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Buzza A, Tapas K, Anders J, Jenkins M, Moffitt M. Photobiomodulation for pain relief: Model-based estimates of effective doses of light at the neural target. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2024; 256:112929. [PMID: 38759478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.112929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Photobiomodulation (PBM) has been studied since the 1960s as a clinical tool. More recently, PBM has been observed to reduce compound action potential components and hypersensitivities associated with neuropathic pains. However, no definitive description of efficacious light parameters has been determined. Some reasons may be that previous meta-analyses and reviews have focused on emitter output rather than the light at the target tissue and have included data sets that are large but with notable variability (e.g., combining data from various disease etiologies, and data from PBM at various wavelengths). This fact has made it difficult to successfully define the range of effective parameters. METHODS In this study, photon propagation software was used to estimate irradiance at a target nerve using several published data sets chosen for their narrow criteria to minimize variability. Utilizing these estimates, effective and ineffective light irradiances at the nerve of interest for wavelengths of 633 nm or 808-830 nm were examined and estimated. These estimates are focused on the amount of light required to achieve a reduction in pain or a surrogate measure via a hypothesized nerve block mechanism. RESULTS Accounting for irradiance at the target nerve yielded a clear separation of PBM doses that achieved small-fiber nerve block from those that did not. For both the 633 nm group and the 808-830 group, the irradiance separation threshold followed a nonlinear path with respect to PBM application duration, where shorter durations required higher irradiances, and longer durations required lower irradiances. Using the same modeling methods, irradiance was estimated as a function of depth from a transcutaneous source (distance from skin surface) for emitter output power using small or large emitter sizes. CONCLUSION Taken together, the results of this study can be used to estimate effective PBM dosing schemes to achieve small-fiber inhibition for various anatomical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Buzza
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Kalista Tapas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Juanita Anders
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael Jenkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael Moffitt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Sander MY, Zhu X. Infrared neuromodulation-a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2024; 87:066701. [PMID: 38701769 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad4729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Infrared (IR) neuromodulation (INM) is an emerging light-based neuromodulation approach that can reversibly control neuronal and muscular activities through the transient and localized deposition of pulsed IR light without requiring any chemical or genetic pre-treatment of the target cells. Though the efficacy and short-term safety of INM have been widely demonstrated in both peripheral and central nervous systems, the investigations of the detailed cellular and biological processes and the underlying biophysical mechanisms are still ongoing. In this review, we discuss the current research progress in the INM field with a focus on the more recently discovered IR nerve inhibition. Major biophysical mechanisms associated with IR nerve stimulation are summarized. As the INM effects are primarily attributed to the spatiotemporal thermal transients induced by water and tissue absorption of pulsed IR light, temperature monitoring techniques and simulation models adopted in INM studies are discussed. Potential translational applications, current limitations, and challenges of the field are elucidated to provide guidance for future INM research and advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Y Sander
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary's Street, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, 15 Saint Mary's Street, Brookline, MA 02446, United States of America
- Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary's Street, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
- Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, 24 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - Xuedong Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
- Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary's Street, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
- Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, 24 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
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Garrido-Peña A, Sanchez-Martin P, Reyes-Sanchez M, Levi R, Rodriguez FB, Castilla J, Tornero J, Varona P. Modulation of neuronal dynamics by sustained and activity-dependent continuous-wave near-infrared laser stimulation. NEUROPHOTONICS 2024; 11:024308. [PMID: 38764942 PMCID: PMC11100521 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.11.2.024308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Significance Near-infrared laser illumination is a non-invasive alternative/complement to classical stimulation methods in neuroscience but the mechanisms underlying its action on neuronal dynamics remain unclear. Most studies deal with high-frequency pulsed protocols and stationary characterizations disregarding the dynamic modulatory effect of sustained and activity-dependent stimulation. The understanding of such modulation and its widespread dissemination can help to develop specific interventions for research applications and treatments for neural disorders. Aim We quantified the effect of continuous-wave near-infrared (CW-NIR) laser illumination on single neuron dynamics using sustained stimulation and an open-source activity-dependent protocol to identify the biophysical mechanisms underlying this modulation and its time course. Approach We characterized the effect by simultaneously performing long intracellular recordings of membrane potential while delivering sustained and closed-loop CW-NIR laser stimulation. We used waveform metrics and conductance-based models to assess the role of specific biophysical candidates on the modulation. Results We show that CW-NIR sustained illumination asymmetrically accelerates action potential dynamics and the spiking rate on single neurons, while closed-loop stimulation unveils its action at different phases of the neuron dynamics. Our model study points out the action of CW-NIR on specific ionic-channels and the key role of temperature on channel properties to explain the modulatory effect. Conclusions Both sustained and activity-dependent CW-NIR stimulation effectively modulate neuronal dynamics by a combination of biophysical mechanisms. Our open-source protocols can help to disseminate this non-invasive optical stimulation in novel research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Garrido-Peña
- Grupo de Neurocomputación Biológica, Departamento de Ingeniería Informática, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Sanchez-Martin
- Grupo de Neurocomputación Biológica, Departamento de Ingeniería Informática, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Reyes-Sanchez
- Grupo de Neurocomputación Biológica, Departamento de Ingeniería Informática, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Levi
- Grupo de Neurocomputación Biológica, Departamento de Ingeniería Informática, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco B. Rodriguez
- Grupo de Neurocomputación Biológica, Departamento de Ingeniería Informática, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Castilla
- Hospital los Madroños, Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Brunete, Spain
| | - Jesus Tornero
- Hospital los Madroños, Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Brunete, Spain
| | - Pablo Varona
- Grupo de Neurocomputación Biológica, Departamento de Ingeniería Informática, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Fu P, Liu Y, Zhu L, Wang M, Yu Y, Yang F, Zhang W, Zhang H, Shoham S, Roe AW, Xi W. Two-photon imaging of excitatory and inhibitory neural response to infrared neural stimulation. NEUROPHOTONICS 2024; 11:025003. [PMID: 38800606 PMCID: PMC11125280 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.11.2.025003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Significance Pulsed infrared neural stimulation (INS, 1875 nm) is an emerging neurostimulation technology that delivers focal pulsed heat to activate functionally specific mesoscale networks and holds promise for clinical application. However, little is known about its effect on excitatory and inhibitory cell types in cerebral cortex. Aim Estimates of summed population neuronal response time courses provide a potential basis for neural and hemodynamic signals described in other studies. Approach Using two-photon calcium imaging in mouse somatosensory cortex, we have examined the effect of INS pulse train application on hSyn neurons and mDlx neurons tagged with GCaMP6s. Results We find that, in anesthetized mice, each INS pulse train reliably induces robust response in hSyn neurons exhibiting positive going responses. Surprisingly, mDlx neurons exhibit negative going responses. Quantification using the index of correlation illustrates responses are reproducible, intensity-dependent, and focal. Also, a contralateral activation is observed when INS applied. Conclusions In sum, the population of neurons stimulated by INS includes both hSyn and mDlx neurons; within a range of stimulation intensities, this leads to overall excitation in the stimulated population, leading to the previously observed activations at distant post-synaptic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Fu
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yin Liu
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- KU Leuven Medical School, Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liang Zhu
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fen Yang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- Zhejiang University, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hequn Zhang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shy Shoham
- NYU Langone Health, Department of Ophthalmology and Tech4Health and Neuroscience Institutes, New York, New York, United States
| | - Anna Wang Roe
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wang Xi
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Hangzhou, China
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Stoddart PR, Begeng JM, Tong W, Ibbotson MR, Kameneva T. Nanoparticle-based optical interfaces for retinal neuromodulation: a review. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1360870. [PMID: 38572073 PMCID: PMC10987880 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1360870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of photoreceptors in the retina is a leading cause of blindness, but commonly leaves the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and/or bipolar cells extant. Consequently, these cells are an attractive target for the invasive electrical implants colloquially known as "bionic eyes." However, after more than two decades of concerted effort, interfaces based on conventional electrical stimulation approaches have delivered limited efficacy, primarily due to the current spread in retinal tissue, which precludes high-acuity vision. The ideal prosthetic solution would be less invasive, provide single-cell resolution and an ability to differentiate between different cell types. Nanoparticle-mediated approaches can address some of these requirements, with particular attention being directed at light-sensitive nanoparticles that can be accessed via the intrinsic optics of the eye. Here we survey the available known nanoparticle-based optical transduction mechanisms that can be exploited for neuromodulation. We review the rapid progress in the field, together with outstanding challenges that must be addressed to translate these techniques to clinical practice. In particular, successful translation will likely require efficient delivery of nanoparticles to stable and precisely defined locations in the retinal tissues. Therefore, we also emphasize the current literature relating to the pharmacokinetics of nanoparticles in the eye. While considerable challenges remain to be overcome, progress to date shows great potential for nanoparticle-based interfaces to revolutionize the field of visual prostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Stoddart
- School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - James M. Begeng
- School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wei Tong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael R. Ibbotson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tatiana Kameneva
- School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
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Buzza A, Tapas K, Zhuo J, Anders JJ, Lewis SJ, Jenkins MW, Moffitt M. Selective neural inhibition via photobiomodulation alleviates behavioral hypersensitivity associated with small sensory fiber activation. Lasers Surg Med 2024; 56:305-314. [PMID: 38291819 PMCID: PMC10954407 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Photobiomodulation at higher irradiances has great potential as a pain-alleviating method that selectively inhibits small diameter nerve fibers and corresponding sensory experiences, such as nociception and heat sensation. The longevity and magnitude of these effects as a function of laser irradiation parameters at the nerve was explored. METHODS In a rodent chronic pain model (spared nerve injury-SNI), light was applied directly at the sural nerve with four delivery schemes: two irradiance levels (7.64 and 2.55 W/cm2 ) for two durations each, corresponding to either 4.8 or 14.4 J total energy, and the effect on sensory hypersensitivities was evaluated. RESULTS At emitter irradiances of 7.64 W/cm2 (for 240 s), 2.55 W/cm2 (for 720 s), and 7.64 W/cm2 (for 80 s) the heat hypersensitivity was relieved the day following photobiomodulation (PBM) treatment by 37 ± 8.1% (statistically significant, p < 0.001), 26% ± 6% (p = 0.072), and 28 ± 6.1% (statistically significant, p = 0.032), respectively, and all three treatments reduced the hypersensitivity over the course of the experiment (13 days) at a statistically significant level (mixed-design analysis of variance, p < 0.05). The increases in tissue temperature (5.3 ± 1.0 and 1.3 ± 0.4°C from 33.3°C for the higher and lower power densities, respectively) at the neural target were well below those typically associated with permanent action potential disruption. CONCLUSIONS The data from this study support the use of direct PBM on nerves of interest to reduce sensitivities associated with small-diameter fiber activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Buzza
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kalista Tapas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Junqi Zhuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Juanita J Anders
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen J Lewis
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael W Jenkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael Moffitt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Zhuo J, Weidrick CE, Liu Y, Moffitt MA, Jansen ED, Chiel HJ, Jenkins MW. Selective Infrared Neural Inhibition Can Be Reproduced by Resistive Heating. Neuromodulation 2023; 26:1757-1771. [PMID: 36707292 PMCID: PMC10366334 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Small-diameter afferent axons carry various sensory signals that are critical for vital physiological conditions but sometimes contribute to pathologies. Infrared (IR) neural inhibition (INI) can induce selective heat block of small-diameter axons, which holds potential for translational applications such as pain management. Previous research suggested that IR-heating-induced acceleration of voltage-gated potassium channel kinetics is the mechanism for INI. Therefore, we hypothesized that other heating methods, such as resistive heating (RH) in a cuff, could reproduce the selective inhibition observed in INI. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted ex vivo nerve-heating experiments on pleural-abdominal connective nerves of Aplysia californica using both IR and RH. We fabricated a transparent silicone nerve cuff for simultaneous IR heating, RH, and temperature measurements. Temperature elevations (ΔT) on the nerve surface were recorded for both heating modalities, which were tested over a range of power levels that cover a similar ΔT range. We recorded electrically evoked compound action potentials (CAPs) and segmented them into fast and slow subcomponents on the basis of conduction velocity differences between the large and small-diameter axonal subpopulations. We calculated the normalized inhibition strength and inhibition selectivity index on the basis of the rectified area under the curve of each subpopulation. RESULTS INI and RH showed a similar selective inhibition effect on CAP subcomponents for slow-conducting axons, confirmed by the inhibition probability vs ΔT dose-response curve based on approximately 2000 CAP measurements. The inhibition selectivity indexes of the two heating modalities were similar across six nerves. RH only required half the total electrical power required by INI to achieve a similar ΔT. SIGNIFICANCE We show that selective INI can be reproduced by other heating modalities such as RH. RH, because of its high energy efficiency and simple design, can be a good candidate for future implantable neural interface designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Zhuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Chloe E Weidrick
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yehe Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael A Moffitt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - E Duco Jansen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Hillel J Chiel
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH, USA; Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael W Jenkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Lewis THJ, Zhuo J, McClellan JX, Getsy PM, Ryan RM, Jenkins MJ, Lewis SJ. Infrared light elicits endothelium-dependent vasodilation in isolated occipital arteries of the rat via soluble guanylyl cyclase-dependent mechanisms. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1219998. [PMID: 37664436 PMCID: PMC10471192 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1219998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The left and right occipital arteries provide blood supply to afferent cell bodies in the ipsilateral nodose and petrosal ganglia. This supply is free of an effective blood-ganglion barrier, so changes in occipital artery blood flow directly affect the access of circulating factors to the afferent cell bodies. The application of infrared (IR) light to modulate neural and other cell processes has yielded information about basic biological processes within tissues and is gaining traction as a potential therapy for a variety of disease processes. To address whether IR can directly modulate vascular function, we performed wire myography studies to determine the actions of IR on occipital arteries isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats. Based on our previous research that functionally-important differences exist between occipital artery segments close to their origin at the external carotid artery (ECA) and those closer to the nodose ganglion, the occipital arteries were dissected into two segments, one closer to the ECA and the other closer to the nodose ganglion. Segments were constricted with 5-hydroxytryptamine to a level equal to 50% of the maximal response generated by the application of a high (80 mM) concentration of K+ ions. The direct application of pulsed IR (1,460 nm) for 5 s produced a rapid vasodilation in occipital arteries that was significantly more pronounced in segments closest to the ECA, although the ECA itself was minimally responsive. The vasodilation remained for a substantial time (at least 120 s) after cessation of IR application. The vasodilation during and following cessation of the IR application was markedly diminished in occipital arteries denuded of the endothelium. In addition, the vasodilation elicited by IR in endothelium-intact occipital arteries was substantially reduced in the presence of a selective inhibitor of the nitric oxide-sensitive guanylate cyclase, 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo [4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ). It appears that IR causes endothelium-dependent, nitric-oxide-mediated vasodilation in the occipital arteries of the rat. The ability of IR to generate rapid and sustained vasodilation may provide new therapeutic approaches for restoring or improving blood flow to targeted tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan H. J. Lewis
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Junqi Zhuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jacob X. McClellan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Paulina M. Getsy
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Rita M. Ryan
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Michael. J. Jenkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Stephen J. Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Departments of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Functional Electrical Stimulation Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Ping A, Pan L, Zhang J, Xu K, Schriver KE, Zhu J, Roe AW. Targeted Optical Neural Stimulation: A New Era for Personalized Medicine. Neuroscientist 2023; 29:202-220. [PMID: 34865559 DOI: 10.1177/10738584211057047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Targeted optical neural stimulation comprises infrared neural stimulation and optogenetics, which affect the nervous system through induced thermal transients and activation of light-sensitive proteins, respectively. The main advantage of this pair of optical tools is high functional selectivity, which conventional electrical stimulation lacks. Over the past 15 years, the mechanism, safety, and feasibility of optical stimulation techniques have undergone continuous investigation and development. When combined with other methods like optical imaging and high-field functional magnetic resonance imaging, the translation of optical stimulation to clinical practice adds high value. We review the theoretical foundations and current state of optical stimulation, with a particular focus on infrared neural stimulation as a potential bridge linking optical stimulation to personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Ping
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Pan
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies (QAAS), Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kedi Xu
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies (QAAS), Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kenneth E Schriver
- Zhejiang University Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology (ZIINT), School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junming Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anna Wang Roe
- Zhejiang University Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology (ZIINT), School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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10
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Begeng JM, Tong W, Rosal BD, Ibbotson M, Kameneva T, Stoddart PR. Activity of Retinal Neurons Can Be Modulated by Tunable Near-Infrared Nanoparticle Sensors. ACS NANO 2023; 17:2079-2088. [PMID: 36724043 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The vision of patients rendered blind by photoreceptor degeneration can be partially restored by exogenous stimulation of surviving retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Whereas conventional electrical stimulation techniques have failed to produce naturalistic visual percepts, nanoparticle-based optical sensors have recently received increasing attention as a means to artificially stimulate the RGCs. In particular, nanoparticle-enhanced infrared neural modulation (NINM) is a plasmonically mediated photothermal neuromodulation technique that has a demonstrated capacity for both stimulation and inhibition, which is essential for the differential modulation of ON-type and OFF-type RGCs. Gold nanorods provide tunable absorption through the near-infrared wavelength window, which reduces interference with any residual vision. Therefore, NINM may be uniquely well-suited to retinal prosthesis applications but, to our knowledge, has not previously been demonstrated in RGCs. In the present study, NINM laser pulses of 100 μs, 500 μs and 200 ms were applied to RGCs in explanted rat retinae, with single-cell responses recorded via patch-clamping. The shorter laser pulses evoked robust RGC stimulation by capacitive current generation, while the long laser pulses are capable of inhibiting spontaneous action potentials by thermal block. Importantly, an implicit bias toward OFF-type inhibition is observed, which may have important implications for the feasibility of future high-acuity retinal prosthesis design based on nanoparticle sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Begeng
- School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, Hawthorn, VictoriaAustralia3122
- The Australian College of Optometry, The National Vision Research Institute, 386 Cardigan Street, Carlton, VictoriaAustralia3053
| | - Wei Tong
- The Australian College of Optometry, The National Vision Research Institute, 386 Cardigan Street, Carlton, VictoriaAustralia3053
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia3010
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia3010
| | - Blanca Del Rosal
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia3000
| | - Michael Ibbotson
- The Australian College of Optometry, The National Vision Research Institute, 386 Cardigan Street, Carlton, VictoriaAustralia3053
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia3010
| | - Tatiana Kameneva
- School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, Hawthorn, VictoriaAustralia3122
| | - Paul R Stoddart
- School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, Hawthorn, VictoriaAustralia3122
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11
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Pan L, Ping A, Schriver KE, Roe AW, Zhu J, Xu K. Infrared neural stimulation in human cerebral cortex. Brain Stimul 2023; 16:418-430. [PMID: 36731770 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.01.1678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modulation of brain circuits by electrical stimulation has led to exciting and powerful therapies for diseases such as Parkinson's. Because human brain organization is based in mesoscale (millimeter-scale) functional nodes, having a method that can selectively target such nodes could enable more precise, functionally specific stimulation therapies. Infrared Neural Stimulation (INS) is an emerging stimulation technology that stimulates neural tissue via delivery of tiny heat pulses. In nonhuman primates, this optical method provides focal intensity-dependent stimulation of the brain without tissue damage. However, whether INS application to the human central nervous system (CNS) is similarly effective is unknown. OBJECTIVE To examine the effectiveness of INS on human cerebral cortex in intraoperative setting and to evaluate INS damage threshholds. METHODS Five epileptic subjects undergoing standard lobectomy for epilepsy consented to this study. Cortical response to INS was assessed by intrinsic signal optical imaging (OI, a method that detects changes in tissue reflectance due to neuronal activity). A custom integrated INS and OI system was developed specifically for short-duration INS and OI acquisition during surgical procedures. Single pulse trains of INS with intensities from 0.2 to 0.8 J/cm2 were delivered to the somatosensory cortex and responses were recorded via optical imaging. Following tissue resection, histological analysis was conducted to evaluate damage threshholds. RESULTS As assessed by OI, and similar to results in monkeys, INS induced responses in human cortex were highly focal (millimeter sized) and led to relative suppression of nearby cortical sites. Intensity dependence was observed at both stimulated and functionally connected sites. Histological analysis of INS-stimulated human cortical tissue provided damage threshold estimates. CONCLUSION This is the first study demonstrating application of INS to human CNS and shows feasibility for stimulating single cortical nodes and associated sites and provided INS damage threshold estimates for cortical tissue. Our results suggest that INS is a promising tool for stimulation of functionally selective mesoscale circuits in the human brain, and may lead to advances in the future of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Pan
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies (QAAS), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - An Ping
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Kenneth E Schriver
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology (ZIINT), School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Anna Wang Roe
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology (ZIINT), School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Junming Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Kedi Xu
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies (QAAS), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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12
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Collins MN, Mesce KA. A review of the bioeffects of low-intensity focused ultrasound and the benefits of a cellular approach. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1047324. [PMID: 36439246 PMCID: PMC9685663 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1047324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article highlights the historical developments and current state of knowledge of an important neuromodulation technology: low-intensity focused ultrasound. Because compelling studies have shown that focused ultrasound can modulate neuronal activity non-invasively, especially in deep brain structures with high spatial specificity, there has been a renewed interest in attempting to understand the specific bioeffects of focused ultrasound at the cellular level. Such information is needed to facilitate the safe and effective use of focused ultrasound to treat a number of brain and nervous system disorders in humans. Unfortunately, to date, there appears to be no singular biological mechanism to account for the actions of focused ultrasound, and it is becoming increasingly clear that different types of nerve cells will respond to focused ultrasound differentially based on the complement of their ion channels, other membrane biophysical properties, and arrangement of synaptic connections. Furthermore, neurons are apparently not equally susceptible to the mechanical, thermal and cavitation-related consequences of focused ultrasound application-to complicate matters further, many studies often use distinctly different focused ultrasound stimulus parameters to achieve a reliable response in neural activity. In this review, we consider the benefits of studying more experimentally tractable invertebrate preparations, with an emphasis on the medicinal leech, where neurons can be studied as unique individual cells and be synaptically isolated from the indirect effects of focused ultrasound stimulation on mechanosensitive afferents. In the leech, we have concluded that heat is the primary effector of focused ultrasound neuromodulation, especially on motoneurons in which we observed a focused ultrasound-mediated blockade of action potentials. We discuss that the mechanical bioeffects of focused ultrasound, which are frequently described in the literature, are less reliably achieved as compared to thermal ones, and that observations ascribed to mechanical responses may be confounded by activation of synaptically-coupled sensory structures or artifacts associated with electrode resonance. Ultimately, both the mechanical and thermal components of focused ultrasound have significant potential to contribute to the sculpting of specific neural outcomes. Because focused ultrasound can generate significant modulation at a temperature <5°C, which is believed to be safe for moderate durations, we support the idea that focused ultrasound should be considered as a thermal neuromodulation technology for clinical use, especially targeting neural pathways in the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan N. Collins
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Karen A. Mesce
- Department of Entomology and Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
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13
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A Transmissive Theory of Brain Function: Implications for Health, Disease, and Consciousness. NEUROSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/neurosci3030032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying a complete, accurate model of brain function would allow neuroscientists and clinicians to make powerful neuropsychological predictions and diagnoses as well as develop more effective treatments to mitigate or reverse neuropathology. The productive model of brain function, which has been dominant in the field for centuries, cannot easily accommodate some higher-order neural processes associated with consciousness and other neuropsychological phenomena. However, in recent years, it has become increasingly evident that the brain is highly receptive to and readily emits electromagnetic (EM) fields and light. Indeed, brain tissues can generate endogenous, complex EM fields and ultraweak photon emissions (UPEs) within the visible and near-visible EM spectra. EM-based neural mechanisms, such as ephaptic coupling and non-visual optical brain signaling, expand canonical neural signaling modalities and are beginning to disrupt conventional models of brain function. Here, we present an evidence-based argument for the existence of brain processes that are caused by the transmission of extracerebral, EM signals and recommend experimental strategies with which to test the hypothesis. We argue for a synthesis of productive and transmissive models of brain function and discuss implications for the study of consciousness, brain health, and disease.
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14
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Jawaid S, Herring AI, Getsy PM, Lewis SJ, Watanabe M, Kolesova H. Differential immunostaining patterns of transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels in the rat nodose ganglion. J Anat 2022; 241:230-244. [PMID: 35396708 PMCID: PMC9296033 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vagal afferents regulate numerous physiological functions including arterial blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and nociception. Cell bodies of vagal afferents reside in the inferior vagal (nodose) ganglia and their stimulation by various means is being considered as a way to regulate cardiorespiratory responses and control pain sensations. Stimulation of the nodose by exposure to infrared light is recently being considered as a precise way to elicit responses. These responses would likely involve the activity of temperature-sensitive membrane-bound channels. While papers have been published to track the expression of these transient receptor potential ion channels (TRPs), further studies are warranted to determine the in situ expression of the endogenous TRP proteins in the nodose ganglia to fully understand their pattern of expression, subcellular locations, and functions in this animal model. TRP ion channels are a superfamily of Na+ /Ca2+ -channels whose members are temperature- and/or mechano-sensitive and therefore represent a potential set of proteins that will be activated directly or indirectly by infrared light. Here, we report the spatial localization of six TRP channels, TRPV1, TRPV4, TRPM3, TRPM8, TRPA1, and TRPC1, from nodose ganglia taken from juvenile male Sprague-Dawley rats. The channels were detected using immunohistology with fluorescent tags on cryosections and imaged using confocal microscopy. All six TRP channels were detected with different levels of intensity in neuronal cell bodies and some were also detected in axonal fibers and blood vessels. The TRP receptors differed in their prevalence, in their patterns of expression, and in subcellular expression/localization. More specifically, TRPV1, TRPV4, TRPA1, TRPM8, TRPC1, and TRPM3 were found in vagal afferent cell bodies with a wide range of immunostaining intensity from neuron to neuron. Immunostaining for TRPV1, TRPV4, and TRPA1 appeared as fine particles scattered throughout the cytoplasm of the cell body. Intense TRPV1 immunostaining was also evident in a subset of axonal fibers. TRPM8 and TRPC1 were expressed in courser particles suggesting different subcellular compartments than for TRPV1. The localization of TRPM3 differed markedly from the other TRP channels with an immunostaining pattern that was localized to the periphery of a subset of cell bodies, whereas a scattering or no immunostaining was detected within the bulk of the cytoplasm. TRPV4 and TRPC1 were also expressed on the walls of blood vessels. The finding that all six TRP channels (representing four subfamilies) were present in the nodose ganglia provides the basis for studies designed to understand the roles of these channels in sensory transmission within vagal afferent fibers and in the responses elicited by exposure of nodose ganglia to infrared light and other stimuli. Depending on the location and functionality of the TRP channels, they may regulate the flux of Na+ /Ca2+ -across the membranes of cell bodies and axons of sensory afferents, efferent (motor) fibers coursing through the ganglia, and in vascular smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safdar Jawaid
- Divisions of Pediatric CardiologyCase Western Reserve University School of MedicineClevelandOHUSA
| | - Amanda I. Herring
- Divisions of Pediatric CardiologyCase Western Reserve University School of MedicineClevelandOHUSA
| | - Paulina M. Getsy
- Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of PediatricsCase Western Reserve University School of MedicineClevelandOHUSA
| | - Stephen J. Lewis
- Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of PediatricsCase Western Reserve University School of MedicineClevelandOHUSA
| | - Michiko Watanabe
- Divisions of Pediatric CardiologyCase Western Reserve University School of MedicineClevelandOHUSA
| | - Hana Kolesova
- Department of Anatomy, First Faculty of MedicineCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
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15
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Reeder JT, Xie Z, Yang Q, Seo MH, Yan Y, Deng Y, Jinkins KR, Krishnan SR, Liu C, McKay S, Patnaude E, Johnson A, Zhao Z, Kim MJ, Xu Y, Huang I, Avila R, Felicelli C, Ray E, Guo X, Ray WZ, Huang Y, MacEwan MR, Rogers JA. Soft, bioresorbable coolers for reversible conduction block of peripheral nerves. Science 2022; 377:109-115. [PMID: 35771907 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl8532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Implantable devices capable of targeted and reversible blocking of peripheral nerve activity may provide alternatives to opioids for treating pain. Local cooling represents an attractive means for on-demand elimination of pain signals, but traditional technologies are limited by rigid, bulky form factors; imprecise cooling; and requirements for extraction surgeries. Here, we introduce soft, bioresorbable, microfluidic devices that enable delivery of focused, minimally invasive cooling power at arbitrary depths in living tissues with real-time temperature feedback control. Construction with water-soluble, biocompatible materials leads to dissolution and bioresorption as a mechanism to eliminate unnecessary device load and risk to the patient without additional surgeries. Multiweek in vivo trials demonstrate the ability to rapidly and precisely cool peripheral nerves to provide local, on-demand analgesia in rat models for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Reeder
- Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Zhaoqian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.,Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo, China
| | - Quansan Yang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Min-Ho Seo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, College of Information and Biomedical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ying Yan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yujun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Katherine R Jinkins
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Siddharth R Krishnan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Claire Liu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Shannon McKay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Emily Patnaude
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Alexandra Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Zichen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.,Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo, China
| | - Moon Joo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Yameng Xu
- The Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ivy Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Raudel Avila
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | - Emily Ray
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.,Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo, China
| | - Wilson Z Ray
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Matthew R MacEwan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John A Rogers
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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16
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Zhu X, Lin JW, Turnali A, Sander MY. Single infrared light pulses induce excitatory and inhibitory neuromodulation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:374-388. [PMID: 35154878 PMCID: PMC8803021 DOI: 10.1364/boe.444577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The excitatory and inhibitory effects of single and brief infrared (IR) light pulses (2 µm) with millisecond durations and various power levels are investigated with a custom-built fiber amplification system. Intracellular recordings from motor axons of the crayfish opener neuromuscular junction are performed ex vivo. Single IR light pulses induce a membrane depolarization during the light pulses, which is followed by a hyperpolarization that can last up to 100 ms. The depolarization amplitude is dependent on the optical pulse duration, total energy deposition and membrane potential, but is insensitive to tetrodotoxin. The hyperpolarization reverses its polarity near the potassium equilibrium potential and is barium-sensitive. The membrane depolarization activates an action potential (AP) when the axon is near firing threshold, while the hyperpolarization reversibly inhibits rhythmically firing APs. In summary, we demonstrate for the first time that single and brief IR light pulses can evoke initial depolarization followed by hyperpolarization on individual motor axons. The corresponding mechanisms and functional outcomes of the dual effects are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedong Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, 24 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary’s Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jen-Wei Lin
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ahmet Turnali
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary’s Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary’s Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michelle Y. Sander
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, 24 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary’s Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary’s Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, 15 Saint Mary’s Street, Brookline, MA 02446, USA
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17
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Zhuo J, Gill JP, Jansen ED, Jenkins MW, Chiel HJ. Use of an invertebrate animal model ( Aplysia californica) to develop novel neural interfaces for neuromodulation. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1080027. [PMID: 36620467 PMCID: PMC9813496 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1080027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
New tools for monitoring and manipulating neural activity have been developed with steadily improving functionality, specificity, and reliability, which are critical both for mapping neural circuits and treating neurological diseases. This review focuses on the use of an invertebrate animal, the marine mollusk Aplysia californica, in the development of novel neurotechniques. We review the basic physiological properties of Aplysia neurons and discuss the specific aspects that make it advantageous for developing novel neural interfaces: First, Aplysia nerves consist only of unmyelinated axons with various diameters, providing a particularly useful model of the unmyelinated C fibers in vertebrates that are known to carry important sensory information, including those that signal pain. Second, Aplysia's neural tissues can last for a long period in an ex vivo experimental setup. This allows comprehensive tests such as the exploration of parameter space on the same nerve to avoid variability between animals and minimize animal use. Third, nerves in large Aplysia can be many centimeters in length, making it possible to easily discriminate axons with different diameters based on their conduction velocities. Aplysia nerves are a particularly good approximation of the unmyelinated C fibers, which are hard to stimulate, record, and differentiate from other nerve fibers in vertebrate animal models using epineural electrodes. Fourth, neurons in Aplysia are large, uniquely identifiable, and electrically compact. For decades, researchers have used Aplysia for the development of many novel neurotechnologies. Examples include high-frequency alternating current (HFAC), focused ultrasound (FUS), optical neural stimulation, recording, and inhibition, microelectrode arrays, diamond electrodes, carbon fiber microelectrodes, microscopic magnetic stimulation and magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (MREIT). We also review a specific example that illustrates the power of Aplysia for accelerating technology development: selective infrared neural inhibition of small-diameter unmyelinated axons, which may lead to a translationally useful treatment in the future. Generally, Aplysia is suitable for testing modalities whose mechanism involves basic biophysics that is likely to be similar across species. As a tractable experimental system, Aplysia californica can help the rapid development of novel neuromodulation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Zhuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jeffrey P Gill
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - E Duco Jansen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.,Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Michael W Jenkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Hillel J Chiel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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18
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Yetis O, Guner O, Akkaya I, Guneli E, Bagriyanik A, Tozburun S. Vagus nerve bundle stimulation using 1505-nm laser irradiation in an in-vivo rat model. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2022; 15:e202100197. [PMID: 34529359 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Laser nerve stimulation using near-infrared laser irradiation has recently been studied in the peripheral nervous system as an alternative method to conventional electrical nerve stimulation. Bringing this method to the vagus nerve model could leverage this emerging stimulation approach to be tested in broader preclinical applications. Here, we report the capability of the laser nerve stimulation method on the rat vagus nerve bundle with a 1505-nm diode laser operated in continuous-wave mode. Studies of the stimulation threshold and laser-induced acute thermal injury to the nerve bundle were also performed to determine a temperature window for safe, reliable and reproducible laser stimulation of the rat vagus nerve bundle. The results show that laser stimulation of the vagus nerve bundle provides reliable and reproducible nerve stimulation in a rat model. These results also confirm a threshold temperature of >42°C with acute nerve damage observed above 46°C. A strong correlation was obtained between the laser time required to raise the nerve temperature above the stimulation threshold and the mean arterial pressure response. Advantages of the method such as non-contact delivery of external stimulus signals at mm scaled distance in air, enhanced spatial selectivity and electrical artefact-free measurements may indicate its potential to counteract the side effects of conventional electrical vagus nerve stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozan Yetis
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ozge Guner
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Akkaya
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ensari Guneli
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Alper Bagriyanik
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Serhat Tozburun
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
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19
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Prieto ML, Firouzi K, Khuri-Yakub BT, Madison DV, Maduke M. Spike frequency-dependent inhibition and excitation of neural activity by high-frequency ultrasound. J Gen Physiol 2021; 152:182190. [PMID: 33074301 PMCID: PMC7534904 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202012672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound can modulate action potential firing in vivo and in vitro, but the mechanistic basis of this phenomenon is not well understood. To address this problem, we used patch-clamp recording to quantify the effects of focused, high-frequency (43 MHz) ultrasound on evoked action potential firing in CA1 pyramidal neurons in acute rodent hippocampal brain slices. We find that ultrasound can either inhibit or potentiate firing in a spike frequency–dependent manner: at low (near-threshold) input currents and low firing frequencies, ultrasound inhibits firing, while at higher input currents and higher firing frequencies, ultrasound potentiates firing. The net result of these two competing effects is that ultrasound increases the threshold current for action potential firing, the slope of frequency-input curves, and the maximum firing frequency. In addition, ultrasound slightly hyperpolarizes the resting membrane potential, decreases action potential width, and increases the depth of the after-hyperpolarization. All of these results can be explained by the hypothesis that ultrasound activates a sustained potassium conductance. According to this hypothesis, increased outward potassium currents hyperpolarize the resting membrane potential and inhibit firing at near-threshold input currents but potentiate firing in response to higher-input currents by limiting inactivation of voltage-dependent sodium channels during the action potential. This latter effect is a consequence of faster action potential repolarization, which limits inactivation of voltage-dependent sodium channels, and deeper (more negative) after-hyperpolarization, which increases the rate of recovery from inactivation. Based on these results, we propose that ultrasound activates thermosensitive and mechanosensitive two-pore-domain potassium (K2P) channels through heating or mechanical effects of acoustic radiation force. Finite-element modeling of the effects of ultrasound on brain tissue suggests that the effects of ultrasound on firing frequency are caused by a small (<2°C) increase in temperature, with possible additional contributions from mechanical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Loynaz Prieto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Kamyar Firouzi
- E.L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Daniel V Madison
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Merritt Maduke
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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20
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Kaszas A, Szalay G, Slézia A, Bojdán A, Vanzetta I, Hangya B, Rózsa B, O'Connor R, Moreau D. Two-photon GCaMP6f imaging of infrared neural stimulation evoked calcium signals in mouse cortical neurons in vivo. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9775. [PMID: 33963220 PMCID: PMC8105372 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89163-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infrared neural stimulation is a promising tool for stimulating the brain because it can be used to excite with high spatial precision without the need of delivering or inserting any exogenous agent into the tissue. Very few studies have explored its use in the brain, as most investigations have focused on sensory or motor nerve stimulation. Using intravital calcium imaging with the genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP6f, here we show that the application of infrared neural stimulation induces intracellular calcium signals in Layer 2/3 neurons in mouse cortex in vivo. The number of neurons exhibiting infrared-induced calcium response as well as the amplitude of those signals are shown to be both increasing with the energy density applied. By studying as well the spatial extent of the stimulation, we show that reproducibility of the stimulation is achieved mainly in the central part of the infrared beam path. Stimulating in vivo at such a degree of precision and without any exogenous chromophores enables multiple applications, from mapping the brain's connectome to applications in systems neuroscience and the development of new therapeutic tools for investigating the pathological brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Kaszas
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Département BEL, F - 13541, Gardanne, France
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, CNRS UMR 7289 & Aix-Marseille Université, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Gergely Szalay
- Laboratory of 3D Functional Network and Dendritic Imaging, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Andrea Slézia
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Département BEL, F - 13541, Gardanne, France
- Lendület Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Bojdán
- Laboratory of 3D Functional Network and Dendritic Imaging, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Ivo Vanzetta
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, CNRS UMR 7289 & Aix-Marseille Université, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Balázs Hangya
- Lendület Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Balázs Rózsa
- Laboratory of 3D Functional Network and Dendritic Imaging, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
- Two-Photon Laboratory, Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Rodney O'Connor
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Département BEL, F - 13541, Gardanne, France
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, CNRS UMR 7289 & Aix-Marseille Université, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - David Moreau
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Département BEL, F - 13541, Gardanne, France.
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Ford JB, Ganguly M, Zhuo J, McPheeters MT, Jenkins MW, Chiel HJ, Jansen ED. Optimizing thermal block length during infrared neural inhibition to minimize temperature thresholds. J Neural Eng 2021; 18:10.1088/1741-2552/abf00d. [PMID: 33735846 PMCID: PMC11189657 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abf00d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Infrared neural inhibition (INI) is a method of blocking the generation or propagation of neural action potentials through laser heating with wavelengths strongly absorbed by water. Recent work has identified that the distance heated along axons, the block length (BL), modulates the temperature needed for inhibition; however, this relationship has not been characterized. This study explores how BL during INI can be optimized towards minimizing its temperature threshold.Approach. To understand the relationship between BL and the temperature required for INI, excised nerves fromAplysia californicawere laser-heated over different lengths of axon during electrical stimulation of compound action potentials. INI was provided by irradiation (λ= 1470 nm) from a custom probe (n= 6 nerves), and subsequent validation was performed by providing heat block using perfused hot media over nerves (n= 5 nerves).Main Results. Two BL regimes were identified. Short BLs (thermal full width at half maximum (tFWHM) = 0.81-1.13 mm) demonstrated that increasing the tFWHM resulted in lower temperature thresholds for INI (p< 0.0125), while longer BLs (tFWHM = 1.13-3.03 mm) showed no significant change between the temperature threshold and tFWHM (p> 0.0125). Validation of this longer regime was performed using perfused hot media over different lengths of nerves. This secondary heating method similarly showed no significant change (p> 0.025) in the temperature threshold (tFWHM = 1.25-4.42 mm).Significance. This work characterized how the temperature threshold for neural heat block varies with BL and identified an optimal BL around tFWHM = 1.13 mm which minimizes both the maximum temperature applied to tissue and the volume of tissue heated during INI. Understanding how to optimally target lengths of nerve to minimize temperature during INI can help inform the design of devices for longitudinal animal studies and human implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy B Ford
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Mohit Ganguly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Junqi Zhuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Matthew T McPheeters
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Michael W Jenkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Hillel J Chiel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - E Duco Jansen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
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22
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Brown WGA, Needham K, Begeng JM, Thompson AC, Nayagam BA, Kameneva T, Stoddart PR. Response of primary auditory neurons to stimulation with infrared light in vitro. J Neural Eng 2021; 18:046003. [PMID: 33724234 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abe7b8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Infrared light can be used to modulate the activity of neuronal cells through thermally-evoked capacitive currents and thermosensitive ion channel modulation. The infrared power threshold for action potentials has previously been found to be far lower in the in vivo cochlea when compared with other neuronal targets, implicating spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) as a potential target for infrared auditory prostheses. However, conflicting experimental evidence suggests that this low threshold may arise from an intermediary mechanism other than direct SGN stimulation, potentially involving residual hair cell activity. APPROACH Patch-clamp recordings from cultured SGNs were used to explicitly quantify the capacitive and ion channel currents in an environment devoid of hair cells. Neurons were irradiated by a 1870 nm laser with pulse durations of 0.2-5.0 ms and powers up to 1.5 W. A Hodgkin-Huxley-type model was established by first characterising the voltage dependent currents, and then incorporating laser-evoked currents separated into temperature-dependent and temperature-gradient-dependent components. This model was found to accurately simulate neuronal responses and allowed the results to be extrapolated to stimulation parameter spaces not accessible during this study. MAIN RESULTS The previously-reported low in vivo SGN stimulation threshold was not observed, and only subthreshold depolarisation was achieved, even at high light exposures. Extrapolating these results with our Hodgkin-Huxley-type model predicts an action potential threshold which does not deviate significantly from other neuronal types. SIGNIFICANCE This suggests that the low-threshold response that is commonly reported in vivo may arise from an alternative mechanism, and calls into question the potential usefulness of the effect for auditory prostheses. The step-wise approach to modelling optically-evoked currents described here may prove useful for analysing a wider range of cell types where capacitive currents and conductance modulation are dominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G A Brown
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, Hawthorn VIC 3122, Australia
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Zhuo J, Ou Z, Zhang Y, Jackson EM, Shankar SS, McPheeters MT, Ford JB, Jansen ED, Chiel HJ, Jenkins MW. Isotonic ion replacement can lower the threshold for selective infrared neural inhibition. NEUROPHOTONICS 2021; 8:015005. [PMID: 33628860 PMCID: PMC7893321 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.8.1.015005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Infrared (IR) inhibition can selectively block peripheral sensory nerve fibers, a potential treatment for autonomic-dysfunction-related diseases (e.g., neuropathic pain and interstitial cystitis). Lowering the IR inhibition threshold can increase its translational potentials. Aim: Infrared induces inhibition by enhancing potassium channel activation. We hypothesized that the IR dose threshold could be reduced by combining it with isotonic ion replacement. Approach: We tested the IR inhibition threshold on the pleural-abdominal connective of Aplysia californica. Using a customized chamber system, the IR inhibition was applied either in normal saline or in isotonic ion-replaced saline, which could be high glucose saline, high choline saline, or high glucose/high choline saline. Each modified saline was at a subthreshold concentration for inhibiting neural conduction. Results: We showed that isotonically replacing ions in saline with glucose and/or choline can reduce the IR threshold and temperature threshold of neural inhibition. Furthermore, the size selectivity of IR inhibition was preserved when combined with high glucose/high choline saline. Conclusions: The present work of IR inhibition combined with isotonic ion replacement will guide further development of a more effective size-selective IR inhibition modality for future research and translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Zhuo
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Zihui Ou
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biology, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biology, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Jackson
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biology, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Sachin S. Shankar
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Matthew T. McPheeters
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Jeremy B. Ford
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Vanderbilt University, Biophotonics Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - E. Duco Jansen
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Vanderbilt University, Biophotonics Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Neurological Surgery, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Hillel J. Chiel
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biology, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Michael W. Jenkins
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
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24
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Skach J, Conway C, Barrett L, Ye H. Axonal blockage with microscopic magnetic stimulation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18030. [PMID: 33093520 PMCID: PMC7582966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74891-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous neurological dysfunctions are characterized by undesirable nerve activity. By providing reversible nerve blockage, electric stimulation with an implanted electrode holds promise in the treatment of these conditions. However, there are several limitations to its application, including poor bio-compatibility and decreased efficacy during chronic implantation. A magnetic coil of miniature size can mitigate some of these problems, by coating it with biocompatible material for chronic implantation. However, it is unknown if miniature coils could be effective in axonal blockage and, if so, what the underlying mechanisms are. Here we demonstrate that a submillimeter magnetic coil can reversibly block action potentials in the unmyelinated axons from the marine mollusk Aplysia californica. Using a multi-compartment model of the Aplysia axon, we demonstrate that the miniature coil causes a significant local depolarization in the axon, alters activation dynamics of the sodium channels, and prevents the traveling of the invading action potentials. With improved biocompatibility and capability of emitting high-frequency stimuli, micro coils provide an interesting alternative for electric blockage of axonal conductance in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Skach
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Catherine Conway
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lauryn Barrett
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hui Ye
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Department of Biology, Quinlan Life Sciences Education and Research Center, Loyola University Chicago, 1032 W. Sheridan Rd., Chicago, IL, 60660, USA.
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25
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Fekete Z, Horváth ÁC, Zátonyi A. Infrared neuromodulation:a neuroengineering perspective. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:051003. [PMID: 33055373 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abb3b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Infrared neuromodulation (INM) is a branch of photobiomodulation that offers direct or indirect control of cellular activity through elevation of temperature in a spatially confined region of the target tissue. Research on INM started about 15 ago and is gradually attracting the attention of the neuroscience community, as numerous experimental studies have provided firm evidence on the safe and reproducible excitation and inhibition of neuronal firing in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. However, its biophysical mechanism is not fully understood and several engineered interfaces have been created to investigate infrared stimulation in both the peripheral and central nervous system. In this review, recent applications and present knowledge on the effects of INM on cellular activity are summarized, and an overview of the technical approaches to deliver infrared light to cells and to interrogate the optically evoked response is provided. The micro- and nanoengineered interfaces used to investigate the influence of INM are described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Fekete
- Research Group for Implantable Microsystems, Faculty of Information Technology & Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest 1083, Hungary. Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
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26
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Zhu X, Lin JW, Sander MY. Infrared inhibition impacts on locally initiated and propagating action potentials and the downstream synaptic transmission. NEUROPHOTONICS 2020; 7:045003. [PMID: 33094124 PMCID: PMC7554448 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.7.4.045003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Systematic studies of the physiological outputs induced by infrared (IR)-mediated inhibition of motor nerves can provide guidance for therapeutic applications and offer critical insights into IR light modulation of complex neural networks. Aim: We explore the IR-mediated inhibition of action potentials (APs) that either propagate along single axons or are initiated locally and their downstream synaptic transmission responses. Approach: APs were evoked locally by two-electrode current clamp or at a distance for propagating APs. The neuromuscular transmission was recorded with intracellular electrodes in muscle cells or macro-patch pipettes on terminal bouton clusters. Results: IR light pulses completely and reversibly terminate the locally initiated APs firing at low frequencies, which leads to blocking of the synaptic transmission. However, IR light pulses only suppress but do not block the amplitude and duration of propagating APs nor locally initiated APs firing at high frequencies. Such suppressed APs do not influence the postsynaptic responses at a distance. While the suppression of AP amplitude and duration is similar for propagating and locally evoked APs, only the former exhibits a 7% to 21% increase in the maximum time derivative of the AP rising phase. Conclusions: The suppressed APs of motor axons can resume their waveforms after passing the localized IR light illumination site, leaving the muscular and synaptic responses unchanged. IR-mediated modulation on propagating and locally evoked APs should be considered as two separate models for axonal and somatic modulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedong Zhu
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Boston University, Neurophotonics Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Boston University, Photonics Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jen-Wei Lin
- Boston University, Department of Biology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Michelle Y. Sander
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Boston University, Neurophotonics Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Boston University, Photonics Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Boston University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Boston University, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Brookline, Massachusetts, United States
- Address all correspondence to Michelle Y. Sander,
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27
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Brown WGA, Needham K, Begeng JM, Thompson AC, Nayagam BA, Kameneva T, Stoddart PR. Thermal damage threshold of neurons during infrared stimulation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:2224-2234. [PMID: 32341879 PMCID: PMC7173919 DOI: 10.1364/boe.383165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In infrared neural stimulation (INS), laser-evoked thermal transients are used to generate small depolarising currents in neurons. The laser exposure poses a moderate risk of thermal damage to the target neuron. Indeed, exogenous methods of neural stimulation often place the target neurons under stressful non-physiological conditions, which can hinder ordinary neuronal function and hasten cell death. Therefore, quantifying the exposure-dependent probability of neuronal damage is essential for identifying safe operating limits of INS and other interventions for therapeutic and prosthetic use. Using patch-clamp recordings in isolated spiral ganglion neurons, we describe a method for determining the dose-dependent damage probabilities of individual neurons in response to both acute and cumulative infrared exposure parameters based on changes in injection current. The results identify a local thermal damage threshold at approximately 60 °C, which is in keeping with previous literature and supports the claim that damage during INS is a purely thermal phenomenon. In principle this method can be applied to any potentially injurious stimuli, allowing for the calculation of a wide range of dose-dependent neural damage probabilities. Unlike histological analyses, the technique is well-suited to quantifying gradual neuronal damage, and critical threshold behaviour is not required.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G. A. Brown
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Karina Needham
- Department of Surgery (Otolaryngology), University of Melbourne, Royal Victoria Eye & Ear Hospital, 32 Gisborne St, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - James M. Begeng
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | | | - Bryony A. Nayagam
- Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Tatiana Kameneva
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Paul R. Stoddart
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
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28
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Ocular pain response to treatment in dry eye patients. Ocul Surf 2020; 18:305-311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Won SM, Song E, Reeder JT, Rogers JA. Emerging Modalities and Implantable Technologies for Neuromodulation. Cell 2020; 181:115-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Ford JB, Ganguly M, Poorman ME, Grissom WA, Jenkins MW, Chiel HJ, Jansen ED. Identifying the Role of Block Length in Neural Heat Block to Reduce Temperatures During Infrared Neural Inhibition. Lasers Surg Med 2020; 52:259-275. [PMID: 31347188 PMCID: PMC6981060 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to assess the hypothesis that the length of axon heated, defined here as block length (BL), affects the temperature required for thermal inhibition of action potential propagation applied using laser heating. The presence of such a phenomenon has implications for how this technique, called infrared neural inhibition (INI), may be applied in a clinically safe manner since it suggests that temperatures required for therapy may be reduced through the proper spatial application of light. Here, we validate the presence of this phenomenon by assessing how the peak temperatures during INI are reduced when two different BLs are applied using irradiation from either one or two adjacent optical fibers. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Assessment of the role of BL was carried out over two phases. First, a computational proof of concept was performed in the neural conduction simulation environment, NEURON, simulating the response of action potentials to increased temperatures applied at different full-width at half-maxima (FWHM) along axons. Second, ex vivo validation of these predictions was performed by measuring the radiant exposure, peak temperature rise, and FWHM of heat distributions associated with INI from one or two adjacent optical fibers. Electrophysiological assessment of radiant exposures at inhibition threshold were carried out in ex vivo Aplysia californica (sea slug) pleural abdominal nerves ( n = 6), an invertebrate with unmyelinated axons. Measurement of the maximum temperature rise required for induced heat block was performed in a water bath using a fine wire thermocouple. Finally, magnetic resonance thermometry (MRT) was performed on a nerve immersed in saline to assess the elevated temperature distribution at these radiant exposures. RESULTS Computational modeling in NEURON provided a theoretical proof of concept that the BL is an important factor contributing to the peak temperature required during neural heat block, predicting a 11.7% reduction in temperature rise when the FWHM along an axon is increased by 42.9%. Experimental validation showed that, when using two adjacent fibers instead of one, a 38.5 ± 2.2% (mean ± standard error of the mean) reduction in radiant exposure per pulse per fiber threshold at the fiber output (P = 7.3E-6) is measured, resulting in a reduction in peak temperature rise under each fiber of 23.5 ± 2.1% ( P = 9.3E-5) and 15.0 ± 2.4% ( P = 1.4E-3) and an increase in the FWHM of heating by 37.7 ± 6.4% ( P = 1E-3), 68.4 ± 5.2% ( P = 2.4E-5), and 51.9 ± 9.9% ( P = 1.7E-3) in three MRT slices. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first experimental evidence for a phenomenon during the heat block in which the temperature for inhibition is dependent on the BL. While more work is needed to further reduce the temperature during INI, the results highlight that spatial application of the temperature rise during INI must be considered. Optimized implementation of INI may leverage this cellular response to provide optical modulation of neural signals with lower temperatures over greater time periods, which may increase the utility of the technique for laboratory and clinical use. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy B. Ford
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Mohit Ganguly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Megan E. Poorman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, Vanderbilt University, 1161 21st Ave S, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - William A. Grissom
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, Vanderbilt University, 1161 21st Ave S, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Michael W. Jenkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, 2109 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Hillel J. Chiel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, 2080 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, 2210 Circle Drive, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - E. Duco Jansen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University, 1161 21st Ave S, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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Horváth ÁC, Borbély S, Boros ÖC, Komáromi L, Koppa P, Barthó P, Fekete Z. Infrared neural stimulation and inhibition using an implantable silicon photonic microdevice. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:44. [PMID: 34567656 PMCID: PMC8433474 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-0153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Brain is one of the most temperature sensitive organs. Besides the fundamental role of temperature in cellular metabolism, thermal response of neuronal populations is also significant during the evolution of various neurodegenerative diseases. For such critical environmental factor, thorough mapping of cellular response to variations in temperature is desired in the living brain. So far, limited efforts have been made to create complex devices that are able to modulate temperature, and concurrently record multiple features of the stimulated region. In our work, the in vivo application of a multimodal photonic neural probe is demonstrated. Optical, thermal, and electrophysiological functions are monolithically integrated in a single device. The system facilitates spatial and temporal control of temperature distribution at high precision in the deep brain tissue through an embedded infrared waveguide, while it provides recording of the artefact-free electrical response of individual cells at multiple locations along the probe shaft. Spatial distribution of the optically induced temperature changes is evaluated through in vitro measurements and a validated multi-physical model. The operation of the multimodal microdevice is demonstrated in the rat neocortex and in the hippocampus to increase or suppress firing rate of stimulated neurons in a reversible manner using continuous wave infrared light (λ = 1550 nm). Our approach is envisioned to be a promising candidate as an advanced experimental toolset to reveal thermally evoked responses in the deep neural tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágoston Csaba Horváth
- Research Group for Implantable Microsystems, Faculty of Information Technology & Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
- Microsystems Laboratory, Institute for Technical Physics & Material Science, Centre for Energy Research, Budapest, Hungary
- Óbuda University Doctoral School on Materials Sciences and Technologies, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sándor Borbély
- MTA TTK NAP Sleep Oscillations Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Örs Csanád Boros
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lili Komáromi
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pál Koppa
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Barthó
- MTA TTK NAP Sleep Oscillations Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Fekete
- Research Group for Implantable Microsystems, Faculty of Information Technology & Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
- Microsystems Laboratory, Institute for Technical Physics & Material Science, Centre for Energy Research, Budapest, Hungary
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Zhu X, Lin JW, Sander MY. Infrared inhibition and waveform modulation of action potentials in the crayfish motor axon. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:6580-6594. [PMID: 31853418 PMCID: PMC6913409 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.006580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The infrared (IR) inhibition of axonal activities in the crayfish neuromuscular preparation is studied using 2 µm IR light pulses with varying durations. The intracellular neuronal activities are monitored with two-electrode current clamp, while the IR-induced temperature changes are measured by the open patch technique simultaneously. It is demonstrated that the IR pulses can reversibly shape or block locally initiated action potentials. Suppression of the AP amplitude and duration and decrease in axonal excitability by IR pulses are quantitatively analyzed. While the AP amplitude and duration decrease similarly during IR illumination, it is discovered that the recovery of the AP duration after the IR pulses is slower than that of the AP amplitude. An IR-induced decrease in the input resistance (8.8%) is detected and discussed together with the temperature dependent changes in channel kinetics as contributing factors for the inhibition reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedong Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, 24 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary’s Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jen-Wei Lin
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michelle Y. Sander
- Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, 24 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary’s Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary’s Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, 15 Saint Mary’s Street, Brookline, MA 02446, USA
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Ganguly M, Ford JB, Zhuo J, McPheeters MT, Jenkins MW, Chiel HJ, Jansen ED. Voltage-gated potassium channels are critical for infrared inhibition of action potentials: an experimental study. NEUROPHOTONICS 2019; 6:040501. [PMID: 31620544 PMCID: PMC6792434 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.6.4.040501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Thermal block of unmyelinated axons may serve as a modality for control, suggesting a means for providing therapies for pain. Computational modeling predicted that potassium channels are necessary for mediating thermal block of propagating compound action potentials (CAPs) with infrared (IR) light. Our study tests that hypothesis. Results suggest that potassium channel blockers disrupt the ability of IR to block propagating CAPs in Aplysia californica nerves, whereas sodium channel blockers appear to have no significant effect. These observations validate the modeling results and suggest potential applications of thermal block to many other unmyelinated axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Ganguly
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Vanderbilt University, Biophotonics Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Jeremy B. Ford
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Vanderbilt University, Biophotonics Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Junqi Zhuo
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Matthew T. McPheeters
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Michael W. Jenkins
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Hillel J. Chiel
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biology, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - E. Duco Jansen
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Vanderbilt University, Biophotonics Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Neurological Surgery, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
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Efferent Inputs Are Required for Normal Function of Vestibular Nerve Afferents. J Neurosci 2019; 39:6922-6935. [PMID: 31285300 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0237-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A group of vestibular afferent nerve fibers with irregular-firing resting discharges are thought to play a prominent role in responses to fast head movements and vestibular plasticity. We show that, in C57BL/6 mice (either sex, 4-5 weeks old), normal activity in the efferent vestibular pathway is required for function of these irregular afferents. Thermal inhibition of efferent fibers results in a profound inhibition of irregular afferents' resting discharges, rendering them inadequate for signaling head movements. In this way, efferent inputs adjust the contribution of the peripheral irregular afferent pathway that plays a critical role in peripheral vestibular signaling and plasticity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Vestibular end organs in the inner ear receive efferent inputs from the brainstem. Previously, electrical stimulation of efferents was linked to an increase in resting discharges of afferents and a decrease in their sensitivities. Here, we show that localized thermal inhibition of unmyelinated efferents results in a significant decrease in the activity of afferent nerve fibers, particularly those with irregular resting discharges implicated in responses to fast head movements and vestibular compensation. Thus, by upregulating and downregulating of afferent firing, particularly irregular afferents, efferents adjust neural activity sensitive to rapid head movements. These findings support the notion that peripheral vestibular end organs are not passive transducers of head movements and their sensory signal transmission is modulated by efferent inputs.
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Jiang B, Hou W, Xia N, Peng F, Wang X, Chen C, Zhou Y, Zheng X, Wu X. Inhibitory effect of 980-nm laser on neural activity of the rat's cochlear nucleus. NEUROPHOTONICS 2019; 6:035009. [PMID: 31482103 PMCID: PMC6710856 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.6.3.035009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared radiation (NIR) has been described as one of the highest-resolution tools for neuromodulation. However, the poor tissue penetration depth of NIR has limited its further application on some of the deeper layer neurons in vivo. A 980-nm short-wavelength NIR (SW-NIR) with high penetration depth was employed, and its inhibitory effect on neurons was investigated in vivo. In experiments, SW-NIR was implemented on the rat's cochlear nucleus (CN), the auditory pathway was activated by pure-tones through the rat's external auditory canal, and the neural responses were recorded in the inferior colliculus by a multichannel electrode array. Neural firing rate (FR) and the first spike latency (FSL) were analyzed to evaluate the optically induced neural inhibition. Meanwhile, a two-layered finite element, consisting of a fluid layer and a gray matter layer, was established to model the optically induced temperature changes in CN; different stimulation paradigms were used to compare the inhibitory efficiency of SW-NIR. Results showed that SW-NIR could reversibly inhibit acoustically induced CN neural activities: with the increase of laser radiant exposures energy, neural FR decreased significantly and FSL lengthened steadily. Significant inhibition occurred when the optical pulse stimulated prior to the acoustic stimulus. Results indicated that the inhibition relies on the establishment time of the temperature field. Moreover, our preliminary results suggest that short-wavelength infrared could regulate the activities of neurons beyond the neural tissues laser irradiated through neural networks and conduction in vivo. These findings may provide a method for accurate neuromodulation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jiang
- Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Wensheng Hou
- Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing University, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, China
- Chongqing University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Service Robot Control Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Nan Xia
- Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
- Qingdao University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine and Computer-assisted Surgery, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Fei Peng
- Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing University, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, China
| | - Chunye Chen
- Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing University, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Chinese Army Medical University, Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaolin Zheng
- Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing University, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, China
- Chongqing University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Service Robot Control Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoying Wu
- Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing University, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, China
- Chongqing University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Service Robot Control Technology, Chongqing, China
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Xia Q, Nyberg T. Inhibition of cortical neural networks using infrared laser. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800403. [PMID: 30859700 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to optimize parameters for inhibiting neuronal activity safely and investigating thermal inhibition of rat cortex neural networks in vitro by continuous infrared (IR) laser. Rat cortex neurons were cultured on multi-electrode arrays until neural networks were formed with spontaneous neural activity. Neurons were then irradiated to inhibit the activity of the networks using different powers of 1550 nm IR laser light. A finite element heating model, calibrated by the open glass pipette method, was used to calculate temperature increases at different laser irradiation intensities. A damage signal ratio (DSR) was evaluated to avoid excessive heating that may damage cells. The DSR predicted that cortex neurons should be safe at temperatures up to 49.6°C for 30 seconds, but experiments suggested that cortex neurons should not be exposed to temperatures over 46°C for 30 seconds. Neural response experiments showed that the inhibition of neural activity is temperature dependent. The normal neural activity could be inhibited safely with an inhibition degree up to 80% and induced epileptiform activity could be suppressed. These results show that continuous IR laser radiations provide a possible way to safely inhibit the neural network activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingling Xia
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Division of Neuronic Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Nyberg
- Division of Neuronic Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Ganguly M, Jenkins MW, Jansen ED, Chiel HJ. Thermal block of action potentials is primarily due to voltage-dependent potassium currents: a modeling study. J Neural Eng 2019; 16:036020. [PMID: 30909171 PMCID: PMC11190670 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab131b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thermal block of action potential conduction using infrared lasers is a new modality for manipulating neural activity. It could be used for analysis of the nervous system and for therapeutic applications. We sought to understand the mechanisms of thermal block. APPROACH To analyze the mechanisms of thermal block, we studied both the original Hodgkin/Huxley model, and a version modified to more accurately match experimental data on thermal responses in the squid giant axon. MAIN RESULTS Both the original and modified models suggested that thermal block, especially at higher temperatures, is primarily due to a depolarization-activated hyperpolarization as increased temperature leads to faster activation of voltage-gated potassium ion channels. The minimum length needed to block an axon scaled with the square root of the axon's diameter. SIGNIFICANCE The results suggest that voltage-dependent potassium ion channels play a major role in thermal block, and that relatively short lengths of axon could be thermally manipulated to selectively block fine, unmyelinated axons, such as C fibers, that carry pain and other sensory information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Ganguly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Michael W Jenkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - E Duco Jansen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Hillel J Chiel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
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38
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Xu AG, Qian M, Tian F, Xu B, Friedman RM, Wang J, Song X, Sun Y, Chernov MM, Cayce JM, Jansen ED, Mahadevan-Jansen A, Zhang X, Chen G, Roe AW. Focal infrared neural stimulation with high-field functional MRI: A rapid way to map mesoscale brain connectomes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau7046. [PMID: 31032400 PMCID: PMC6482007 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau7046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a way to map brain-wide networks using focal pulsed infrared neural stimulation in ultrahigh-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The patterns of connections revealed are similar to those of connections previously mapped with anatomical tract tracing methods. These include connections between cortex and subcortical locations and long-range cortico-cortical connections. Studies of local cortical connections reveal columnar-sized laminar activation, consistent with feed-forward and feedback projection signatures. This method is broadly applicable and can be applied to multiple areas of the brain in different species and across different MRI platforms. Systematic point-by-point application of this method may lead to fundamental advances in our understanding of brain connectomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augix Guohua Xu
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Meizhen Qian
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Feiyan Tian
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Robert M. Friedman
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Jianbao Wang
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Xuemei Song
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Yi Sun
- MR Collaboration Northeast Asia, Siemens Healthcare, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Mykyta M. Chernov
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Cayce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
- Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - E. Duco Jansen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
- Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Anita Mahadevan-Jansen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
- Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Xiaotong Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Corresponding author. (A.W.R.); (G.C.); (X.Z.)
| | - Gang Chen
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Corresponding author. (A.W.R.); (G.C.); (X.Z.)
| | - Anna Wang Roe
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97239-3098, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
- Corresponding author. (A.W.R.); (G.C.); (X.Z.)
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Horn CC, Ardell JL, Fisher LE. Electroceutical Targeting of the Autonomic Nervous System. Physiology (Bethesda) 2019; 34:150-162. [PMID: 30724129 PMCID: PMC6586833 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00030.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autonomic nerves are attractive targets for medical therapies using electroceutical devices because of the potential for selective control and few side effects. These devices use novel materials, electrode configurations, stimulation patterns, and closed-loop control to treat heart failure, hypertension, gastrointestinal and bladder diseases, obesity/diabetes, and inflammatory disorders. Critical to progress is a mechanistic understanding of multi-level controls of target organs, disease adaptation, and impact of neuromodulation to restore organ function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Horn
- Biobehavioral Oncology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey L Ardell
- University of California- Los Angeles (UCLA) Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Los Angeles, California
- UCLA Neurocardiology Research Program of Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine , Los Angeles, California
| | - Lee E Fisher
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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40
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Central nervous system microstimulation: Towards selective micro-neuromodulation. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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