1
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Iacopini I, Karsai M, Barrat A. The temporal dynamics of group interactions in higher-order social networks. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7391. [PMID: 39191743 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50918-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Representing social systems as networks, starting from the interactions between individuals, sheds light on the mechanisms governing their dynamics. However, networks encode only pairwise interactions, while most social interactions occur among groups of individuals, requiring higher-order network representations. Despite the recent interest in higher-order networks, little is known about the mechanisms that govern the formation and evolution of groups, and how people move between groups. Here, we leverage empirical data on social interactions among children and university students to study their temporal dynamics at both individual and group levels, characterising how individuals navigate groups and how groups form and disaggregate. We find robust patterns across contexts and propose a dynamical model that closely reproduces empirical observations. These results represent a further step in understanding social systems, and open up research directions to study the impact of group dynamics on dynamical processes that evolve on top of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iacopo Iacopini
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University London, London, E1W 1LP, United Kingdom.
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Network and Data Science, Central European University, A-1100, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Márton Karsai
- Department of Network and Data Science, Central European University, A-1100, Vienna, Austria
- National Laboratory for Health Security, HUN-REN Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics, 1053, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alain Barrat
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
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2
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Gallo L, Lacasa L, Latora V, Battiston F. Higher-order correlations reveal complex memory in temporal hypergraphs. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4754. [PMID: 38834592 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48578-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Many real-world complex systems are characterized by interactions in groups that change in time. Current temporal network approaches, however, are unable to describe group dynamics, as they are based on pairwise interactions only. Here, we use time-varying hypergraphs to describe such systems, and we introduce a framework based on higher-order correlations to characterize their temporal organization. The analysis of human interaction data reveals the existence of coherent and interdependent mesoscopic structures, thus capturing aggregation, fragmentation and nucleation processes in social systems. We introduce a model of temporal hypergraphs with non-Markovian group interactions, which reveals complex memory as a fundamental mechanism underlying the emerging pattern in the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Gallo
- Department of Network and Data Science, Central European University, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Lucas Lacasa
- Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Physics and Complex Systems (IFISC), CSIC-UIB, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Vito Latora
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy
- INFN Sezione di Catania, Via S. Sofia, 64, 95125, Catania, Italy
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, A-1080, Vienna, Austria
| | - Federico Battiston
- Department of Network and Data Science, Central European University, Vienna, Austria.
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3
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Shirzadkhani R, Huang S, Leung A, Rabbany R. Static graph approximations of dynamic contact networks for epidemic forecasting. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11696. [PMID: 38777814 PMCID: PMC11111697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Epidemic modeling is essential in understanding the spread of infectious diseases like COVID-19 and devising effective intervention strategies to control them. Recently, network-based disease models have integrated traditional compartment-based modeling with real-world contact graphs and shown promising results. However, in an ongoing epidemic, future contact network patterns are not observed yet. To address this, we use aggregated static networks to approximate future contacts for disease modeling. The standard method in the literature concatenates all edges from a dynamic graph into one collapsed graph, called the full static graph. However, the full static graph often leads to severe overestimation of key epidemic characteristics. Therefore, we propose two novel static network approximation methods, DegMST and EdgeMST, designed to preserve the sparsity of real world contact network while remaining connected. DegMST and EdgeMST use the frequency of temporal edges and the node degrees respectively to preserve sparsity. Our analysis show that our models more closely resemble the network characteristics of the dynamic graph compared to the full static ones. Moreover, our analysis on seven real-world contact networks suggests EdgeMST yield more accurate estimations of disease dynamics for epidemic forecasting when compared to the standard full static method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Shirzadkhani
- Mila, Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Shenyang Huang
- Mila, Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, Montreal, Canada.
- School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Abby Leung
- School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Reihaneh Rabbany
- Mila, Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, Montreal, Canada
- School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- CIFAR AI Chair, Montreal, Canada
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4
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Juozaitienė R, Wit EC. Nodal Heterogeneity can Induce Ghost Triadic Effects in Relational Event Models. PSYCHOMETRIKA 2024; 89:151-171. [PMID: 38446394 DOI: 10.1007/s11336-024-09952-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Temporal network data is often encoded as time-stamped interaction events between senders and receivers, such as co-authoring scientific articles or communication via email. A number of relational event frameworks have been proposed to address specific issues raised by complex temporal dependencies. These models attempt to quantify how individual behaviour, endogenous and exogenous factors, as well as interactions with other individuals modify the network dynamics over time. It is often of interest to determine whether changes in the network can be attributed to endogenous mechanisms reflecting natural relational tendencies, such as reciprocity or triadic effects. The propensity to form or receive ties can also, at least partially, be related to actor attributes. Nodal heterogeneity in the network is often modelled by including actor-specific or dyadic covariates. However, comprehensively capturing all personality traits is difficult in practice, if not impossible. A failure to account for heterogeneity may confound the substantive effect of key variables of interest. This work shows that failing to account for node level sender and receiver effects can induce ghost triadic effects. We propose a random-effect extension of the relational event model to deal with these problems. We show that it is often effective over more traditional approaches, such as in-degree and out-degree statistics. These results that the violation of the hierarchy principle due to insufficient information about nodal heterogeneity can be resolved by including random effects in the relational event model as a standard.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ernst C Wit
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
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5
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Mokryn O, Abbey A, Marmor Y, Shahar Y. Evaluating the dynamic interplay of social distancing policies regarding airborne pathogens through a temporal interaction-driven model that uses real-world and synthetic data. J Biomed Inform 2024; 151:104601. [PMID: 38307358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2024.104601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has exhibited diverse patterns of spread across countries and communities, emphasizing the need to consider the underlying population dynamics in modeling its progression and the importance of evaluating the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical intervention strategies in combating viral transmission within human communities. Such an understanding requires accurate modeling of the interplay between the community dynamics and the disease propagation dynamics within the community. METHODS We build on an interaction-driven model of an airborne disease over contact networks that we have defined. Using the model, we evaluate the effectiveness of temporal, spatial, and spatiotemporal social distancing policies. Temporal social distancing involves a pure dilation of the timeline while preserving individual activity potential and thus prolonging the period of interaction; spatial distancing corresponds to social distancing pods; and spatiotemporal distancing pertains to the situation in which fixed subgroups of the overall group meet at alternate times. We evaluate these social distancing policies over real-world interactions' data and over history-preserving synthetic temporal random networks. Furthermore, we evaluate the policies for the disease's with different number of initial patients, corresponding to either the phase in the progression of the infection through a community or the number of patients infected together at the initial infection event. We expand our model to consider the exposure to viral load, which we correlate with the meetings' duration. RESULTS Our results demonstrate the superiority of decreasing social interactions (i.e., time dilation) within the community over partial isolation strategies, such as the spatial distancing pods and the spatiotemporal distancing strategy. In addition, we found that slow-spreading pathogens (i.e., pathogens that require a longer exposure to infect) spread roughly at the same rate as fast-spreading ones in highly active communities. This result is surprising since the pathogens may follow different paths. However, we demonstrate that the dilation of the timeline considerably slows the spread of the slower pathogens. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the temporal dynamics of a community have a more significant effect on the spread of the disease than the characteristics of the spreading processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osnat Mokryn
- Department of Information Systems, University of Haifa, Israel.
| | - Alex Abbey
- Department of Information Systems, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Yanir Marmor
- Department of Information Systems, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Yuval Shahar
- Department of Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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6
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Burgio G, Gómez S, Arenas A. Triadic Approximation Reveals the Role of Interaction Overlap on the Spread of Complex Contagions on Higher-Order Networks. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:077401. [PMID: 38427871 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.077401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Contagion processes relying on the exposure to multiple sources are prevalent in social systems, and are effectively represented by hypergraphs. In this Letter, we derive a mean-field model that goes beyond node- and pair-based approximations. We reveal how the stability of the contagion-free state is decided by either two- or three-body interactions, and how this is strictly related to the degree of overlap between these interactions. Our findings demonstrate the dual effect of increased overlap: it lowers the invasion threshold, yet produces smaller outbreaks. Corroborated by numerical simulations, our results emphasize the significance of the chosen representation in describing a higher-order process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Burgio
- Departament d'Enginyeria Informàtica i Matemàtiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Sergio Gómez
- Departament d'Enginyeria Informàtica i Matemàtiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Alex Arenas
- Departament d'Enginyeria Informàtica i Matemàtiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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7
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Allen AJ, Moore C, Hébert-Dufresne L. Compressing the Chronology of a Temporal Network with Graph Commutators. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:077402. [PMID: 38427895 PMCID: PMC11223189 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.077402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Studies of dynamics on temporal networks often represent the network as a series of "snapshots," static networks active for short durations of time. We argue that successive snapshots can be aggregated if doing so has little effect on the overlying dynamics. We propose a method to compress network chronologies by progressively combining pairs of snapshots whose matrix commutators have the smallest dynamical effect. We apply this method to epidemic modeling on real contact tracing data and find that it allows for significant compression while remaining faithful to the epidemic dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J. Allen
- Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
- Applied Clinical Research Center, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | | | - Laurent Hébert-Dufresne
- Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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8
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Cencetti G, Lucchini L, Santin G, Battiston F, Moro E, Pentland A, Lepri B. Temporal clustering of social interactions trades-off disease spreading and knowledge diffusion. J R Soc Interface 2024; 21:20230471. [PMID: 38166491 PMCID: PMC10761286 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-pharmaceutical measures such as preventive quarantines, remote working, school and workplace closures, lockdowns, etc. have shown effectiveness from an epidemic control perspective; however, they have also significant negative consequences on social life and relationships, work routines and community engagement. In particular, complex ideas, work and school collaborations, innovative discoveries and resilient norms formation and maintenance, which often require face-to-face interactions of two or more parties to be developed and synergically coordinated, are particularly affected. In this study, we propose an alternative hybrid solution that balances the slowdown of epidemic diffusion with the preservation of face-to-face interactions, that we test simulating a disease and a knowledge spreading simultaneously on a network of contacts. Our approach involves a two-step partitioning of the population. First, we tune the level of node clustering, creating 'social bubbles' with increased contacts within each bubble and fewer outside, while maintaining the average number of contacts in each network. Second, we tune the level of temporal clustering by pairing, for a certain time interval, nodes from specific social bubbles. Our results demonstrate that a hybrid approach can achieve better trade-offs between epidemic control and complex knowledge diffusion. The versatility of our model enables tuning and refining clustering levels to optimally achieve the desired trade-off, based on the potentially changing characteristics of a disease or knowledge diffusion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cencetti
- Digital Society Center, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy
- Centre de Physique Théorique, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, Marseille, France
| | - Lorenzo Lucchini
- DONDENA and BIDSA Research Centres—Bocconi University, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Santin
- Digital Society Center, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University of Venice, Venezia, Italy
| | - Federico Battiston
- Department of Network and Data Science, Central European University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Esteban Moro
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Mathematics & GISC, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganes, Spain
| | - Alex Pentland
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bruno Lepri
- Digital Society Center, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy
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9
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Iñiguez G, Heydari S, Kertész J, Saramäki J. Universal patterns in egocentric communication networks. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5217. [PMID: 37633934 PMCID: PMC10460427 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40888-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tie strengths in social networks are heterogeneous, with strong and weak ties playing different roles at the network and individual levels. Egocentric networks, networks of relationships around an individual, exhibit few strong ties and more weaker ties, as evidenced by electronic communication records. Mobile phone data has also revealed persistent individual differences within this pattern. However, the generality and driving mechanisms of social tie strength heterogeneity remain unclear. Here, we study tie strengths in egocentric networks across multiple datasets of interactions between millions of people during months to years. We find universality in tie strength distributions and their individual-level variation across communication modes, even in channels not reflecting offline social relationships. Via a simple model of egocentric network evolution, we show that the observed universality arises from the competition between cumulative advantage and random choice, two tie reinforcement mechanisms whose balance determines the diversity of tie strengths. Our results provide insight into the driving mechanisms of tie strength heterogeneity in social networks and have implications for the understanding of social network structure and individual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Iñiguez
- Department of Network and Data Science, Central European University, 1100, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University School of Science, 00076, Aalto, Finland.
- Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, 33720, Tampere, Finland.
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Sara Heydari
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University School of Science, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - János Kertész
- Department of Network and Data Science, Central European University, 1100, Vienna, Austria
- Complexity Science Hub, 1080, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jari Saramäki
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University School of Science, 00076, Aalto, Finland.
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10
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Marmor Y, Abbey A, Shahar Y, Mokryn O. Assessing individual risk and the latent transmission of COVID-19 in a population with an interaction-driven temporal model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12955. [PMID: 37563358 PMCID: PMC10415258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39817-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Interaction-driven modeling of diseases over real-world contact data has been shown to promote the understanding of the spread of diseases in communities. This temporal modeling follows the path-preserving order and timing of the contacts, which are essential for accurate modeling. Yet, other important aspects were overlooked. Various airborne pathogens differ in the duration of exposure needed for infection. Also, from the individual perspective, Covid-19 progression differs between individuals, and its severity is statistically correlated with age. Here, we enrich an interaction-driven model of Covid-19 and similar airborne viral diseases with (a) meetings duration and (b) personal disease progression. The enriched model enables predicting outcomes at both the population and the individual levels. It further allows predicting individual risk of engaging in social interactions as a function of the virus characteristics and its prevalence in the population. We further showed that the enigmatic nature of asymptomatic transmission stems from the latent effect of the network density on this transmission and that asymptomatic transmission has a substantial impact only in sparse communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanir Marmor
- Information Systems, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Alex Abbey
- Information Systems, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yuval Shahar
- Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Osnat Mokryn
- Information Systems, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
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11
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Kim J, Bidokhti SS, Sarkar S. Capturing COVID-19 spread and interplay with multi-hop contact tracing intervention. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288394. [PMID: 37440551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A preemptive multi-hop contact tracing scheme that tracks not only the direct contacts of those who tested positive for COVID-19, but also secondary or tertiary contacts has been proposed and deployed in practice with some success. We propose a mathematical methodology for evaluating this preemptive contact tracing strategy that combines the contact tracing dynamics and the virus transmission mechanism in a single framework using microscopic Markov Chain approach (MMCA). We perform Monte Carlo (MC) simulations to validate our model and show that the output of our model provides a reasonable match with the result of MC simulations. Utilizing the formulation under a human contact network generated from real-world data, we show that the cost-benefit tradeoff can be significantly enhanced through an implementation of the multi-hop contact tracing as compared to traditional contact tracing. We further shed light on the mechanisms behind the effectiveness of the multi-hop testing strategy using the framework. We show that our mathematical framework allows significantly faster computation of key attributes for multi-hop contact tracing as compared to MC simulations. This in turn enables the investigation of these attributes for large contact networks, and constitutes a significant strength of our approach as the contact networks that arise in practice are typically large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungyeol Kim
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Shirin Saeedi Bidokhti
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Saswati Sarkar
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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12
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Cencetti G, Contreras DA, Mancastroppa M, Barrat A. Distinguishing Simple and Complex Contagion Processes on Networks. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:247401. [PMID: 37390429 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.247401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Contagion processes on networks, including disease spreading, information diffusion, or social behaviors propagation, can be modeled as simple contagion, i.e., as a contagion process involving one connection at a time, or as complex contagion, in which multiple interactions are needed for a contagion event. Empirical data on spreading processes, however, even when available, do not easily allow us to uncover which of these underlying contagion mechanisms is at work. We propose a strategy to discriminate between these mechanisms upon the observation of a single instance of a spreading process. The strategy is based on the observation of the order in which network nodes are infected, and on its correlations with their local topology: these correlations differ between processes of simple contagion, processes involving threshold mechanisms, and processes driven by group interactions (i.e., by "higher-order" mechanisms). Our results improve our understanding of contagion processes and provide a method using only limited information to distinguish between several possible contagion mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Andrés Contreras
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, Centre de Physique Théorique, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Marco Mancastroppa
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, Centre de Physique Théorique, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Alain Barrat
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, Centre de Physique Théorique, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
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13
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Le Bail D, Génois M, Barrat A. Modeling framework unifying contact and social networks. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:024301. [PMID: 36932592 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.024301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Temporal networks of face-to-face interactions between individuals are useful proxies of the dynamics of social systems on fast timescales. Several empirical statistical properties of these networks have been shown to be robust across a large variety of contexts. To better grasp the role of various mechanisms of social interactions in the emergence of these properties, models in which schematic implementations of such mechanisms can be carried out have proven useful. Here, we put forward a framework to model temporal networks of human interactions based on the idea of a coevolution and feedback between (i) an observed network of instantaneous interactions and (ii) an underlying unobserved social bond network: Social bonds partially drive interaction opportunities and in turn are reinforced by interactions and weakened or even removed by the lack of interactions. Through this coevolution, we also integrate in the model well-known mechanisms such as triadic closure, but also the impact of shared social context and nonintentional (casual) interactions, with several tunable parameters. We then propose a method to compare the statistical properties of each version of the model with empirical face-to-face interaction data sets to determine which sets of mechanisms lead to realistic social temporal networks within this modeling framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Le Bail
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Mathieu Génois
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Alain Barrat
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, 13009 Marseille, France
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14
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Houssiau F, Sapieżyński P, Radaelli L, Shmueli E, de Montjoye YA. Detrimental network effects in privacy: A graph-theoretic model for node-based intrusions. PATTERNS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 4:100662. [PMID: 36699738 PMCID: PMC9868678 DOI: 10.1016/j.patter.2022.100662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite proportionality being one of the tenets of data protection laws, we currently lack a robust analytical framework to evaluate the reach of modern data collections and the network effects at play. Here, we propose a graph-theoretic model and notions of node- and edge-observability to quantify the reach of networked data collections. We first prove closed-form expressions for our metrics and quantify the impact of the graph's structure on observability. Second, using our model, we quantify how (1) from 270,000 compromised accounts, Cambridge Analytica collected 68.0M Facebook profiles; (2) from surveilling 0.01% of the nodes in a mobile phone network, a law enforcement agency could observe 18.6% of all communications; and (3) an app installed on 1% of smartphones could monitor the location of half of the London population through close proximity tracing. Better quantifying the reach of data collection mechanisms is essential to evaluate their proportionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florimond Houssiau
- The Alan Turing Institute, 2QR, John Dodson House, 96 Euston Road, London NW1 2DB, UK,Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2BX, UK
| | - Piotr Sapieżyński
- Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Laura Radaelli
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Erez Shmueli
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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15
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$$\Delta $$-Conformity: multi-scale node assortativity in feature-rich stream graphs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DATA SCIENCE AND ANALYTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41060-022-00375-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMulti-scale strategies to estimate mixing patterns are meant to capture heterogeneous behaviors among node homophily, but they ignore an important addendum often available in real-world networks: the time when edges are present and the time-varying paths that edges form accordingly. In this work, we go beyond the assumption of a static network topology to propose a multi-scale, path- and time-aware node homophily estimator specifically tied for feature-rich stream graphs: $$\Delta $$
Δ
-Conformity. Our measure can capture the homogeneous/heterogeneous tendency of nodes’ connectivity along a period of time $$\Delta $$
Δ
starting from a given moment in time. Results on face-to-face interaction networks suggest it is possible to track changes in social mixing behaviors that coincide with contextually reasonable everyday patterns, e.g., medical staff disassortative behavior when exposed to patients. In a different domain, that of the Bitcoin Transaction Network, we capture relationships between the quantity of money sent from (and to) different categories/continents and their respective mixing trends over time. All these insights help us to introduce $$\Delta $$
Δ
-Conformity as a suitable solution for understanding temporal homophily by capturing the mixing tendency of entities embedded in fine-grained evolving contexts.
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16
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A Bayesian generative neural network framework for epidemic inference problems. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19673. [PMID: 36385141 PMCID: PMC9667449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20898-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The reconstruction of missing information in epidemic spreading on contact networks can be essential in the prevention and containment strategies. The identification and warning of infectious but asymptomatic individuals (i.e., contact tracing), the well-known patient-zero problem, or the inference of the infectivity values in structured populations are examples of significant epidemic inference problems. As the number of possible epidemic cascades grows exponentially with the number of individuals involved and only an almost negligible subset of them is compatible with the observations (e.g., medical tests), epidemic inference in contact networks poses incredible computational challenges. We present a new generative neural networks framework that learns to generate the most probable infection cascades compatible with observations. The proposed method achieves better (in some cases, significantly better) or comparable results with existing methods in all problems considered both in synthetic and real contact networks. Given its generality, clear Bayesian and variational nature, the presented framework paves the way to solve fundamental inference epidemic problems with high precision in small and medium-sized real case scenarios such as the spread of infections in workplaces and hospitals.
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17
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O Szabo R, Chowdhary S, Deritei D, Battiston F. The anatomy of social dynamics in escape rooms. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10498. [PMID: 35732634 PMCID: PMC9217954 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13929-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
From sport and science production to everyday life, higher-level pursuits demand collaboration. Despite an increase in the number of data-driven studies on human behavior, the social dynamics of collaborative problem solving are still largely unexplored with network science and other computational and quantitative tools. Here we introduce escape rooms as a non-interventional and minimally biased social laboratory, which allows us to capture at a high resolution real-time communications in small project teams. Our analysis portrays a nuanced picture of different dimensions of social dynamics. We reveal how socio-demographic characteristics impact problem solving and the importance of prior relationships for enhanced interactions. We extract key conversation rules from motif analysis and discuss turn-usurping gendered behavior, a phenomenon particularly strong in male-dominated teams. We investigate the temporal evolution of signed and group interactions, finding that a minimum level of tense communication might be beneficial for collective problem solving, and revealing differences in the behavior of successful and failed teams. Our work unveils the innovative potential of escape rooms to study teams in their complexity, contributing to a deeper understanding of the micro-dynamics of collaborative team processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeka O Szabo
- Department of Network and Data Science, Central European University, Budapest, 1051, Hungary. .,Laboratory for Networks, Innovation and Technology, Corvinus University, Budapest, 1093, Hungary.
| | - Sandeep Chowdhary
- Department of Network and Data Science, Central European University, Vienna, 1100, Austria
| | - David Deritei
- Department of Network and Data Science, Central European University, Budapest, 1051, Hungary.,Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1085, Hungary.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, USA
| | - Federico Battiston
- Department of Network and Data Science, Central European University, Vienna, 1100, Austria.
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18
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Abbey A, Shahar Y, Mokryn O. Analysis of the competition among viral strains using a temporal interaction-driven contagion model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9616. [PMID: 35688869 PMCID: PMC9186289 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13432-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The temporal dynamics of social interactions were shown to influence the spread of disease. Here, we model the conditions of progression and competition for several viral strains, exploring various levels of cross-immunity over temporal networks. We use our interaction-driven contagion model and characterize, using it, several viral variants. Our results, obtained on temporal random networks and on real-world interaction data, demonstrate that temporal dynamics are crucial to determining the competition results. We consider two and three competing pathogens and show the conditions under which a slower pathogen will remain active and create a second wave infecting most of the population. We then show that when the duration of the encounters is considered, the spreading dynamics change significantly. Our results indicate that when considering airborne diseases, it might be crucial to consider the duration of temporal meetings to model the spread of pathogens in a population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Abbey
- Information Systems, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yuval Shahar
- Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Osnat Mokryn
- Information Systems, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
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19
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Hambridge HL, Kahn R, Onnela JP. Effect of a two-dose vs three-dose vaccine strategy in residential colleges using an empirical proximity network. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 119:210-213. [PMID: 35405350 PMCID: PMC8989661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hali L Hambridge
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Rebecca Kahn
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Jukka-Pekka Onnela
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.
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20
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Tindall D, McLevey J, Koop-Monteiro Y, Graham A. Big data, computational social science, and other recent innovations in social network analysis. CANADIAN REVIEW OF SOCIOLOGY = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SOCIOLOGIE 2022; 59:271-288. [PMID: 35286014 DOI: 10.1111/cars.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
While sociologists have studied social networks for about one hundred years, recent developments in data, technology, and methods of analysis provide opportunities for social network analysis (SNA) to play a prominent role in the new research world of big data and computational social science (CSS). In our review, we focus on four broad topics: (1) Collecting Social Network Data from the Web, (2) Non-traditional and Bipartite/Multi-mode Networks, including Discourse and Semantic Networks, and Social-Ecological Networks, (3) Recent Developments in Statistical Inference for Networks, and (4) Ethics in Computational Network Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tindall
- Department of Sociology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John McLevey
- Department of Knowledge Integration, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yasmin Koop-Monteiro
- Department of Sociology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alexander Graham
- Department of Knowledge Integration, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Vaca-Ramírez F, Peixoto TP. Systematic assessment of the quality of fit of the stochastic block model for empirical networks. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:054311. [PMID: 35706168 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.054311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We perform a systematic analysis of the quality of fit of the stochastic block model (SBM) for 275 empirical networks spanning a wide range of domains and orders of size magnitude. We employ posterior predictive model checking as a criterion to assess the quality of fit, which involves comparing networks generated by the inferred model with the empirical network, according to a set of network descriptors. We observe that the SBM is capable of providing an accurate description for the majority of networks considered, but falls short of saturating all modeling requirements. In particular, networks possessing a large diameter and slow-mixing random walks tend to be badly described by the SBM. However, contrary to what is often assumed, networks with a high abundance of triangles can be well described by the SBM in many cases. We demonstrate that simple network descriptors can be used to evaluate whether or not the SBM can provide a sufficiently accurate representation, potentially pointing to possible model extensions that can systematically improve the expressiveness of this class of models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Vaca-Ramírez
- Department of Network and Data Science, Central European University, 1100 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tiago P Peixoto
- Department of Network and Data Science, Central European University, 1100 Vienna, Austria
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22
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Quantifying daily rhythms with non-negative matrix factorization applied to mobile phone data. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5544. [PMID: 35365710 PMCID: PMC8975853 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09273-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Human activities follow daily, weekly, and seasonal rhythms. The emergence of these rhythms is related to physiology and natural cycles as well as social constructs. The human body and its biological functions undergo near 24-h rhythms (circadian rhythms). While their frequencies are similar across people, their phases differ. In the chronobiology literature, people are categorized into morning-type, evening-type, and intermediate-type groups called chronotypes based on their tendency to sleep at different times of day. Typically, this typology builds on carefully designed questionnaires or manually crafted features of time series data on people’s activity. Here, we introduce a method where time-stamped data from smartphones are decomposed into components using non-negative matrix factorization. The method does not require any predetermined assumptions about the typical times of sleep or activity: the results are fully context-dependent and determined by the most prominent features of the activity data. We demonstrate our method by applying it to a dataset of mobile phone screen usage logs of 400 university students, collected over a year. We find four emergent temporal components: morning activity, night activity, evening activity and activity at noon. Individual behavior can be reduced to weights on these four components. We do not observe any clear categories of people based on the weights, but individuals are rather placed on a continuous spectrum according to the timings of their phone activities. High weights for the morning and night components strongly correlate with sleep and wake-up times. Our work points towards a data-driven way of characterizing people based on their full daily and weekly rhythms of activity and behavior, instead of only focusing on the timing of their sleeping periods.
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23
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d’Andrea V, Gallotti R, Castaldo N, De Domenico M. Individual risk perception and empirical social structures shape the dynamics of infectious disease outbreaks. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009760. [PMID: 35171901 PMCID: PMC8849607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of a spreading disease and individual behavioral changes are entangled processes that have to be addressed together in order to effectively manage an outbreak. Here, we relate individual risk perception to the adoption of a specific set of control measures, as obtained from an extensive large-scale survey performed via Facebook-involving more than 500,000 respondents from 64 countries-showing that there is a "one-to-one" relationship between perceived epidemic risk and compliance with a set of mitigation rules. We then develop a mathematical model for the spreading of a disease-sharing epidemiological features with COVID-19-that explicitly takes into account non-compliant individual behaviors and evaluates the impact of a population fraction of infectious risk-deniers on the epidemic dynamics. Our modeling study grounds on a wide set of structures, including both synthetic and more than 180 real-world contact patterns, to evaluate, in realistic scenarios, how network features typical of human interaction patterns impact the spread of a disease. In both synthetic and real contact patterns we find that epidemic spreading is hindered for decreasing population fractions of risk-denier individuals. From empirical contact patterns we demonstrate that connectivity heterogeneity and group structure significantly affect the peak of hospitalized population: higher modularity and heterogeneity of social contacts are linked to lower peaks at a fixed fraction of risk-denier individuals while, at the same time, such features increase the relative impact on hospitalizations with respect to the case where everyone correctly perceive the risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Manlio De Domenico
- CoMuNe Lab, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “G. Galilei”, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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24
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Creţu AM, Monti F, Marrone S, Dong X, Bronstein M, de Montjoye YA. Interaction data are identifiable even across long periods of time. Nat Commun 2022; 13:313. [PMID: 35078995 PMCID: PMC8789822 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27714-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractFine-grained records of people’s interactions, both offline and online, are collected at large scale. These data contain sensitive information about whom we meet, talk to, and when. We demonstrate here how people’s interaction behavior is stable over long periods of time and can be used to identify individuals in anonymous datasets. Our attack learns the profile of an individual using geometric deep learning and triplet loss optimization. In a mobile phone metadata dataset of more than 40k people, it correctly identifies 52% of individuals based on their 2-hop interaction graph. We further show that the profiles learned by our method are stable over time and that 24% of people are still identifiable after 20 weeks. Our results suggest that people with well-balanced interaction graphs are more identifiable. Applying our attack to Bluetooth close-proximity networks, we show that even 1-hop interaction graphs are enough to identify people more than 26% of the time. Our results provide strong evidence that disconnected and even re-pseudonymized interaction data can be linked together making them personal data under the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation.
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25
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le Gorrec L, Knight PA, Caen A. Learning network embeddings using small graphlets. SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS AND MINING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13278-021-00846-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTechniques for learning vectorial representations of graphs (graph embeddings) have recently emerged as an effective approach to facilitate machine learning on graphs. Some of the most popular methods involve sophisticated features such as graph kernels or convolutional networks. In this work, we introduce two straightforward supervised learning algorithms based on small-size graphlet counts, combined with a dimension reduction step. The first relies on a classic feature extraction method powered by principal component analysis (PCA). The second is a feature selection procedure also based on PCA. Despite their conceptual simplicity, these embeddings are arguably more meaningful than some popular alternatives and at the same time are competitive with state-of-the-art methods. We illustrate this second point on a downstream classification task. We then use our algorithms in a novel setting, namely to conduct an analysis of author relationships in Wikipedia articles, for which we present an original dataset. Finally, we provide empirical evidence suggesting that our methods could also be adapted to unsupervised learning algorithms.
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26
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Hambridge HL, Kahn R, Onnela JP. Examining SARS-CoV-2 Interventions in Residential Colleges Using an Empirical Network. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 113:325-330. [PMID: 34624516 PMCID: PMC8492892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Universities have turned to SARS-CoV-2 models to examine campus reopening strategies. While these studies have explored a variety of modeling techniques, none have used empirical data. Methods In this study, we use an empirical proximity network of college freshmen obtained using smartphone Bluetooth to simulate the spread of the virus. We investigate the role of immunization, testing, isolation, mask wearing, and social distancing in the presence of implementation challenges and imperfect compliance. Results We show that frequent testing could drastically reduce the spread of the virus if levels of immunity are low, but its effects are limited if immunity is more ubiquitous. Furthermore, moderate levels of mask wearing and social distancing could lead to additional reductions in cumulative incidence, but their benefit decreases rapidly as immunity and testing frequency increase. However, if immunity from vaccination is imperfect or declines over time, scenarios not studied here, frequent testing and other interventions may play more central roles. Conclusions Our findings suggest that although regular testing and isolation are powerful tools, they have limited benefit if immunity is high or other interventions are widely adopted. If universities can attain even moderate levels of vaccination, masking, and social distancing, they may be able to relax the frequency of testing to once every four weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hali L Hambridge
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Rebecca Kahn
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Jukka-Pekka Onnela
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.
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27
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Abstract
AbstractTemporal graphs are structures which model relational data between entities that change over time. Due to the complex structure of data, mining statistically significant temporal subgraphs, also known as temporal motifs, is a challenging task. In this work, we present an efficient technique for extracting temporal motifs in temporal networks. Our method is based on the novel notion of egocentric temporal neighborhoods, namely multi-layer structures centered on an ego node. Each temporal layer of the structure consists of the first-order neighborhood of the ego node, and corresponding nodes in sequential layers are connected by an edge. The strength of this approach lies in the possibility of encoding these structures into a unique bit vector, thus bypassing the problem of graph isomorphism in searching for temporal motifs. This allows our algorithm to mine substantially larger motifs with respect to alternative approaches. Furthermore, by bringing the focus on the temporal dynamics of the interactions of a specific node, our model allows to mine temporal motifs which are visibly interpretable. Experiments on a number of complex networks of social interactions confirm the advantage of the proposed approach over alternative non-egocentric solutions. The egocentric procedure is indeed more efficient in revealing similarities and discrepancies among different social environments, independently of the different technologies used to collect data, which instead affect standard non-egocentric measures.
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28
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Romanini D, Lehmann S, Kivelä M. Privacy and uniqueness of neighborhoods in social networks. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20104. [PMID: 34635678 PMCID: PMC8505500 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94283-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to share social network data at the level of individual connections is beneficial to science: not only for reproducing results, but also for researchers who may wish to use it for purposes not foreseen by the data releaser. Sharing such data, however, can lead to serious privacy issues, because individuals could be re-identified, not only based on possible nodes’ attributes, but also from the structure of the network around them. The risk associated with re-identification can be measured and it is more serious in some networks than in others. While various optimization algorithms have been proposed to anonymize networks, there is still only a limited theoretical understanding of which network features are important for the privacy problem. Using network models and real data, we show that the average degree of networks is a crucial parameter for the severity of re-identification risk from nodes’ neighborhoods. Dense networks are more at risk, and, apart from a small band of average degree values, either almost all nodes are uniquely re-identifiable or they are all safe. Our results allow researchers to assess the privacy risk based on a small number of network statistics which are available even before the data is collected. As a rule-of-thumb, the privacy risks are high if the average degree is above 10. Guided by these results, we explore sampling of edges as a strategy to mitigate the re-identification risk of nodes. This approach can be implemented during the data collection phase, and its effect on various network measures can be estimated and corrected using sampling theory. The new understanding of the uniqueness of neighborhoods in networks presented in this work can support the development of privacy-aware ways of designing network data collection procedures, anonymization methods, and sharing network data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Romanini
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland. .,DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Sune Lehmann
- DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mikko Kivelä
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland.
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29
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Donges JF, Lochner JH, Kitzmann NH, Heitzig J, Lehmann S, Wiedermann M, Vollmer J. Dose-response functions and surrogate models for exploring social contagion in the Copenhagen Networks Study. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. SPECIAL TOPICS 2021; 230:3311-3334. [PMID: 34611486 PMCID: PMC8484857 DOI: 10.1140/epjs/s11734-021-00279-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Spreading dynamics and complex contagion processes on networks are important mechanisms underlying the emergence of critical transitions, tipping points and other non-linear phenomena in complex human and natural systems. Increasing amounts of temporal network data are now becoming available to study such spreading processes of behaviours, opinions, ideas, diseases and innovations to test hypotheses regarding their specific properties. To this end, we here present a methodology based on dose-response functions and hypothesis testing using surrogate data models that randomise most aspects of the empirical data while conserving certain structures relevant to contagion, group or homophily dynamics. We demonstrate this methodology for synthetic temporal network data of spreading processes generated by the adaptive voter model. Furthermore, we apply it to empirical temporal network data from the Copenhagen Networks Study. This data set provides a physically-close-contact network between several hundreds of university students participating in the study over the course of 3 months. We study the potential spreading dynamics of the health-related behaviour "regularly going to the fitness studio" on this network. Based on a hierarchy of surrogate data models, we find that our method neither provides significant evidence for an influence of a dose-response-type network spreading process in this data set, nor significant evidence for homophily. The empirical dynamics in exercise behaviour are likely better described by individual features such as the disposition towards the behaviour, and the persistence to maintain it, as well as external influences affecting the whole group, and the non-trivial network structure. The proposed methodology is generic and promising also for applications to other temporal network data sets and traits of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan F. Donges
- Earth System Analysis and Complexity Science, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jakob H. Lochner
- Earth System Analysis and Complexity Science, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Niklas H. Kitzmann
- Earth System Analysis and Complexity Science, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jobst Heitzig
- Earth System Analysis and Complexity Science, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sune Lehmann
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Center for Social Data Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Wiedermann
- Earth System Analysis and Complexity Science, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
- Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Vollmer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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30
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Abstract
It has been the historic responsibility of the social sciences to investigate human societies. Fulfilling this responsibility requires social theories, measurement models and social data. Most existing theories and measurement models in the social sciences were not developed with the deep societal reach of algorithms in mind. The emergence of 'algorithmically infused societies'-societies whose very fabric is co-shaped by algorithmic and human behaviour-raises three key challenges: the insufficient quality of measurements, the complex consequences of (mis)measurements, and the limits of existing social theories. Here we argue that tackling these challenges requires new social theories that account for the impact of algorithmic systems on social realities. To develop such theories, we need new methodologies for integrating data and measurements into theory construction. Given the scale at which measurements can be applied, we believe measurement models should be trustworthy, auditable and just. To achieve this, the development of measurements should be transparent and participatory, and include mechanisms to ensure measurement quality and identify possible harms. We argue that computational social scientists should rethink what aspects of algorithmically infused societies should be measured, how they should be measured, and the consequences of doing so.
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31
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Mattsson CES, Takes FW, Heemskerk EM, Diks C, Buiten G, Faber A, Sloot PMA. Functional Structure in Production Networks. Front Big Data 2021; 4:666712. [PMID: 34095822 PMCID: PMC8176009 DOI: 10.3389/fdata.2021.666712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Production networks are integral to economic dynamics, yet dis-aggregated network data on inter-firm trade is rarely collected and often proprietary. Here we situate company-level production networks within a wider space of networks that are different in nature, but similar in local connectivity structure. Through this lens, we study a regional and a national network of inferred trade relationships reconstructed from Dutch national economic statistics and re-interpret prior empirical findings. We find that company-level production networks have so-called functional structure, as previously identified in protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. Functional networks are distinctive in their over-representation of closed squares, which we quantify using an existing measure called spectral bipartivity. Shared local connectivity structure lets us ferry insights between domains. PPI networks are shaped by complementarity, rather than homophily, and we use multi-layer directed configuration models to show that this principle explains the emergence of functional structure in production networks. Companies are especially similar to their close competitors, not to their trading partners. Our findings have practical implications for the analysis of production networks and give us precise terms for the local structural features that may be key to understanding their routine function, failure, and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina E. S. Mattsson
- Computational Network Science Lab, Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Network Science Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Frank W. Takes
- Computational Network Science Lab, Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- CORPNET, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eelke M. Heemskerk
- CORPNET, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Political Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cees Diks
- Faculty Economics and Business, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gert Buiten
- Statistics Netherlands, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Albert Faber
- Ministry of Economic Affairs & Climate, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Peter M. A. Sloot
- Computational Science Lab, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Institute for Advanced Study, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Complexity Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- National Center for Cognitive Research, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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32
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Barrat A, Cattuto C, Kivelä M, Lehmann S, Saramäki J. Effect of manual and digital contact tracing on COVID-19 outbreaks: a study on empirical contact data. J R Soc Interface 2021. [PMID: 33947224 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.24.20159947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-pharmaceutical interventions are crucial to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic and contain re-emergence phenomena. Targeted measures such as case isolation and contact tracing can alleviate the societal cost of lock-downs by containing the spread where and when it occurs. To assess the relative and combined impact of manual contact tracing (MCT) and digital (app-based) contact tracing, we feed a compartmental model for COVID-19 with high-resolution datasets describing contacts between individuals in several contexts. We show that the benefit (epidemic size reduction) is generically linear in the fraction of contacts recalled during MCT and quadratic in the app adoption, with no threshold effect. The cost (number of quarantines) versus benefit curve has a characteristic parabolic shape, independent of the type of tracing, with a potentially high benefit and low cost if app adoption and MCT efficiency are high enough. Benefits are higher and the cost lower if the epidemic reproductive number is lower, showing the importance of combining tracing with additional mitigation measures. The observed phenomenology is qualitatively robust across datasets and parameters. We moreover obtain analytically similar results on simplified models.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Barrat
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, CPT, Turing Center for Living Systems, Université de Toulon, Marseille, France
- Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C Cattuto
- Computer Science Department, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- ISI Foundation, Turin, Italy
| | - M Kivelä
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland
| | - S Lehmann
- Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Saramäki
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland
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33
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Kojaku S, Hébert-Dufresne L, Mones E, Lehmann S, Ahn YY. The effectiveness of backward contact tracing in networks. NATURE PHYSICS 2021; 17:652-658. [PMID: 34367312 PMCID: PMC8340850 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-021-01187-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Effective control of an epidemic relies on the rapid discovery and isolation of infected individuals. Because many infectious diseases spread through interaction, contact tracing is widely used to facilitate case discovery and control. However, what determines the efficacy of contact tracing has not been fully understood. Here we reveal that, compared with 'forward' tracing (tracing to whom disease spreads), 'backward' tracing (tracing from whom disease spreads) is profoundly more effective. The effectiveness of backward tracing is due to simple but overlooked biases arising from the heterogeneity in contacts. We argue that, even if the directionality of infection is unknown, it is possible to perform backward-aiming contact tracing. Using simulations on both synthetic and high-resolution empirical contact datasets, we show that strategically executed contact tracing can prevent a substantial fraction of transmissions with a higher efficiency-in terms of prevented cases per isolation-than case isolation alone. Our results call for a revision of current contact-tracing strategies so that they leverage all forms of bias. It is particularly crucial that we incorporate backward and deep tracing in a digital context while adhering to the privacy-preserving requirements of these new platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadamori Kojaku
- Center for Complex Networks and Systems Research, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Laurent Hébert-Dufresne
- Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Enys Mones
- DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sune Lehmann
- DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Center for Social Data Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yong-Yeol Ahn
- Center for Complex Networks and Systems Research, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Indiana University Network Science Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Connection Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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34
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Barrat A, Cattuto C, Kivelä M, Lehmann S, Saramäki J. Effect of manual and digital contact tracing on COVID-19 outbreaks: a study on empirical contact data. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20201000. [PMID: 33947224 PMCID: PMC8097511 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-pharmaceutical interventions are crucial to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic and contain re-emergence phenomena. Targeted measures such as case isolation and contact tracing can alleviate the societal cost of lock-downs by containing the spread where and when it occurs. To assess the relative and combined impact of manual contact tracing (MCT) and digital (app-based) contact tracing, we feed a compartmental model for COVID-19 with high-resolution datasets describing contacts between individuals in several contexts. We show that the benefit (epidemic size reduction) is generically linear in the fraction of contacts recalled during MCT and quadratic in the app adoption, with no threshold effect. The cost (number of quarantines) versus benefit curve has a characteristic parabolic shape, independent of the type of tracing, with a potentially high benefit and low cost if app adoption and MCT efficiency are high enough. Benefits are higher and the cost lower if the epidemic reproductive number is lower, showing the importance of combining tracing with additional mitigation measures. The observed phenomenology is qualitatively robust across datasets and parameters. We moreover obtain analytically similar results on simplified models.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Barrat
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, CPT, Turing Center for Living Systems, Université de Toulon, Marseille, France
- Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C. Cattuto
- Computer Science Department, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- ISI Foundation, Turin, Italy
| | - M. Kivelä
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland
| | - S. Lehmann
- Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J. Saramäki
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland
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35
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Barrat A, Cattuto C, Kivelä M, Lehmann S, Saramäki J. Effect of manual and digital contact tracing on COVID-19 outbreaks: a study on empirical contact data. J R Soc Interface 2021. [PMID: 33947224 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.24.20159947v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-pharmaceutical interventions are crucial to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic and contain re-emergence phenomena. Targeted measures such as case isolation and contact tracing can alleviate the societal cost of lock-downs by containing the spread where and when it occurs. To assess the relative and combined impact of manual contact tracing (MCT) and digital (app-based) contact tracing, we feed a compartmental model for COVID-19 with high-resolution datasets describing contacts between individuals in several contexts. We show that the benefit (epidemic size reduction) is generically linear in the fraction of contacts recalled during MCT and quadratic in the app adoption, with no threshold effect. The cost (number of quarantines) versus benefit curve has a characteristic parabolic shape, independent of the type of tracing, with a potentially high benefit and low cost if app adoption and MCT efficiency are high enough. Benefits are higher and the cost lower if the epidemic reproductive number is lower, showing the importance of combining tracing with additional mitigation measures. The observed phenomenology is qualitatively robust across datasets and parameters. We moreover obtain analytically similar results on simplified models.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Barrat
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, CPT, Turing Center for Living Systems, Université de Toulon, Marseille, France
- Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C Cattuto
- Computer Science Department, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- ISI Foundation, Turin, Italy
| | - M Kivelä
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland
| | - S Lehmann
- Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Saramäki
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland
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36
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Task-specific information outperforms surveillance-style big data in predictive analytics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2020258118. [PMID: 33790010 PMCID: PMC8040817 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020258118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly, human behavior can be monitored through the collection of data from digital devices revealing information on behaviors and locations. In the context of higher education, a growing number of schools and universities collect data on their students with the purpose of assessing or predicting behaviors and academic performance, and the COVID-19–induced move to online education dramatically increases what can be accumulated in this way, raising concerns about students’ privacy. We focus on academic performance and ask whether predictive performance for a given dataset can be achieved with less privacy-invasive, but more task-specific, data. We draw on a unique dataset on a large student population containing both highly detailed measures of behavior and personality and high-quality third-party reported individual-level administrative data. We find that models estimated using the big behavioral data are indeed able to accurately predict academic performance out of sample. However, models using only low-dimensional and arguably less privacy-invasive administrative data perform considerably better and, importantly, do not improve when we add the high-resolution, privacy-invasive behavioral data. We argue that combining big behavioral data with “ground truth” administrative registry data can ideally allow the identification of privacy-preserving task-specific features that can be employed instead of current indiscriminate troves of behavioral data, with better privacy and better prediction resulting.
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37
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Cencetti G, Battiston F, Lepri B, Karsai M. Temporal properties of higher-order interactions in social networks. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7028. [PMID: 33782492 PMCID: PMC8007734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86469-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human social interactions in local settings can be experimentally detected by recording the physical proximity and orientation of people. Such interactions, approximating face-to-face communications, can be effectively represented as time varying social networks with links being unceasingly created and destroyed over time. Traditional analyses of temporal networks have addressed mostly pairwise interactions, where links describe dyadic connections among individuals. However, many network dynamics are hardly ascribable to pairwise settings but often comprise larger groups, which are better described by higher-order interactions. Here we investigate the higher-order organizations of temporal social networks by analyzing five publicly available datasets collected in different social settings. We find that higher-order interactions are ubiquitous and, similarly to their pairwise counterparts, characterized by heterogeneous dynamics, with bursty trains of rapidly recurring higher-order events separated by long periods of inactivity. We investigate the evolution and formation of groups by looking at the transition rates between different higher-order structures. We find that in more spontaneous social settings, group are characterized by slower formation and disaggregation, while in work settings these phenomena are more abrupt, possibly reflecting pre-organized social dynamics. Finally, we observe temporal reinforcement suggesting that the longer a group stays together the higher the probability that the same interaction pattern persist in the future. Our findings suggest the importance of considering the higher-order structure of social interactions when investigating human temporal dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cencetti
- Mobs Lab, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Via Sommarive 18, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Federico Battiston
- Department of Network and Data Science, Central European University, 1100, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bruno Lepri
- Mobs Lab, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Via Sommarive 18, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Márton Karsai
- Department of Network and Data Science, Central European University, 1100, Vienna, Austria.
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38
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Cencetti G, Santin G, Longa A, Pigani E, Barrat A, Cattuto C, Lehmann S, Salathé M, Lepri B. Digital proximity tracing on empirical contact networks for pandemic control. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1655. [PMID: 33712583 PMCID: PMC7955065 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21809-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Digital contact tracing is a relevant tool to control infectious disease outbreaks, including the COVID-19 epidemic. Early work evaluating digital contact tracing omitted important features and heterogeneities of real-world contact patterns influencing contagion dynamics. We fill this gap with a modeling framework informed by empirical high-resolution contact data to analyze the impact of digital contact tracing in the COVID-19 pandemic. We investigate how well contact tracing apps, coupled with the quarantine of identified contacts, can mitigate the spread in real environments. We find that restrictive policies are more effective in containing the epidemic but come at the cost of unnecessary large-scale quarantines. Policy evaluation through their efficiency and cost results in optimized solutions which only consider contacts longer than 15-20 minutes and closer than 2-3 meters to be at risk. Our results show that isolation and tracing can help control re-emerging outbreaks when some conditions are met: (i) a reduction of the reproductive number through masks and physical distance; (ii) a low-delay isolation of infected individuals; (iii) a high compliance. Finally, we observe the inefficacy of a less privacy-preserving tracing involving second order contacts. Our results may inform digital contact tracing efforts currently being implemented across several countries worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G Santin
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy
| | - A Longa
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy
- University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - E Pigani
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy
- University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - A Barrat
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
- Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C Cattuto
- University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- ISI Foundation, Turin, Italy
| | - S Lehmann
- Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Salathé
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - B Lepri
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy.
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39
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Holme P. Fast and principled simulations of the SIR model on temporal networks. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246961. [PMID: 33577564 PMCID: PMC7880429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered (SIR) model is the canonical model of epidemics of infections that make people immune upon recovery. Many of the open questions in computational epidemiology concern the underlying contact structure's impact on models like the SIR model. Temporal networks constitute a theoretical framework capable of encoding structures both in the networks of who could infect whom and when these contacts happen. In this article, we discuss the detailed assumptions behind such simulations-how to make them comparable with analytically tractable formulations of the SIR model, and at the same time, as realistic as possible. We also present a highly optimized, open-source code for this purpose and discuss all steps needed to make the program as fast as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter Holme
- Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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40
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Simoski B, Klein MC, Araújo EFDM, van Halteren AT, van Woudenberg TJ, Bevelander KE, Buijzen M, Bal H. Understanding the complexities of Bluetooth for representing real-life social networks: A methodology for inferring and validating Bluetooth-based social network graphs. PERSONAL AND UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING 2020; 28:1-20. [PMID: 32837500 PMCID: PMC7425281 DOI: 10.1007/s00779-020-01435-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bluetooth (BT) data has been extensively used for recognizing social patterns and inferring social networks, as BT is widely present in everyday technological devices. However, even though collecting BT data is subject to random noise and may result in substantial measurement errors, there is an absence of rigorous procedures for validating the quality of the inferred BT social networks. This paper presents a methodology for inferring and validating BT-based social networks based on parameter optimization algorithm and social network analysis (SNA). The algorithm performs edge inference in a brute-force search over a given BT data set, for deriving optimal BT social networks by validating them with predefined ground truth (GT) networks. The algorithm seeks to optimize a set of parameters, predefined considering some reliability challenges associated to the BT technology itself. The outcomes show that optimizing the parameters can reduce the number of BT data false positives or generate BT networks with the minimum amount of BT data observations. The subsequent SNA shows that the inferred BT social networks are unable to reproduce some network characteristics present in the corresponding GT networks. Finally, the generalizability of the proposed methodology is demonstrated by applying the algorithm on external BT data sets, while obtaining comparable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Simoski
- Computer Science Department, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michel C.A. Klein
- Computer Science Department, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Thabo J. van Woudenberg
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kirsten E. Bevelander
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Primary and Community Care, Radboud University and Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Moniek Buijzen
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henri Bal
- Computer Science Department, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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41
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Bjerre-Nielsen A, Minor K, Sapieżyński P, Lehmann S, Lassen DD. Inferring transportation mode from smartphone sensors: Evaluating the potential of Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234003. [PMID: 32614842 PMCID: PMC7332005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding which transportation modes people use is critical for smart cities and planners to better serve their citizens. We show that using information from pervasive Wi-Fi access points and Bluetooth devices can enhance GPS and geographic information to improve transportation detection on smartphones. Wi-Fi information also improves the identification of transportation mode and helps conserve battery since it is already collected by most mobile phones. Our approach uses a machine learning approach to determine the mode from pre-prepocessed data. This approach yields an overall accuracy of 89% and average F1 score of 83% for inferring the three grouped modes of self-powered, car-based, and public transportation. When broken out by individual modes, Wi-Fi features improve detection accuracy of bus trips, train travel, and driving compared to GPS features alone and can substitute for GIS features without decreasing performance. Our results suggest that Wi-Fi and Bluetooth can be useful in urban transportation research, for example by improving mobile travel surveys and urban sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bjerre-Nielsen
- Copenhagen Center for Social Data Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kelton Minor
- Copenhagen Center for Social Data Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Piotr Sapieżyński
- Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sune Lehmann
- Copenhagen Center for Social Data Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - David Dreyer Lassen
- Copenhagen Center for Social Data Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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