1
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van de Wall S, Anthony SM, Hancox LS, Pewe LL, Langlois RA, Zehn D, Badovinac VP, Harty JT. Dynamic landscapes and protective immunity coordinated by influenza-specific lung-resident memory CD8 + T cells revealed by intravital imaging. Immunity 2024; 57:1878-1892.e5. [PMID: 39043185 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Lung-tissue-resident memory (TRM) CD8+ T cells are critical for heterosubtypic immunity against influenza virus (IAV) reinfection. How TRM cells surveil the lung, respond to infection, and interact with other cells remains unresolved. Here, we used IAV infection of mice in combination with intravital and static imaging to define the spatiotemporal dynamics of lung TRM cells before and after recall infection. CD69+CD103+ TRM cells preferentially localized to lung sites of prior IAV infection, where they exhibited patrolling behavior. After rechallenge, lung TRM cells formed tight clusters in an antigen-dependent manner. Transcriptomic analysis of IAV-specific TRM cells revealed the expression of several factors that regulate myeloid cell biology. In vivo rechallenge experiments demonstrated that protection elicited by TRM cells is orchestrated in part by interferon (IFN)-γ-mediated recruitment of inflammatory monocytes into the lungs. Overall, these data illustrate the dynamic landscapes of CD103+ lung TRM cells that mediate early protective immunity against IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie van de Wall
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Scott M Anthony
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Lisa S Hancox
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Lecia L Pewe
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ryan A Langlois
- University of Minnesota, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- TUM Center for Infection Prevention (ZIP) and Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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2
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Gavil NV, Cheng K, Masopust D. Resident memory T cells and cancer. Immunity 2024; 57:1734-1751. [PMID: 39142275 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells positively correlate with cancer survival, but the anti-tumor mechanisms underlying this relationship are not understood. This review reconciles these observations, summarizing concepts of T cell immunosurveillance, fundamental TRM cell biology, and clinical observations on the role of TRM cells in cancer and immunotherapy outcomes. We also discuss emerging strategies that utilize TRM-phenotype cells for patient diagnostics, staging, and therapy. Current challenges are highlighted, including a lack of standardized T cell nomenclature and our limited understanding of relationships between T cell markers and underlying tumor biology. Existing findings are integrated into a summary of the field while emphasizing opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Veis Gavil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Katarina Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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3
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Clark EA, Talatala ER, Ye W, Davis RJ, Collins SL, Hillel AT, Ramirez-Solano M, Sheng Q, Wanjalla CN, Mallal SA, Gelbard A. Similarity Network Analysis of the Adaptive Immune Response in the Proximal Airway. Laryngoscope 2024; 134:3245-3252. [PMID: 38450771 PMCID: PMC11182723 DOI: 10.1002/lary.31376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent immunologic study of the adaptive immune repertoire in the subglottic airway demonstrated high-frequency T cell clones that do not overlap between individuals. However, the anatomic distribution and antigenic target of the T cell repertoire in the proximal airway mucosa remain unresolved. METHODS Single-cell RNA sequencing of matched scar and unaffected mucosa from idiopathic subglottic stenosis patients (iSGS, n = 32) was performed and compared with airway mucosa from healthy controls (n = 10). T cell receptor (TCR) sequences were interrogated via similarity network analysis to explore antigenic targets using the published algorithm: Grouping of Lymphocyte Interactions by Paratope Hotspots (GLIPH2). RESULTS The mucosal T cell repertoire in healthy control airways consisted of highly expressed T cell clones conserved across anatomic subsites (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lung). In iSGS, high-frequency clones were equally represented in both scar and adjacent non-scar tissue. Significant differences in repertoire structure between iSGS scar and unaffected mucosa was observed, driven by unique low-frequency clones. GLIPH2 results suggest low-frequency clones share targets between multiple iSGS patients. CONCLUSION Healthy airway mucosa has a highly conserved T cell repertoire across multiple anatomic subsites. Similarly, iSGS patients have highly expressed T cell clones present in both scar and unaffected mucosa. iSGS airway scar possesses an abundance of less highly expanded clones with predicted antigen targets shared between patients. Interrogation of these shared motifs suggests abundant adaptive immunity to viral targets in iSGS airway scar. These results provide insight into disease pathogenesis and illuminate new treatment strategies in iSGS. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 134:3245-3252, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A. Clark
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Edward R.R. Talatala
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Wenda Ye
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Ruth J. Davis
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Samuel L. Collins
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Alexander T. Hillel
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Quanhu Sheng
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Celestine N. Wanjalla
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Simon A. Mallal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Alexander Gelbard
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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4
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Jarjour NN, Dalzell TS, Maurice NJ, Wanhainen KM, Peng C, DePauw TA, Block KE, Valente WJ, Ashby KM, Masopust D, Jameson SC. Collaboration between IL-7 and IL-15 enables adaptation of tissue-resident and circulating memory CD8 + T cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.31.596695. [PMID: 38895229 PMCID: PMC11185530 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.31.596695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is considered a critical regulator of memory CD8+ T cell homeostasis, but this is primarily based on analysis of circulating and not tissue-resident memory (TRM) subsets. Furthermore, the cell-intrinsic requirement for IL-7 signaling during memory homeostasis has not been directly tested. Using inducible deletion, we found that Il7ra loss had only a modest effect on persistence of circulating memory and TRM subsets and that IL-7Rα was primarily required for normal basal proliferation. Loss of IL-15 signaling imposed heightened IL-7Rα dependence on memory CD8+ T cells, including TRM populations previously described as IL-15-independent. In the absence of IL-15 signaling, IL-7Rα was upregulated, and loss of IL-7Rα signaling reduced proliferation in response to IL-15, suggesting cross-regulation in memory CD8+ T cells. Thus, across subsets and tissues, IL-7 and IL-15 act in concert to support memory CD8+ T cells, conferring resilience to altered availability of either cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas N. Jarjour
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Talia S. Dalzell
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Maurice
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kelsey M. Wanhainen
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Changwei Peng
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Present address: Department of Immunology & HMS Center for Immune Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Taylor A. DePauw
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Katharine E. Block
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - William J. Valente
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - K. Maude Ashby
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David Masopust
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Stephen C. Jameson
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Lead contact
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5
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Kim SH, Españo E, Padasas BT, Son JH, Oh J, Webby RJ, Lee YR, Park CS, Kim JK. Influenza Virus-Derived CD8 T Cell Epitopes: Implications for the Development of Universal Influenza Vaccines. Immune Netw 2024; 24:e19. [PMID: 38974213 PMCID: PMC11224667 DOI: 10.4110/in.2024.24.e19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The influenza virus poses a global health burden. Currently, an annual vaccine is used to reduce influenza virus-associated morbidity and mortality. Most influenza vaccines have been developed to elicit neutralizing Abs against influenza virus. These Abs primarily target immunodominant epitopes derived from hemagglutinin (HA) or neuraminidase (NA) of the influenza virus incorporated in vaccines. However, HA and NA are highly variable proteins that are prone to antigenic changes, which can reduce vaccine efficacy. Therefore, it is essential to develop universal vaccines that target immunodominant epitopes derived from conserved regions of the influenza virus, enabling cross-protection among different virus variants. The internal proteins of the influenza virus serve as ideal targets for universal vaccines. These internal proteins are presented by MHC class I molecules on Ag-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, and recognized by CD8 T cells, which elicit CD8 T cell responses, reducing the likelihood of disease and influenza viral spread by inducing virus-infected cell apoptosis. In this review, we highlight the importance of CD8 T cell-mediated immunity against influenza viruses and that of viral epitopes for developing CD8 T cell-based influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong 30019, Korea
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Erica Españo
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | | | - Ju-Ho Son
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Jihee Oh
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38195, USA
| | - Young-Ran Lee
- Bio-Convergence R&D Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Cheongju 28160, Korea
| | - Chan-Su Park
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ki Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong 30019, Korea
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6
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Hao Z, Xin Z, Chen Y, Shao Z, Lin W, Wu W, Lin M, Liu Q, Chen D, Wu D, Wu P. JAML promotes the antitumor role of tumor-resident CD8 + T cells by facilitating their innate-like function in human lung cancer. Cancer Lett 2024; 590:216839. [PMID: 38570084 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory CD8+T cells (CD8+TRMs) are thought to play a crucial role in cancer immunosurveillance. However, the characteristics of CD8+TRMs in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remain unclear. Here, we report that CD8+TRMs accumulate explicitly and exhibit a unique gene expression profile in the TME of NSCLC. Interestingly, these tumor-associated CD8+TRMs uniquely exhibit an innate-like phenotype. Importantly, we found that junction adhesion molecule-like (JAML) provides an alternative costimulatory signal to activate tumor-associated CD8+TRMs via combination with cancer cell-derived CXADR (CXADR Ig-like cell adhesion molecule). Furthermore, we demonstrated that activating JAML could promote the expression of TLR1/2 on CD8+TRMs, inhibit tumor progression and prolong the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Finally, we found that higher CD8+TRMs and JAML expression in the TME could predict favorable clinical outcomes in NSCLC patients. Our study reveals an intrinsic bias of CD8+TRMs for receiving the tumor-derived costimulatory signal in the TME, which sustains their innate-like function and antitumor role. These findings will shed more light on the biology of CD8+TRMs and aid in the development of potential targeted treatment strategies for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixing Hao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Zhongwei Xin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yongyuan Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Zheyu Shao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Wenxuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Mingjie Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Qinyuan Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Di Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Dang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Pin Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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7
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Mosmann TR, McMichael AJ, LeVert A, McCauley JW, Almond JW. Opportunities and challenges for T cell-based influenza vaccines. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01030-8. [PMID: 38698082 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Vaccination remains our main defence against influenza, which causes substantial annual mortality and poses a serious pandemic threat. Influenza virus evades immunity by rapidly changing its surface antigens but, even when the vaccine is well matched to the current circulating virus strains, influenza vaccines are not as effective as many other vaccines. Influenza vaccine development has traditionally focused on the induction of protective antibodies, but there is mounting evidence that T cell responses are also protective against influenza. Thus, future vaccines designed to promote both broad T cell effector functions and antibodies may provide enhanced protection. As we discuss, such vaccines present several challenges that require new strategic and economic considerations. Vaccine-induced T cells relevant to protection may reside in the lungs or lymphoid tissues, requiring more invasive assays to assess the immunogenicity of vaccine candidates. T cell functions may contain and resolve infection rather than completely prevent infection and early illness, requiring vaccine effectiveness to be assessed based on the prevention of severe disease and death rather than symptomatic infection. It can be complex and costly to measure T cell responses and infrequent clinical outcomes, and thus innovations in clinical trial design are needed for economic reasons. Nevertheless, the goal of more effective influenza vaccines justifies renewed and intensive efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim R Mosmann
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Andrew J McMichael
- Centre for Immuno-Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Jeffrey W Almond
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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8
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Beumer-Chuwonpad A, Behr FM, van Alphen FPJ, Kragten NAM, Hoogendijk AJ, van den Biggelaar M, van Gisbergen KPJM. Intestinal tissue-resident memory T cells maintain distinct identity from circulating memory T cells after in vitro restimulation. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350873. [PMID: 38501878 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Resident memory T (TRM) cells have been recently established as an important subset of memory T cells that provide early and essential protection against reinfection in the absence of circulating memory T cells. Recent findings showing that TRM expand in vivo after repeated antigenic stimulation indicate that these memory T cells are not terminally differentiated. This suggests an opportunity for in vitro TRM expansion to apply in an immunotherapy setting. However, it has also been shown that TRM may not maintain their identity and form circulating memory T cells after in vivo restimulation. Therefore, we set out to determine how TRM respond to antigenic activation in culture. Using Listeria monocytogenes and LCMV infection models, we found that TRM from the intraepithelial compartment of the small intestine expand in vitro after antigenic stimulation and subsequent resting in homeostatic cytokines. A large fraction of the expanded TRM retained their phenotype, including the expression of key TRM markers CD69 and CD103 (ITGAE). The optimal culture of TRM required low O2 pressure to maintain the expression of these and other TRM-associated molecules. Expanded TRM retained their effector capacity to produce cytokines after restimulation, but did not acquire a highly glycolytic profile indicative of effector T cells. The proteomic analysis confirmed TRM profile retention, including expression of TRM-related transcription factors, tissue retention factors, adhesion molecules, and enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism. Collectively, our data indicate that limiting oxygen conditions supports in vitro expansion of TRM cells that maintain their TRM phenotype, at least in part, suggesting an opportunity for therapeutic strategies that require in vitro expansion of TRM.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Memory T Cells/immunology
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Mice
- Listeria monocytogenes/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Integrin alpha Chains/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Listeriosis/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytokines/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammarina Beumer-Chuwonpad
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Felix M Behr
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Floris P J van Alphen
- Department of Research Facilities, Sanquin Research and Laboratory Services, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Natasja A M Kragten
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arie J Hoogendijk
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Klaas P J M van Gisbergen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
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9
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Migayron L, Merhi R, Seneschal J, Boniface K. Resident memory T cells in nonlesional skin and healed lesions of patients with chronic inflammatory diseases: Appearances can be deceptive. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:606-614. [PMID: 37995858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells serve as a first line of defense in peripheral tissues to protect the organism against foreign pathogens. However, autoreactive TRM cells are increasingly implicated in autoimmunity, as evidenced in chronic autoimmune and inflammatory skin conditions. This highlights the need to characterize their phenotype and understand their role for the purpose of targeting them specifically without affecting local immunity. To date, the investigation of TRM cells in human skin diseases has focused mainly on lesional tissues of patients. Accumulating evidence suggests that self-reactive TRM cells are still present in clinically healed lesions of patients and play a role in disease flares, but TRM cells also populate skin that is apparently normal. This review discusses the ontogeny of TRM cells in the skin as well as recent insights regarding the presence of self-reactive TRM cells in both clinically healed skin and nonlesional skin of patients with autoimmune and inflammatory skin conditions, with a particular focus on psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Migayron
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR5164, F-33000, Bordeaux, France; R&D Department, SILAB, Brive-la-Gaillarde, France
| | - Ribal Merhi
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR5164, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julien Seneschal
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR5164, F-33000, Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology, National Reference Center for Rare Skin Disorders, Hôpital Saint-André, UMR Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Katia Boniface
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR5164, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
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10
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Marchesini Tovar G, Gallen C, Bergsbaken T. CD8+ Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells: Versatile Guardians of the Tissue. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:361-368. [PMID: 38227907 PMCID: PMC10794029 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (Trm) cells are a subset of T cells maintained throughout life within nonlymphoid tissues without significant contribution from circulating memory T cells. CD8+ Trm cells contribute to both tissue surveillance and direct elimination of pathogens through a variety of mechanisms. Reactivation of these Trm cells during infection drives systematic changes within the tissue, including altering the state of the epithelium, activating local immune cells, and contributing to the permissiveness of the tissue for circulating immune cell entry. Trm cells can be further classified by their functional outputs, which can be either subset- or tissue-specific, and include proliferation, tissue egress, and modulation of tissue physiology. These functional outputs of Trm cells are linked to the heterogeneity and plasticity of this population, and uncovering the unique responses of different Trm cell subsets and their role in immunity will allow us to modulate Trm cell responses for optimal control of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Marchesini Tovar
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Corey Gallen
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Tessa Bergsbaken
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
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11
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Zhu C, Jiao S, Xu W. CD8 + Trms against malaria liver-stage: prospects and challenges. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1344941. [PMID: 38318178 PMCID: PMC10839007 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1344941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Attenuated sporozoites provide a valuable model for exploring protective immunity against the malarial liver stage, guiding the design of highly efficient vaccines to prevent malaria infection. Liver tissue-resident CD8+ T cells (CD8+ Trm cells) are considered the host front-line defense against malaria and are crucial to developing prime-trap/target strategies for pre-erythrocytic stage vaccine immunization. However, the spatiotemporal regulatory mechanism of the generation of liver CD8+ Trm cells and their responses to sporozoite challenge, as well as the protective antigens they recognize remain largely unknown. Here, we discuss the knowledge gap regarding liver CD8+ Trm cell formation and the potential strategies to identify predominant protective antigens expressed in the exoerythrocytic stage, which is essential for high-efficacy malaria subunit pre-erythrocytic vaccine designation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Zhu
- The School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shiming Jiao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Wenyue Xu
- The School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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12
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Santacroce L, Topi S, Charitos IA, Lovero R, Luperto P, Palmirotta R, Jirillo E. Current Views about the Inflammatory Damage Triggered by Bacterial Superantigens and Experimental Attempts to Neutralize Superantigen-Mediated Toxic Effects with Natural and Biological Products. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2024; 31:18-31. [PMID: 38251046 PMCID: PMC10801599 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology31010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Superantigens, i.e., staphylococcal enterotoxins and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, interact with T cells in a different manner in comparison to conventional antigens. In fact, they activate a larger contingent of T lymphocytes, binding outside the peptide-binding groove of the major histocompatibility complex class II. Involvement of many T cells by superantigens leads to a massive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma. Such a storm of mediators has been shown to account for tissue damage, multiorgan failure and shock. Besides conventional drugs and biotherapeutics, experiments with natural and biological products have been undertaken to attenuate the toxic effects exerted by superantigens. In this review, emphasis will be placed on polyphenols, probiotics, beta-glucans and antimicrobial peptides. In fact, these substances share a common functional denominator, since they skew the immune response toward an anti-inflammatory profile, thus mitigating the cytokine wave evoked by superantigens. However, clinical applications of these products are still scarce, and more trials are needed to validate their usefulness in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Santacroce
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Skender Topi
- Department of Clinical Disciplines, University ‘Alexander Xhuvani’ of Elbasan, 3001 Elbasan, Albania
| | - Ioannis Alexandros Charitos
- Division of Pneumology and Respiratory Rehabilitation, Maugeri Clinical Scientific Research Institutes (IRCCS) of Pavia—Scientific Institute of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Lovero
- Clinical Pathology Unit, AOU Policlinico Consorziale di Bari-Ospedale Giovanni XXIII, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Palmirotta
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70124 Bari, Italy;
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13
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Padula L, Fisher E, Strbo N. "All for One and One for All": The Secreted Heat Shock Protein gp96-Ig Based Vaccines. Cells 2023; 13:72. [PMID: 38201276 PMCID: PMC10778431 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been 50 years since Peter Charles Doherty and Rolf M Zinkernagel proposed the principle of "simultaneous dual recognition", according to which adaptive immune cells recognized "self" and "non-self" simultaneously to establish immunological efficacy. These two scientists shared the 1996 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this discovery. Their basic immunological principle became the foundation for the development of numerous vaccine approaches against infectious diseases and tumors, including promising strategies grounded on the use of recombinant gp96-Ig developed by our lab over the last two decades. In this review, we will highlight three major principles of the gp96-Ig vaccine strategy: (1) presentation of pathogenic antigens to T cells (specificity); (2) activation of innate immune responses (adjuvanticity); (3) priming of T cells to home to the epithelial compartments (mucosal immunity). In summary, we provide a paradigm for a vaccine approach that can be rapidly engineered and customized for any future pathogens that require induction of effective tissue-resident memory responses in epithelial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Natasa Strbo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (L.P.); (E.F.)
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14
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Schenkel JM, Pauken KE. Localization, tissue biology and T cell state - implications for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:807-823. [PMID: 37253877 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00884-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tissue localization is a critical determinant of T cell immunity. CD8+ T cells are contact-dependent killers, which requires them to physically be within the tissue of interest to kill peptide-MHC class I-bearing target cells. Following their migration and extravasation into tissues, T cells receive many extrinsic cues from the local microenvironment, and these signals shape T cell differentiation, fate and function. Because major organ systems are variable in their functions and compositions, they apply disparate pressures on T cells to adapt to the local microenvironment. Additional complexity arises in the context of malignant lesions (either primary or metastatic), and this has made understanding the factors that dictate T cell function and longevity in tumours challenging. Moreover, T cell differentiation state influences how cues from the microenvironment are interpreted by tissue-infiltrating T cells, highlighting the importance of T cell state in the context of tissue biology. Here, we review the intertwined nature of T cell differentiation state, location, survival and function, and explain how dysfunctional T cell populations can adopt features of tissue-resident memory T cells to persist in tumours. Finally, we discuss how these factors have shaped responses to cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Schenkel
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Kristen E Pauken
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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15
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Park SL, Christo SN, Wells AC, Gandolfo LC, Zaid A, Alexandre YO, Burn TN, Schröder J, Collins N, Han SJ, Guillaume SM, Evrard M, Castellucci C, Davies B, Osman M, Obers A, McDonald KM, Wang H, Mueller SN, Kannourakis G, Berzins SP, Mielke LA, Carbone FR, Kallies A, Speed TP, Belkaid Y, Mackay LK. Divergent molecular networks program functionally distinct CD8 + skin-resident memory T cells. Science 2023; 382:1073-1079. [PMID: 38033053 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi8885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Skin-resident CD8+ T cells include distinct interferon-γ-producing [tissue-resident memory T type 1 (TRM1)] and interleukin-17 (IL-17)-producing (TRM17) subsets that differentially contribute to immune responses. However, whether these populations use common mechanisms to establish tissue residence is unknown. In this work, we show that TRM1 and TRM17 cells navigate divergent trajectories to acquire tissue residency in the skin. TRM1 cells depend on a T-bet-Hobit-IL-15 axis, whereas TRM17 cells develop independently of these factors. Instead, c-Maf commands a tissue-resident program in TRM17 cells parallel to that induced by Hobit in TRM1 cells, with an ICOS-c-Maf-IL-7 axis pivotal to TRM17 cell commitment. Accordingly, by targeting this pathway, skin TRM17 cells can be ablated without compromising their TRM1 counterparts. Thus, skin-resident T cells rely on distinct molecular circuitries, which can be exploited to strategically modulate local immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone L Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Susan N Christo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexandria C Wells
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luke C Gandolfo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ali Zaid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Yannick O Alexandre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas N Burn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jan Schröder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicholas Collins
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Seong-Ji Han
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stéphane M Guillaume
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maximilien Evrard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Clara Castellucci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Brooke Davies
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maleika Osman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andreas Obers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Keely M McDonald
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Huimeng Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - George Kannourakis
- Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart P Berzins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
| | - Lisa A Mielke
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Francis R Carbone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Axel Kallies
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Terence P Speed
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- NIAID Microbiome Program, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura K Mackay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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16
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Muñoz-Ruiz M, Llorian M, D'Antuono R, Pavlova A, Mavrigiannaki AM, McKenzie D, García-Cassani B, Iannitto ML, Wu Y, Dart R, Davies D, Jamal-Hanjani M, Jandke A, Ushakov DS, Hayday AC. IFN-γ-dependent interactions between tissue-intrinsic γδ T cells and tissue-infiltrating CD8 T cells limit allergic contact dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:1520-1540. [PMID: 37562754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), an inflammatory type 4 hypersensitivity disease, induces skin infiltration by polyclonal effector CD8 αβ T cells and precursors of tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells. Because TRM have long-term potential to contribute to body-surface immunoprotection and immunopathology, their local regulation needs a fuller understanding. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate how TRM-cell maturation might be influenced by innate-like T cells pre-existing within many epithelia. METHODS This study examined CD8+ TRM-cell maturation following hapten-induced ACD in wild-type mice and in strains harboring altered compartments of dendritic intraepidermal γδ T cells (DETCs), a prototypic tissue-intrinsic, innate-like T-cell compartment that reportedly regulates ACD, but by no elucidated mechanism. RESULTS In addition to eliciting CD8 TRM, ACD induced DETC activation and an intimate coregulatory association of the 2 cell types. This depended on DETC sensing IFN-γ produced by CD8 cells and involved programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). Thus, in mice lacking DETC or lacking IFN-γ receptor solely on γδ cells, ACD-elicited CD8 T cells showed enhanced proliferative and effector potentials and reduced motility, collectively associated with exaggerated ACD pathology. Comparable dysregulation was elicited by PD-L1 blockade in vitro, and IFN-γ-regulated PD-L1 expression was a trait of human skin-homing and intraepithelial γδ T cells. CONCLUSIONS The size and quality of the tissue-infiltrating CD8 T-cell response during ACD can be profoundly regulated by local innate-like T cells responding to IFN-γ and involving PD-L1. Thus, interindividual and tissue-specific variations in tissue-intrinsic lymphocytes may influence responses to allergens and other challenges and may underpin inflammatory pathologies such as those repeatedly observed in γδ T-cell-deficient settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Muñoz-Ruiz
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Ear, Nose and Throat, Complutense University School of Medicine and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Llorian
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics science technology platform (STP), The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rocco D'Antuono
- Light Microscopy STP, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Pavlova
- Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Duncan McKenzie
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bethania García-Cassani
- Development and Homeostasis of the Nervous System Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Luisa Iannitto
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yin Wu
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Dart
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Davies
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mariam Jamal-Hanjani
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anett Jandke
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitry S Ushakov
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Adrian C Hayday
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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17
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Chen K, Gu X, Yang S, Tao R, Fan M, Bao W, Wang X. Research progress on intestinal tissue-resident memory T cells in inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Immunol 2023; 98:e13332. [PMID: 38441381 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells are a recently discovered subpopulation of memory T cells that reside in non-lymphoid tissues such as the intestine and skin and do not enter the bloodstream. The intestine encounters numerous pathogens daily. Intestinal mucosal immunity requires a balance between immune responses to pathogens and tolerance to food antigens and symbiotic microbiota. Therefore, intestinal TRM cells exhibit unique characteristics. In healthy intestines, TRM cells induce necessary inflammation to strengthen the intestinal barrier and inhibit bacterial translocation. During intestinal infections, TRM cells rapidly eliminate pathogens by proliferating, releasing cytokines, and recruiting other immune cells. Moreover, certain TRM cell subsets may have regulatory functions. The involvement of TRM cells in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasingly recognized as a critical factor. In IBD, the number of pro-inflammatory TRM cells increases, whereas the number of regulatory subgroups decreases. Additionally, the classic markers, CD69 and CD103, are not ideal for intestinal TRM cells. Here, we review the phenotype, development, maintenance, and function of intestinal TRM cells, as well as the latest findings in the context of IBD. Further understanding of the function of intestinal TRM cells and distinguishing their subgroups is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies to target these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Chen
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Gu
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Rui Tao
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Wuxi Second Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
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18
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Osman M, Park SL, Mackay LK. Tissue-resident memory T (T RM ) cells: Front-line workers of the immune system. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250060. [PMID: 36597841 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM ) cells play a vital role in local immune protection against infection and cancer. The location of TRM cells within peripheral tissues at sites of pathogen invasion allows for the rapid detection and elimination of microbes, making their generation an attractive goal for the development of next-generation vaccines. Here, we discuss differential requirements for CD8+ TRM cell development across tissues with implications for establishing local prophylactic immunity, emphasizing the role of tissue-derived factors, local antigen, and adjuvants on TRM cell generation in the context of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maleika Osman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Simone L Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura K Mackay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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19
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Abstract
T cells can acquire a broad spectrum of differentiation states following activation. At the extreme ends of this continuum are short-lived cells equipped with effector machinery and more quiescent, long-lived cells with heightened proliferative potential and stem cell-like developmental plasticity. The latter encompass stem-like exhausted T cells and memory T cells, both of which have recently emerged as key determinants of cancer immunity and response to immunotherapy. Here, we discuss key similarities and differences in the regulation and function of stem-like exhausted CD8+ T cells and memory CD8+ T cells, and consider their context-specific contributions to protective immunity in diverse outcomes of cancer, including tumour escape, long-term control and eradication. Finally, we emphasize how recent advances in the understanding of the molecular regulation of stem-like exhausted T cells and memory T cells are being explored for clinical benefit in cancer immunotherapies such as checkpoint inhibition, adoptive cell therapy and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Simone L Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ian A Parish
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
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20
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Rainey MA, Allen CT, Craveiro M. Egress of resident memory T cells from tissue with neoadjuvant immunotherapy: Implications for systemic anti-tumor immunity. Oral Oncol 2023; 146:106570. [PMID: 37738775 PMCID: PMC10591905 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2023.106570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Resident memory T (TRM) cells are embedded in peripheral tissue and capable of acting as sentinels that can respond quickly to repeat pathogen exposure as part of an endogenous anti-microbial immune response. Recent evidence suggests that chronic antigen exposure and other microenvironment cues may promote the development of TRM cells within solid tumors as well, and that this TRM phenotype can sequester tumor-specific T cells into tumors and out of circulation resulting in limited systemic antitumor immunity. Here, we perform a review of the published English literature and describe tissue-specific mediators of TRM cell differentiation in states of infection and malignancy with special focus on the role of TGF-β and how targeting TGF-β signaling could be used as a therapeutical approach to promote tumor systemic immunity. DISCUSSION The presence of TRM cells with antigen specificity to neoepitopes in tumors associates with positive clinical prognosis and greater responsiveness to immunotherapy. Recent evidence indicates that solid tumors may act as reservoirs for tumor specific TRM cells and limit their circulation - possibly resulting in impaired systemic antitumor immunity. TRM cells utilize specific mechanisms to egress from peripheral tissues into circulation and other peripheral sites, and emerging evidence indicates that immunotherapeutic approaches may initiate these processes and increase systemic antitumor immunity. CONCLUSIONS Reversing tumor sequestration of tumor-specific T cells prior to surgical removal or radiation of tumor may increase systemic antitumor immunity. This finding may underlie the improved recurrence free survival observed with neoadjuvant immunotherapy in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena A Rainey
- Head and Neck Section, Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clint T Allen
- National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 7N240C, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Marco Craveiro
- Head and Neck Section, Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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21
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Giles JR, Globig AM, Kaech SM, Wherry EJ. CD8 + T cells in the cancer-immunity cycle. Immunity 2023; 56:2231-2253. [PMID: 37820583 PMCID: PMC11237652 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are end effectors of cancer immunity. Most forms of effective cancer immunotherapy involve CD8+ T cell effector function. Here, we review the current understanding of T cell function in cancer, focusing on key CD8+ T cell subtypes and states. We discuss factors that influence CD8+ T cell differentiation and function in cancer through a framework that incorporates the classic three-signal model and a fourth signal-metabolism-and also consider the impact of the tumor microenvironment from a T cell perspective. We argue for the notion of immunotherapies as "pro-drugs" that act to augment or modulate T cells, which ultimately serve as the drug in vivo, and for the importance of overall immune health in cancer treatment and prevention. The progress in understanding T cell function in cancer has and will continue to improve harnessing of the immune system across broader tumor types to benefit more patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine R Giles
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anna-Maria Globig
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Susan M Kaech
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - E John Wherry
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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22
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Rotrosen E, Kupper TS. Assessing the generation of tissue resident memory T cells by vaccines. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:655-665. [PMID: 37002288 PMCID: PMC10064963 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00853-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines have been a hugely successful public health intervention, virtually eliminating many once common diseases of childhood. However, they have had less success in controlling endemic pathogens including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, herpesviruses and HIV. A focus on vaccine-mediated generation of neutralizing antibodies, which has been a successful approach for some pathogens, has been complicated by the emergence of escape variants, which has been seen for pathogens such as influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2, as well as for HIV-1. We discuss how vaccination strategies aimed at generating a broad and robust T cell response may offer superior protection against pathogens, particularly those that have been observed to mutate rapidly. In particular, we consider here how a focus on generating resident memory T cells may be uniquely effective for providing immunity to pathogens that typically infect (or become reactivated in) the skin, respiratory mucosa or other barrier tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Rotrosen
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas S Kupper
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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23
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Sportiello M, Poindexter A, Reilly EC, Geber A, Lambert Emo K, Jones TN, Topham DJ. Mouse Memory CD8 T Cell Subsets Defined by Tissue-Resident Memory Integrin Expression Exhibit Distinct Metabolic Profiles. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:652-669. [PMID: 37855738 PMCID: PMC10615656 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells (TRM) principally reside in peripheral nonlymphoid tissues, such as lung and skin, and confer protection against a variety of illnesses ranging from infections to cancers. The functions of different memory CD8 T cell subsets have been linked with distinct metabolic pathways and differ from other CD8 T cell subsets. For example, skin-derived memory T cells undergo fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation to a greater degree than circulating memory and naive cells. Lung TRMs defined by the cell-surface expression of integrins exist as distinct subsets that differ in gene expression and function. We hypothesize that TRM subsets with different integrin profiles will use unique metabolic programs. To test this, differential expression and pathway analysis were conducted on RNA sequencing datasets from mouse lung TRMs yielding significant differences related to metabolism. Next, metabolic models were constructed, and the predictions were interrogated using functional metabolite uptake assays. The levels of oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial mass, and neutral lipids were measured. Furthermore, to investigate the potential relationships to TRM development, T cell differentiation studies were conducted in vitro with varying concentrations of metabolites. These demonstrated that lipid conditions impact T cell survival, and that glucose concentration impacts the expression of canonical TRM marker CD49a, with no effect on central memory-like T cell marker CCR7. In summary, it is demonstrated that mouse resident memory T cell subsets defined by integrin expression in the lung have unique metabolic profiles, and that nutrient abundance can alter differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Sportiello
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Alexis Poindexter
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Emma C. Reilly
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Adam Geber
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Kris Lambert Emo
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Taylor N. Jones
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - David J. Topham
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
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24
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Davé V, Richert-Spuhler LE, Arkatkar T, Warrier L, Pholsena T, Johnston C, Schiffer JT, Prlic M, Lund JM. Recurrent infection transiently expands human tissue T cells while maintaining long-term homeostasis. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20210692. [PMID: 37314481 PMCID: PMC10267593 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic viral infections are known to lead to T cell exhaustion or dysfunction. However, it remains unclear if antigen exposure episodes from periodic viral reactivation, such as herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) recrudescence, are sufficient to induce T cell dysfunction, particularly in the context of a tissue-specific localized, rather than a systemic, infection. We designed and implemented a stringent clinical surveillance protocol to longitudinally track both viral shedding and in situ tissue immune responses in a cohort of HSV+ volunteers that agreed to avoid using anti-viral therapy for the course of this study. Comparing lesion to control skin biopsies, we found that tissue T cells expanded immediately after reactivation, and then returned numerically and phenotypically to steady state. T cell responses appeared to be driven at least in part by migration of circulating T cells to the infected tissue. Our data indicate that tissue T cells are stably maintained in response to HSV reactivation, resembling a series of acute recall responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Davé
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, Graduate Program in Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laura E. Richert-Spuhler
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tanvi Arkatkar
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, Graduate Program in Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lakshmi Warrier
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, Graduate Program in Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Christine Johnston
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joshua T. Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, Graduate Program in Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Lund
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, Graduate Program in Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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25
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Clatch A, Christo SN, Mackay LK. T RM cells: not born this way. Trends Immunol 2023; 44:663-664. [PMID: 37591711 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Human tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells seeded early in life undergo an age-associated functional maturation and residency acquisition throughout childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Clatch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Susan N Christo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura K Mackay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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26
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Damei I, Trickovic T, Mami-Chouaib F, Corgnac S. Tumor-resident memory T cells as a biomarker of the response to cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1205984. [PMID: 37545498 PMCID: PMC10399960 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1205984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) often include a substantial subset of CD8+ tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells enriched in tumor-specific T cells. These TRM cells play a major role in antitumor immune response. They are identified on the basis of their expression of the CD103 (αE(CD103)β7) and/or CD49a (α1(CD49a)β1) integrins, and the C-type lectin CD69, which are involved in tissue residency. TRM cells express several T-cell inhibitory receptors on their surface but they nevertheless react strongly to malignant cells, exerting a strong cytotoxic function, particularly in the context of blocking interactions of PD-1 with PD-L1 on target cells. These TRM cells form stable conjugates with autologous tumor cells and interact with dendritic cells and other T cells within the tumor microenvironment to orchestrate an optimal in situ T-cell response. There is growing evidence to indicate that TGF-β is essential for the formation and maintenance of TRM cells in the tumor, through the induction of CD103 expression on activated CD8+ T cells, and for the regulation of TRM effector functions through bidirectional integrin signaling. CD8+ TRM cells were initially described as a prognostic marker for survival in patients with various types of cancer, including ovarian, lung and breast cancers and melanoma. More recently, these tumor-resident CD8+ T cells have been shown to be a potent predictive biomarker of the response of cancer patients to immunotherapies, including therapeutic cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint blockade. In this review, we will highlight the major characteristics of tumor TRM cell populations and the possibilities for their exploitation in the design of more effective immunotherapy strategies for cancer.
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27
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Abdelbary M, Hobbs SJ, Gibbs JS, Yewdell JW, Nolz JC. T cell receptor signaling strength establishes the chemotactic properties of effector CD8 + T cells that control tissue-residency. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3928. [PMID: 37402742 PMCID: PMC10319879 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39592-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory (TRM) CD8+ T cells are largely derived from recently activated effector T cells, but the mechanisms that control the extent of TRM differentiation within tissue microenvironments remain unresolved. Here, using an IFNγ-YFP reporter system to identify CD8+ T cells executing antigen-dependent effector functions, we define the transcriptional consequences and functional mechanisms controlled by TCR-signaling strength that occur within the skin during viral infection to promote TRM differentiation. TCR-signaling both enhances CXCR6-mediated migration and suppresses migration toward sphingosine-1-phosphate, indicating the programming of a 'chemotactic switch' following secondary antigen encounter within non-lymphoid tissues. Blimp1 was identified as the critical target of TCR re-stimulation that is necessary to establish this chemotactic switch and for TRM differentiation to efficiently occur. Collectively, our findings show that access to antigen presentation and strength of TCR-signaling required for Blimp1 expression establishes the chemotactic properties of effector CD8+ T cells to promote residency within non-lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Abdelbary
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Samuel J Hobbs
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - James S Gibbs
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan W Yewdell
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Nolz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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28
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Strobl J, Haniffa M. Functional heterogeneity of human skin-resident memory T cells in health and disease. Immunol Rev 2023; 316:104-119. [PMID: 37144705 PMCID: PMC10952320 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The human skin is populated by a diverse pool of memory T cells, which can act rapidly in response to pathogens and cancer antigens. Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM ) have been implicated in range of allergic, autoimmune and inflammatory skin diseases. Clonal expansion of cells with TRM properties is also known to contribute to cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Here, we review the heterogeneous phenotypes, transcriptional programs, and effector functions of skin TRM . We summarize recent studies on TRM formation, longevity, plasticity, and retrograde migration and contextualize the findings to skin TRM and their role in maintaining skin homeostasis and altered functions in skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Strobl
- Department of DermatologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular MedicineViennaAustria
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteCambridgeUK
- Department of Dermatology and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research CentreNewcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
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29
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Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells recognize and eliminate infected or cancerous cells. A subset of CD8+ memory T cells called tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM ) resides in peripheral tissues, monitors the periphery for pathogen invasion, and offers a rapid and potent first line of defense at potential sites of re-infection. TRM cells are found in almost all tissues and are transcriptionally and epigenetically distinct from circulating memory populations, which shows their ability to acclimate to the tissue environment to allow for long-term survival. Recent work and the broader availability of single-cell profiling have highlighted TRM heterogeneity among different tissues, as well as identified specialized subsets within individual tissues, that are time and infection dependent. TRM cell phenotypic and transcriptional heterogeneity has implications for understanding TRM function and longevity. This review aims to summarize and discuss the latest findings on CD8+ TRM heterogeneity using single-cell molecular profiling and explore the potential implications for immune protection and the design of immune therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Heeg
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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30
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Zitti B, Hoffer E, Zheng W, Pandey RV, Schlums H, Perinetti Casoni G, Fusi I, Nguyen L, Kärner J, Kokkinou E, Carrasco A, Gahm J, Ehrström M, Happaniemi S, Keita ÅV, Hedin CRH, Mjösberg J, Eidsmo L, Bryceson YT. Human skin-resident CD8 + T cells require RUNX2 and RUNX3 for induction of cytotoxicity and expression of the integrin CD49a. Immunity 2023:S1074-7613(23)00220-0. [PMID: 37269830 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The integrin CD49a marks highly cytotoxic epidermal-tissue-resident memory (TRM) cells, but their differentiation from circulating populations remains poorly defined. We demonstrate enrichment of RUNT family transcription-factor-binding motifs in human epidermal CD8+CD103+CD49a+ TRM cells, paralleled by high RUNX2 and RUNX3 protein expression. Sequencing of paired skin and blood samples revealed clonal overlap between epidermal CD8+CD103+CD49a+ TRM cells and circulating memory CD8+CD45RA-CD62L+ T cells. In vitro stimulation of circulating CD8+CD45RA-CD62L+ T cells with IL-15 and TGF-β induced CD49a expression and cytotoxic transcriptional profiles in a RUNX2- and RUNX3-dependent manner. We therefore identified a reservoir of circulating cells with cytotoxic TRM potential. In melanoma patients, high RUNX2, but not RUNX3, transcription correlated with a cytotoxic CD8+CD103+CD49a+ TRM cell signature and improved patient survival. Together, our results indicate that combined RUNX2 and RUNX3 activity promotes the differentiation of cytotoxic CD8+CD103+CD49a+ TRM cells, providing immunosurveillance of infected and malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Zitti
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine Hudddinge, Karolinska Institute, 14157 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Hoffer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Unit of Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; Leo Foundation Skin Immunology Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wenning Zheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Unit of Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; Leo Foundation Skin Immunology Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ram Vinay Pandey
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine Hudddinge, Karolinska Institute, 14157 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heinrich Schlums
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine Hudddinge, Karolinska Institute, 14157 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giovanna Perinetti Casoni
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine Hudddinge, Karolinska Institute, 14157 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irene Fusi
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine Hudddinge, Karolinska Institute, 14157 Stockholm, Sweden; University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Lien Nguyen
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine Hudddinge, Karolinska Institute, 14157 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jaanika Kärner
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Unit of Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Efthymia Kokkinou
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Hudddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14157 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Carrasco
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Hudddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14157 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jessica Gahm
- Department of Reconstructive surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Åsa V Keita
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Charlotte R H Hedin
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Dermatovenereology and Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny Mjösberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Hudddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14157 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Liv Eidsmo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Unit of Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; Leo Foundation Skin Immunology Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Yenan T Bryceson
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine Hudddinge, Karolinska Institute, 14157 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, 5030 Bergen, Norway.
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31
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Collins DR, Hitschfel J, Urbach JM, Mylvaganam GH, Ly NL, Arshad U, Racenet ZJ, Yanez AG, Diefenbach TJ, Walker BD. Cytolytic CD8 + T cells infiltrate germinal centers to limit ongoing HIV replication in spontaneous controller lymph nodes. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eade5872. [PMID: 37205767 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.ade5872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Follicular CD8+ T cells (fCD8) mediate surveillance in lymph node (LN) germinal centers against lymphotropic infections and cancers, but the precise mechanisms by which these cells mediate immune control remain incompletely resolved. To address this, we investigated functionality, clonotypic compartmentalization, spatial localization, phenotypic characteristics, and transcriptional profiles of LN-resident virus-specific CD8+ T cells in persons who control HIV without medications. Antigen-induced proliferative and cytolytic potential consistently distinguished spontaneous controllers from noncontrollers. T cell receptor analysis revealed complete clonotypic overlap between peripheral and LN-resident HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. Transcriptional analysis of LN CD8+ T cells revealed gene signatures of inflammatory chemotaxis and antigen-induced effector function. In HIV controllers, the cytotoxic effectors perforin and granzyme B were elevated among virus-specific CXCR5+ fCD8s proximate to foci of HIV RNA within germinal centers. These results provide evidence consistent with cytolytic control of lymphotropic infection supported by inflammatory recruitment, antigen-specific proliferation, and cytotoxicity of fCD8s.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Collins
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Julia Hitschfel
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Geetha H Mylvaganam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Ngoc L Ly
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Umar Arshad
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Adrienne G Yanez
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | | | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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32
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Derksen LY, Tesselaar K, Borghans JAM. Memories that last: Dynamics of memory T cells throughout the body. Immunol Rev 2023. [PMID: 37114435 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Memory T cells form an essential part of immunological memory, which can last for years or even a lifetime. Much experimental work has shown that the individual cells that make up the memory T-cell pool are in fact relatively short-lived. Memory T cells isolated from the blood of humans, or the lymph nodes and spleen of mice, live about 5-10 fold shorter than naive T cells, and much shorter than the immunological memory they convey. The commonly accepted view is, therefore, that long-term T-cell memory is maintained dynamically rather than by long-lived cells. This view is largely based on memory T cells in the circulation, identified using rather broad phenotypic markers, and on research in mice living in overly clean conditions. We wondered to what extent there may be heterogeneity in the dynamics and lifespans of memory T cells. We here review what is currently known about the dynamics of memory T cells in different memory subsets, locations in the body and conditions of microbial exposure, and discuss how this may be related to immunometabolism and how this knowledge can be used in various clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyanne Y Derksen
- Leukocyte Dynamics Group, Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kiki Tesselaar
- Leukocyte Dynamics Group, Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - José A M Borghans
- Leukocyte Dynamics Group, Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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33
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Tieu R, Zeng Q, Zhao D, Zhang G, Feizi N, Manandhar P, Williams AL, Popp B, Wood-Trageser MA, Demetris AJ, Tso JY, Johnson AJ, Kane LP, Abou-Daya KI, Shlomchik WD, Oberbarnscheidt MH, Lakkis FG. Tissue-resident memory T cell maintenance during antigen persistence requires both cognate antigen and interleukin-15. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadd8454. [PMID: 37083450 PMCID: PMC10334460 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.add8454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cell biology has been largely developed from acute infection models in which antigen is cleared and sterilizing immunity is achieved. Less is known about TRM cells in the context of chronic antigen persistence and inflammation. We investigated factors that underlie TRM maintenance in a kidney transplantation model in which TRM cells drive rejection. In contrast to acute infection, we found that TRM cells declined markedly in the absence of cognate antigen, antigen presentation, or antigen sensing by the T cells. Depletion of graft-infiltrating dendritic cells or interruption of antigen presentation after TRM cells were established was sufficient to disrupt TRM maintenance and reduce allograft pathology. Likewise, removal of IL-15 transpresentation or of the IL-15 receptor on T cells during TRM maintenance led to a decline in TRM cells, and IL-15 receptor blockade prevented chronic rejection. Therefore, antigen and IL-15 presented by dendritic cells play nonredundant key roles in CD8 TRM cell maintenance in settings of antigen persistence and inflammation. These findings provide insights that could lead to improved treatment of chronic transplant rejection and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Tieu
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
| | - Daqiang Zhao
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Gang Zhang
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Neda Feizi
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Priyanka Manandhar
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Amanda L. Williams
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Benjamin Popp
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Division of Transplant Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michelle A. Wood-Trageser
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Division of Transplant Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Anthony J. Demetris
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Division of Transplant Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - J. Yun Tso
- JN Biosciences, Mountain View, California 94043, USA
| | - Aaron J. Johnson
- Departments of Immunology, Neurology, and Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Lawrence P. Kane
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Khodor I. Abou-Daya
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Warren D. Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Martin H. Oberbarnscheidt
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Fadi G. Lakkis
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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34
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Shi F, Zhang S, Zhang N, Yu Y, Sun P, Tang X, Liu X, Suo X. Tissue-resident, memory CD8 + T cells are effective in clearing intestinal Eimeria falciformis reinfection in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1128637. [PMID: 36865534 PMCID: PMC9971219 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1128637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Eimeria, a cousin of malarial parasites, causes coccidiosis that results in huge losses in the poultry industry. Although live coccidiosis vaccines have been developed and used widely for the successful control of the disease, the mechanism underlying protective immunity remains largely unknown. Using Eimeria falciformis as a model parasite, we observed that tissue-resident memory CD8+ T (Trm) cells accumulated in cecal lamina propria following E. falciformis infection in mice, especially after reinfection. In convalescent mice challenged with a second infection, E. falciformis burden diminished within 48-72 h. Deep-sequencing revealed that CD8+ Trm cells were characterized by rapid up-regulation of effector genes encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic effector molecules. While FTY720 (Fingolimod) treatment prevented the trafficking of CD8+ T cells in peripheral circulation and exacerbated primary E. falciformis infection, such treatment had no impact on the expansion of CD8+ Trm cells in convalescent mice receiving secondary infection. Adoptive transfer of cecal CD8+ Trm cells conferred immune protection in naïve mice, indicating that these cells provide direct and effective protection against infection. Overall, our findings not only explain a protective mechanism of live oocyst-based anti-Eimeria vaccines but also provide a valuable correlate for assessing vaccines against other protozoan diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyun Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China,National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sixin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing, China,National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing, China
| | - Xinming Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North) of MARA, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianyong Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China,National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xun Suo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China,National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Xun Suo,
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35
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Tissue adaptation and clonal segregation of human memory T cells in barrier sites. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:309-319. [PMID: 36658238 PMCID: PMC10063339 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
T lymphocytes migrate to barrier sites after exposure to pathogens, providing localized immunity and long-term protection. Here, we obtained blood and tissues from human organ donors to examine T cells across major barrier sites (skin, lung, jejunum), associated lymph nodes, lymphoid organs (spleen, bone marrow), and in circulation. By integrating single-cell protein and transcriptome profiling, we demonstrate that human barrier sites contain tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells that exhibit site-adapted profiles for residency, homing and function distinct from circulating memory T cells. Incorporating T cell receptor and transcriptome analysis, we show that circulating memory T cells are highly expanded, display extensive overlap between sites and exhibit effector and cytolytic functional profiles, while TRM clones exhibit site-specific expansions and distinct functional capacities. Together, our findings indicate that circulating T cells are more disseminated and differentiated, while TRM cells exhibit tissue-specific adaptation and clonal segregation, suggesting that strategies to promote barrier immunity require tissue targeting.
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36
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Heidarian M, Griffith TS, Badovinac VP. Sepsis-induced changes in differentiation, maintenance, and function of memory CD8 T cell subsets. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1130009. [PMID: 36756117 PMCID: PMC9899844 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1130009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Formation of long-lasting memory lymphocytes is one of the foundational characteristics of adaptive immunity and the basis of many vaccination strategies. Following the rapid expansion and contraction of effector CD8 T cells, the surviving antigen (Ag)-specific cells give rise to the memory CD8 T cells that persist for a long time and are phenotypically and functionally distinct from their naïve counterparts. Significant heterogeneity exists within the memory CD8 T cell pool, as different subsets display distinct tissue localization preferences, cytotoxic ability, and proliferative capacity, but all memory CD8 T cells are equipped to mount an enhanced immune response upon Ag re-encounter. Memory CD8 T cells demonstrate numerical stability under homeostatic conditions, but sepsis causes a significant decline in the number of memory CD8 T cells and diminishes their Ag-dependent and -independent functions. Sepsis also rewires the transcriptional profile of memory CD8 T cells, which profoundly impacts memory CD8 T cell differentiation and, ultimately, the protective capacity of memory CD8 T cells upon subsequent stimulation. This review delves into different aspects of memory CD8 T cell subsets as well as the immediate and long-term impact of sepsis on memory CD8 T cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas S. Griffith
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States,Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Vladimir P. Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States,*Correspondence: Vladimir P. Badovinac,
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37
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Chen Y, Griffiths CEM, Bulfone-Paus S. Exploring Mast Cell-CD8 T Cell Interactions in Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:1564. [PMID: 36675078 PMCID: PMC9861959 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin is exposed to environmental challenges and contains skin-resident immune cells, including mast cells (MCs) and CD8 T cells that act as sentinels for pathogens and environmental antigens. Human skin MCs and their mediators participate in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and regulate the recruitment and activity of immune cells involved in the pathogenesis of skin diseases. The cutaneous CD8 T cell compartment is comprised of long-persisting resident memory T cells (TRM) and migratory or recirculating cells; both populations provide durable site immune surveillance. Several lines of evidence indicate that MC-derived products, such as CCL5 and TNF-α, modulate the migration and function of CD8 T cells. Conversely, activated CD8 T cells induce the upregulation of MC costimulatory molecules. Moreover, the close apposition of MCs and CD8 T cells has been recently identified in the skin of several dermatoses, such as alopecia areata. This review outlines the current knowledge about bidirectional interactions between human MCs and CD8 T cells, analyses the alteration of their communication in the context of three common skin disorders in which these cells have been found altered in number or function-psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and vitiligo-and discusses the current unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Silvia Bulfone-Paus
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Dermatology Research Centre, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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38
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Lin YH, Duong HG, Limary AE, Kim ES, Hsu P, Patel SA, Wong WH, Indralingam CS, Liu YC, Yao P, Chiang NR, Vandenburgh SA, Anderson TR, Olvera JG, Ferry A, Takehara KK, Jin W, Tsai MS, Yeo GW, Goldrath AW, Chang JT. Small intestine and colon tissue-resident memory CD8 + T cells exhibit molecular heterogeneity and differential dependence on Eomes. Immunity 2023; 56:207-223.e8. [PMID: 36580919 PMCID: PMC9904390 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory CD8+ T (TRM) cells are a subset of memory T cells that play a critical role in limiting early pathogen spread and controlling infection. TRM cells exhibit differences across tissues, but their potential heterogeneity among distinct anatomic compartments within the small intestine and colon has not been well recognized. Here, by analyzing TRM cells from the lamina propria and epithelial compartments of the small intestine and colon, we showed that intestinal TRM cells exhibited distinctive patterns of cytokine and granzyme expression along with substantial transcriptional, epigenetic, and functional heterogeneity. The T-box transcription factor Eomes, which represses TRM cell formation in some tissues, exhibited unexpected context-specific regulatory roles in supporting the maintenance of established TRM cells in the small intestine, but not in the colon. Taken together, these data provide previously unappreciated insights into the heterogeneity and differential requirements for the formation vs. maintenance of intestinal TRM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hsuan Lin
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Han G Duong
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Abigail E Limary
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eleanor S Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Paul Hsu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shefali A Patel
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - William H Wong
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Yi Chia Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Priscilla Yao
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Natalie R Chiang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sara A Vandenburgh
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Taylor R Anderson
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jocelyn G Olvera
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Amir Ferry
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kennidy K Takehara
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wenhao Jin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Matthew S Tsai
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gene W Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - John T Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Medicine, Jennifer Moreno Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
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39
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von Werdt D, Gungor B, Barreto de Albuquerque J, Gruber T, Zysset D, Kwong Chung CKC, Corrêa-Ferreira A, Berchtold R, Page N, Schenk M, Kehrl JH, Merkler D, Imhof BA, Stein JV, Abe J, Turchinovich G, Finke D, Hayday AC, Corazza N, Mueller C. Regulator of G-protein signaling 1 critically supports CD8 + T RM cell-mediated intestinal immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1085895. [PMID: 37153600 PMCID: PMC10158727 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1085895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the Regulator of G-protein signaling (Rgs) family regulate the extent and timing of G protein signaling by increasing the GTPase activity of Gα protein subunits. The Rgs family member Rgs1 is one of the most up-regulated genes in tissue-resident memory (TRM) T cells when compared to their circulating T cell counterparts. Functionally, Rgs1 preferentially deactivates Gαq, and Gαi protein subunits and can therefore also attenuate chemokine receptor-mediated immune cell trafficking. The impact of Rgs1 expression on tissue-resident T cell generation, their maintenance, and the immunosurveillance of barrier tissues, however, is only incompletely understood. Here we report that Rgs1 expression is readily induced in naïve OT-I T cells in vivo following intestinal infection with Listeria monocytogenes-OVA. In bone marrow chimeras, Rgs1 -/- and Rgs1 +/+ T cells were generally present in comparable frequencies in distinct T cell subsets of the intestinal mucosa, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleen. After intestinal infection with Listeria monocytogenes-OVA, however, OT-I Rgs1 +/+ T cells outnumbered the co-transferred OT-I Rgs1- /- T cells in the small intestinal mucosa already early after infection. The underrepresentation of the OT-I Rgs1 -/- T cells persisted to become even more pronounced during the memory phase (d30 post-infection). Remarkably, upon intestinal reinfection, mice with intestinal OT-I Rgs1 +/+ TRM cells were able to prevent the systemic dissemination of the pathogen more efficiently than those with OT-I Rgs1 -/- TRM cells. While the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated yet, these data thus identify Rgs1 as a critical regulator for the generation and maintenance of tissue-resident CD8+ T cells as a prerequisite for efficient local immunosurveillance in barrier tissues in case of reinfections with potential pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego von Werdt
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bilgi Gungor
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Gruber
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Zysset
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cheong K. C. Kwong Chung
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Gastrointestinal Health, Immunology, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonia Corrêa-Ferreira
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Regina Berchtold
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Page
- Department of Pathology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University & University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mirjam Schenk
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - John H. Kehrl
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University & University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Beat A. Imhof
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Medical Universitaire, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jens V. Stein
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jun Abe
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Gleb Turchinovich
- Department of Biomedicine, and University Children’s Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Finke
- Department of Biomedicine, and University Children’s Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian C. Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Corazza
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Christoph Mueller, ; Nadia Corazza,
| | - Christoph Mueller
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, and University Children’s Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Christoph Mueller, ; Nadia Corazza,
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40
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Unique properties of tissue-resident memory T cells in the lungs: implications for COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 23:329-335. [PMID: 36494455 PMCID: PMC9735123 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00815-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells were originally identified as a tissue-sequestered population of memory T cells that show lifelong persistence in non-lymphoid organs. That definition has slowly evolved with the documentation of TRM cells having variable terms of tissue residency combined with a capacity to return to the wider circulation. Nonetheless, reductionist experiments have identified an archetypical population of TRM cells showing intrinsic permanent residency in a wide range of non-lymphoid organs, with one notable exception: the lungs. Despite the fact that memory T cells generated during a respiratory infection are maintained in the circulation, local TRM cell numbers in the lung decline concomitantly with a decay in T cell-mediated protection. This Perspective describes the mechanisms that underpin long-term T cell lodgement in non-lymphoid tissues and explains why residency is transient for select TRM cell subsets. In doing so, it highlights the unusual nature of memory T cell egress from the lungs and speculates on the broader disease implications of this process, especially during infection with SARS-CoV-2.
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41
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Hirai T. Competition between T Cells for a Finite Epidermal Niche Promotes Selective Retention of Antigen-specific Memory T Cells in the Epidermis. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2022; 142:1327-1332. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.22-00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Hirai
- BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives/Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University
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42
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Whitley SK, Li M, Kashem SW, Hirai T, Igyártó BZ, Knizner K, Ho J, Ferris LK, Weaver CT, Cua DJ, McGeachy MJ, Kaplan DH. Local IL-23 is required for proliferation and retention of skin-resident memory T H17 cells. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabq3254. [PMID: 36367947 PMCID: PMC9847353 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abq3254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin-23 (IL-23) is critical for development and maintenance of autoimmune inflammation in nonlymphoid tissues; however, the mechanism through which IL-23 supports tissue-specific immunity remains unclear. In mice, we found that circulating memory T cells were dispensable for anamnestic protection from Candida albicans skin infection, and tissue-resident memory (TRM) cell-mediated protection from C. albicans reinfection required IL-23. Administration of anti-IL-23 receptor antibody to mice after resolution of primary C. albicans infection resulted in loss of CD69+ CD103+ tissue-resident memory T helper 17 (TRM17) cells from skin, and clinical anti-IL-23 therapy depleted TRM17 cells from skin of patients with psoriasis. IL-23 receptor blockade impaired TRM17 cell proliferation but did not affect apoptosis susceptibility or tissue egress. IL-23 produced by CD301b+ myeloid cells was required for TRM17 maintenance in skin after C. albicans infection, and CD301b+ cells were necessary for TRM17 expansion during the development of imiquimod dermatitis. This study demonstrates that locally produced IL-23 promotes in situ proliferation of cutaneous TRM17 cells to support their longevity and function and provides mechanistic insight into the durable efficacy of IL-23 blockade in the treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Whitley
- Departments of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Mushi Li
- Departments of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Sakeen W. Kashem
- Departments of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
- Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Toshiro Hirai
- Departments of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
- Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Botond Z. Igyártó
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kelley Knizner
- Departments of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Jonhan Ho
- Departments of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Laura K. Ferris
- Departments of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Casey T. Weaver
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | | | - Mandy J. McGeachy
- Rheumatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
- Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Daniel H. Kaplan
- Departments of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
- Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
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43
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Jensen IJ, Farber DL. Gutsy memory T cells stand their ground against pathogens. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eade7168. [DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.ade7168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Elegant fate-mapping models to label intestinal tissue-resident memory CD8
+
T (T
RM
) cells demonstrate retention and lack of expansion of CD103
+
T
RM
cells, whereas intestinal CD103
−
memory cells expand, forming both new tissue-localized CD103
+
and CD103
−
T
RM
cells (see related Research Articles by Fung
et al.
and von Hoesslin
et al.
).
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac J. Jensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Donna L. Farber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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44
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von Hoesslin M, Kuhlmann M, de Almeida GP, Kanev K, Wurmser C, Gerullis AK, Roelli P, Berner J, Zehn D. Secondary infections rejuvenate the intestinal CD103
+
tissue-resident memory T cell pool. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabp9553. [DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abp9553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Resident T lymphocytes (T
RM
) protect tissues during pathogen reexposure. Although T
RM
phenotype and restricted migratory pattern are established, we have a limited understanding of their response kinetics, stability, and turnover during reinfections. Such characterizations have been restricted by the absence of in vivo fate-mapping systems. We generated two mouse models, one to stably mark CD103
+
T cells (a marker of T
RM
cells) and the other to specifically deplete CD103
−
T cells. Using these models, we observed that intestinal CD103
+
T cells became activated during viral or bacterial reinfection, remained organ-confined, and retained their original phenotype but failed to reexpand. Instead, the population was largely rejuvenated by CD103
+
T cells formed de novo during reinfections. This pattern remained unchanged upon deletion of antigen-specific circulating T cells, indicating that the lack of expansion was not due to competition with circulating subsets. Thus, although intestinal CD103
+
resident T cells survived long term without antigen, they lacked the ability of classical memory T cells to reexpand. This indicated that CD103
+
T cell populations could not autonomously maintain themselves. Instead, their numbers were sustained during reinfection via de novo formation from CD103
−
precursors. Moreover, in contrast to CD103
-
cells, which require antigen plus inflammation for their activation, CD103
+
T
RM
became fully activated follwing exposure to inflammation alone. Together, our data indicate that primary CD103
+
resident memory T cells lack secondary expansion potential and require CD103
−
precursors for their long-term maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlaina von Hoesslin
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Miriam Kuhlmann
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Gustavo Pereira de Almeida
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Kristiyan Kanev
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Christine Wurmser
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Gerullis
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Jacqueline Berner
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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45
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Fung HY, Teryek M, Lemenze AD, Bergsbaken T. CD103 fate mapping reveals that intestinal CD103 - tissue-resident memory T cells are the primary responders to secondary infection. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabl9925. [PMID: 36332012 PMCID: PMC9901738 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abl9925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells remain poised in the tissue and mediate robust protection from secondary infection. TRM cells within the intestine and other tissues are heterogeneous in their phenotype and function; however, the contributions of these TRM subsets to secondary infection remain poorly defined. To address the plasticity of intestinal TRM subsets and their role in local and systemic immunity, we generated mice to fate map intestinal CD103+ TRM cells and track their location and function during secondary infection with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. We found that CD103+ TRM cells remained lodged in the tissue and were poorly reactivated during secondary challenge. CD103- TRM cells were the primary responders to secondary infection and expanded within the tissue, with limited contribution from circulating memory T cells. The transcriptional profile of CD103- TRM cells demonstrated maintenance of a gene signature similar to circulating T cells along with increased cytokine production and migratory potential. CD103- TRM cells also expressed genes associated with T cell receptor (TCR) activation and displayed enhanced TCR-mediated reactivation both in vitro and in vivo compared with their CD103+ counterparts. These studies reveal the limited recall potential of CD103+ TRM subsets and the role of CD103- TRM cells as central memory-like T cells within peripheral tissues.
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46
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Camacho DF, Velez TE, Hollinger MK, Wang E, Howard CL, Darnell EP, Kennedy DE, Krishack PA, Hrusch CL, Clark MR, Moon JJ, Sperling AI. IRF4 expression by lung dendritic cells drives acute but not Trm cell-dependent memory Th2 responses. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e140384. [PMID: 36194494 PMCID: PMC9675458 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.140384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is required for the development of lung conventional DCs type 2 (cDC2s) that elicit Th2 responses, yet how IRF4 functions in lung cDC2s throughout the acute and memory allergic response is not clear. Here, we used a mouse model that loses IRF4 expression after lung cDC2 development to demonstrate that mice with IRF4-deficient DCs display impaired memory responses to allergen. This defect in the memory response was a direct result of ineffective Th2 induction and impaired recruitment of activated effector T cells to the lung after sensitization. IRF4-deficient DCs demonstrated defects in their migration to the draining lymph node and in T cell priming. Finally, T cells primed by IRF4-competent DCs mediated potent memory responses independently of IRF4-expressing DCs, demonstrating that IRF4-expressing DCs are not necessary during the memory response. Thus, IRF4 controlled a program in mature DCs governing Th2 priming and effector responses, but IRF4-expressing DCs were dispensable during tissue-resident memory T cell-dependent memory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F. Camacho
- Committee on Immunology and Department of Medicine and
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tania E. Velez
- Committee on Immunology and Department of Medicine and
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Esther Wang
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Eli P. Darnell
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - James J. Moon
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anne I. Sperling
- Committee on Immunology and Department of Medicine and
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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47
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Responsiveness to interleukin-15 therapy is shared between tissue-resident and circulating memory CD8 + T cell subsets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2209021119. [PMID: 36260745 PMCID: PMC9618124 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2209021119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is often considered a central regulator of memory CD8+ T cells, based primarily on studies of recirculating subsets. However, recent work identified IL-15-independent CD8+ T cell memory populations, including tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells (TRM) in some nonlymphoid tissues (NLTs). Whether this reflects the existence of IL-15-insensitive memory CD8+ T cells is unclear. We report that IL-15 complexes (IL-15c) stimulate rapid proliferation and expansion of both tissue-resident and circulating memory CD8+ T cell subsets across lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues with varying magnitude by tissue and memory subset, in some sites correlating with differing levels of the IL-2Rβ. This was conserved for memory CD8+ T cells recognizing distinct antigens and elicited by different pathogens. Following IL-15c-induced expansion, divided cells contracted to baseline numbers and only slowly returned to basal proliferation, suggesting a mechanism to transiently amplify memory populations. Through parabiosis, we showed that IL-15c drive local proliferation of TRM, with a degree of recruitment of circulating cells to some NLTs. Hence, irrespective of homeostatic IL-15 dependence, IL-15 sensitivity is a defining feature of memory CD8+ T cell populations, with therapeutic potential for expansion of TRM and other memory subsets in an antigen-agnostic and temporally controlled fashion.
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48
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Liu Z, Liao F, Zhu J, Zhou D, Heo GS, Leuhmann HP, Scozzi D, Parks A, Hachem R, Byers DE, Tague LK, Kulkarni HS, Cano M, Wong BW, Li W, Huang HJ, Krupnick AS, Kreisel D, Liu Y, Gelman AE. Reprogramming alveolar macrophage responses to TGF-β reveals CCR2+ monocyte activity that promotes bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:159229. [PMID: 36189800 PMCID: PMC9525120 DOI: 10.1172/jci159229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) is a major impediment to lung transplant survival and is generally resistant to medical therapy. Extracorporeal photophoresis (ECP) is an immunomodulatory therapy that shows promise in stabilizing BOS patients, but its mechanisms of action are unclear. In a mouse lung transplant model, we show that ECP blunts alloimmune responses and inhibits BOS through lowering airway TGF-β bioavailability without altering its expression. Surprisingly, ECP-treated leukocytes were primarily engulfed by alveolar macrophages (AMs), which were reprogrammed to become less responsive to TGF-β and reduce TGF-β bioavailability through secretion of the TGF-β antagonist decorin. In untreated recipients, high airway TGF-β activity stimulated AMs to express CCL2, leading to CCR2+ monocyte-driven BOS development. Moreover, we found TGF-β receptor 2-dependent differentiation of CCR2+ monocytes was required for the generation of monocyte-derived AMs, which in turn promoted BOS by expanding tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells that inflicted airway injury through Blimp-1-mediated granzyme B expression. Thus, through studying the effects of ECP, we have identified an AM functional plasticity that controls a TGF-β-dependent network that couples CCR2+ monocyte recruitment and differentiation to alloimmunity and BOS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ramsey Hachem
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Derek E. Byers
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Laneshia K. Tague
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Hrishikesh S. Kulkarni
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Marlene Cano
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | - Howard J. Huang
- Houston Methodist J.C. Walter Jr. Transplant Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Alexander S. Krupnick
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Kreisel
- Department of Surgery
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Houston Methodist J.C. Walter Jr. Transplant Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew E. Gelman
- Department of Surgery
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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49
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Neuwirth T, Knapp K, Stary G. (Not) Home alone: Antigen presenting cell - T Cell communication in barrier tissues. Front Immunol 2022; 13:984356. [PMID: 36248804 PMCID: PMC9556809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.984356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Priming of T cells by antigen presenting cells (APCs) is essential for T cell fate decisions, enabling T cells to migrate to specific tissues to exert their effector functions. Previously, these interactions were mainly explored using blood-derived cells or animal models. With great advances in single cell RNA-sequencing techniques enabling analysis of tissue-derived cells, it has become clear that subsets of APCs are responsible for priming and modulating heterogeneous T cell effector responses in different tissues. This composition of APCs and T cells in tissues is essential for maintaining homeostasis and is known to be skewed in infection and inflammation, leading to pathological T cell responses. This review highlights the commonalities and differences of T cell priming and subsequent effector function in multiple barrier tissues such as the skin, intestine and female reproductive tract. Further, we provide an overview of how this process is altered during tissue-specific infections which are known to cause chronic inflammation and how this knowledge could be harnessed to modify T cell responses in barrier tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Neuwirth
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katja Knapp
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Stary
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria,*Correspondence: Georg Stary,
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50
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Sharma J, Mudalagiriyappa S, Nanjappa SG. T cell responses to control fungal infection in an immunological memory lens. Front Immunol 2022; 13:905867. [PMID: 36177012 PMCID: PMC9513067 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.905867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, fungal vaccine research emanated significant findings in the field of antifungal T-cell immunity. The generation of effector T cells is essential to combat many mucosal and systemic fungal infections. The development of antifungal memory T cells is integral for controlling or preventing fungal infections, and understanding the factors, regulators, and modifiers that dictate the generation of such T cells is necessary. Despite the deficiency in the clear understanding of antifungal memory T-cell longevity and attributes, in this review, we will compile some of the existing literature on antifungal T-cell immunity in the context of memory T-cell development against fungal infections.
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