields in a millikelvin environment. Using an optically pulsed superconducting electro-optical device, we show entanglement between propagating microwave and optical fields in the continuous variable domain. This achievement not only paves the way for entanglement between superconducting circuits and telecom wavelength light, but also has wide-ranging implications for hybrid quantum networks in the context of modularization, scaling, sensing, and cross-platform verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sahu
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - L Qiu
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - W Hease
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - G Arnold
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Y Minoguchi
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - P Rabl
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
- Walther-Meißner-Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Technische Universität München, TUM School of Natural Sciences, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - J M Fink
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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27
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Xu D, Gu XK, Li HK, Weng YC, Wang YP, Li J, Wang H, Zhu SY, You JQ. Quantum Control of a Single Magnon in a Macroscopic Spin System. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:193603. [PMID: 37243655 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.193603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nonclassical quantum states are the pivotal features of a quantum system that differs from its classical counterpart. However, the generation and coherent control of quantum states in a macroscopic spin system remain an outstanding challenge. Here we experimentally demonstrate the quantum control of a single magnon in a macroscopic spin system (i.e., 1 mm-diameter yttrium-iron-garnet sphere) coupled to a superconducting qubit via a microwave cavity. By tuning the qubit frequency in situ via the Autler-Townes effect, we manipulate this single magnon to generate its nonclassical quantum states, including the single-magnon state and the superposition of single-magnon state and vacuum (zero magnon) state. Moreover, we confirm the deterministic generation of these nonclassical states by Wigner tomography. Our experiment offers the first reported deterministic generation of the nonclassical quantum states in a macroscopic spin system and paves a way to explore its promising applications in quantum engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Xu
- Interdisciplinary Center of Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xu-Ke Gu
- Interdisciplinary Center of Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - He-Kang Li
- Interdisciplinary Center of Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yuan-Chao Weng
- Interdisciplinary Center of Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yi-Pu Wang
- Interdisciplinary Center of Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jie Li
- Interdisciplinary Center of Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - H Wang
- Interdisciplinary Center of Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Shi-Yao Zhu
- Interdisciplinary Center of Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - J Q You
- Interdisciplinary Center of Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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28
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Gökbulut B. Strong localization and suppression of Anderson modes in an asymmetrical optical waveguide. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:13211-13225. [PMID: 37157463 DOI: 10.1364/oe.487486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, transverse Anderson localization of light waves in a 3D random network is achieved inside an asymmetrical type optical waveguide, formed within a fused-silica fiber by capillary process. Scattering waveguide medium originates from naturally formed air inclusions and Ag nanoparticles in rhodamine dye doped-phenol solution. Multimode photon localization is controlled by changing the degree of the disorder in the optical waveguide to suppress unwanted extra modes and obtain only one targeted strongly localized single optical mode confinement at the desired emission wavelength of the dye molecules. Additionally, the fluorescence dynamics of the dye molecules coupled into the Anderson localized modes in the disordered optical media are analyzed through time resolved experiments based on a single photon counting technique. The radiative decay rate of the dye molecules is observed to be enhanced up to a factor of about 10.1 through coupling into the specific Anderson localized cavity within the optical waveguide, providing a milestone for investigation of transverse Anderson localization of light waves in 3D disordered media to manipulate light-matter interaction.
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29
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Burgwal R, Verhagen E. Enhanced nonlinear optomechanics in a coupled-mode photonic crystal device. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1526. [PMID: 36934101 PMCID: PMC10024728 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37138-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The nonlinear component of the optomechanical interaction between light and mechanical vibration promises many exciting classical and quantum mechanical applications, but is generally weak. Here we demonstrate enhancement of nonlinear optomechanical measurement of mechanical motion by using pairs of coupled optical and mechanical modes in a photonic crystal device. In the same device we show linear optomechanical measurement with a strongly reduced input power and reveal how both enhancements are related. Our design exploits anisotropic mechanical elasticity to create strong coupling between mechanical modes while not changing optical properties. Additional thermo-optic tuning of the optical modes is performed with an auxiliary laser and a thermally-optimised device design. We envision broad use of this enhancement scheme in multimode phonon lasing, two-phonon heralding and eventually nonlinear quantum optomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel Burgwal
- Department of Applied Physics and Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ewold Verhagen
- Department of Applied Physics and Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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30
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Koppenhöfer M, Padgett C, Cady JV, Dharod V, Oh H, Bleszynski Jayich AC, Clerk AA. Single-Spin Readout and Quantum Sensing Using Optomechanically Induced Transparency. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:093603. [PMID: 36930901 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.093603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state spin defects are promising quantum sensors for a large variety of sensing targets. Some of these defects couple appreciably to strain in the host material. We propose to use this strain coupling for mechanically mediated dispersive single-shot spin readout by an optomechanically induced transparency measurement. Surprisingly, the estimated measurement times for negatively charged silicon-vacancy defects in diamond are an order of magnitude shorter than those for single-shot optical fluorescence readout. Our scheme can also be used for general parameter-estimation metrology and offers a higher sensitivity than conventional schemes using continuous position detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Koppenhöfer
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Carl Padgett
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Jeffrey V Cady
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
- Systems and Processes Engineering Corporation, Austin, Texas 78737, USA
| | - Viraj Dharod
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Hyunseok Oh
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Ania C Bleszynski Jayich
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - A A Clerk
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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31
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Microwave-to-optical transduction with erbium ions coupled to planar photonic and superconducting resonators. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1153. [PMID: 36859486 PMCID: PMC9977906 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36799-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical quantum networks can connect distant quantum processors to enable secure quantum communication and distributed quantum computing. Superconducting qubits are a leading technology for quantum information processing but cannot couple to long-distance optical networks without an efficient, coherent, and low noise interface between microwave and optical photons. Here, we demonstrate a microwave-to-optical transducer using an ensemble of erbium ions that is simultaneously coupled to a superconducting microwave resonator and a nanophotonic optical resonator. The coherent atomic transitions of the ions mediate the frequency conversion from microwave photons to optical photons and using photon counting we observed device conversion efficiency approaching 10-7. With pulsed operation at a low duty cycle, the device maintained a spin temperature below 100 mK and microwave resonator heating of less than 0.15 quanta.
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32
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Kumar A, Suleymanzade A, Stone M, Taneja L, Anferov A, Schuster DI, Simon J. Quantum-enabled millimetre wave to optical transduction using neutral atoms. Nature 2023; 615:614-619. [PMID: 36949338 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05740-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Early experiments with transiting circular Rydberg atoms in a superconducting resonator laid the foundations of modern cavity and circuit quantum electrodynamics1, and helped explore the defining features of quantum mechanics such as entanglement. Whereas ultracold atoms and superconducting circuits have since taken rather independent paths in the exploration of new physics, taking advantage of their complementary strengths in an integrated system enables access to fundamentally new parameter regimes and device capabilities2,3. Here we report on such a system, coupling an ensemble of cold 85Rb atoms simultaneously to an, as far as we are aware, first-of-its-kind optically accessible, three-dimensional superconducting resonator4 and a vibration-suppressed optical cavity in a cryogenic (5 K) environment. To demonstrate the capabilities of this platform, and with an eye towards quantum networking5, we leverage the strong coupling between Rydberg atoms and the superconducting resonator to implement a quantum-enabled millimetre wave (mmwave) photon to optical photon transducer6. We measured an internal conversion efficiency of 58(11)%, a conversion bandwidth of 360(20) kHz and added thermal noise of 0.6 photons, in agreement with a parameter-free theory. Extensions of this technique will allow near-unity efficiency transduction in both the mmwave and microwave regimes. More broadly, our results open a new field of hybrid mmwave/optical quantum science, with prospects for operation deep in the strong coupling regime for efficient generation of metrologically or computationally useful entangled states7 and quantum simulation/computation with strong non-local interactions8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Kumar
- The Department of Physics, The James Franck Institute and The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- The Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Aziza Suleymanzade
- The Department of Physics, The James Franck Institute and The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark Stone
- The Department of Physics, The James Franck Institute and The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lavanya Taneja
- The Department of Physics, The James Franck Institute and The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alexander Anferov
- The Department of Physics, The James Franck Institute and The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David I Schuster
- The Department of Physics, The James Franck Institute and The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- The Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Simon
- The Department of Physics, The James Franck Institute and The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- The Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- The Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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33
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Gökbulut B. A hybrid photonic-plasmonic resonator based on a partially encapsulated 1D photonic crystal waveguide and a plasmonic nanoparticle. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12346. [PMID: 36582706 PMCID: PMC9792738 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a hybrid photonic-plasmonic resonator is proposed. The device consists of a partially encapsulated 1D photonic crystal waveguide and a plasmonic nanoparticle to yield high radiation efficiency for integrated photonic platforms, owing to a high Q-factor and a small mode volume. The design of the resonator is accomplished in two consecutive steps: first of all, a partially encapsulated photonic crystal nanobeam with a robust mechanical stability and a high-Q factor is prepared; secondly, a plasmonic nanoparticle is placed on the surface of the nanobeam to interact the optical mode with the localized surface plasmons of the gold nanoparticle which is being present in the vicinity of the radiating dipole. Strongly enhanced electromagnetic field, regenerated through the optical mode field inside the hybrid resonator, enables to reduce the optical mode volume of the device and significantly enhance the Purcell factor.
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34
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Shen Z, Xu GT, Zhang M, Zhang YL, Wang Y, Chai CZ, Zou CL, Guo GC, Dong CH. Coherent Coupling between Phonons, Magnons, and Photons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:243601. [PMID: 36563280 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.243601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical degrees of freedom, which have often been overlooked in various quantum systems, have been studied for applications ranging from quantum information processing to sensing. Here, we develop a hybrid platform consisting of a magnomechanical cavity and an optomechanical cavity, which are coherently coupled by the straightway physical contact. The phonons in the system can be manipulated either with the magnetostrictive interaction or optically through the radiation pressure. Together with mechanical state preparation and sensitive readout, we demonstrate the microwave-to-optical conversion with an ultrawide tuning range up to 3 GHz. In addition, we observe a mechanical motion interference effect, in which the optically driven mechanical motion is canceled by the microwave-driven coherent motion. Manipulating mechanical oscillators with equal facility through both magnonic and photonic channels enables new architectures for signal transduction between the optical, microwave, mechanical, and magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Guan-Ting Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Mai Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Lei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Zhe Chai
- Yongjiang Laboratory (Y-LAB), Ningbo, Zhejiang 315202 People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Ling Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Hua Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, People's Republic of China
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35
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Zivari A, Fiaschi N, Burgwal R, Verhagen E, Stockill R, Gröblacher S. On-chip distribution of quantum information using traveling phonons. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd2811. [PMID: 36399558 PMCID: PMC9674299 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add2811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Distributing quantum entanglement on a chip is a crucial step toward realizing scalable quantum processors. Using traveling phonons-quantized guided mechanical wave packets-as a medium to transmit quantum states is now gaining substantial attention due to their small size and low propagation speed compared to other carriers, such as electrons or photons. Moreover, phonons are highly promising candidates to connect heterogeneous quantum systems on a chip, such as microwave and optical photons for long-distance transmission of quantum states via optical fibers. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of distributing quantum information using phonons by realizing quantum entanglement between two traveling phonons and creating a time-bin-encoded traveling phononic qubit. The mechanical quantum state is generated in an optomechanical cavity and then launched into a phononic waveguide in which it propagates for around 200 micrometers. We further show how the phononic, together with a photonic qubit, can be used to violate a Bell-type inequality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirparsa Zivari
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Niccolò Fiaschi
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Roel Burgwal
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098XG Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Ewold Verhagen
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098XG Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Stockill
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Simon Gröblacher
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ Delft, the Netherlands
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36
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Xu Q, Blencowe MP. Optomechanical Quantum Entanglement Mediated by Acoustic Phonon Fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:203604. [PMID: 36462021 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.203604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We present exact solutions for the quantum time evolution of two spatially separated, local inductor-capacitor (LC) oscillators that are coupled optomechanically to a long elastic strip that functions as a quantum thermal acoustic field environment. We show that the optomechanical coupling to the acoustic environment gives rise to causal entanglement dynamics between the two LC oscillators in the absence of resonant photon exchange between them, and that significant entanglement develops regardless of the environment temperature. Such a process establishes that distributed entanglement may be generated between superconducting qubits via a connected phonon bus bar, without the need for resonant phonon release and capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qidong Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - M P Blencowe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
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37
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Wang CH, Li F, Jiang L. Quantum capacities of transducers. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6698. [PMID: 36335174 PMCID: PMC9637183 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34373-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
High-performance quantum transducers, which faithfully convert quantum information between disparate physical carriers, are essential in quantum science and technology. Different figures of merit, including efficiency, bandwidth, and added noise, are typically used to characterize the transducers' ability to transfer quantum information. Here we utilize quantum capacity, the highest achievable qubit communication rate through a channel, to define a single metric that unifies various criteria of a desirable transducer. Using the continuous-time quantum capacities of bosonic pure-loss channels as benchmarks, we investigate the optimal designs of generic quantum transduction schemes implemented by transmitting external signals through a coupled bosonic chain. With physical constraints on the maximal coupling rate [Formula: see text], the highest continuous-time quantum capacity [Formula: see text] is achieved by transducers with a maximally flat conversion frequency response, analogous to Butterworth electric filters. We further investigate the effect of thermal noise on the performance of transducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Hsuan Wang
- Department of Physics and Center for Theoretical Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan. .,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan. .,Physics Division, National Center for Theoretical Sciences, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan. .,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Fangxin Li
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Liang Jiang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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38
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Ultra-low-noise microwave to optics conversion in gallium phosphide. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6583. [PMID: 36323690 PMCID: PMC9630281 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical resonators can act as excellent intermediaries to interface single photons in the microwave and optical domains due to their high quality factors. Nevertheless, the optical pump required to overcome the large energy difference between the frequencies can add significant noise to the transduced signal. Here we exploit the remarkable properties of thin-film gallium phosphide to demonstrate bi-directional on-chip conversion between microwave and optical frequencies, realized by piezoelectric actuation of a Gigahertz-frequency optomechanical resonator. The large optomechanical coupling and the suppression of two-photon absorption in the material allows us to operate the device at optomechanical cooperativities greatly exceeding one. Alternatively, when using a pulsed upconversion pump, we demonstrate that we induce less than one thermal noise phonon. We include a high-impedance on-chip matching resonator to mediate the mechanical load with the 50-Ω source. Our results establish gallium phosphide as a versatile platform for ultra-low-noise conversion of photons between microwave and optical frequencies.
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39
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Qasymeh M, Eleuch H. High-fidelity quantum information transmission using a room-temperature nonrefrigerated lossy microwave waveguide. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16352. [PMID: 36175489 PMCID: PMC9522659 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20733-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum microwave transmission is key to realizing modular superconducting quantum computers and distributed quantum networks. A large number of incoherent photons are thermally generated within the microwave frequency spectrum. The closeness of the transmitted quantum state to the source-generated quantum state at the input of the transmission link (measured by the transmission fidelity) degrades due to the presence of the incoherent photons. Hence, high-fidelity quantum microwave transmission has long been considered to be infeasible without refrigeration. In this study, we propose a novel method for high-fidelity quantum microwave transmission using a room-temperature lossy waveguide. The proposed scheme consists of connecting two cryogenic nodes (i.e., a transmitter and a receiver) by the room-temperature lossy microwave waveguide. First, cryogenic preamplification is implemented prior to transmission. Second, at the receiver side, a cryogenic loop antenna is placed inside the output port of the waveguide and coupled to an LC harmonic oscillator located outside the waveguide. The loop antenna converts quantum microwave fields to a quantum voltage across the coupled LC harmonic oscillator. Noise photons are induced across the LC oscillator including the source generated noise, the preamplification noise, the thermal occupation of the waveguide, and the fluctuation-dissipation noise. The loop antenna detector at the receiver is designed to extensively suppress the induced photons across the LC oscillator. The signal transmittance is maintained intact by providing significant preamplification gain. Our calculations show that high-fidelity quantum transmission (i.e., more than [Formula: see text]) is realized based on the proposed scheme for transmission distances reaching 100 m.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montasir Qasymeh
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Abu Dhabi University, 59911, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Hichem Eleuch
- Department of Applied Physics and Astronomy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas AM University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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40
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Zhao H, Li B, Li H, Li M. Enabling scalable optical computing in synthetic frequency dimension using integrated cavity acousto-optics. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5426. [PMID: 36109528 PMCID: PMC9477821 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33132-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical computing with integrated photonics brings a pivotal paradigm shift to data-intensive computing technologies. However, the scaling of on-chip photonic architectures using spatially distributed schemes faces the challenge imposed by the fundamental limit of integration density. Synthetic dimensions of light offer the opportunity to extend the length of operand vectors within a single photonic component. Here, we show that large-scale, complex-valued matrix-vector multiplications on synthetic frequency lattices can be performed using an ultra-efficient, silicon-based nanophotonic cavity acousto-optic modulator. By harnessing the resonantly enhanced strong electro-optomechanical coupling, we achieve, in a single such modulator, the full-range phase-coherent frequency conversions across the entire synthetic lattice, which constitute a fully connected linear computing layer. Our demonstrations open up the route toward the experimental realizations of frequency-domain integrated optical computing systems simultaneously featuring very large-scale data processing and small device footprints. Synthetic frequency dimension from light modulation enables scalable optical computing. The authors show an efficient silicon-based acousto-optic modulator that generates large synthetic frequency lattices and performs matrix-vector multiplications.
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41
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Zhao C, Gao S, Kleebe HJ, Tan X, Koruza J, Rödel J. Coherent Precipitates with Strong Domain Wall Pinning in Alkaline Niobate Ferroelectrics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2202379. [PMID: 35999187 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High-power piezoelectric applications are predicted to share approximately one-third of the lead-free piezoelectric ceramic market in 2024 with alkaline niobates as the primary competitor. To suppress self-heating in high-power devices due to mechanical loss when driven by large electric fields, piezoelectric hardening to restrict domain wall motion is required. In the present work, highly effective piezoelectric hardening via coherent plate-like precipitates in a model system of the (Li,Na)NbO3 (LNN) solid solution delivers a reduction in losses, quantified as an electromechanical quality factor, by a factor of ten. Various thermal aging schemes are demonstrated to control the average size, number density, and location of the precipitates. The established properties are correlated with a detailed determination of short- and long-range atomic structure by X-ray diffraction and pair distribution function analysis, respectively, as well as microstructure determined by transmission electron microscopy. The impact of microstructure with precipitates on both small- and large-field properties is also established. These results pave the way to implement precipitate hardening in piezoelectric materials, analogous to precipitate hardening in metals, broadening their use cases in applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhao Zhao
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Nonmetallic Inorganic Materials, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Shuang Gao
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Nonmetallic Inorganic Materials, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Kleebe
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Nonmetallic Inorganic Materials, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Xiaoli Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Jurij Koruza
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Jürgen Rödel
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Nonmetallic Inorganic Materials, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
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42
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Carlon Zambon N, Denis Z, De Oliveira R, Ravets S, Ciuti C, Favero I, Bloch J. Enhanced Cavity Optomechanics with Quantum-Well Exciton Polaritons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:093603. [PMID: 36083685 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.093603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor microresonators embedding quantum wells can host tightly confined and mutually interacting excitonic, optical, and mechanical modes at once. We theoretically investigate the case where the system operates in the strong exciton-photon coupling regime, while the optical and excitonic resonances are parametrically modulated by the interaction with a mechanical mode. Owing to the large exciton-phonon coupling at play in semiconductors, we predict an enhancement of polariton-phonon interactions by 2 orders of magnitude with respect to mere optomechanical coupling: a near-unity single-polariton quantum cooperativity is within reach for current semiconductor resonator platforms. We further analyze how polariton nonlinearities affect dynamical backaction, modifying the capability to cool or amplify the mechanical motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Carlon Zambon
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS-Université Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Z Denis
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - R De Oliveira
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - S Ravets
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS-Université Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - C Ciuti
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - I Favero
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - J Bloch
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS-Université Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
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43
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Delaney RD, Urmey MD, Mittal S, Brubaker BM, Kindem JM, Burns PS, Regal CA, Lehnert KW. Superconducting-qubit readout via low-backaction electro-optic transduction. Nature 2022; 606:489-493. [PMID: 35705821 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04720-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Entangling microwave-frequency superconducting quantum processors through optical light at ambient temperature would enable means of secure communication and distributed quantum information processing1. However, transducing quantum signals between these disparate regimes of the electro-magnetic spectrum remains an outstanding goal2-9, and interfacing superconducting qubits, which are constrained to operate at millikelvin temperatures, with electro-optic transducers presents considerable challenges owing to the deleterious effects of optical photons on superconductors9,10. Moreover, many remote entanglement protocols11-14 require multiple qubit gates both preceding and following the upconversion of the quantum state, and thus an ideal transducer should impart minimal backaction15 on the qubit. Here we demonstrate readout of a superconducting transmon qubit through a low-backaction electro-optomechanical transducer. The modular nature of the transducer and circuit quantum electrodynamics system used in this work enable complete isolation of the qubit from optical photons, and the backaction on the qubit from the transducer is less than that imparted by thermal radiation from the environment. Moderate improvements in the transducer bandwidth and the added noise will enable us to leverage the full suite of tools available in circuit quantum electrodynamics to demonstrate transduction of non-classical signals from a superconducting qubit to the optical domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Delaney
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA. .,Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - M D Urmey
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - S Mittal
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - B M Brubaker
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J M Kindem
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P S Burns
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - C A Regal
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - K W Lehnert
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
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44
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Miao T, Zhou X, Wu X, Li Q, Hou Z, Hu X, Wang Z, Xiao D. Nonlinearity-mediated digitization and amplification in electromechanical phonon-cavity systems. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2352. [PMID: 35487900 PMCID: PMC9054851 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29995-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Electromechanical phonon-cavity systems are man-made micro-structures, in which vibrational energy can be coherently transferred between different degrees of freedom. In such devices, the energy transfer direction and coupling strength can be parametrically controlled, offering great opportunities for both fundamental studies and practical applications such as phonon manipulation and sensing. However, to date the investigation of such systems has largely been limited to linear vibrations, while their responses in the nonlinear regime remain yet to be explored. Here, we demonstrate nonlinear operation of electromechanical phonon-cavity systems, and show that the resonant response differs drastically from that in the linear regime. We further demonstrate that by controlling the parametric pump, one can achieve nonlinearity-mediated digitization and amplification in the frequency domain, which can be exploited to build high-performance MEMS sensing devices based on phonon-cavity systems. Our findings offer intriguing opportunities for creating frequency-shift-based sensors and transducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongqiao Miao
- College of Intelligence Science, National University of Defense Technology, 410073, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- College of Intelligence Science, National University of Defense Technology, 410073, Changsha, China
| | - Xuezhong Wu
- College of Intelligence Science, National University of Defense Technology, 410073, Changsha, China.,The Laboratory of Science and Technology on Integrated Logistics Support, National University of Defense Technology, 410073, Changsha, China.,MEMS Engineering Center of Hunan, 410100, Changsha, China
| | - Qingsong Li
- College of Intelligence Science, National University of Defense Technology, 410073, Changsha, China
| | - Zhanqiang Hou
- College of Intelligence Science, National University of Defense Technology, 410073, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- College of Intelligence Science, National University of Defense Technology, 410073, Changsha, China
| | - Zenghui Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610054, Chengdu, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610054, Chengdu, China.
| | - Dingbang Xiao
- College of Intelligence Science, National University of Defense Technology, 410073, Changsha, China. .,The Laboratory of Science and Technology on Integrated Logistics Support, National University of Defense Technology, 410073, Changsha, China. .,MEMS Engineering Center of Hunan, 410100, Changsha, China.
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45
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Microwave-to-optical conversion with a gallium phosphide photonic crystal cavity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2065. [PMID: 35440549 PMCID: PMC9019098 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28670-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrically actuated optomechanical resonators provide a route to quantum-coherent, bidirectional conversion of microwave and optical photons. Such devices could enable optical interconnection of quantum computers based on qubits operating at microwave frequencies. Here we present a platform for microwave-to-optical conversion comprising a photonic crystal cavity made of single-crystal, piezoelectric gallium phosphide integrated on pre-fabricated niobium circuits on an intrinsic silicon substrate. The devices exploit spatially extended, sideband-resolved mechanical breathing modes at ~3.2 GHz, with vacuum optomechanical coupling rates of up to g0/2π ≈ 300 kHz. The mechanical modes are driven by integrated microwave electrodes via the inverse piezoelectric effect. We estimate that the system could achieve an electromechanical coupling rate to a superconducting transmon qubit of ~200 kHz. Our work represents a decisive step towards integration of piezoelectro-optomechanical interfaces with superconducting quantum processors. A route to scalability for superconducting quantum computation is the modular approach, which however requires coherent microwave-to-optical conversion. Here the authors use gallium phosphide optomechanical crystal cavities for this task, exploiting their high refractive index and large OM coupling rate.
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46
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Bozkurt A, Joshi C, Mirhosseini M. Deep sub-wavelength localization of light and sound in dielectric resonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:12378-12386. [PMID: 35472874 DOI: 10.1364/oe.455248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Optomechanical crystals provide coupling between phonons and photons by confining them to commensurate wavelength-scale dimensions. We present a new concept for designing optomechanical crystals capable of achieving unprecedented coupling rates by confining optical and mechanical waves to deep sub-wavelength dimensions. Our design is based on a dielectric bowtie unit cell with an effective optical/mechanical mode volume of 7.6 × 10-3(λ/nSi)3/1.2×10-3 λ mech 3. We present results from numerical modeling, indicating a single-photon optomechanical coupling of 2.2 MHz with experimentally viable parameters. Monte Carlo simulations are used to demonstrate the design's robustness against fabrication disorder.
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47
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Quantum state preparation and tomography of entangled mechanical resonators. Nature 2022; 604:463-467. [PMID: 35444325 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04500-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Precisely engineered mechanical oscillators keep time, filter signals and sense motion, making them an indispensable part of the technological landscape of today. These unique capabilities motivate bringing mechanical devices into the quantum domain by interfacing them with engineered quantum circuits. Proposals to combine microwave-frequency mechanical resonators with superconducting devices suggest the possibility of powerful quantum acoustic processors1-3. Meanwhile, experiments in several mechanical systems have demonstrated quantum state control and readout4,5, phonon number resolution6,7 and phonon-mediated qubit-qubit interactions8,9. At present, these acoustic platforms lack processors capable of controlling the quantum states of several mechanical oscillators with a single qubit and the rapid quantum non-demolition measurements of mechanical states needed for error correction. Here we use a superconducting qubit to control and read out the quantum state of a pair of nanomechanical resonators. Our device is capable of fast qubit-mechanics swap operations, which we use to deterministically manipulate the mechanical states. By placing the qubit into the strong dispersive regime with both mechanical resonators simultaneously, we determine the phonon number distributions of the resonators by means of Ramsey measurements. Finally, we present quantum tomography of the prepared nonclassical and entangled mechanical states. Our result represents a concrete step towards feedback-based operation of a quantum acoustic processor.
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48
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Rau CL, Kyle A, Kwiatkowski A, Shojaee E, Teufel JD, Lehnert KW, Dennis T. Entanglement Thresholds of Doubly Parametric Quantum Transducers. PHYSICAL REVIEW APPLIED 2022; 17:10.1103/physrevapplied.17.044057. [PMID: 36632278 PMCID: PMC9830939 DOI: 10.1103/physrevapplied.17.044057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Doubly parametric quantum transducers, such as electro-optomechanical devices, show promise for providing the critical link between quantum information encoded in highly disparate frequencies such as in the optical and microwave domains. This technology would enable long-distance networking of superconducting quantum computers. Rapid experimental progress has resulted in impressive reductions in decoherence from mechanisms such as thermal noise, loss, and limited cooperativities. However, the fundamental requirements on transducer parameters necessary to achieve quantum operation have yet to be characterized. In this work we find simple, protocol-independent expressions for the necessary and sufficient conditions under which doubly parametric transducers in the resolved-sideband, steady-state limit are capable of entangling optical and microwave modes. Our analysis treats the transducer as a two-mode bosonic Gaussian channel capable of both beamsplitter-type and two-mode squeezing-type interactions between optical and microwave modes. For the beamsplitter-type interaction, we find parameter thresholds that distinguish regions of the channel's separability, capacity for bound entanglement, and capacity for distillable entanglement. By contrast, the two-mode squeezing-type interaction always produces distillable entanglement with no restrictions on temperature, cooperativities, or losses. Counterintuitively, for both interactions, we find that achieving quantum operation does not require either a quantum cooperativity exceeding one, or ground-state cooling of the mediating mode. Finally, we discuss where two state-of-the-art implementations are relative to these thresholds and show that current devices operating in either mode of operation are in principle capable of entangling optical and microwave modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis L. Rau
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Akira Kyle
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Alex Kwiatkowski
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Ezad Shojaee
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - John D. Teufel
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Konrad W. Lehnert
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Tasshi Dennis
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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49
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Ground state cooling of an ultracoherent electromechanical system. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1507. [PMID: 35314677 PMCID: PMC8938490 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29115-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cavity electromechanics relies on parametric coupling between microwave and mechanical modes to manipulate the mechanical quantum state, and provide a coherent interface between different parts of hybrid quantum systems. High coherence of the mechanical mode is of key importance in such applications, in order to protect the quantum states it hosts from thermal decoherence. Here, we introduce an electromechanical system based around a soft-clamped mechanical resonator with an extremely high Q-factor (>109) held at very low (30 mK) temperatures. This ultracoherent mechanical resonator is capacitively coupled to a microwave mode, strong enough to enable ground-state-cooling of the mechanics (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\bar{n}}_{\min }=0.76\pm 0.16$$\end{document}n¯min=0.76±0.16). This paves the way towards exploiting the extremely long coherence times (tcoh > 100 ms) offered by such systems for quantum information processing and state conversion. ’Systems with long coherence times are extremely important for the processing of quantum information. To this end the authors present a system able to cool down a resonator to its quantum mechanical ground state harnessing the large coupling between an ultra-coherent mechanical resonator and a superconducting circuit.’
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50
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Wei T, Wu D, Miao Q, Yang C, Luo J. Tunable microwave-optical entanglement and conversion in multimode electro-opto-mechanics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:10135-10151. [PMID: 35299424 DOI: 10.1364/oe.451550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We study tunable double-channel microwave-optical (M-O) entanglement and coherent conversion by controlling the quantum interference effect. This is realized in a two-mechanical-mode electro-opto-mechanical (EOM) system, in which two mechanical resonators (MRs) are coupled with each other by phase-dependent phonon-phonon interaction, and link the interaction between the microwave and optical cavity. It's demonstrated that the mechanical coupling between two MRs leads to the interference of two pathways of electro-opto-mechanical interaction, which can generate the tunable double-channel phenomena in comparison with a typical three-mode EOM system. In particular, by tuning of phonon-phonon interaction and couplings between cavities with MRs, we can not only steer the switch from the M-O interaction with a single channel to that of the double-channel, but also modulate the entanglement and conversion characteristics in each channel. Moreover, our scheme can be extended to an N-mechanical-mode EOM system, in which N discrete channels will be observed and controlled. This study opens up prospects for quantum information transduction and storage with a wide bandwidth and multichannel quantum interface.
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