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Mentes D, Jordán A, Farkas L, Muránszky G, Fiser B, Viskolcz B, Póliska C. Evaluating emissions and air quality implications of residential waste incineration. Sci Rep 2024; 14:21314. [PMID: 39266580 PMCID: PMC11393318 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72173-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In Europe mainly at winter season the PM levels exceed air quality limits, which correlated with the operation of solid-fired boilers. More and more people are returning to using these devices due to energy shortage caused by the pandemic and regional conflicts. In addition, the phenomena of co-burning fuels and municipal waste in residential boilers in primarily fuel poverty households increases further the amount of pollutants in the atmosphere. This study aims to correlate the quantity and quality of air pollutants with the type of fuel (wood and wastes) burned. Combustion experiments were conducted using oak fuel mixed with three waste groups: (1) plastics (PP, HDPE, PET); (2) textiles (polyester-PES, cotton-COT); and (3) papers (cardboard-CARD, glossy coated paper-GCP, 84C/PAP). The addition of waste to wood fuel altered the morphology of emitted particles. While waste burning doesn't always increase particle quantity, it significantly raises PAH concentrations. A strong relationship exists between waste type, particle morphology, and PAH quality, where with lower molecular weight PAHs linked to tar agglomerates and higher ones to soot agglomerates with inorganic crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Mentes
- Institute of Energy and Quality, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary.
- Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary.
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary.
| | - Anikó Jordán
- Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
| | - László Farkas
- Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
| | - Gábor Muránszky
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
| | - Béla Fiser
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary.
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
- Ferenc Rakoczi II Transcarpathian Hungarian College of Higher Education, Beregszász, 90200, Transcarpathia, Ukraine.
| | - Béla Viskolcz
- Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
| | - Csaba Póliska
- Institute of Energy and Quality, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
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Li W, Li J, Ma T, Chang Z, Casuccio GS, Gao J, Li H. Physiochemistry and sources of individual particles in response to intensified controls during the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 352:119946. [PMID: 38237337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the particle sources before, during, and after the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic and Paralympic (WOP) in Beijing, ambient particles were passively collected from January to March 2022. The physicochemical properties including morphology, size, shape parameters, and elemental compositions were analyzed by the IntelliSEM EPAS (an advanced computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy [CCSEM] system). Using the user-defined classification rules, 37,174 individual particles were automatically classified into 27 major groups and further attributed to seven major sources based on the source-associated characteristics, including mineral dust, secondary aerosol, combustion/industry, carbonaceous particles, salt-related particles, biological particles, and fiber particles. Our results showed that mineral dust (66.5%), combustion/industry (12.6%), and secondary aerosol (6.3%) were the three major sources in a wide size range of 0.2-42.8 μm. During the Winter Olympic Games period, low emission of anthropogenic particles and favorable meteorological conditions contributed to significantly improved air quality. During the Winter Paralympic Games period, more particles sourced from the dust storm, secondary formed particles, and the adverse meteorological conditions resulted in relatively worse air quality. The secondary aerosol all decreased during the competition period, while increased during the non-competition period. Sulfate-related particles had explosive growth and further aggravate the pollution degree during the non-competition period, especially under adverse meteorological conditions. These results provide microscopic evidence revealing variations of physicochemical properties and sources in response to the control measures and meteorological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Joint Laboratory for Electron Microscopy Analysis of Atmospheric Particles, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Jinying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Joint Laboratory for Electron Microscopy Analysis of Atmospheric Particles, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Tong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhe Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Joint Laboratory for Electron Microscopy Analysis of Atmospheric Particles, Beijing, 100012, China
| | | | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Joint Laboratory for Electron Microscopy Analysis of Atmospheric Particles, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Haisheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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Mentes D, Kováts N, Muránszky G, Hornyák-Mester E, Póliska C. Evaluation of flue gas emission factor and toxicity of the PM-bounded PAH from lab-scale waste combustion. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 324:116371. [PMID: 36202035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) has a significant threat not only to human health but also to our environment. In Hungary, 54% of PM10 comes from residential combustion, which also includes the practice of household waste burning. Therefore, this work aims to investigate the quality of combustion through the flue gas concentrations (CO, CO2, O2) and to identify and evaluate the negative impacts of PM and PAHs generated during controlled lab-scale combustion of different mixed wastes (cardboard and glossy paper, polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate, polyester and cotton). Mixed wastes were burnt in a lab-scale tubular furnace at different temperatures with 180 dm3/h air flow rate. Chemical analyses were coupled with ecotoxicological tests using the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri. Ecotoxicity was expressed as toxic unit (TU) values, toxic equivalent factors (TEF) were also presented. During the combustion same amount of O2 enters the reaction, but a different amount CO2 is generated due to the C content of the sample. The waste with highest C-content related to the highest CO2 emission. Increasing the combustion temperature produces more PM-bound PAHs, which remains the same composition in the case of plastic and textile groups. The TU of solid contaminants decreases with increasing combustion temperature and increases with the minerals which are left behind in the water from the solid contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Mentes
- Institute of Energy and Quality, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary; Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary.
| | - Nóra Kováts
- Centre for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, 8200, Veszprém, Egyetem Str. 10, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Muránszky
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary.
| | - Enikő Hornyák-Mester
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary; Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary.
| | - Csaba Póliska
- Institute of Energy and Quality, University of Miskolc, 3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary.
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Tao M, Liu Q, Schauer JJ. Direct measurement of the deposition of submicron soot particles on leaves of Platanus acerifolia tree. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:2336-2344. [PMID: 36278318 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00328g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Submicron soot particles (<1.0 μm in aerodynamic diameter) are responsible for global warming and health burdens worldwide. However, studies on bio-monitoring of submicron soot particles and their associated sources by using tree leaves are not comprehensively illustrated. Here, we determined the seasonal trends of submicron soot particles on the leaves of the Platanus acerifolia collected from two cities (Lu'an, Anhui Province, and Nanjing, Jiangsu Province) in the Yangtze River Delta region, China. The source apportionment of submicron soot particles was performed using stable carbon isotopic analyses. Significant seasonal trends of submicron soot particles were observed in two cities with averaged levels of 0.41-1.36 mg m-2 in cold seasons and averaged levels of 0.13-0.24 mg m-2 in warm seasons. The levels of δ13C for submicron soot at the suburban site of Lu'an city were observed to be in the range of -25.6‰ to -18.2‰ with fossil fuels dominated (∼58%) in summer and -23.0‰ to -15.6‰ with biomass burning dominated in winter (∼67%). In comparison, the ranges in the levels of δ13C in submicron soot were found to be from -26.5‰ to -20.4‰ in winter, and -24.2‰ to -17.9‰ in summer at the urban site of Nanjing. Fossil fuels accounted for a large fraction of submicron soot with average contributions of 53% in winter and 73% in summer, respectively. These findings demonstrate that Platanus acerifolia trees could be used as an effective and low-cost bio-monitoring tool for monitoring the pollution status of submicron soot and associated source contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Tao
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Qingyang Liu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - James J Schauer
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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5
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Dahari N, Muda K, Latif MT, Dominick D, Hussein N, Khan MF. Seasonal variations of particle number concentration and its relationship with PM 2.5 mass concentration in industrial-residential airshed. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:3377-3393. [PMID: 34596792 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The smaller particles that dominate the particle number concentration (PNC) in the ambient air only contribute to a small percentage of particulate matter (PM) mass concentration although present in high particle number concentration. These small particles may be neglected upon assessing the health impacts of the PM. Hence, the knowledge on the particle number concentration size distribution deserves greater attention than the particulate mass concentration. This study investigates the measurement of the particle mass concentrations (PM2.5) and PNC of 0.27 μm < Dp < 4.50 μm during the southwest (SW), inter-monsoon (IM) and northeast (NE) monsoons in the industrial-residential airshed of Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia. The PM2.5 mass concentrations and PNC were measured using a multi-channel GRIMM Environmental Dust Monitor (GRIMM EDM-SVC 365) equipped with a global positioning system. Diurnal variations, statistical analysis and regression plots were utilised from a six-month hourly data set to examine the patterns of the PNC size distributions and its relationships with the PM2.5 mass concentration. The overall mean PM2.5 mass concentration was 21.85 μg m-3, with the 24 h mean values of 26.80 μg m-3, 26.08 μg m-3 and 13.76 μg m-3 for the SW, IM and NE monsoons, respectively. It was found that the hourly mean of PNC was recorded at the highest concentration during the SW monsoon (373.20 # cm-3). The particles in the accumulation mode (Dp < 1.0 μm) were the prevalent form of the particle number concentration (94-98%). The scatter plots between the PM2.5 mass concentration and particle number size distribution showed that the PNC mode of 0.27 < Dp < 1.0 μm has the highest correlation value of r2 = 0.87 due to the emission from the anthropogenic activities. The results of this study highlight the importance of the PNC measurement in the seasonal variations of the PM2.5 pollution, indicating the significance of the regional-scale emission control actions in the local air quality management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadhira Dahari
- Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Khalida Muda
- Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Doreena Dominick
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Norelyza Hussein
- Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Md Firoz Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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6
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Zhang Y, Kong S, Yan Q, Zhu K, Jiang X, Liu L, Xu L, Wang Y, Pang Y, Teng X, Zhu J, Li W. An overlooked source of nanosized lead particles in the atmosphere: Residential honeycomb briquette combustion. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129289. [PMID: 35739795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric lead (Pb) pollution has attracted long-term and widespread concerns due to its high toxicity. The definite source identification of atmospheric Pb is the key step to mitigate this pollution. Here, we first report an overlooked source of atmospheric nanosized Pb particles using transmission electron microscopy and bulk sample analyses, finding that residential honeycomb briquette combustion emits large numbers of nanosized Pb-rich particles. We found that 33.7 ± 19.9 % of primary particles by number from residential honeycomb briquette combustion contains the crystalline Pb particles. These Pb-rich particles range in size from 14 to 956 nm with a mean diameter of 117 nm. Compared with raw coal chunks, honeycomb briquette combustion could emit less carbonaceous particles, but largely increase nanosized Pb particle emissions. This result is attributed to two key factors: (1) higher Pb content in honeycomb briquette (63.6 μg g-1) than that in coal chunk (8.5 μg g-1), and (2) higher Pb release rate for honeycomb briquette (62.3 %) caused by honeycomb structure than that for coal chunk (20.1 %). This study highlights that atmospheric and health implications of high emissions of toxic nanosized Pb from honeycomb briquette should be paid more attention in future research on ambient and indoor airs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinxiao Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Kongyang Zhu
- School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xiaotong Jiang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yuner Pang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xiaomi Teng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jihao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, State Oceanic Administration, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Weijun Li
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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Liu Y, Meng X, Wu Z, Huang D, Wang H, Chen J, Chen J, Zong T, Fang X, Tan T, Zhao G, Chen S, Zeng L, Guo S, Huang X, He L, Zeng L, Hu M. The particle phase state during the biomass burning events. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 792:148035. [PMID: 34153758 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The phase state of biomass burning aerosols (BBA) remains largely unclear, impeding our understanding of their effects on air quality, climate and human health, due to its profound roles in mass transfer between gaseous and particulate phase. In this study, the phase state of BBA was investigated by measuring the particle rebound fraction ƒ combining field observations and laboratory experiments. We found that both ambient and laboratory-generated BBA had unexpectedly lower rebound fraction ƒ (<0.6) under the dry conditions (RH = 20-50%), indicating that BBA were in non-solid state at such low RH. This was obviously different from the secondary organic aerosols (SOA) derived from the oxidation of both anthropogenic and biogenic volatile organic compounds, typically with a rebound fraction ƒ larger than 0.8 at RH below 50%. Therefore, we proposed that the diffusion coefficient of gaseous molecular in the bulk of BBA might be much higher than SOA under the dry conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechen Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiangxinyue Meng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Dandan Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jingchuan Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Taomou Zong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin Fang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tianyi Tan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Liwu Zeng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaofeng Huang
- Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lingyan He
- Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Sun J, Shen Z, Zhang B, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Wang D, Huang Y, Liu S, Cao J. Chemical source profiles of particulate matter and gases emitted from solid fuels for residential cooking and heating scenarios in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117503. [PMID: 34090071 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Incomplete combustion of solid fuels (animal dung and bituminous coal) is a common phenomenon during residential cooking and heating in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), resulting in large amounts of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere. This study investigated the pollutant emissions from six burning scenarios (heating and cooking with each of the three different fuels: yak dung, sheep dung, and bitumite) in the QTP's pastoral dwellings. Target pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), fine particles (PM2.5, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm), carbonaceous aerosols, water-soluble ions, and particle-phase PAHs were investigated. Emission factors (EFs) (mean ± standard deviation) of PM2.5 from the six scenarios were in the range of 1.21 ± 0.47-7.03 ± 1.95 g kg-1, of which over 60% mass fractions were carbonaceous aerosols. The ratio of organic carbon to elemental carbon ranged from 9.6 ± 2.7-33.4 ± 11.5 and 81.7 ± 30.4-91.9 ± 29.0 for dung and bitumite burning, respectively. These values were much larger than those reported in the literature, likely because of the region's high altitudes-where the oxygen level is approximately 65% of that at the sea level-thus providing a deficient air supply to stoves. However, the toxicity and carcinogenicity of PAHs emitted from solid fuel combustion in the QTP are significant, despite a slightly lower benzo(a)pyrene-equivalent carcinogenic potency (Bapeq) in this study than in the literature. The gas-to-particle partitioning coefficient of PAHs and VOC emission profiles in the QTP differed significantly from those reported for other regions in the literature. More attention should be paid to the emissions of PAH derivatives (oxygenated PAHs and nitro-PAHs), considering their enhanced light-absorbing ability and high BaPeq from solid fuel combustion in the QTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Diwei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yu Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Junji Cao
- The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
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9
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Song W, He Y, Wu Y, Qu W. Characterization of Burning Behaviors and Particulate Matter Emissions of Crop Straws Based on a Cone Calorimeter. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3407. [PMID: 34202949 PMCID: PMC8234294 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Crop residue burning is one of the major sources of particulate matter (PM) in the air. The burning behaviors and PM emissions of the three typical crop residues (rice straw, wheat straw, corn straw) in China were characterized by a cone calorimeter (CONE) coupled with a laser dust meter. The water-soluble compounds, carbonaceous content, and morphology of PM were measured by ion chromatography, elemental analyzer, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). The results showed that thermal stability of corn straw was the worst among the three crop straws. The heat release rate (HRR) curves of the three crop straws were the typical curves of thermally thick charring (residue forming) samples. Wheat straw had the highest smoke yield, which was 2.9 times that of rice straw. The PM emission factor of wheat straw was 180.91 µg/g, which was about three times that of rice straw. The contents of K+, Na+, and Cl- in PM were significantly higher than those of the other six water-soluble inorganic ions. The ratio of organic carbon and elemental carbon (OC/EC) ranged from 14.82 to 30.82, which was similar to the results of open burning. There were mainly three kinds of aggregates in the PM of crop straws: network, chain-like, and soot. Individual particles were mixtures of KCl and organic matters. Core-shell structures were found in PM of rice straw and corn straw. The results in this study were provided based on CONE, an ISO-standard apparatus, which could avoid data conflicts caused by the difference of combustion devices. The relationship between the burning behavior and PM emission characteristics of crop straws was established, which is helpful to understand emissions of crop straws and to find a novel way to solve the problems from the burning of crop residues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wei Qu
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (W.S.); (Y.H.); (Y.W.)
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10
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An Influence of the Fuel Type on Element Behaviour in Domestic Boilers with Respect to the Circular Economy. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11114980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of waste from the regional production of waste wood, waste paper, and cardboard in the form of briquettes may be causing an increase in local emissions, both of major elements and trace elements. When burning paper and cardboard briquettes, more than 70% of Mn, Zn, As, and Pb is released into the air from the total content of trace elements in the fuel. The largest amounts of major and trace elements are released when burning paper briquettes (56 g/kg of fuel); half of these amounts are released from burning briquettes from waste wood and coal (23 g/kg of fuel). The pursuit of alternative uses for those cardboard components that are not suitable for recycling cannot be directed to the production of briquettes for residential combustion in the framework of the application of the principles of the circular economy. In particular, the high concentrations of undesirable elements in the emissions released in the gas phase into the atmosphere are an obstacle existing even when the parameters of the PM10 emissions of a boiler are met. This is related to the high ash content of the cardboard (13.5%). Waste paper or cardboard could be added to waste wood at a maximum of 10% to make the pollution produced comparable to the burning of coal briquettes.
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11
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Zhang Y, Shi Z, Wang Y, Liu L, Zhang J, Li J, Xia Y, Ding X, Liu D, Kong S, Niu H, Fu P, Zhang X, Li W. Fine particles from village air in northern China in winter: Large contribution of primary organic aerosols from residential solid fuel burning. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:116420. [PMID: 33433345 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rural residential emissions contribute significantly to regional air pollution in China, but our understanding on how residential solid fuel burning influences the village outdoor air quality is limited. In this study, we compared the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) composition and individual particle characteristics from 11 to 18 January 2017 at a village and an urban site in northern China. At the village site, each day was divided into four periods: cooking (07:30-10:00; 16:00-17:00), daytime (10:00-16:00), heating (17:00-24:00), and midnight (00:00-07:30) periods. The highest PM2.5 concentration occurred during the cooking period (236 ± 88 μg m-3), which was characterized by high concentrations of K+ and abundant primary OM-K particles (i.e., organic matter mixed with K-salts) emitted from residential biomass burning. The second highest PM2.5 concentration was found during the heating period (161 ± 97 μg m-3), and the PM2.5 contained abundant spherical primary OM particles (i.e., tarballs) emitted from residential coal burning. The primary emissions from residential solid fuel burning resulted in 75% of the village OM by mass consisting of primary OM and 67% of the village aerosol particles by number internally mixing with primary OM particles. The village PM2.5 composition was different from that of the urban PM2.5, with the former containing more OM (47% vs 32%) and less secondary inorganic ions (30% vs 46%). Individual primary OM-K and tarballs were abundant in the village air. These results suggest a large contribution of village residential emissions in the winter to village air pollution. Our study highlights that the residential health in villages of northern China should be paid more attention because of high PM2.5 concentrations and abundant toxic particles during the cooking and heating periods per day in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinxiao Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zongbo Shi
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jiefeng Li
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yi Xia
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiaokun Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Dantong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hongya Niu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Exploration Research of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiaoye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Weijun Li
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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12
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Xu L, Zhang J, Sun X, Xu S, Shan M, Yuan Q, Liu L, Du Z, Liu D, Xu D, Song C, Liu B, Lu G, Shi Z, Li W. Variation in Concentration and Sources of Black Carbon in a Megacity of China During the COVID-19 Pandemic. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2020; 47:e2020GL090444. [PMID: 33349736 PMCID: PMC7744912 DOI: 10.1029/2020gl090444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) not only warms the atmosphere but also affects human health. The nationwide lockdown due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to a major reduction in human activity during the past 30 years. Here, the concentration of BC in the urban, urban-industry, suburb, and rural areas of a megacity Hangzhou were monitored using a multiwavelength Aethalometer to estimate the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on BC emissions. The citywide BC decreased by 44% from 2.30 to 1.29 μg/m3 following the COVID-19 lockdown period. The source apportionment based on the Aethalometer model shows that vehicle emission reduction responded to BC decline in the urban area and biomass burning in rural areas around the megacity had a regional contribution of BC. We highlight that the emission controls of vehicles in urban areas and biomass burning in rural areas should be more efficient in reducing BC in the megacity Hangzhou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xin Sun
- Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring CenterHangzhouChina
| | - Shengchen Xu
- Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring CenterHangzhouChina
| | - Meng Shan
- Zhejiang Linan Atmospheric Background National Observation and Research StationHangzhouChina
| | - Qi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Zhenhong Du
- Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Dantong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Da Xu
- Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring CenterHangzhouChina
| | - Congbo Song
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Bowen Liu
- Department of EconomicsUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Gongda Lu
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Zongbo Shi
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Weijun Li
- Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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13
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Effects of Shellac Treatment on Wood Hygroscopicity, Dimensional Stability and Thermostability. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10090881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dimensional stability proves to be an important factor affecting the quality of wooden products. As a sort of crude and thermoplastic resin, shellac excreted by lac insects demonstrates water-repellent and environmental-friendly features. The research impregnated shellac with wood at room temperature and with a vacuum-pressure procedure. Efforts were made to examine how shellac treatment affected the dimensional stability, moisture absorption, chemical structure, thermostability, as well as morphological characteristics of wood. Results indicated that shellac treatment was a type of efficient solution useful in the enhancement of the dimensional stability of wood. Shellac solution had good permeability in the wood, and the weight percentage gain reached 13.01% after impregnation. The swelling coefficients of treated wood in the tangential and radial directions decreased by 20.13% and 24.12%, respectively, indicating that impregnation could improve wood dimensional stability. The moisture absorption of shellac-treated wood was reduced by 38.15% under 20 °C and 65% relative humidity. Moreover, shellac treatment significantly modified wood structure, although there were no drastic changes in the spectra. Specimens for shellac treatment ran across two decomposition peaks at 350 and 390 °C, and specimens in the control group saw one more common derivative thermogravimetric curve when the sharp peak approached 355 °C. After impregnation of shellac into wood, the shellac blocked pits and hardened on the intrinsic layer of the wood for fear of hygroscopicity. The practice was applicable to a variety of wood products, such as buildings, furniture, and landscape architecture.
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14
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Cheng K, Hao W, Wang Y, Yi P, Zhang J, Ji W. Understanding the emission pattern and source contribution of hazardous air pollutants from open burning of municipal solid waste in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114417. [PMID: 32220777 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The open burning of municipal solid waste (MSW) is common in China. Therein, low-temperature anoxic combustion results in the emission of hazardous air pollutants. This study employed a dilution sampling system to conduct open burning testing on MSW samples from different functional urban areas. Additionally, modified combustion efficiency was used to distinguish smoldering and flaming combustion in two of the most common open burning practices in China: pile-up burning and barrel burning. The sampled pollutants included gaseous pollutants (e.g., CO2, CO, SO2, and NOx) and fine particles (PM2.5). This study also analyzed the carbonization compounds, 9 water-soluble ions, and 8 toxic heavy metals in PM2.5. Emission factors of air pollutants from open burning of different MSW compositions and burning modes were determined. The composition of PM2.5 from MSW open burning comprised average 43.9%, 22.5%, and 0.4% of organic carbon (OC), water-soluble ions, and toxic heavy metals (THMs), respectively. OC was found to be the primary component of PM2.5. Based on localized emission factor database, the emissions and source contribution of open burning of MSW in China were quantified. The open burning of MSW can contribute averaged 8.7%, 16.7%, 3.8%, 1.3% of PM2.5, OC, THMs, and gaseous air pollutants of reported emissions of anthropogenic sources, respectively. This work can complement current anthropogenic emission inventory and assist policy-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Cheng
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, PR China.
| | - Weiwei Hao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Laboratory of Environmental Pollutants and Health Effects Assessment, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Peng Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- Sonny Astani Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90007, United States
| | - Wanwan Ji
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, PR China
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15
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Francos M, Úbeda X, Pereira P. Impact of bonfires on soil properties in an urban park in Vilnius (Lithuania). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 181:108895. [PMID: 31740035 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lighting bonfires in urban parks is a widespread practice. However, few studies have examined their impact on soil properties. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of bonfires on the soil properties of an urban park in Vilnius, Lithuania. The properties studied were soil water repellency (SWR), aggregate stability (AS), soil organic matter (SOM) content, total nitrogen (TN), inorganic carbon (IC), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), extractable calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), boron (B), chromium (Cr), available phosphorus (P), silicon (Si) and sulfur (S). Soil ratios calculated were carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N), Ca + Mg/(Na + K)1/2 (SPAR), Ca:Al and Ca:Mg. Three areas were studied: Site 1) Pinus sylvestris L. and Quercus robur L.; Site 2) Aesculus glabra Wild.; and Site 3) Pinus sylvestris L. and Acer plantanoides L. At each site, 20 samples were collected (10 within the bonfire area, 10 from a control area). The results showed significantly higher values of SOM, IC, pH, EC, Ca, Mg, Na, K, P, Al, Zn, Cu, Cr, S, C/N ratio, Ca:Al ratio and Ca:Mg ratio in bonfire soils than in control unburned soils. In bonfire soils, significantly lower values were recorded of SWR, AS, TN, SOM, Al, Mn, Fe, Cr, S and SPAR comparing to control soils. Most affected area by the bonfire was Site 1, which presented a marked increase in heavy metal content comparing to the control. The impact of soil heating was evident in AS, IC, pH, extractable Ca, Mg, Na, K, P, Al, Zn, Cu, Cr, S, and in its ratios. Protective measures are needed to limit bonfires and prohibit the burning of hazardous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Francos
- Departamento de Ciencias Históricas y Geográficas, Universidad de Tarapacá, 18 de Septiembre, 2222, 1010069, Arica, Chile.
| | - Xavier Úbeda
- GRAM (Grup de Recerca Ambiental Mediterrània), Department of Geography, University of Barcelona, Montalegre, 608001, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Paulo Pereira
- Environmental Management Centre, Mykolas Romeris University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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16
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Yuan Q, Xu J, Wang Y, Zhang X, Pang Y, Liu L, Bi L, Kang S, Li W. Mixing State and Fractal Dimension of Soot Particles at a Remote Site in the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8227-8234. [PMID: 31251592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The mixing state and fractal dimension (Df) of soot particles are two major factors affecting their absorption capacity and their climate effects. Here we investigated these factors of soot particles found in a typical valley of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau where wood burning in local villages was one major source of soot particles. Our motivation revealed Df and the aging property of soot particles in remote air and discussed their regional climatic implications. We found that 64% of total analyzed particles by number were soot-bearing particles and most of them aged with sulfate or organic coating. The Df sequence is bare-like soot (1.75 ± 0.08) < partly coated soot (1.82 ± 0.05) < embedded soot (1.88 ± 0.05). The aging process enlarged the overall size of the soot-bearing particles and increased the compactness of soot. Soot aging critically depended on high relative humidity (RH) during nighttime. Besides emission sources and coating processes, the coating aerosol phase under different RHs is another important factor affecting the soot Df.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yuan
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , Zhejiang , China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources , Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Lanzhou 730000 , Gansu , China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , Zhejiang , China
| | - Xinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources , Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Lanzhou 730000 , Gansu , China
| | - Yuner Pang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , Zhejiang , China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , Zhejiang , China
| | - Lei Bi
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , Zhejiang , China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources , Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Lanzhou 730000 , Gansu , China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Weijun Li
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , Zhejiang , China
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17
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Xu L, Zhang D, Li W. Microscopic comparison of aerosol particles collected at an urban site in North China and a coastal site in Japan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 669:948-954. [PMID: 30970461 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the physicochemical properties of aerosol particles in Japan and China, transmission electron microscopy was used to analyze individual aerosol particles collected at two very different environmental sites, i.e., a continental site (T1) in North China and a coastal site (T2) in Japan in springtime. The average PM2.5 concentration (52μg/m3) at T1 was much higher than T2 (20μg/m3) from 20 to 23 March 2014. Our study shows that sulfur-organic matter (S-OM) particles were the most abundant at both T1 and T2, and individual spherical primary organic matter (POM) particles were only observed at T1. More anthropogenic fly ash and metal particles were observed at T1, consistent with the heavier air pollution at T1 than T2, and the overall complexity of aerosol composition at T1 exceeded that at T2, due to the influence of regional industrial emissions. Further examination of S-OM particles suggest that S-OM coated particles accounted for 29.6% of total observed particles at T2 but only 8.6% at T1. However, the average thickness of OM coating was larger at T2 than at T1, indicating that the particles at T2 had aged longer than those at T1. These comparisons suggest that the OM coating thickness on sulfate depends on the transport distance of the air mass and on the concentration of atmospheric oxidants but should not be used to represent pollution levels. Compared with the coastal air in Japan, we know that urban aerosol particles in North China not only attain high concentrations but also have more complex aerosol components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Daizhou Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-8502, Japan
| | - Weijun Li
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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18
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Zhang J, Huang X, Chen Y, Luo B, Luo J, Zhang W, Rao Z, Yang F. Characterization of lead-containing atmospheric particles in a typical basin city of China: Seasonal variations, potential source areas, and responses to fireworks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 661:354-363. [PMID: 30682602 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) in individual aerosol particles was measured using a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer at an urban site in Chengdu, a typical basin city of China, for four one-month periods in 2016-2017 - one period for each season. The highest mass concentrations of particulate matter (PM) and gaseous species (CO, NO, NO2, and SO2) were observed in winter. Cluster analysis was applied to Pb-containing particles, and eight major classes were identified based on mass spectral features. The contribution of these classes to the total Pb-containing particles varied seasonally - for example, Pb-nitrate (PbNO3) particles showed a higher contribution in spring and winter (47%), while Pb-sulfate (PbSO4) particles exhibited a higher contribution in summer and autumn (14%-19%). The size range of particles also changed with seasons as a result of different sources and formation mechanisms under different climatic conditions. A weighted potential source contribution function (WPSCF) analysis suggested that the potential source areas of Pb-containing particles were mainly located to the northeast, east, southeast, and south of Chengdu, and their contribution intensity and coverage area significantly varied in the four seasons. Although almost all pollutants decreased during the Spring Festival holiday (SF) period, fireworks caused the most serious PM and SO2 pollution episodes during the whole study period. During the SF period, the contributions of industrial and traffic-related particles (Pb-organic + elemental carbon (PbOE) and PbNO3 particles) decreased, whereas those of Pb-chloride (PbCl), Pb-metal (PbM), and Pb-sulfate + nitrate (PbSN) particles increased due to fireworks. Results from this study may provide valuable information for a deeper understanding of Pb in particles and evaluation its impacts on atmospheric environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junke Zhang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Xiaojuan Huang
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China.
| | - Yang Chen
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Bin Luo
- Sichuan Environmental Monitoring Center, Chengdu 610074, China
| | - Jinqi Luo
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Sichuan Environmental Monitoring Center, Chengdu 610074, China
| | - Zhihan Rao
- Sichuan Environmental Monitoring Center, Chengdu 610074, China
| | - Fumo Yang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
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19
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Xu L, Lingaswamy AP, Zhang Y, Liu L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Ma Q, Li W. Morphology, composition, and sources of individual aerosol particles at a regional background site of the YRD, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 77:354-362. [PMID: 30573100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol samples were collected at Lin'an, a background site of Yangtze River Delta (YRD). Morphology, size, composition, and mixing state of individual aerosol particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and the soluble ions of PM1.0 were studied by aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS). The daily average AMS mass concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium were about 5.8, 8.6, and 5.6 μg/m3, respectively. Individual aerosol particles were classified into seven types: S-rich, K-rich, organic matter (OM), soot, fly ash, metal, and mineral. S-rich particles were dominant in all size bins, and 51% (by number) of S-rich particles were internally mixed with other particles. The fraction of organic coating particles was 13.7% in morning, 25.2% in afternoon, and 11% in evening, suggesting that the strong photochemical process during afternoon produced more secondary organic aerosols (SOA) on the surface of inorganic particles. Fly ash and metal particles were abundant during the day, suggesting the influence of emissions from coal-fired power plants and steel plants. The results indicate that the intense industrial emissions in the YRD significantly transported to the background areas. PM2.5 concentration may be lower in background air than in urban air but complex mixing state of aerosol particles indicates that the long-range transported particles substantially influenced the background air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - A P Lingaswamy
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; Santhiram Engineering College, Nandyal 518501, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Yinxiao Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Qianli Ma
- Lin'an Air Background Station (LABS), Hangzhou 311307, China
| | - Weijun Li
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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20
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Wei M, Xu C, Xu X, Zhu C, Li J, Lv G. Characteristics of atmospheric bacterial and fungal communities in PM 2.5 following biomass burning disturbance in a rural area of North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:2727-2739. [PMID: 30463127 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning (BB) in North China Plain has been urgent issue in recent years due to the severe environmental impaction. Bacteria and fungi are ubiquitous in particulate matter. Their taxonomic composition, concentration, ecophysiological functions have potentially important implications in atmospheric biochemical cycle and human health. However, current knowledge about airborne microbes during biomass burning period is scant. Here we investigated bacterial and fungal community composition, abundance and potential function in Yucheng, the center of the North China Plain during summer harvest season in 2014. Monthly field observation suggested serious pollution with high concentration of PM2.5 and water-soluble ions during biomass burning period. Elevated total bacterial and fungal concentration determined by real-time quantitative PCR was observed for samples during burning events. The predominant bacterial taxa were gram-negative, e.g. Acinetobacter, Cyanobacterium, Janthinobacterium, Massilia, Pseudomonas, accounted for 70.9% of total bacteria. The filamentous fungi Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium and Penicillium were predominant fungal genera. Metastats analysis showed significant disparity in terms of carbohydrate, amino acids metabolism, human and plant disease predicted by PICRUSt analysis between BB and non-BB events. Microbial community structure were mainly influenced by organic carbon and water-soluble ions (magnesium and potassium) suggested by redundancy analysis (RDA) and co-occurrence analysis. Our data yielded insights into microbial community dynamics following biomass burning disturbance. This study may provide potentially important reference for environmental, agricultural and health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wei
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan 250014, China; Environment Research Institute, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China.
| | - Caihong Xu
- Environment Research Institute, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Xianmang Xu
- Environment Research Institute, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Chao Zhu
- Environment Research Institute, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Jiarong Li
- Environment Research Institute, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Ganglin Lv
- Environment Research Institute, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
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Effects of zinc chloride-silicone oil treatment on wood dimensional stability, chemical components, thermal decomposition and its mechanism. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1601. [PMID: 30733516 PMCID: PMC6367429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38317-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The hygroexpansion and anisotropy of wood limit its application in construction and wood products industry. Zinc chloride–silicone oil was use to decrease the hygroscopicity and improve the dimensional stability of wood at 80 °C, 140 °C, 160 °C and 180 °C. The effects of the treatment on the dimensional stability, chemical structure, thermal degradation, morphology of wood were evaluated, and the mechanism was determined. Results indicated that the zinc chloride–silicone oil treatment at 80 °C improved the dimensional stability and decreased the hygroscopicity of wood. The tangential, radial, and volumetric swelling coefficients of the treated wood decreased by 9.7%, 33.5%, and 18.2%, respectively, relative to those of the untreated wood. Zinc chloride–silicone oil treatment also changed the chemical structure of wood by degrading the wood components and decreasing the moisture absorption groups. Moreover, zinc chloride–silicone oil treatment significantly influenced the thermal degradation of wood, as samples treated with zinc chloride–silicone oil at 140 °C, 160 °C and 180 °C presented sharp peaks around 511 °C, 501 °C and 473 °C. The control group exhibited a more common derivative thermogravimetric curve with a sharp peak at 375 °C. In addition, the silicone oil could impregnate wood, occlude moisture passage, and prevent the movement of moisture in wood. This method can be applied in building and wood industries to expand the applications of wood products.
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Yan J, Wang X, Gong P, Wang C, Cong Z. Review of brown carbon aerosols: Recent progress and perspectives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 634:1475-1485. [PMID: 29710646 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC), a carbonaceous aerosol which absorbs solar radiation over a broad range of wavelengths, is beginning to be seen as an important contributor to global warming. BrC absorbs both inorganic and organic pollutants, leading to serious effects on human health. We review the fundamental features of BrC, including its sources, chemical composition, optical properties and radiative forcing effects. We detail the importance of including photochemical processes related to BrC in the GEOS-Chem transport model for the estimation of aerosol radiative forcing. Calculation methods for BrC emission factors are examined, including the problems and limitations of current measurement methods. We provide some insight into existing publications and recommend areas for future research, such as further investigations into the reaction mechanisms of the aging of secondary BrC, calculations of the emission factors for BrC from different sources, the absorption of large and long-lived BrC molecules and the construction of an enhanced model for the simulation of radiative forcing. This review will improve our understanding of the climatic and environmental effects of BrC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juping Yan
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Science, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Science, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Science, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhiyuan Cong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Science, Beijing 100101, China
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Veghte DP, China S, Weis J, Lin P, Hinks ML, Kovarik L, Nizkorodov SA, Gilles MK, Laskin A. Heating-Induced Transformations of Atmospheric Particles: Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy Study. Anal Chem 2018; 90:9761-9768. [PMID: 30008222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Environmental transmission electron microscopy was employed to probe transformations in the size, morphology, and composition of individual atmospheric particles as a function of temperature. Two different heating devices were used and calibrated in this work: a furnace heater and a Micro Electro Mechanical System heater. The temperature calibration used sublimation temperatures of NaCl, glucose, and ammonium sulfate particles, and the melting temperature of tin. Volatilization of Suwanee River Fulvic Acid was further used to validate the calibration up to 800 °C. The calibrated furnace holder was used to examine both laboratory-generated secondary organic aerosol particles and field-collected atmospheric particles. Chemical analysis by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy and near-edge fine-structure spectroscopy of the organic particles at different heating steps showed that above 300 °C particle volatilization was accompanied by charring. These methods were then applied to ambient particles collected in the central Amazon region. Distinct categories of particles differed in their volatilization response to heating. Spherical, more-viscous particles lost less volume during heating than particles that spread on the imaging substrate during impaction, due to either being liquid upon impaction or lower viscosity. This methodology illustrates a new analytical approach to accurately measure the volume fraction remaining for individually tracked atmospheric particles at elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Veghte
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Swarup China
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Johannes Weis
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Mallory L Hinks
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Libor Kovarik
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Mary K Gilles
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907-2084 United States
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Physicochemical Characteristics and Possible Sources of Individual Mineral Particles in a Dust Storm Episode in Beijing, China. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9070269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Beijing frequently experiences dust storms during spring, which result in deteriorated visibility and cause negative health impacts. In this paper, the dust particles were collected during a dust storm episode on 4–5 May 2017 in Beijing, and the samples before and after the dust storm were also collected. The morphology and elemental and mineralogical compositions of the dust samples were investigated using a transmission electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (TEM-EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The TEM-EDX results showed that the particles in the dust samples were mainly Si-rich, Ca-rich, S-rich, Fe-rich, Al-rich, Ti-rich, K-rich, Na-rich and Mg-rich particles. The XRD results demonstrated that the minerals in PM10 samples were mainly clay, calcite, quartz, dolomite, plagioclase, potassium feldspar and hematite, in descending order of their contents. The clay minerals, having the highest content, were mainly kaolinite, chlorite and illite. The mixing state and aging degree of mineral particles before, during and after the dust storm episode behaved very differently. The mineral particles collected before and after the dust storm tended to have an internal mixing state, dominated by the S-rich particles internally mixed with alkaline mineral particles, revealing a more serious ageing degree. The mineral particles collected during the dust storm did not show clear internal mixing, revealing a less serious ageing degree. The amount of the Si-rich, Al-rich, Ca-rich and Ti-rich particles was highest during the dust storm, indicating that these particles mainly originated from long-distance transportation. The S-rich, Fe-rich, K-rich, Na-rich and Mg-rich particles were mainly enriched in the samples before and after the dust storm episode, indicating that they mainly originated from local sources. A comparison of the values of S/(Si + Al) in the individual particles with the particle sizes revealed that the finer mineral particles were associated with higher S contents before and after the dust storm, while the coarse particles were associated with lower S contents during the dust storm.
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