1
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Howe JR, Chan CL, Lee D, Blanquart M, Romero HK, Zadina AN, Lemieux ME, Mills F, Desplats PA, Tye KM, Root CM. Control of innate olfactory valence by segregated cortical amygdala circuits. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.26.600895. [PMID: 38979308 PMCID: PMC11230396 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.26.600895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Animals perform innate behaviors that are stereotyped responses to specific evolutionarily relevant stimuli in the absence of prior learning or experience. These behaviors can be reduced to an axis of valence, whereby specific odors evoke approach or avoidance. The cortical amygdala (plCoA) mediates innate attraction and aversion to odor. However, little is known about how this brain area gives rise to behaviors of opposing motivational valence. Here, we sought to define the circuit features of plCoA that give rise to innate olfactory behaviors of valence. We characterized the physiology, gene expression, and projections of this structure, identifying a divergent, topographic organization that selectively controls innate attraction and avoidance to odor. First, we examined odor-evoked responses in these areas and found sparse encoding of odor identity, but not valence. We next considered a topographic organization and found that optogenetic stimulation of the anterior and posterior domains of plCoA elicits attraction and avoidance, respectively, suggesting a functional axis for valence. Using single cell and spatial RNA sequencing, we identified the molecular cell types in plCoA, revealing an anteroposterior gradient in cell types, whereby anterior glutamatergic neurons preferentially express Slc17a6 and posterior neurons express Slc17a7. Activation of these respective cell types recapitulates appetitive and aversive valence behaviors, and chemogenetic inhibition reveals partial necessity for valence responses to innate appetitive or aversive odors. Finally, we identified topographically organized circuits defined by projections, whereby anterior neurons preferentially project to medial amygdala, and posterior neurons preferentially project to nucleus accumbens, which are respectively sufficient and necessary for innate negative and positive olfactory valence. Together, these data advance our understanding of how the olfactory system generates stereotypic, hardwired attraction and avoidance, and supports a model whereby distinct, topographically distributed plCoA populations direct innate olfactory valence responses by signaling to divergent valence-specific targets, linking upstream olfactory identity to downstream valence behaviors, through a population code. This represents a novel circuit motif in which valence encoding is represented not by the firing properties of individual neurons, but by population level identity encoding that is routed through divergent targets to mediate distinct valence.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Howe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Chung-Lung Chan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Donghyung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Marlon Blanquart
- Department of Biological Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Haylie K Romero
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Abigail N Zadina
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | | | - Fergil Mills
- Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Paula A Desplats
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kay M Tye
- Department of Biological Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Cory M Root
- Department of Biological Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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2
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Shcherban IV, Fedotova VS, Matukhno AE, Shepelev IE, Shcherban OG, Lysenko LV. A method for detecting spatiotemporal patterns of cancer biomarkers-evoked activity using radial basis function network extracted time-domain features from calcium imaging data. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 405:110097. [PMID: 38408525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two-photon calcium imaging is widely used to study the odor-evoked glomerular activity in the dorsal olfactory bulb of macrosmatic animals. The nonstationary character of activated patterns sets a limit on the use of a traditional image processing approaches. NEW METHOD The developed method makes it possible to automatically map cancer biomarkers-activated glomeruli in the rat dorsal olfactory bulb. We interpolated fluorescence intensity of calcium dynamics based on the Gaussian RBF network and synthesized the physiological fluorescence model of the receptive glomerular field. RESULTS The experiments on 5 rats confirmed the correctness of the developed approach. Patterns evoked by the 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (stomach cancer biomarker) and benzene (lung cancer biomarker) were correctly identified. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS The proposed method was compared with the nonnegative matrix factorization method and with the method based on computer vision algorithms. The developed approach showed better accuracy in experiments and provided the mathematical models of the odor-evoked patterns synthesis. These models can be used to generate synthetic images of odor-evoked glomerular activity and thus to overcome the problem of small experimental data collected in calcium imaging. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method should be considered part of the toolkit for fully automatic analysis of calcium imaging-based studies. Currently available methodology is not able to use breath biomarkers to reliably discriminate between cancer patients and healthy controls. Nevertheless, the effective identification of the spatial patterns of cancer biomarkers-evoked glomerular activity can serve as the foundation for highly sensitive biohybrid systems for cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V Shcherban
- Southern Federal University (SFedU), Research Center for Neurotechnology, 105/42 Bolshaya Sadovaya Str., Rostov-on-Don 344006, the Russian Federation.
| | - Victoria S Fedotova
- Southern Federal University (SFedU), Research Center for Neurotechnology, 105/42 Bolshaya Sadovaya Str., Rostov-on-Don 344006, the Russian Federation
| | - Aleksey E Matukhno
- Southern Federal University (SFedU), Research Center for Neurotechnology, 105/42 Bolshaya Sadovaya Str., Rostov-on-Don 344006, the Russian Federation
| | - Igor E Shepelev
- Southern Federal University (SFedU), Research Center for Neurotechnology, 105/42 Bolshaya Sadovaya Str., Rostov-on-Don 344006, the Russian Federation
| | - Oxana G Shcherban
- Southern Federal University (SFedU), Research Center for Neurotechnology, 105/42 Bolshaya Sadovaya Str., Rostov-on-Don 344006, the Russian Federation
| | - Larisa V Lysenko
- Southern Federal University (SFedU), Research Center for Neurotechnology, 105/42 Bolshaya Sadovaya Str., Rostov-on-Don 344006, the Russian Federation
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3
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Trejo DH, Ciuparu A, da Silva PG, Velasquez CM, Rebouillat B, Gross MD, Davis MB, Muresan RC, Albeanu DF. Fast updating feedback from piriform cortex to the olfactory bulb relays multimodal reward contingency signals during rule-reversal. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.12.557267. [PMID: 37745564 PMCID: PMC10515864 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.12.557267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
While animals readily adjust their behavior to adapt to relevant changes in the environment, the neural pathways enabling these changes remain largely unknown. Here, using multiphoton imaging, we investigated whether feedback from the piriform cortex to the olfactory bulb supports such behavioral flexibility. To this end, we engaged head-fixed mice in a multimodal rule-reversal task guided by olfactory and auditory cues. Both odor and, surprisingly, the sound cues triggered cortical bulbar feedback responses which preceded the behavioral report. Responses to the same sensory cue were strongly modulated upon changes in stimulus-reward contingency (rule reversals). The re-shaping of individual bouton responses occurred within seconds of the rule-reversal events and was correlated with changes in the behavior. Optogenetic perturbation of cortical feedback within the bulb disrupted the behavioral performance. Our results indicate that the piriform-to-olfactory bulb feedback carries reward contingency signals and is rapidly re-formatted according to changes in the behavioral context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrei Ciuparu
- Transylvanian Institute of Neuroscience, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Pedro Garcia da Silva
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- current address – Champalimaud Neuroscience Program, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristina M. Velasquez
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- current address – University of Oxford, UK
| | - Benjamin Rebouillat
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- current address –École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Raul C. Muresan
- Transylvanian Institute of Neuroscience, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- STAR-UBB Institute, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dinu F. Albeanu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- School for Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
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4
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Shaffer C, Barrett LF, Quigley KS. Signal processing in the vagus nerve: Hypotheses based on new genetic and anatomical evidence. Biol Psychol 2023; 182:108626. [PMID: 37419401 PMCID: PMC10563766 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Each organism must regulate its internal state in a metabolically efficient way as it interacts in space and time with an ever-changing and only partly predictable world. Success in this endeavor is largely determined by the ongoing communication between brain and body, and the vagus nerve is a crucial structure in that dialogue. In this review, we introduce the novel hypothesis that the afferent vagus nerve is engaged in signal processing rather than just signal relay. New genetic and structural evidence of vagal afferent fiber anatomy motivates two hypotheses: (1) that sensory signals informing on the physiological state of the body compute both spatial and temporal viscerosensory features as they ascend the vagus nerve, following patterns found in other sensory architectures, such as the visual and olfactory systems; and (2) that ascending and descending signals modulate one another, calling into question the strict segregation of sensory and motor signals, respectively. Finally, we discuss several implications of our two hypotheses for understanding the role of viscerosensory signal processing in predictive energy regulation (i.e., allostasis) as well as the role of metabolic signals in memory and in disorders of prediction (e.g., mood disorders).
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Shaffer
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Karen S Quigley
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Chandak R, Raman B. Neural manifolds for odor-driven innate and acquired appetitive preferences. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4719. [PMID: 37543628 PMCID: PMC10404252 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory stimuli evoke spiking neural responses that innately or after learning drive suitable behavioral outputs. How are these spiking activities intrinsically patterned to encode for innate preferences, and could the neural response organization impose constraints on learning? We examined this issue in the locust olfactory system. Using a diverse odor panel, we found that ensemble activities both during ('ON response') and after stimulus presentations ('OFF response') could be linearly mapped onto overall appetitive preference indices. Although diverse, ON and OFF response patterns generated by innately appetitive odorants (higher palp-opening responses) were still limited to a low-dimensional subspace (a 'neural manifold'). Similarly, innately non-appetitive odorants evoked responses that were separable yet confined to another neural manifold. Notably, only odorants that evoked neural response excursions in the appetitive manifold could be associated with gustatory reward. In sum, these results provide insights into how encoding for innate preferences can also impact associative learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Chandak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Baranidharan Raman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
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6
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Qian WW, Wei JN, Sanchez-Lengeling B, Lee BK, Luo Y, Vlot M, Dechering K, Peng J, Gerkin RC, Wiltschko AB. Metabolic activity organizes olfactory representations. eLife 2023; 12:e82502. [PMID: 37129358 PMCID: PMC10154027 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hearing and vision sensory systems are tuned to the natural statistics of acoustic and electromagnetic energy on earth and are evolved to be sensitive in ethologically relevant ranges. But what are the natural statistics of odors, and how do olfactory systems exploit them? Dissecting an accurate machine learning model (Lee et al., 2022) for human odor perception, we find a computable representation for odor at the molecular level that can predict the odor-evoked receptor, neural, and behavioral responses of nearly all terrestrial organisms studied in olfactory neuroscience. Using this olfactory representation (principal odor map [POM]), we find that odorous compounds with similar POM representations are more likely to co-occur within a substance and be metabolically closely related; metabolic reaction sequences (Caspi et al., 2014) also follow smooth paths in POM despite large jumps in molecular structure. Just as the brain's visual representations have evolved around the natural statistics of light and shapes, the natural statistics of metabolism appear to shape the brain's representation of the olfactory world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley W Qian
- OsmoCambridgeUnited States
- Google Research, Brain TeamCambridgeUnited States
| | | | | | - Brian K Lee
- Google Research, Brain TeamCambridgeUnited States
| | - Yunan Luo
- Department of Computer Science, University of IllinoisUrbanaUnited States
| | | | | | - Jian Peng
- Department of Computer Science, University of IllinoisUrbanaUnited States
| | - Richard C Gerkin
- OsmoCambridgeUnited States
- Google Research, Brain TeamCambridgeUnited States
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7
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Chae H, Banerjee A, Dussauze M, Albeanu DF. Long-range functional loops in the mouse olfactory system and their roles in computing odor identity. Neuron 2022; 110:3970-3985.e7. [PMID: 36174573 PMCID: PMC9742324 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the neural circuits supporting odor identification remains an open challenge. Here, we analyze the contribution of the two output cell types of the mouse olfactory bulb (mitral and tufted cells) to decode odor identity and concentration and its dependence on top-down feedback from their respective major cortical targets: piriform cortex versus anterior olfactory nucleus. We find that tufted cells substantially outperform mitral cells in decoding both odor identity and intensity. Cortical feedback selectively regulates the activity of its dominant bulb projection cell type and implements different computations. Piriform feedback specifically restructures mitral responses, whereas feedback from the anterior olfactory nucleus preferentially controls the gain of tufted representations without altering their odor tuning. Our results identify distinct functional loops involving the mitral and tufted cells and their cortical targets. We suggest that in addition to the canonical mitral-to-piriform pathway, tufted cells and their target regions are ideally positioned to compute odor identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggoo Chae
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Arkarup Banerjee
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory School for Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Marie Dussauze
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory School for Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Dinu F Albeanu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory School for Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.
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8
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Burton SD, Brown A, Eiting TP, Youngstrom IA, Rust TC, Schmuker M, Wachowiak M. Mapping odorant sensitivities reveals a sparse but structured representation of olfactory chemical space by sensory input to the mouse olfactory bulb. eLife 2022; 11:e80470. [PMID: 35861321 PMCID: PMC9352350 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In olfactory systems, convergence of sensory neurons onto glomeruli generates a map of odorant receptor identity. How glomerular maps relate to sensory space remains unclear. We sought to better characterize this relationship in the mouse olfactory system by defining glomeruli in terms of the odorants to which they are most sensitive. Using high-throughput odorant delivery and ultrasensitive imaging of sensory inputs, we imaged responses to 185 odorants presented at concentrations determined to activate only one or a few glomeruli across the dorsal olfactory bulb. The resulting datasets defined the tuning properties of glomeruli - and, by inference, their cognate odorant receptors - in a low-concentration regime, and yielded consensus maps of glomerular sensitivity across a wide range of chemical space. Glomeruli were extremely narrowly tuned, with ~25% responding to only one odorant, and extremely sensitive, responding to their effective odorants at sub-picomolar to nanomolar concentrations. Such narrow tuning in this concentration regime allowed for reliable functional identification of many glomeruli based on a single diagnostic odorant. At the same time, the response spectra of glomeruli responding to multiple odorants was best predicted by straightforward odorant structural features, and glomeruli sensitive to distinct odorants with common structural features were spatially clustered. These results define an underlying structure to the primary representation of sensory space by the mouse olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn D Burton
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Audrey Brown
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Thomas P Eiting
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Isaac A Youngstrom
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Thomas C Rust
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Michael Schmuker
- Biocomputation Group, Centre of Data Innovation Research, Department of Computer Science, University of HertfordshireHertfordshireUnited Kingdom
| | - Matt Wachowiak
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
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9
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Robert-Hazotte A, Faure P, Ménétrier F, Folia M, Schwartz M, Le Quéré JL, Neiers F, Thomas-Danguin T, Heydel JM. Nasal Odorant Competitive Metabolism Is Involved in the Human Olfactory Process. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:8385-8394. [PMID: 35776896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Within the peripheral olfactory process, odorant metabolizing enzymes are involved in the active biotransformation of odorants, thus influencing the intensity and quality of the signal, but little evidence exists in humans. Here, we characterized the fast nasal metabolism of the food aroma pentane-2,3-dione in vivo and identified two resulting metabolites in the nasal-exhaled air, supporting the metabolizing role of the dicarbonyl/l-xylulose reductase. We showed in vitro, using the recombinant enzyme, that pentane-2,3-dione metabolism was inhibited by a second odorant (e.g., butanoic acid) according to an odorant-odorant competitive metabolic mechanism. Hypothesizing that such mechanism exists in vivo, pentane-2,3-dione, presented with a competitive odorant, both at subthreshold concentrations, was actually significantly perceived, suggesting an increase in its nasal availability. Our results, suggesting that odorant metabolizing enzymes can balance the relative detection of odorants in a mixture, in turn influencing the intensity of the signal, should be considered to better manage flavor perception in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Robert-Hazotte
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR 6265 CNRS/1324 INRA/Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Philippe Faure
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR 6265 CNRS/1324 INRA/Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Franck Ménétrier
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR 6265 CNRS/1324 INRA/Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Mireille Folia
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR 6265 CNRS/1324 INRA/Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, F-21000 Dijon, France
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dijon University Hospital, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Mathieu Schwartz
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR 6265 CNRS/1324 INRA/Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Luc Le Quéré
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR 6265 CNRS/1324 INRA/Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Fabrice Neiers
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR 6265 CNRS/1324 INRA/Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Thierry Thomas-Danguin
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR 6265 CNRS/1324 INRA/Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Marie Heydel
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR 6265 CNRS/1324 INRA/Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, F-21000 Dijon, France
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10
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Wang IH, Murray E, Andrews G, Jiang HC, Park SJ, Donnard E, Durán-Laforet V, Bear DM, Faust TE, Garber M, Baer CE, Schafer DP, Weng Z, Chen F, Macosko EZ, Greer PL. Spatial transcriptomic reconstruction of the mouse olfactory glomerular map suggests principles of odor processing. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:484-492. [PMID: 35314823 PMCID: PMC9281876 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory system's ability to detect and discriminate between the vast array of chemicals present in the environment is critical for an animal's survival. In mammals, the first step of this odor processing is executed by olfactory sensory neurons, which project their axons to a stereotyped location in the olfactory bulb (OB) to form glomeruli. The stereotyped positioning of glomeruli in the OB suggests an importance for this organization in odor perception. However, because the location of only a limited subset of glomeruli has been determined, it has been challenging to determine the relationship between glomerular location and odor discrimination. Using a combination of single-cell RNA sequencing, spatial transcriptomics and machine learning, we have generated a map of most glomerular positions in the mouse OB. These observations significantly extend earlier studies and suggest an overall organizational principle in the OB that may be used by the brain to assist in odor decoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Hao Wang
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Evan Murray
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Greg Andrews
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hao-Ching Jiang
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Sung Jin Park
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Elisa Donnard
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Violeta Durán-Laforet
- Department of Neurobiology and Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Daniel M Bear
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Travis E Faust
- Department of Neurobiology and Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Manuel Garber
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Christina E Baer
- Sanderson Center for Optical Imaging and Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Dorothy P Schafer
- Department of Neurobiology and Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Fei Chen
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Evan Z Macosko
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul L Greer
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Olfaction is fundamentally distinct from other sensory modalities. Natural odor stimuli are complex mixtures of volatile chemicals that interact in the nose with a receptor array that, in rodents, is built from more than 1,000 unique receptors. These interactions dictate a peripheral olfactory code, which in the brain is transformed and reformatted as it is broadcast across a set of highly interconnected olfactory regions. Here we discuss the problems of characterizing peripheral population codes for olfactory stimuli, of inferring the specific functions of different higher olfactory areas given their extensive recurrence, and of ultimately understanding how odor representations are linked to perception and action. We argue that, despite the differences between olfaction and other sensory modalities, addressing these specific questions will reveal general principles underlying brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Brann
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Sandeep Robert Datta
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
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12
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Nikbakht N, Diamond ME. Conserved visual capacity of rats under red light. eLife 2021; 10:66429. [PMID: 34282724 PMCID: PMC8360654 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies examine the behavioral capacities of rats and mice with and without visual input, and the neuronal mechanisms underlying such capacities. These animals are assumed to be functionally blind under red light, an assumption that might originate in the fact that they are dichromats who possess ultraviolet and green cones, but not red cones. But the inability to see red as a color does not necessarily rule out form vision based on red light absorption. We measured Long-Evans rats’ capacity for visual form discrimination under red light of various wavelength bands. Upon viewing a black and white grating, they had to distinguish between two categories of orientation: horizontal and vertical. Psychometric curves plotting judged orientation versus angle demonstrate the conserved visual capacity of rats under red light. Investigations aiming to explore rodent physiological and behavioral functions in the absence of visual input should not assume red-light blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Nikbakht
- Tactile Perception and Learning Lab, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Mathew E Diamond
- Tactile Perception and Learning Lab, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
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Gronowitz ME, Liu A, Qiu Q, Yu CR, Cleland TA. A physicochemical model of odor sampling. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009054. [PMID: 34115747 PMCID: PMC8221795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a general physicochemical sampling model for olfaction, based on established pharmacological laws, in which arbitrary combinations of odorant ligands and receptors can be generated and their individual and collective effects on odor representations and olfactory performance measured. Individual odor ligands exhibit receptor-specific affinities and efficacies; that is, they may bind strongly or weakly to a given receptor, and can act as strong agonists, weak agonists, partial agonists, or antagonists. Ligands interacting with common receptors compete with one another for dwell time; these competitive interactions appropriately simulate the degeneracy that fundamentally defines the capacities and limitations of odorant sampling. The outcome of these competing ligand-receptor interactions yields a pattern of receptor activation levels, thereafter mapped to glomerular presynaptic activation levels based on the convergence of sensory neuron axons. The metric of greatest interest is the mean discrimination sensitivity, a measure of how effectively the olfactory system at this level is able to recognize a small change in the physicochemical quality of a stimulus. This model presents several significant outcomes, both expected and surprising. First, adding additional receptors reliably improves the system's discrimination sensitivity. Second, in contrast, adding additional ligands to an odorscene initially can improve discrimination sensitivity, but eventually will reduce it as the number of ligands increases. Third, the presence of antagonistic ligand-receptor interactions produced clear benefits for sensory system performance, generating higher absolute discrimination sensitivities and increasing the numbers of competing ligands that could be present before discrimination sensitivity began to be impaired. Finally, the model correctly reflects and explains the modest reduction in odor discrimination sensitivity exhibited by transgenic mice in which the specificity of glomerular targeting by primary olfactory neurons is partially disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell E. Gronowitz
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Adam Liu
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Qiang Qiu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - C. Ron Yu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Cleland
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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Egger V, Kuner T. Olfactory bulb granule cells: specialized to link coactive glomerular columns for percept generation and discrimination of odors. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 383:495-506. [PMID: 33404844 PMCID: PMC7873091 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of granule cells in olfactory processing is surrounded by several enigmatic observations, such as the purpose of reciprocal spines and the mechanisms for GABA release, the apparently low firing activity and recurrent inhibitory drive of granule cells, the missing proof for functional reciprocal connectivity, and the apparently negligible contribution to lateral inhibition. Here, we summarize recent results with regard to both the mechanisms of GABA release and the behavioral relevance of granule cell activity during odor discrimination. We outline a novel hypothesis that has the potential to resolve most of these enigmas and allows further predictions on the function of granule cells in odor processing. Briefly, recent findings imply that GABA release from the reciprocal spine requires a local spine action potential and the cooperative action of NMDA receptors and high voltage-activated Ca2+ channels. Thus, lateral inhibition is conditional on activity in the principal neurons connected to a granule cell and tightly intertwined with recurrent inhibition. This notion allows us to infer that lateral inhibition between principal neurons occurs "on demand," i.e., selectively on coactive mitral and tufted cells, and thus can provide directed, dynamically switched lateral inhibition in a sensory system with 1000 input channels organized in glomerular columns. The mechanistic underpinnings of this hypothesis concur with findings from odor discrimination behavior in mice with synaptic proteins deleted in granule cells. In summary, our hypothesis explains the unusual microcircuit of the granule cell reciprocal spine as a means of olfactory combinatorial coding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Egger
- Institute of Zoology, Regensburg University, Universitätsstr. 30, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Kuner
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Kermen F, Mandairon N, Chalençon L. Odor hedonics coding in the vertebrate olfactory bulb. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 383:485-493. [PMID: 33515292 PMCID: PMC7873110 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03372-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Whether an odorant is perceived as pleasant or unpleasant (hedonic value) governs a range of crucial behaviors: foraging, escaping danger, and social interaction. Despite its importance in olfactory perception, little is known regarding how odor hedonics is represented and encoded in the brain. Here, we review recent findings describing how odorant hedonic value is represented in the first olfaction processing center, the olfactory bulb. We discuss how olfactory bulb circuits might contribute to the coding of innate and learned odorant hedonics in addition to the odorant's physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Kermen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7030, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Nathalie Mandairon
- CNRS. UMR 5292: INSERM, U1028: Lyon Neuroscience Research Center Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, University Lyon, University Lyon1, F-69000, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laura Chalençon
- CNRS. UMR 5292: INSERM, U1028: Lyon Neuroscience Research Center Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, University Lyon, University Lyon1, F-69000, Villeurbanne, France
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Structure and flexibility in cortical representations of odour space. Nature 2020; 583:253-258. [PMID: 32612230 PMCID: PMC7450987 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2451-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The cortex organizes sensory information to enable discrimination and generalization1–4. Systematic representations of chemical odor space have not been described in olfactory cortex, and so it remains unclear how odor relationships are encoded to place chemically distinct but similar odors, like lemon and orange, into perceptual categories, like citrus5–7. Here we demonstrate that both the piriform cortex (PCx) and its sensory inputs from the olfactory bulb represent chemical odor relationships through correlated patterns of activity. However, cortical odor codes differ from those in the bulb: cortex more strongly clusters together representations for related odors, selectively rewrites pairwise odor relationships, and better matches odor perception. The bulb-to-cortex transformation depends upon the associative network originating within PCx, and can be reshaped by passive odor experience. Thus, cortex actively builds a structured representation of chemical odor space that highlights odor relationships; this representation is similar across individuals but remains plastic, suggesting a means through which the olfactory system can assign related odor cues to common and yet personalized percepts.
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Effect of Interglomerular Inhibitory Networks on Olfactory Bulb Odor Representations. J Neurosci 2020; 40:5954-5969. [PMID: 32561671 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0233-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lateral inhibition is a fundamental feature of circuits that process sensory information. In the mammalian olfactory system, inhibitory interneurons called short axon cells (SACs) comprise the first network mediating lateral inhibition between glomeruli, the functional units of early olfactory coding and processing. The connectivity of this network and its impact on odor representations is not well understood. To explore this question, we constructed a computational model of the interglomerular inhibitory network using detailed characterizations of SAC morphologies taken from mouse olfactory bulb (OB). We then examined how this network transformed glomerular patterns of odorant-evoked sensory input (taken from previously-published datasets) as a function of the selectivity of interglomerular inhibition. We examined three connectivity schemes: selective (each glomerulus connects to few others with heterogeneous strength), nonselective (glomeruli connect to most others with heterogenous strength), or global (glomeruli connect to all others with equal strength). We found that both selective and nonselective interglomerular networks could mediate heterogeneous patterns of inhibition across glomeruli when driven by realistic sensory input patterns, but that global inhibitory networks were unable to produce input-output transformations that matched experimental data and were poor mediators of intensity-dependent gain control. We further found that networks whose interglomerular connectivities were tuned by sensory input profile decorrelated odor representations moreeffectively. These results suggest that, despite their multiglomerular innervation patterns, SACs are capable of mediating odorant-specific patterns of inhibition between glomeruli that could, theoretically, be tuned by experience or evolution to optimize discrimination of particular odorants.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Lateral inhibition is a key feature of circuitry in many sensory systems including vision, audition, and olfaction. We investigate how lateral inhibitory networks mediated by short axon cells (SACs) in the mouse olfactory bulb (OB) might shape odor representations as a function of their interglomerular connectivity. Using a computational model of interglomerular connectivity derived from experimental data, we find that SAC networks, despite their broad innervation patterns, can mediate heterogeneous patterns of inhibition across glomeruli, and that the canonical model of global inhibition does not generate experimentally observed responses to stimuli. In addition, inhibitory connections tuned by input statistics yield enhanced decorrelation of similar input patterns. These results elucidate how the organization of inhibition between neural elements may affect computations.
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Losacco J, Ramirez-Gordillo D, Gilmer J, Restrepo D. Learning improves decoding of odor identity with phase-referenced oscillations in the olfactory bulb. eLife 2020; 9:e52583. [PMID: 31990271 PMCID: PMC6986879 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Local field potential oscillations reflect temporally coordinated neuronal ensembles-coupling distant brain regions, gating processing windows, and providing a reference for spike timing-based codes. In phase amplitude coupling (PAC), the amplitude of the envelope of a faster oscillation is larger within a phase window of a slower carrier wave. Here, we characterized PAC, and the related theta phase-referenced high gamma and beta power (PRP), in the olfactory bulb of mice learning to discriminate odorants. PAC changes throughout learning, and odorant-elicited changes in PRP increase for rewarded and decrease for unrewarded odorants. Contextual odorant identity (is the odorant rewarded?) can be decoded from peak PRP in animals proficient in odorant discrimination, but not in naïve mice. As the animal learns to discriminate the odorants the dimensionality of PRP decreases. Therefore, modulation of phase-referenced chunking of information in the course of learning plays a role in early sensory processing in olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Losacco
- Neuroscience Graduate ProgramUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Daniel Ramirez-Gordillo
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Jesse Gilmer
- Neuroscience Graduate ProgramUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Diego Restrepo
- Neuroscience Graduate ProgramUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
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