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Suteau V, Zuzic L, Hansen DH, Kjølbye LR, Sibilia P, Gourdin L, Briet C, Thomas M, Bourdeaud E, Tricoire-Leignel H, Schiøtt B, Carato P, Rodien P, Munier M. Effects and risk assessment of halogenated bisphenol A derivatives on human follicle stimulating hormone receptor: An interdisciplinary study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 479:135619. [PMID: 39217935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Halogenated bisphenol A (BPA) derivatives are produced during disinfection treatment of drinking water or are synthesized as flame retardants (TCBPA or TBBPA). BPA is considered as an endocrine disruptor especially on human follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR). Using a global experimental approach, we assessed the effect of halogenated BPA derivatives on FSHR activity and estimated the risk of halogenated BPA derivatives to the reproductive health of exposed populations. For the first time, we show that FSHR binds halogenated BPA derivatives, at 10 nM, a concentration lower than those requires to modulate the activity of nuclear receptors and/or steroidogenesis enzymes. Indeed, bioluminescence assays show that FSHR response is lowered up to 42.36 % in the presence of BPA, up to 32.79 % by chlorinated BPA derivatives and up to 27.04 % by brominated BPA derivatives, at non-cytotoxic concentrations and without modification of basal receptor activity. Moreover, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and site-directed mutagenesis experiments demonstrate that the halogenated BPA derivatives bind the FSHR transmembrane domain reducing the signal transduction efficiency which lowers the cellular cAMP production and in fine disrupts the physiological effect of FSH. The potential reproductive health risk of exposed individuals was estimated by comparing urinary concentrations (through a collection of human biomonitoring data) with the lowest effective concentrations derived from in vitro cell assays. Our results suggest a potentially high concern for the risk of inhibition of the FSHR pathway. This global approach based on FSHR activity could enable the rapid characterization of the toxicity of halogenated BPA derivatives (or other compounds) and assess the associated risk of exposure to these halogenated BPA derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Suteau
- Angers University, MITOVASC, CarMe Team, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, University Hospital Angers, Angers, France
| | - Lorena Zuzic
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | | - Paul Sibilia
- Angers University, MITOVASC, CarMe Team, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, University Hospital Angers, Angers, France
| | - Louis Gourdin
- Angers University, MITOVASC, CarMe Team, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France; Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de la Thyroïde et des Récepteurs Hormonaux, University Hospital Angers, Angers, France
| | - Claire Briet
- Angers University, MITOVASC, CarMe Team, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, University Hospital Angers, Angers, France; Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de la Thyroïde et des Récepteurs Hormonaux, University Hospital Angers, Angers, France
| | - Mickaël Thomas
- Poitiers University, Ecology & Biology of Interactions Laboratory, CNRS UMR 7285, INSERM CIC1402, IHES Research Group, Poitiers, France
| | - Eric Bourdeaud
- Poitiers University, Ecology & Biology of Interactions Laboratory, CNRS UMR 7285, INSERM CIC1402, IHES Research Group, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Birgit Schiøtt
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Pascal Carato
- Poitiers University, Ecology & Biology of Interactions Laboratory, CNRS UMR 7285, INSERM CIC1402, IHES Research Group, Poitiers, France
| | - Patrice Rodien
- Angers University, MITOVASC, CarMe Team, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, University Hospital Angers, Angers, France; Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de la Thyroïde et des Récepteurs Hormonaux, University Hospital Angers, Angers, France
| | - Mathilde Munier
- Angers University, MITOVASC, CarMe Team, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, University Hospital Angers, Angers, France; Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de la Thyroïde et des Récepteurs Hormonaux, University Hospital Angers, Angers, France.
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Saha S, Khanppnavar B, Maharana J, Kim H, Carino CMC, Daly C, Houston S, Sharma S, Zaidi N, Dalal A, Mishra S, Ganguly M, Tiwari D, Kumari P, Jhingan GD, Yadav PN, Plouffe B, Inoue A, Chung KY, Banerjee R, Korkhov VM, Shukla AK. Molecular mechanism of distinct chemokine engagement and functional divergence of the human Duffy antigen receptor. Cell 2024; 187:4751-4769.e25. [PMID: 39089252 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
The Duffy antigen receptor is a seven-transmembrane (7TM) protein expressed primarily at the surface of red blood cells and displays strikingly promiscuous binding to multiple inflammatory and homeostatic chemokines. It serves as the basis of the Duffy blood group system in humans and also acts as the primary attachment site for malarial parasite Plasmodium vivax and pore-forming toxins secreted by Staphylococcus aureus. Here, we comprehensively profile transducer coupling of this receptor, discover potential non-canonical signaling pathways, and determine the cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure in complex with the chemokine CCL7. The structure reveals a distinct binding mode of chemokines, as reflected by relatively superficial binding and a partially formed orthosteric binding pocket. We also observe a dramatic shortening of TM5 and 6 on the intracellular side, which precludes the formation of the docking site for canonical signal transducers, thereby providing a possible explanation for the distinct pharmacological and functional phenotype of this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirsha Saha
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Basavraj Khanppnavar
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jagannath Maharana
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Heeryung Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Carlo Marion C Carino
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Carole Daly
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Shane Houston
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Saloni Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Nashrah Zaidi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Annu Dalal
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Sudha Mishra
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Manisankar Ganguly
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Divyanshu Tiwari
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Poonam Kumari
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Prem N Yadav
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Bianca Plouffe
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ka Young Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramanuj Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
| | - Volodymyr M Korkhov
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Arun K Shukla
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
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Sarkar R, Bolel P, Kapoor A, Eliseeva E, Dulcey AE, Templin JS, Wang AQ, Xu X, Southall N, Klubo-Gwiezdzinska J, Neumann S, Marugan JJ, Gershengorn MC. An Orally Efficacious Thyrotropin Receptor Ligand Inhibits Growth and Metastatic Activity of Thyroid Cancers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:2306-2316. [PMID: 38421044 PMCID: PMC11318999 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgae114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid-stimulating hormone (or thyrotropin) receptor (TSHR) could be a selective target for small molecule ligands to treat thyroid cancer (TC). OBJECTIVE We report a novel, orally efficacious ligand for TSHR that exhibits proliferation inhibitory activity against human TC in vitro and in vivo, and inhibition of metastasis in vivo. METHODS A35 (NCATS-SM4420; NCGC00241808) was selected from a sublibrary of >200 TSHR ligands. Cell proliferation assays including BrdU incorporation and WST-1, along with molecular docking studies were done. In vivo activity of A35 was assessed in TC cell-derived xenograft (CDX) models with immunocompromised (NSG) mice. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of tumor and lung tissues were observed for the extent of cell death and metastasis. RESULTS A35 was shown to stimulate cAMP production in some cell types by activating TSHR but not in TC cells, MDA-T32, and MDA-T85. A35 inhibited proliferation of MDA-T32 and MDA-T85 in vitro and in vivo, and pulmonary metastasis of MDA-T85F1 in mice. In vitro, A35 inhibition of proliferation was reduced by a selective TSHR antagonist. Inhibition of CDX tumor growth without decreases in mouse weights and liver function showed A35 to be efficacious without apparent toxicity. Lastly, A35 reduced levels of Ki67 in the tumors and metastatic markers in lung tissues. CONCLUSION We conclude that A35 is a TSHR-selective inhibitor of TC cell proliferation and metastasis, and suggest that A35 may be a promising lead drug candidate for the treatment of differentiated TC in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhitajit Sarkar
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Priyanka Bolel
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Abhijeet Kapoor
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Elena Eliseeva
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrés E Dulcey
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Jay S Templin
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amy Q Wang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Xin Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Noel Southall
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Joanna Klubo-Gwiezdzinska
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Susanne Neumann
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Juan J Marugan
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Marvin C Gershengorn
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Gauthier C, Raynaud P, Jean-Alphonse F, Vallet A, Vaugrente O, Jugnarain V, Boulo T, Gauthier C, Reiter E, Bruneau G, Crépieux P. An intracellular VHH targeting the Luteinizing Hormone receptor modulates G protein-dependent signaling and steroidogenesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 589:112235. [PMID: 38621656 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Luteinizing hormone (LH) is essential for reproduction, controlling ovulation and steroidogenesis. Its receptor (LHR) recruits various transducers leading to the activation of a complex signaling network. We recently identified iPRC1, the first variable fragment from heavy-chain-only antibody (VHH) interacting with intracellular loop 3 (ICL3) of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR). Because of the high sequence similarity of the human FSHR and LHR (LHCGR), here we examined the ability of the iPRC1 intra-VHH to modulate LHCGR activity. In this study, we demonstrated that iPRC1 binds LHCGR, to a greater extent when the receptor was stimulated by the hormone. In addition, it decreased LH-induced cAMP production, cAMP-responsive element-dependent transcription, progesterone and testosterone production. These impairments are not due to Gs nor β-arrestin recruitment to the LHCGR. Consequently, iPRC1 is the first intra-VHH to bind and modulate LHCGR biological activity, including steroidogenesis. It should help further understand signaling mechanisms elicited at this receptor and their outcomes on reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pauline Raynaud
- INRAE, CNRS, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Frédéric Jean-Alphonse
- INRAE, CNRS, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380, Nouzilly, France; Inria, Inria Saclay-Ile-de-France, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Amandine Vallet
- INRAE, CNRS, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | | | | | - Thomas Boulo
- INRAE, CNRS, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Eric Reiter
- INRAE, CNRS, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380, Nouzilly, France; Inria, Inria Saclay-Ile-de-France, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Gilles Bruneau
- INRAE, CNRS, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascale Crépieux
- INRAE, CNRS, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380, Nouzilly, France; Inria, Inria Saclay-Ile-de-France, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
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5
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Radomsky T, Anderson RC, Millar RP, Newton CL. Restoring function to inactivating G protein-coupled receptor variants in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis 1. J Neuroendocrinol 2024:e13418. [PMID: 38852954 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are central to the functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG axis) and include the rhodopsin-like GPCR family members, neurokinin 3 receptor, kappa-opioid receptor, kisspeptin 1 receptor, gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor, and the gonadotropin receptors, luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor. Unsurprisingly, inactivating variants of these receptors have been implicated in a spectrum of reproductive phenotypes, including failure to undergo puberty, and infertility. Clinical induction of puberty in patients harbouring such variants is possible, but restoration of fertility is not always a realisable outcome, particularly for those patients suffering from primary hypogonadism. Thus, novel pharmaceuticals and/or a fundamental change in approach to treating these patients are required. The increasing wealth of data describing the effects of coding-region genetic variants on GPCR function has highlighted that the majority appear to be dysfunctional as a result of misfolding of the encoded receptor protein, which, in turn, results in impaired receptor trafficking through the secretory pathway to the cell surface. As such, these intracellularly retained receptors may be amenable to 'rescue' using a pharmacological chaperone (PC)-based approach. PCs are small, cell permeant molecules hypothesised to interact with misfolded intracellularly retained proteins, stabilising their folding and promoting their trafficking through the secretory pathway. In support of the use of this approach as a viable therapeutic option, it has been observed that many rescued variant GPCRs retain at least a degree of functionality when 'rescued' to the cell surface. In this review, we examine the GPCR PC research landscape, focussing on the rescue of inactivating variant GPCRs with important roles in the HPG axis, and describe what is known regarding the mechanisms by which PCs restore trafficking and function. We also discuss some of the merits and obstacles associated with taking this approach forward into a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarryn Radomsky
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ross C Anderson
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Robert P Millar
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Claire L Newton
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Duan J, He XH, Li SJ, Xu HE. Cryo-electron microscopy for GPCR research and drug discovery in endocrinology and metabolism. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:349-365. [PMID: 38424377 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-024-00957-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell surface receptors, with many GPCRs having crucial roles in endocrinology and metabolism. Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has revolutionized the field of structural biology, particularly regarding GPCRs, over the past decade. Since the first pair of GPCR structures resolved by cryo-EM were published in 2017, the number of GPCR structures resolved by cryo-EM has surpassed the number resolved by X-ray crystallography by 30%, reaching >650, and the number has doubled every ~0.63 years for the past 6 years. At this pace, it is predicted that the structure of 90% of all human GPCRs will be completed within the next 5-7 years. This Review highlights the general structural features and principles that guide GPCR ligand recognition, receptor activation, G protein coupling, arrestin recruitment and regulation by GPCR kinases. The Review also highlights the diversity of GPCR allosteric binding sites and how allosteric ligands could dictate biased signalling that is selective for a G protein pathway or an arrestin pathway. Finally, the authors use the examples of glycoprotein hormone receptors and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor to illustrate the effect of cryo-EM on understanding GPCR biology in endocrinology and metabolism, as well as on GPCR-related endocrine diseases and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Duan
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xin-Heng He
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - H Eric Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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7
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Mezei M, Latif R, Davies TF. The full-length TSH receptor is stabilized by TSH ligand. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 129:108725. [PMID: 38373379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2024.108725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The receptor for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSHR), a GPCR, is the primary antigen in autoimmune hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease) caused by stimulating TSHR antibodies. While we have previously published a full length model of the TSHR, including its leucine rich domain (LRD), linker region (LR) and transmembrane domain (TMD), to date, only a partial LRD (aa 21-261) stabilized with TSHR autoantibodies has been crystallized. Recently, however, cryo-EM structures of the full-length TSHR have been published but they include only an incomplete LR. We have now utilized the cryo-EM models, added disulfide bonds to the LR and performed longer (3000 ns) molecular dynamic (MD) simulations to update our previous model of the entire full-length TSHR, with and without the presence of TSH ligand. As in our earlier work, the new model was embedded in a lipid membrane and was solvated with water and counterions. We found that the 3000 ns Molecular Dynamic simulations showed that the structure of the LRD and TMD were remarkably constant while the LR, known more commonly as the "hinge region", again showed significant flexibility, forming several transient secondary structural elements. Analysis of the new simulations permitted a detailed examination of the effect of TSH binding on the structure of the TSHR. We found a structure-stabilizing effect of TSH, including increased stability of the LR, which was clearly demonstrated by analyzing several intrinsic receptor properties including hydrogen bonding, fluctuation of the LRD orientation, and radius of gyration. In conclusion, we were able to quantify the flexibility of the TSHR and show its increased stability after TSH binding. These data indicated the important role of ligands in directing the signaling structure of a receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaly Mezei
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, New York, NY, USA; Thyroid Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Rauf Latif
- Thyroid Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Terry F Davies
- Thyroid Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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8
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Bi M, Wang X, Wang J, Xu J, Sun W, Adediwura VA, Miao Y, Cheng Y, Ye L. Structure and function of an intermediate GPCR-Gαβγ complex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.02.587841. [PMID: 38617296 PMCID: PMC11014534 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.02.587841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Unraveling the signaling roles of intermediate complexes is pivotal for G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) drug development. Despite hundreds of GPCR-Gαβγ structures, these snapshots primarily capture the fully activated end-state complex. Consequently, a comprehensive understanding of the conformational transitions during GPCR activation and the roles of intermediate GPCR-G protein complexes in signaling remain elusive. Guided by a conformational landscape profiled by 19 F quantitative NMR ( 19 F-qNMR) and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations, we resolved the structure of an unliganded GPCR-G protein intermediate complex by blocking its transition to the fully activated end-state complex. More importantly, we presented direct evidence that the intermediate GPCR-Gαsβγ complex initiates a rate-limited nucleotide exchange without progressing to the fully activated end-state complex, thereby bridging a significant gap in our understanding the complexity of GPCR signaling. Understanding the roles of individual conformational states and their complexes in signaling efficacy and bias will help us to design drugs that discriminately target a disease-related conformation.
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Zhang M, Chen T, Lu X, Lan X, Chen Z, Lu S. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): advances in structures, mechanisms, and drug discovery. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:88. [PMID: 38594257 PMCID: PMC11004190 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest family of human membrane proteins and an important class of drug targets, play a role in maintaining numerous physiological processes. Agonist or antagonist, orthosteric effects or allosteric effects, and biased signaling or balanced signaling, characterize the complexity of GPCR dynamic features. In this study, we first review the structural advancements, activation mechanisms, and functional diversity of GPCRs. We then focus on GPCR drug discovery by revealing the detailed drug-target interactions and the underlying mechanisms of orthosteric drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in the past five years. Particularly, an up-to-date analysis is performed on available GPCR structures complexed with synthetic small-molecule allosteric modulators to elucidate key receptor-ligand interactions and allosteric mechanisms. Finally, we highlight how the widespread GPCR-druggable allosteric sites can guide structure- or mechanism-based drug design and propose prospects of designing bitopic ligands for the future therapeutic potential of targeting this receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Peptide & Protein Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Affiliated to Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Xun Lu
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiaobing Lan
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Peptide & Protein Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Ziqiang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Affiliated to Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Peptide & Protein Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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10
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Atre I, Mizrahi N, Hausken K, Levavi-Sivan B. In silico insights into intra- and inter-species interactions of piscine gonadotropin hormones and receptor crosstalk. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129524. [PMID: 38242398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
In mammals, the gonadotropins follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are macromolecules secreted during specific reproductive phases and display strict specificity towards their cognate receptors. However, fish gonadotropins (GTH) and their receptors (GTHR) display diverse species-specific expression patterns, secretion patterns, and intra- and interspecies cross-activation. To uncover the molecular basis of this diversity, we generated and analyzed 29 in-silico models of intra- and inter-species combinations of sturgeon, carp, tilapia, and human gonadotropins with piscine receptors and analyzed the resulting receptor activation and signal transduction of these GTHR-GTH complexes in-vitro. Our results suggest that unlike humans, the surface charge on piscine FSH/LH β-seatbelt and N107huLHCGR/K104hFSHR homologs does not necessarily determine binding specificity. Instead, sequence and structural variations allow piscine GTHs significant conformational flexibility when binding to the receptor extracellular domain, thereby enabling cross-activation. The resulting diversity may support various reproductive strategies in different environmental niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar Atre
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Naama Mizrahi
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Krist Hausken
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Berta Levavi-Sivan
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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11
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Jardón-Valadez E, Ulloa-Aguirre A. Tracking conformational transitions of the gonadotropin hormone receptors in a bilayer of (SDPC) poly-unsaturated lipids from all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1011415. [PMID: 38206994 PMCID: PMC10807830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein hormone receptors [thyrotropin (TSHR), luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin (LHCGR), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSHR) receptors] are rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors display common structural features including a prominent extracellular domain with leucine-rich repeats (LRR) stabilized by β-sheets and a long and flexible loop known as the hinge region (HR), and a transmembrane (TM) domain with seven α-helices interconnected by intra- and extracellular loops. Binding of the ligand to the LRR resembles a hand coupling transversally to the α- and β-subunits of the hormone, with the thumb being the HR. The structure of the FSH-FSHR complex suggests an activation mechanism in which Y335 at the HR binds into a pocket between the α- and β-chains of the hormone, leading to an adjustment of the extracellular loops. In this study, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to identify the conformational changes of the FSHR and LHCGR. We set up a FSHR structure as predicted by AlphaFold (AF-P23945); for the LHCGR structure we took the cryo-electron microscopy structure for the active state (PDB:7FII) as initial coordinates. Specifically, the flexibility of the HR domain and the correlated motions of the LRR and TM domain were analyzed. From the conformational changes of the LRR, TM domain, and HR we explored the conformational landscape by means of MD trajectories in all-atom approximation, including a membrane of polyunsaturated phospholipids. The distances and procedures here defined may be useful to propose reaction coordinates to describe diverse processes, such as the active-to-inactive transition, and to identify intermediaries suited for allosteric regulation and biased binding to cellular transducers in a selective activation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Jardón-Valadez
- Departamento de Recursos de la Tierra, Unidad Lerma, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Lerma de Villada, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubiran”. Mexico City, Mexico
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Mexico City, Mexico
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12
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Ham D, Ahn D, Chung C, Chung KY. Isolation and conformational analysis of the Gα α-helical domain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 685:149153. [PMID: 37913692 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins (G proteins), composed of Gα, Gβ, and Gγ subunits, are the major downstream signaling molecules of the G protein-coupled receptors. Upon activation, Gα undergoes conformational changes both in the Ras-like domain (RD) and the α-helical domain (AHD), leading to the dissociation of Gα from Gβγ and subsequent regulation of downstream effector proteins. Gα RD mediate the most of classical functions of Gα. However, the role of Gα AHD is relatively not well elucidated despite its much higher sequence differences between Gα subtypes than those between Gα RD. Here, we isolated AHD from Gαs, Gαi1, and Gαq to provide tools for examining Gα AHD. We investigated the conformational dynamics of the isolated Gα AHD compared to those of the GDP-bound Gα. The results showed higher local conformational dynamics of Gα AHD not only at the domain interfaces but also in regions further away from the domain interfaces. This finding is consistent with the conformation of Gα AHD in the receptor-bound nucleotide-free state. Therefore, the isolated Gα AHD could provide a platform for studying the functions of Gα AHD, such as identification of the Gα AHD-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghee Ham
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghoon Ahn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiwoon Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ka Young Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Cheng L, Xia F, Li Z, Shen C, Yang Z, Hou H, Sun S, Feng Y, Yong X, Tian X, Qin H, Yan W, Shao Z. Structure, function and drug discovery of GPCR signaling. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2023; 4:46. [PMID: 38047990 PMCID: PMC10695916 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-023-00156-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are versatile and vital proteins involved in a wide array of physiological processes and responses, such as sensory perception (e.g., vision, taste, and smell), immune response, hormone regulation, and neurotransmission. Their diverse and essential roles in the body make them a significant focus for pharmaceutical research and drug development. Currently, approximately 35% of marketed drugs directly target GPCRs, underscoring their prominence as therapeutic targets. Recent advances in structural biology have substantially deepened our understanding of GPCR activation mechanisms and interactions with G-protein and arrestin signaling pathways. This review offers an in-depth exploration of both traditional and recent methods in GPCR structure analysis. It presents structure-based insights into ligand recognition and receptor activation mechanisms and delves deeper into the mechanisms of canonical and noncanonical signaling pathways downstream of GPCRs. Furthermore, it highlights recent advancements in GPCR-related drug discovery and development. Particular emphasis is placed on GPCR selective drugs, allosteric and biased signaling, polyphamarcology, and antibody drugs. Our goal is to provide researchers with a thorough and updated understanding of GPCR structure determination, signaling pathway investigation, and drug development. This foundation aims to propel forward-thinking therapeutic approaches that target GPCRs, drawing upon the latest insights into GPCR ligand selectivity, activation, and biased signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cheng
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ziyan Li
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Chenglong Shen
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiqian Yang
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Hanlin Hou
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Suyue Sun
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuying Feng
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xihao Yong
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaowen Tian
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongxi Qin
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zhenhua Shao
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
- Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Frontiers Medical Center, Chengdu, 610212, China.
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14
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Wang T, He X, Li M, Shao B, Liu TY. AIMD-Chig: Exploring the conformational space of a 166-atom protein Chignolin with ab initio molecular dynamics. Sci Data 2023; 10:549. [PMID: 37607915 PMCID: PMC10444755 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have revolutionized the modeling of biomolecular conformations and provided unprecedented insight into molecular interactions. Due to the prohibitive computational overheads of ab initio simulation for large biomolecules, dynamic modeling for proteins is generally constrained on force field with molecular mechanics, which suffers from low accuracy as well as ignores the electronic effects. Here, we report AIMD-Chig, an MD dataset including 2 million conformations of 166-atom protein Chignolin sampled at the density functional theory (DFT) level with 7,763,146 CPU hours. 10,000 conformations were initialized covering the whole conformational space of Chignolin, including folded, unfolded, and metastable states. Ab initio simulations were driven by M06-2X/6-31 G* with a Berendsen thermostat at 340 K. We reported coordinates, energies, and forces for each conformation. AIMD-Chig brings the DFT level conformational space exploration from small organic molecules to real-world proteins. It can serve as the benchmark for developing machine learning potentials for proteins and facilitate the exploration of protein dynamics with ab initio accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wang
- Microsoft Research AI4Science, Beijing, China.
| | - Xinheng He
- Microsoft Research AI4Science, Beijing, China
- Work done during an internship at Microsoft Research AI4Science, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyu Li
- Microsoft Research AI4Science, Beijing, China
- Work done during an internship at Microsoft Research AI4Science, Beijing, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Shao
- Microsoft Research AI4Science, Beijing, China.
| | - Tie-Yan Liu
- Microsoft Research AI4Science, Beijing, China
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15
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Erlandson SC, Rawson S, Osei-Owusu J, Brock KP, Liu X, Paulo JA, Mintseris J, Gygi SP, Marks DS, Cong X, Kruse AC. The relaxin receptor RXFP1 signals through a mechanism of autoinhibition. Nat Chem Biol 2023; 19:1013-1021. [PMID: 37081311 PMCID: PMC10530065 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01321-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The relaxin family peptide receptor 1 (RXFP1) is the receptor for relaxin-2, an important regulator of reproductive and cardiovascular physiology. RXFP1 is a multi-domain G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) with an ectodomain consisting of a low-density lipoprotein receptor class A (LDLa) module and leucine-rich repeats. The mechanism of RXFP1 signal transduction is clearly distinct from that of other GPCRs, but remains very poorly understood. In the present study, we determine the cryo-electron microscopy structure of active-state human RXFP1, bound to a single-chain version of the endogenous agonist relaxin-2 and the heterotrimeric Gs protein. Evolutionary coupling analysis and structure-guided functional experiments reveal that RXFP1 signals through a mechanism of autoinhibition. Our results explain how an unusual GPCR family functions, providing a path to rational drug development targeting the relaxin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Erlandson
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shaun Rawson
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James Osei-Owusu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kelly P Brock
- Department of Systems Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julian Mintseris
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Debora S Marks
- Department of Systems Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaojing Cong
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Andrew C Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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16
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Xu P, Huang S, Krumm BE, Zhuang Y, Mao C, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Huang XP, Liu YF, He X, Li H, Yin W, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Roth BL, Xu HE. Structural genomics of the human dopamine receptor system. Cell Res 2023; 33:604-616. [PMID: 37221270 PMCID: PMC10397222 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-023-00808-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The dopaminergic system, including five dopamine receptors (D1R to D5R), plays essential roles in the central nervous system (CNS); and ligands that activate dopamine receptors have been used to treat many neuropsychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's Disease (PD) and schizophrenia. Here, we report cryo-EM structures of all five subtypes of human dopamine receptors in complex with G protein and bound to the pan-agonist, rotigotine, which is used to treat PD and restless legs syndrome. The structures reveal the basis of rotigotine recognition in different dopamine receptors. Structural analysis together with functional assays illuminate determinants of ligand polypharmacology and selectivity. The structures also uncover the mechanisms of dopamine receptor activation, unique structural features among the five receptor subtypes, and the basis of G protein coupling specificity. Our work provides a comprehensive set of structural templates for the rational design of specific ligands to treat CNS diseases targeting the dopaminergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sijie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brian E Krumm
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Medical School, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Youwen Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyou Mao
- Center for Structural Pharmacology and Therapeutics Development, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yumu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi-Ping Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Medical School, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yong-Feng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Medical School, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xinheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huadong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanchao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Center for Structural Pharmacology and Therapeutics Development, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Medical School, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - H Eric Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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17
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Guo L, Cheng J, Lian S, Liu Q, Lu Y, Zheng Y, Zhu K, Zhang M, Kong Y, Zhang C, Rong N, Zhuang Y, Fang G, Jiang J, Zhang T, Han X, Liu Z, Xia M, Liu S, Zhang L, Liberles SD, Yu X, Xu Y, Yang F, Li Q, Sun JP. Structural basis of amine odorant perception by a mammal olfactory receptor. Nature 2023; 618:193-200. [PMID: 37225986 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Odorants are detected as smell in the nasal epithelium of mammals by two G-protein-coupled receptor families, the odorant receptors and the trace amine-associated receptors1,2 (TAARs). TAARs emerged following the divergence of jawed and jawless fish, and comprise a large monophyletic family of receptors that recognize volatile amine odorants to elicit both intraspecific and interspecific innate behaviours such as attraction and aversion3-5. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of mouse TAAR9 (mTAAR9) and mTAAR9-Gs or mTAAR9-Golf trimers in complex with β-phenylethylamine, N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine or spermidine. The mTAAR9 structures contain a deep and tight ligand-binding pocket decorated with a conserved D3.32W6.48Y7.43 motif, which is essential for amine odorant recognition. In the mTAAR9 structure, a unique disulfide bond connecting the N terminus to ECL2 is required for agonist-induced receptor activation. We identify key structural motifs of TAAR family members for detecting monoamines and polyamines and the shared sequence of different TAAR members that are responsible for recognition of the same odour chemical. We elucidate the molecular basis of mTAAR9 coupling to Gs and Golf by structural characterization and mutational analysis. Collectively, our results provide a structural basis for odorant detection, receptor activation and Golf coupling of an amine olfactory receptor.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Mice
- Biogenic Amines/analysis
- Biogenic Amines/chemistry
- Biogenic Amines/metabolism
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/chemistry
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/ultrastructure
- Odorants/analysis
- Olfactory Perception/physiology
- Polyamines/analysis
- Polyamines/chemistry
- Polyamines/metabolism
- Receptors, Biogenic Amine/chemistry
- Receptors, Biogenic Amine/genetics
- Receptors, Biogenic Amine/metabolism
- Receptors, Biogenic Amine/ultrastructure
- Receptors, Odorant/chemistry
- Receptors, Odorant/genetics
- Receptors, Odorant/metabolism
- Receptors, Odorant/ultrastructure
- Smell/physiology
- Spermidine/analysis
- Spermidine/chemistry
- Spermidine/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Guo
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Lian
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yuan Zheng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Kongkai Zhu
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Minghui Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yalei Kong
- Songjiang Institute and Songjiang Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health in Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Naikang Rong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yuming Zhuang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Guoxing Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Tianyao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiang Han
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zili Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ming Xia
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Shangming Liu
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Stephen D Liberles
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiao Yu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yunfei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Fan Yang
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China.
| | - Qian Li
- Songjiang Institute and Songjiang Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health in Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jin-Peng Sun
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China.
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
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18
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Lazzaretti C, Simoni M, Casarini L, Paradiso E. Allosteric modulation of gonadotropin receptors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1179079. [PMID: 37305033 PMCID: PMC10248450 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1179079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropins regulate reproductive functions by binding to G protein-coupled receptors (FSHR and LHCGR) expressed in the gonads. They activate multiple, cell-specific signalling pathways, consisting of ligand-dependent intracellular events. Signalling cascades may be modulated by synthetic compounds which bind allosteric sites of FSHR and LHCGR or by membrane receptor interactions. Despite the hormone binding to the orthosteric site, allosteric ligands, and receptor heteromerizations may reshape intracellular signalling pattern. These molecules act as positive, negative, or neutral allosteric modulators, as well as non-competitive or inverse agonist ligands, providing a set of new compounds of a different nature and with unique pharmacological characteristics. Gonadotropin receptor allosteric modulation is gathering increasing interest from the scientific community and may be potentially exploited for clinical purposes. This review summarizes the current knowledge on gonadotropin receptor allosteric modulation and their potential, clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Lazzaretti
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Baggiovara Hospital, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Manuela Simoni
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Baggiovara Hospital, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Baggiovara Hospital, Modena, Italy
| | - Livio Casarini
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Baggiovara Hospital, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Elia Paradiso
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Baggiovara Hospital, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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19
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Ahn D, Provasi D, Duc NM, Xu J, Salas-Estrada L, Spasic A, Yun MW, Kang J, Gim D, Lee J, Du Y, Filizola M, Chung KY. Gαs slow conformational transition upon GTP binding and a novel Gαs regulator. iScience 2023; 26:106603. [PMID: 37128611 PMCID: PMC10148139 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
G proteins are major signaling partners for G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Although stepwise structural changes during GPCR-G protein complex formation and guanosine diphosphate (GDP) release have been reported, no information is available with regard to guanosine triphosphate (GTP) binding. Here, we used a novel Bayesian integrative modeling framework that combines data from hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, tryptophan-induced fluorescence quenching, and metadynamics simulations to derive a kinetic model and atomic-level characterization of stepwise conformational changes incurred by the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR)-Gs complex after GDP release and GTP binding. Our data suggest rapid GTP binding and GTP-induced dissociation of Gαs from β2AR and Gβγ, as opposed to a slow closing of the Gαs α-helical domain (AHD). Yeast-two-hybrid screening using Gαs AHD as bait identified melanoma-associated antigen D2 (MAGE D2) as a novel AHD-binding protein, which was also shown to accelerate the GTP-induced closing of the Gαs AHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghoon Ahn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Davide Provasi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nguyen Minh Duc
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Xu
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Leslie Salas-Estrada
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Aleksandar Spasic
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Min Woo Yun
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeong Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmin Gim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaecheol Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Du
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
| | - Marta Filizola
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ka Young Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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20
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Sun L, Wang Y, Bian F, Xu D, Zhao Y. Bioinspired optical and electrical dual-responsive heart-on-a-chip for hormone testing. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:938-945. [PMID: 37062651 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Heart-on-chips have emerged as a powerful tool to promote the paradigm innovation in cardiac pathological research and drug development. Attempts are focused on improving microphysiological visuals, enhancing bionic characteristics, as well as expanding their biomedical applications. Herein, inspired by the bright feathers of peacock, we present a novel optical and electrical dual-responsive heart-on-a-chip based on cardiomyocytes hybrid bright MXene structural color hydrogels for hormone toxicity evaluation. Such hydrogels with inverse opal nanostructure are generated by using pregel to replicate MXene-decorated colloidal photonic crystal (PhC) array templates. The attendant MXene in the hydrogels could not only enhance the saturation of structural color, but also ensure the composite hydrogel with excellent electroconductivity to facilitate the synergetic beating of their surface cultured cardiomyocytes. In this case, the hydrogels would undergo a synchronous deformation and generate shift in corresponding photonic band gap and structural color, which could be employed as visual signal for self-reporting of the cardiomyocyte mechanics. Based on these features, we demonstrated the practical value of the optical and electrical dual-responsive structural color MXene hydrogels constructed heart-on-a-chip in hormone toxicity testing. These results indicated that the proposed heart-on-a-chip might find broad prospects in drug screening, biological research, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Feika Bian
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Dongyu Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang 325001, China.
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21
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Zhang L, Mobbs JI, May LT, Glukhova A, Thal DM. The impact of cryo-EM on determining allosteric modulator-bound structures of G protein-coupled receptors. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2023; 79:102560. [PMID: 36848776 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important therapeutic targets for the treatment of human disease. Although GPCRs are highly successful drug targets, there are many challenges associated with the discovery and translation of small molecule ligands that target the endogenous ligand-binding site for GPCRs. Allosteric modulators are a class of ligands that target alternative binding sites known as allosteric sites and offer fresh opportunities for the development of new therapeutics. However, only a few allosteric modulators have been approved as drugs. Advances in GPCR structural biology enabled by the cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) revolution have provided new insights into the molecular mechanism and binding location of small molecule allosteric modulators. This review highlights the latest findings from allosteric modulator-bound structures of Class A, B, and C GPCRs with a focus on small molecule ligands. Emerging methods that will facilitate cryo-EM structures of more difficult ligand-bound GPCR complexes are also discussed. The results of these studies are anticipated to aid future structure-based drug discovery efforts across many different GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudi Zhang
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia; ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia
| | - Jesse I Mobbs
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia; ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia. https://twitter.com/@JesseMobbs
| | - Lauren T May
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia. https://twitter.com/@laurentmay
| | - Alisa Glukhova
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia; ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia; The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia. https://twitter.com/@gl_alisa
| | - David M Thal
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia; ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia.
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22
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Kumar C, Idicula-Thomas S. FSHR activation through small molecule modulators: Mechanistic insights from MD simulations. Comput Biol Med 2023; 154:106588. [PMID: 36746114 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) is a glycoprotein hormone receptor that plays a vital role in reproduction, cancer progression and osteoporosis. Owing to its therapeutic importance, several small molecule modulators have been identified by researchers through high throughput studies that usually include virtual screening of chemical libraries followed by in vitro validation through radio-ligand binding assays, cAMP accumulation and luciferase-based luminescence assays. The binding site of these modulators and structural changes that accompany modulator binding remains elusive. Here, we address these aspects through molecular docking and MD simulations on well-studied FSHR modulators and comparing the domain motions between agonist/FSH bound and antagonist bound FSHR structures. It was observed that agonist and antagonist modulators bind to the same site, but interact with distinct residues in transmembrane domain(TMD). FSHR(TMD) residues Ile522, Ala595, Ile602 and Val604 were found to interact only with agonist. Notably, these residues are conserved in the close homolog luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR) and participate in interaction with its agonist Org43553. We observed distinctly prominent domain motions and conformational changes in TM helices 3, 4 and 6 for agonist bound FSHR structure. These structural changes have also been reported for LHCGR, and few GPCR members suggesting an important and well conserved mechanism of GPHR activation that could be exploited for design of novel modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Kumar
- Biomedical Informatics Centre, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, 400012, Maharashtra, India
| | - Susan Idicula-Thomas
- Biomedical Informatics Centre, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, 400012, Maharashtra, India.
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23
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Yang LK, Zhang J, Liu D, Han TY, Qin QS, Wang AQ, Dong B. Ancestral glycoprotein hormone and its cognate receptor present in primitive chordate ascidian: Molecular identification and functional characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:401-412. [PMID: 36592853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The glycoprotein hormone (GPH) system is fundamentally significant in regulating the physiology of chordates, such as thyroid activity and gonadal function. However, the knowledge of the GPH system in the primitive chordate ascidian species is largely lacking. Here, we reported an ancestral GPH system in the ascidian (Styela clava), which consists of GPH α subunit (Sc-GPA2), GPH β subunit (Sc-GPB5), and the cognate leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor (Sc-GPHR). Comparative structure analysis revealed that distinct from vertebrate GPH β subunits, Sc-GPB5 was less conserved, showing an atypical N-terminal sequence with a type II transmembrane domain instead of a typical signal peptide. By investigating the presence of recombinant Sc-GPA2 and Sc-GPB5 in cell lysates and culture media of HEK293T cells, we confirmed that these two subunits could be secreted out of the cells via distinct secretory pathways. The deglycosylation experiments demonstrated that N-linked glycosylation only occurred on the conserved cysteine residue (N78) of Sc-GPA2, whereas Sc-GPB5 was non-glycosylated. Although Sc-GPB5 exhibited distinct topology and biochemical properties in contrast to its chordate counterparts, it could still interact with Sc-GPA2 to form a heterodimer. The Sc-GPHR was then confirmed to be activated by tethered Sc-GPA2/GPB5 heterodimer on the Gs-cAMP pathway, suggesting that Sc-GPA2/GPB5 heterodimer-initiated Gs-cAMP signaling pathway is evolutionarily conserved in chordates. Furthermore, in situ hybridization and RT-PCR results revealed the co-expression patterns of Sc-GPA2 and Sc-GPB5 with Sc-GPHR transcripts, respectively in ascidian larvae and adults, highlighting the potential functions of Sc-GPA2/GPB5 heterodimer as an autocrine/paracrine neurohormone in regulating metamorphosis of larvae and physiological functions of adults. Our study systematically investigated the GPA2/GPB5-GPHR system in ascidian for the first time, which offers insights into understanding the function and evolution of the GPH system within the chordate lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Kun Yang
- Fang Zongxi Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Fang Zongxi Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Di Liu
- Fang Zongxi Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Tong-Ye Han
- Fang Zongxi Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qi-Shu Qin
- Fang Zongxi Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - An-Qi Wang
- Haide College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Fang Zongxi Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China; Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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24
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Shen S, Zhao C, Wu C, Sun S, Li Z, Yan W, Shao Z. Allosteric modulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1137604. [PMID: 36875468 PMCID: PMC9978769 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1137604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest family of transmembrane proteins, regulate a wide array of physiological processes in response to extracellular signals. Although these receptors have proven to be the most successful class of drug targets, their complicated signal transduction pathways (including different effector G proteins and β-arrestins) and mediation by orthosteric ligands often cause difficulties for drug development, such as on- or off-target effects. Interestingly, identification of ligands that engage allosteric binding sites, which are different from classic orthosteric sites, can promote pathway-specific effects in cooperation with orthosteric ligands. Such pharmacological properties of allosteric modulators offer new strategies to design safer GPCR-targeted therapeutics for various diseases. Here, we explore recent structural studies of GPCRs bound to allosteric modulators. Our inspection of all GPCR families reveals recognition mechanisms of allosteric regulation. More importantly, this review highlights the diversity of allosteric sites and presents how allosteric modulators control specific GPCR pathways to provide opportunities for the development of new valuable agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Yan
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhenhua Shao
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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25
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Sala D, Hildebrand PW, Meiler J. Biasing AlphaFold2 to predict GPCRs and kinases with user-defined functional or structural properties. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1121962. [PMID: 36876042 PMCID: PMC9978208 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1121962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining the three-dimensional structure of proteins in their native functional states has been a longstanding challenge in structural biology. While integrative structural biology has been the most effective way to get a high-accuracy structure of different conformations and mechanistic insights for larger proteins, advances in deep machine-learning algorithms have paved the way to fully computational predictions. In this field, AlphaFold2 (AF2) pioneered ab initio high-accuracy single-chain modeling. Since then, different customizations have expanded the number of conformational states accessible through AF2. Here, we further expanded AF2 with the aim of enriching an ensemble of models with user-defined functional or structural features. We tackled two common protein families for drug discovery, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and kinases. Our approach automatically identifies the best templates satisfying the specified features and combines those with genetic information. We also introduced the possibility of shuffling the selected templates to expand the space of solutions. In our benchmark, models showed the intended bias and great accuracy. Our protocol can thus be exploited for modeling user-defined conformational states in an automatic fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Sala
- Institute of Drug Discovery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter W. Hildebrand
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens Meiler
- Institute of Drug Discovery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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26
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Duan J, Xu P, Zhang H, Luan X, Yang J, He X, Mao C, Shen DD, Ji Y, Cheng X, Jiang H, Jiang Y, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Xu HE. Mechanism of hormone and allosteric agonist mediated activation of follicle stimulating hormone receptor. Nat Commun 2023; 14:519. [PMID: 36720854 PMCID: PMC9889800 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36170-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is an essential glycoprotein hormone for human reproduction, which functions are mediated by a G protein-coupled receptor, FSHR. Aberrant FSH-FSHR signaling causes infertility and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Here we report cryo-EM structures of FSHR in both inactive and active states, with the active structure bound to FSH and an allosteric agonist compound 21 f. The structures of FSHR are similar to other glycoprotein hormone receptors, highlighting a conserved activation mechanism of hormone-induced receptor activation. Compound 21 f formed extensive interactions with the TMD to directly activate FSHR. Importantly, the unique residue H6157.42 in FSHR plays an essential role in determining FSHR selectivity for various allosteric agonists. Together, our structures provide a molecular basis of FSH and small allosteric agonist-mediated FSHR activation, which could inspire the design of FSHR-targeted drugs for the treatment of infertility and controlled ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Peiyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Huibing Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammatory diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaodong Luan
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of medicine, Tsinghua university, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for life science, Tsinghua university, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyou Mao
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammatory diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dan-Dan Shen
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammatory diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yujie Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.,Lingang Laboratory, 200031, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Lingang Laboratory, 200031, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China. .,School of medicine, Tsinghua university, Beijing, China. .,Tsinghua-Peking Center for life science, Tsinghua university, Beijing, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammatory diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - H Eric Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China.
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27
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Dmitrieva DA, Kotova TV, Safronova NA, Sadova AA, Dashevskii DE, Mishin AV. Protein Design Strategies for the Structural–Functional Studies of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2023; 88:S192-S226. [PMID: 37069121 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923140110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are an important family of membrane proteins responsible for many physiological functions in human body. High resolution GPCR structures are required to understand their molecular mechanisms and perform rational drug design, as GPCRs play a crucial role in a variety of diseases. That is difficult to obtain for the wild-type proteins because of their low stability. In this review, we discuss how this problem can be solved by using protein design strategies developed to obtain homogeneous stabilized GPCR samples for crystallization and cryoelectron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria A Dmitrieva
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Kotova
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Nadezda A Safronova
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Alexandra A Sadova
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Dmitrii E Dashevskii
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Alexey V Mishin
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia.
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28
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He XH, You CZ, Jiang HL, Jiang Y, Xu HE, Cheng X. AlphaFold2 versus experimental structures: evaluation on G protein-coupled receptors. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:1-7. [PMID: 35778488 PMCID: PMC9813356 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00938-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As important drug targets, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play pivotal roles in a wide range of physiological processes. Extensive efforts of structural biology have been made on the study of GPCRs. However, a large portion of GPCR structures remain unsolved due to structural instability. Recently, AlphaFold2 has been developed to predict structure models of many functionally important proteins including all members of the GPCR family. Herein we evaluated the accuracy of GPCR structure models predicted by AlphaFold2. We revealed that AlphaFold2 could capture the overall backbone features of the receptors. However, the predicted models and experimental structures were different in many aspects including the assembly of the extracellular and transmembrane domains, the shape of the ligand-binding pockets, and the conformation of the transducer-binding interfaces. These differences impeded the use of predicted structure models in the functional study and structure-based drug design of GPCRs, which required reliable high-resolution structural information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Heng He
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chong-Zhao You
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hua-Liang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - H Eric Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Xi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
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29
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Luo P, Feng W, Ma S, Dai A, Wu K, Chen X, Yuan Q, Cai X, Yang D, Wang MW, Eric Xu H, Jiang Y. Structural basis of signaling regulation of the human melanocortin-2 receptor by MRAP1. Cell Res 2023; 33:46-54. [PMID: 36588120 PMCID: PMC9810661 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-022-00751-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are regulated by various downstream proteins, of which the melanocortin receptor accessory protein 1 (MRAP1) is closely involved in the regulation of melanocortin receptor 2 (MC2R). Assisted by MRAP1, MC2R responds to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and stimulates glucocorticoid biogenesis and cortisol secretion. MC2R activation plays an essential role in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis that regulates stress response, while its dysfunction causes glucocorticoid insufficiency- or cortisol excess-associated disorders. Here, we present a cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the ACTH-bound MC2R-Gs-MRAP1 complex. Our structure, together with mutagenesis analysis, reveals a unique sharp kink at the extracellular region of MRAP1 and the 'seat-belt' effect of MRAP1 on stabilizing ACTH binding and MC2R activation. Mechanisms of ACTH recognition by MC2R and receptor activation are also demonstrated. These findings deepen our understanding of GPCR regulation by accessory proteins and provide valuable insights into the ab initio design of therapeutic agents targeting MC2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Luo
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbo Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Antao Dai
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Wu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianyue Chen
- Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Qingning Yuan
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqing Cai
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dehua Yang
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, Hainan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, Hainan, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - H Eric Xu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yi Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai, China.
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30
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Núñez Miguel R, Sanders P, Allen L, Evans M, Holly M, Johnson W, Sullivan A, Sanders J, Furmaniak J, Rees Smith B. Structure of full-length TSH receptor in complex with antibody K1-70™. J Mol Endocrinol 2023; 70:e220120. [PMID: 36069797 PMCID: PMC9782461 DOI: 10.1530/jme-22-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Determination of the full-length thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) structure by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is described. The TSHR complexed with human monoclonal TSHR autoantibody K1-70™ (a powerful inhibitor of TSH action) was detergent solubilised, purified to homogeneity and analysed by cryo-EM. The structure (global resolution 3.3 Å) is a monomer with all three domains visible: leucine-rich domain (LRD), hinge region (HR) and transmembrane domain (TMD). The TSHR extracellular domain (ECD, composed of the LRD and HR) is positioned on top of the TMD extracellular surface. Extensive interactions between the TMD and ECD are observed in the structure, and their analysis provides an explanation of the effects of various TSHR mutations on TSHR constitutive activity and on ligand-induced activation. K1-70™ is seen to be well clear of the lipid bilayer. However, superimposition of M22™ (a human monoclonal TSHR autoantibody which is a powerful stimulator of the TSHR) on the cryo-EM structure shows that it would clash with the bilayer unless the TSHR HR rotates upwards as part of the M22™ binding process. This rotation could have an important role in TSHR stimulation by M22™ and as such provides an explanation as to why K1-70™ blocks the binding of TSH and M22™ without activating the receptor itself.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Sanders
- FIRS Laboratories, RSR Ltd, Parc Ty Glas, Llanishen, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lloyd Allen
- FIRS Laboratories, RSR Ltd, Parc Ty Glas, Llanishen, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michele Evans
- FIRS Laboratories, RSR Ltd, Parc Ty Glas, Llanishen, Cardiff, UK
| | - Matthew Holly
- FIRS Laboratories, RSR Ltd, Parc Ty Glas, Llanishen, Cardiff, UK
| | - William Johnson
- FIRS Laboratories, RSR Ltd, Parc Ty Glas, Llanishen, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew Sullivan
- FIRS Laboratories, RSR Ltd, Parc Ty Glas, Llanishen, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jane Sanders
- FIRS Laboratories, RSR Ltd, Parc Ty Glas, Llanishen, Cardiff, UK
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31
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Casarini L, Simoni M. Membrane estrogen receptor and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2022; 123:555-585. [PMID: 37717998 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estrogens are fundamental to support reproductive functions. Beside the well-known FSH membrane receptor (FSHR), a G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) has been found, over the last two decades, in several tissues. It may trigger rapid, non-genomic responses of estradiol, activating proliferative and survival stimuli. The two receptors were co-characterized in the ovary, where they modulate different intracellular signaling cascades, according to the expression level and developmental stage of ovarian follicles. Moreover, they may physically interact to form heteromeric assemblies, suggestive of a new mode of action to regulate FSH-specific signals, and likely determining the follicular fate between atresia and dominance. The knowledge of FSH and estrogen membrane receptors provides a new, deeper level of comprehension of human reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Casarini
- Unit of Endocrinology, Dept. Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Manuela Simoni
- Unit of Endocrinology, Dept. Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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32
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Preventing Growth Stagnation and Premature LH Surge Are the Keys to Obtaining a Viable Embryo in Monofollicular IVF Cycles: A Retrospective Cohort Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11237140. [PMID: 36498713 PMCID: PMC9737977 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11237140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
How LH levels influenced the outcomes of monofollicular IVF cycles using different stimulation protocols was controversial. In this single-center, retrospective study, we analyzed 815 monofollicular IVF cycles between 2016−2022 using natural cycle (NC), medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) or clomiphene citrate (CC) in addition to human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG), with or without GnRH antagonist. A viable embryo was obtained in 35.7% of all cycles. Growth stagnation and premature LH surge are two markedly negative factors for obtaining viable embryos (odds ratios of 0.12 [0.08−0.65], p < 0.0001 and 0.33 [0.26,0.42], p < 0.0001, respectively). NC/hMG cycles are prone to premature LH surge (40.4%), yielding a significantly lower opportunity of obtaining embryos (24.7%, p = 0.029). The administration of GnRH antagonist on the background of MPA resulted in a significant decrease in LH levels (from 2.26 IU/L to −0.89 IU/L relative to baseline, p = 0.000214), leading to a higher risk of growth stagnation (18.6%, p = 0.007). We hypothesized that the abrupt decline of LH might increase the risk of apoptosis in granulosa cells. We proposed a “marginal effect” framework to emphasize that the change of LH was the key to its bioactivity, rather than the traditional “window” concept with fixed cutoff values of a threshold and a ceiling.
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33
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Raynaud P, Gauthier C, Jugnarain V, Jean-Alphonse F, Reiter E, Bruneau G, Crépieux P. Intracellular VHHs to monitor and modulate GPCR signaling. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1048601. [PMID: 36465650 PMCID: PMC9708903 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1048601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-domain antibody fragments, also known as VHHs or nanobodies, have opened promising avenues in therapeutics and in exploration of intracellular processes. Because of their unique structural properties, they can reach cryptic regions in their cognate antigen. Intracellular VHHs/antibodies primarily directed against cytosolic proteins or transcription factors have been described. In contrast, few of them target membrane proteins and even less recognize G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are major therapeutic targets, which reflects their involvement in a plethora of physiological responses. Hence, they elicit a tremendous interest in the scientific community and in the industry. Comprehension of their pharmacology has been obscured by their conformational complexity, that has precluded deciphering their structural properties until the early 2010's. To that respect, intracellular VHHs have been instrumental in stabilizing G protein-coupled receptors in active conformations in order to solve their structure, possibly bound to their primary transducers, G proteins or β-arrestins. In contrast, the modulatory properties of VHHs recognizing the intracellular regions of G protein-coupled receptors on the induced signaling network have been poorly studied. In this review, we will present the advances that the intracellular VHHs have permitted in the field of GPCR signaling and trafficking. We will also discuss the methodological hurdles that linger the discovery of modulatory intracellular VHHs directed against GPCRs, as well as the opportunities they open in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Raynaud
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français du Cheval et de l’Equitation (IFCE), Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Camille Gauthier
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français du Cheval et de l’Equitation (IFCE), Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Vinesh Jugnarain
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français du Cheval et de l’Equitation (IFCE), Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Frédéric Jean-Alphonse
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français du Cheval et de l’Equitation (IFCE), Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
- Inria, Inria Saclay-Ile-de-France, Palaiseau, France
| | - Eric Reiter
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français du Cheval et de l’Equitation (IFCE), Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
- Inria, Inria Saclay-Ile-de-France, Palaiseau, France
| | - Gilles Bruneau
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français du Cheval et de l’Equitation (IFCE), Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascale Crépieux
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français du Cheval et de l’Equitation (IFCE), Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
- Inria, Inria Saclay-Ile-de-France, Palaiseau, France
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34
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Hinge Region Mediates Signal Transmission of Luteinizing Hormone and Chorionic Gonadotropin Receptor. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:6503-6511. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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35
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Tian W, Qi H, Wang Z, Qiao S, Wang P, Dong J, Wang H. Hormone supply to the pituitary gland: A comprehensive investigation of female‑related tumors (Review). Int J Mol Med 2022; 50:122. [PMID: 35946461 PMCID: PMC9387558 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2022.5178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus acts on the pituitary gland after signal integration, thus regulating various physiological functions of the body. The pituitary gland includes the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis, which differ in structure and function. The hypothalamus-hypophysis axis controls the secretion of adenohypophyseal hormones through the pituitary portal vein system. Thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, gonadotropin, growth hormone (GH), and prolactin (PRL) are secreted by the adenohypophysis and regulate the functions of the body in physiological and pathological conditions. The aim of this review was to summarize the functions of female-associated hormones (GH, PRL, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone) in tumors. Their pathophysiology was described and the mechanisms underlying female hormone-related diseases were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Tian
- School of Basic Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Huimin Qi
- School of Basic Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Zhimei Wang
- Jiangsu Province Hi‑Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Sen Qiao
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, D‑66421 Homburg‑Saar, Germany
| | - Ping Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Junhong Dong
- School of Basic Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
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36
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Faust B, Billesbølle CB, Suomivuori CM, Singh I, Zhang K, Hoppe N, Pinto AFM, Diedrich JK, Muftuoglu Y, Szkudlinski MW, Saghatelian A, Dror RO, Cheng Y, Manglik A. Autoantibody mimicry of hormone action at the thyrotropin receptor. Nature 2022; 609:846-853. [PMID: 35940205 PMCID: PMC9678024 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are vital in metabolism, growth and development1. Thyroid hormone synthesis is controlled by thyrotropin (TSH), which acts at the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR)2. In patients with Graves' disease, autoantibodies that activate the TSHR pathologically increase thyroid hormone activity3. How autoantibodies mimic thyrotropin function remains unclear. Here we determined cryo-electron microscopy structures of active and inactive TSHR. In inactive TSHR, the extracellular domain lies close to the membrane bilayer. Thyrotropin selects an upright orientation of the extracellular domain owing to steric clashes between a conserved hormone glycan and the membrane bilayer. An activating autoantibody from a patient with Graves' disease selects a similar upright orientation of the extracellular domain. Reorientation of the extracellular domain transduces a conformational change in the seven-transmembrane-segment domain via a conserved hinge domain, a tethered peptide agonist and a phospholipid that binds within the seven-transmembrane-segment domain. Rotation of the TSHR extracellular domain relative to the membrane bilayer is sufficient for receptor activation, revealing a shared mechanism for other glycoprotein hormone receptors that may also extend to other G-protein-coupled receptors with large extracellular domains.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- Graves Disease/immunology
- Graves Disease/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins, Thyroid-Stimulating/chemistry
- Immunoglobulins, Thyroid-Stimulating/immunology
- Immunoglobulins, Thyroid-Stimulating/pharmacology
- Immunoglobulins, Thyroid-Stimulating/ultrastructure
- Phospholipids/metabolism
- Protein Domains
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/ultrastructure
- Receptors, Thyrotropin/agonists
- Receptors, Thyrotropin/chemistry
- Receptors, Thyrotropin/immunology
- Receptors, Thyrotropin/ultrastructure
- Rotation
- Thyrotropin/chemistry
- Thyrotropin/metabolism
- Thyrotropin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Faust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Carl-Mikael Suomivuori
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Isha Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kaihua Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Hoppe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Antonio F M Pinto
- Mass Spectrometry Core for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jolene K Diedrich
- Mass Spectrometry Core for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratory for Peptide Biology Lab, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ron O Dror
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yifan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Aashish Manglik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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37
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Hormone- and antibody-mediated activation of the thyrotropin receptor. Nature 2022; 609:854-859. [PMID: 35940204 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), through activation of its G protein-coupled thyrotropin receptor (TSHR), controls the synthesis of thyroid hormone (TH), an essential metabolic hormone1-3. Aberrant signaling of TSHR by autoantibodies causes Graves' disease and hypothyroidism that affect millions of patients worldwide4. Here we report the active structures of TSHR with TSH and an activating autoantibody M225, both bound to an allosteric agonist ML-1096, as well as an inactivated TSHR structure with inhibitory antibody K1-707. Both TSH and M22 push the extracellular domain (ECD) of TSHR into the upright active conformation. In contrast, K1-70 blocks TSH binding and is incapable of pushing the ECD to the upright conformation. Comparisons of the active and inactivated structures of TSHR with those of the luteinizing hormone-choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR) reveal a universal activation mechanism of glycoprotein hormone receptors, in which a conserved 10-residue fragment (P10) from the hinge C-terminal loop mediates ECD interactions with the TSHR transmembrane domain8. One surprisingly feature is that there are over 15 cholesterols surrounding TSHR, supporting its preferential location in lipid rafts9. These structures also highlight a similar ECD-push mechanism for TSH and autoantibody M22 to activate TSHR, thus providing the molecular basis for Graves' disease.
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38
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Structural basis for the tethered peptide activation of adhesion GPCRs. Nature 2022; 604:763-770. [PMID: 35418678 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04619-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion G-protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are important for organogenesis, neurodevelopment, reproduction and other processes1-6. Many aGPCRs are activated by a conserved internal (tethered) agonist sequence known as the Stachel sequence7-12. Here, we report the cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of two aGPCRs in complex with Gs: GPR133 and GPR114. The structures indicate that the Stachel sequences of both receptors assume an α-helical-bulge-β-sheet structure and insert into a binding site formed by the transmembrane domain (TMD). A hydrophobic interaction motif (HIM) within the Stachel sequence mediates most of the intramolecular interactions with the TMD. Combined with the cryo-EM structures, biochemical characterization of the HIM motif provides insight into the cross-reactivity and selectivity of the Stachel sequences. Two interconnected mechanisms, the sensing of Stachel sequences by the conserved 'toggle switch' W6.53 and the constitution of a hydrogen-bond network formed by Q7.49/Y7.49 and the P6.47/V6.47φφG6.50 motif (φ indicates a hydrophobic residue), are important in Stachel sequence-mediated receptor activation and Gs coupling. Notably, this network stabilizes kink formation in TM helices 6 and 7 (TM6 and TM7, respectively). A common Gs-binding interface is observed between the two aGPCRs, and GPR114 has an extended TM7 that forms unique interactions with Gs. Our structures reveal the detailed mechanisms of aGPCR activation by Stachel sequences and their Gs coupling.
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Wilde C, Mitgau J, Suchý T, Schoeneberg T, Liebscher I. Translating the Force - mechano-sensing GPCRs. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C1047-C1060. [PMID: 35417266 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00465.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Incorporating mechanical cues into cellular responses allows us to experience our direct environment. Specialized cells can perceive and discriminate between different physical properties such as level of vibration, temperature, or pressure. Mechanical forces are abundant signals that also shape general cellular responses such as cytoskeletal rearrangement, differentiation, or migration and contribute to tissue development and function. The molecular structures that perceive and transduce mechanical forces are specialized cytoskeletal proteins, cell junction molecules, and membrane proteins such as ion channels and metabotropic receptors. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have attracted attention as metabotropic force receptors as they are among the most important drug targets. This review summarizes the function of mechano-sensitive GPCRs, specifically, the angiotensin II type 1 receptor and adrenergic, apelin, histamine, parathyroid hormone 1, and orphan receptors, focusing particularly on the advanced knowledge gained from adhesion-type GPCRs. We distinguish between shear stress and cell swelling/stretch as the two major types of mechano-activation of these receptors and contemplate the potential contribution of the force-from-lipid and force-from-tether models that have previously been suggested for ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Wilde
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Germany
| | - Jakob Mitgau
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Germany
| | - Tomás Suchý
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Germany
| | - Torsten Schoeneberg
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Germany
| | - Ines Liebscher
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Germany
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Butnev VY, May JV, Brown AR, Sharma T, Butnev VY, White WK, Harvey DJ, Bousfield GR. Human FSH Glycoform α-Subunit Asparagine 52 Glycans: Major Glycan Structural Consistency, Minor Glycan Variation in Abundance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:767661. [PMID: 36329887 PMCID: PMC9623679 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.767661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), an α/β heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone, consists of functionally significant variants resulting from the presence or absence of either one of two FSHβ subunit N-glycans. The two most abundant variants are fully-glycosylated FSH24 (based on 24 kDa FSHβ band in Western blots) and hypo-glycosylated FSH21 (21 kDa band, lacks βAsn24 glycans). Due to its ability to bind more rapidly to the FSH receptor and occupy more FSH binding sites than FSH24, hypo-glycosylated FSH21 exhibits greater biological activity. Endoglycosidase F1-deglycosylated FSH bound to the complete extracellular domain of the FSH receptor crystallized as a trimeric complex. It was noted that a single biantennary glycan attached to FSHα Asn52 might preemptively fill the central pocket in this complex and prevent the other two FSH ligands from binding the remaining ligand-binding sites. As the most active FSH21 preparations possessed more rapidly migrating α-subunit bands in Western blots, we hypothesized that Asn52 glycans in these preparations were small enough to enable greater FSH21 receptor occupancy in the putative FSHR trimer model. Highly purified hFSH oligosaccharides derived from each FSH subunit, were characterized by electrospray ionization-ion mobility-collision-induced dissociation (ESI-IM-CID) mass spectrometry. FSHβ glycans typically possessed core-linked fucose and were roughly one third bi-antennary, one third tri-antennary and one third tetra-antennary. FSHα oligosaccharides largely lacked core fucose and were bi- or tri-antennary. Those αAsn52 glycans exhibiting tetra-antennary glycan m/z values were found to be tri-antennary, with lactosamine repeats accounting for the additional mass. Selective αAsn52 deglycosylation of representative pituitary hFSH glycoform Superdex 75 gel filtration fractions followed by ESI-IM-CID mass spectrometry revealed tri-antennary glycans predominated even in the lowest molecular weight FSH glycoforms. Accordingly, the differences in binding capacity of the same receptor preparation to different FSH glycoforms are likely the organization of the FSH receptor in cell membranes, rather than the αAsn52 oligosaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Y Butnev
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, United States
| | - Jeffrey V May
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, United States
| | - Alan R Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, United States
| | - Tarak Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, United States
| | - Vladimir Y Butnev
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, United States
| | - William K White
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, United States
| | - David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - George R Bousfield
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, United States
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Roy N, Mascolo E, Lazzaretti C, Paradiso E, D’Alessandro S, Zaręba K, Simoni M, Casarini L. Endocrine Disruption of the Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor Signaling During the Human Antral Follicle Growth. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:791763. [PMID: 34956099 PMCID: PMC8692709 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.791763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of pollutants with endocrine disrupting potential are accumulating in the environment, increasing the exposure risk for humans. Several of them are known or suspected to interfere with endocrine signals, impairing reproductive functions. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a glycoprotein playing an essential role in supporting antral follicle maturation and may be a target of disrupting chemicals (EDs) likely impacting female fertility. EDs may interfere with FSH-mediated signals at different levels, since they may modulate the mRNA or protein levels of both the hormone and its receptor (FSHR), perturb the functioning of partner membrane molecules, modify intracellular signal transduction pathways and gene expression. In vitro studies and animal models provided results helpful to understand ED modes of action and suggest that they could effectively play a role as molecules interfering with the female reproductive system. However, most of these data are potentially subjected to experimental limitations and need to be confirmed by long-term observations in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neena Roy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Ospedale Civile Sant’Agostino-Estense, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Elisa Mascolo
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Ospedale Civile Sant’Agostino-Estense, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Clara Lazzaretti
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Ospedale Civile Sant’Agostino-Estense, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- International PhD School in Clinical and Experimental Medicine (CEM), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Elia Paradiso
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Ospedale Civile Sant’Agostino-Estense, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- International PhD School in Clinical and Experimental Medicine (CEM), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Sara D’Alessandro
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Ospedale Civile Sant’Agostino-Estense, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- International PhD School in Clinical and Experimental Medicine (CEM), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Kornelia Zaręba
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Manuela Simoni
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Ospedale Civile Sant’Agostino-Estense, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Livio Casarini
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Ospedale Civile Sant’Agostino-Estense, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- *Correspondence: Livio Casarini,
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