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Alshanskaia EI, Zhozhikashvili NA, Polikanova IS, Martynova OV. Heart rate response to cognitive load as a marker of depression and increased anxiety. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1355846. [PMID: 39056018 PMCID: PMC11269089 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1355846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Understanding the interplay between cardiovascular parameters, cognitive stress induced by increasing load, and mental well-being is vital for the development of integrated health strategies today. By monitoring physiological signals like electrocardiogram (ECG) and photoplethysmogram (PPG) in real time, researchers can discover how cognitive tasks influence both cardiovascular and mental health. Cardiac biomarkers resulting from cognitive strain act as indicators of autonomic nervous system function, potentially reflecting conditions related to heart and mental health, including depression and anxiety. The purpose of this study is to investigate how cognitive load affects ECG and PPG measurements and whether these can signal early cardiovascular changes during depression and anxiety disorders. Methods Ninety participants aged 18 to 45 years, ranging from symptom-free individuals to those with diverse psychological conditions, were assessed using psychological questionnaires and anamnesis. ECG and PPG monitoring were conducted as volunteers engaged in a cognitive 1-back task consisting of two separate blocks, each with six progressively challenging levels. The participants' responses were analyzed to correlate physiological and psychological data with cognitive stressors and outcomes. Results The study confirmed a notable interdependence between anxiety and depression, and cardiovascular responses. Task accuracy decreased with increased task difficulty. A strong relationship between PPG-measured heart rate and markers of depression and trait anxiety was observed. Increasing task difficulty corresponded to an increase in heart rate, linked with elevated levels of depression and trait anxiety. A strong relationship between ECG-measured heart rate and anxiety attacks was observed. Increasing task difficulty corresponded to an increase in heart rate, linked with elevated levels of anxiety attacks, although this association decreased under more challenging conditions. Discussion The findings underscore the predictive importance of ECG and PPG heart rate parameters in mental health assessment, particularly depression and anxiety under cognitive stress induced by increasing load. We discuss mechanisms of sympathetic activation explaining these differences. Our research outcomes have implications for clinical assessments and wearable device algorithms for more precise, personalized mental health diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Olga V. Martynova
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Human Higher Nervous Activity, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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2
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Ye C, Xu Q, Li X, Vuoriainen E, Liu Q, Astikainen P. Alterations in working memory maintenance of fearful face distractors in depressed participants: An ERP study. J Vis 2023; 23:10. [PMID: 36652236 PMCID: PMC9855285 DOI: 10.1167/jov.23.1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Task-irrelevant threatening faces (e.g., fearful) are difficult to filter from visual working memory (VWM), but the difficulty in filtering non-threatening negative faces (e.g., sad) is not known. Depressive symptoms could also potentially affect the ability to filter different emotional faces. We tested the filtering of task-irrelevant sad and fearful faces by depressed and control participants performing a color-change detection task. The VWM storage of distractors was indicated by contralateral delay activity, a specific event-related potential index for the number of objects stored in VWM during the maintenance phase. The control group did not store sad face distractors, but they automatically stored fearful face distractors, suggesting that threatening faces are specifically difficult to filter from VWM in non-depressed individuals. By contrast, depressed participants showed no additional consumption of VWM resources for either the distractor condition or the non-distractor condition, possibly suggesting that neither fearful nor sad face distractors were maintained in VWM. Our control group results confirm previous findings of a threat-related filtering difficulty in the normal population while also suggesting that task-irrelevant non-threatening negative faces do not automatically load into VWM. The novel finding of the lack of negative distractors within VWM storage in participants with depressive symptoms may reflect a decreased overall responsiveness to negative facial stimuli. Future studies should investigate the mechanisms underlying distractor filtering in depressed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxiong Ye
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Center for Machine Vision and Signal Analysis, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8301-7582.,
| | - Qianru Xu
- Center for Machine Vision and Signal Analysis, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1579-6972.,
| | - Xueqiao Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,
| | - Elisa Vuoriainen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,
| | - Qiang Liu
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China.,
| | - Piia Astikainen
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4842-7460.,
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3
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Stout DM, Harlé KM, Norman SB, Simmons AN, Spadoni AD. Resting-state connectivity subtype of comorbid PTSD and alcohol use disorder moderates improvement from integrated prolonged exposure therapy in Veterans. Psychol Med 2023; 53:332-341. [PMID: 33926595 PMCID: PMC10880798 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721001513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) are highly comorbid and are associated with significant functional impairment and inconsistent treatment outcomes. Data-driven subtyping of this clinically heterogeneous patient population and the associated underlying neural mechanisms are highly needed to identify who will benefit from psychotherapy. METHODS In 53 comorbid PTSD/AUD patients, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was collected prior to undergoing individual psychotherapy. We used a data-driven approach to subgroup patients based on directed connectivity profiles. Connectivity subgroups were compared on clinical measures of PTSD severity and heavy alcohol use collected at pre- and post-treatment. RESULTS We identified a subgroup of patients associated with improvement in PTSD symptoms from integrated-prolonged exposure therapy. This subgroup was characterized by lower insula to inferior parietal cortex (IPC) connectivity, higher pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC) to posterior midcingulate cortex connectivity and a unique pgACC to IPC path. We did not observe any connectivity subgroup that uniquely benefited from integrated-coping skills or subgroups associated with change in alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS Data-driven approaches to characterize PTSD/AUD subtypes have the potential to identify brain network profiles that are implicated in the benefit from psychological interventions - setting the stage for future research that targets these brain circuit communication patterns to boost treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Stout
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Katia M. Harlé
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sonya B. Norman
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- National Center for PTSD, White River Junction, Vermont, USA
| | - Alan N. Simmons
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Andrea D. Spadoni
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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4
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Zhang Y, Boemo T, Qiao Z, Tan Y, Li X. Distinct Effects of Anxiety and Depression on Updating Emotional Information in Working Memory. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:544. [PMID: 36612866 PMCID: PMC9819093 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety and depression have been shown to negatively influence the processing of emotional information in working memory. However, most studies have examined anxiety-related or depression-related working memory deficits independently, without considering their high co-morbidity. We tested the effects of emotional valence on working memory performance among healthy young adults with varying levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms. Ninety young adults aged between 18-24 (51 female) completed an emotional 2-back task in which positive, negative, and neutral images were presented. Multi-level modeling was used to examine anxiety and depressive symptoms as predictors of response accuracy and latency across the three emotional valence conditions. The results showed that participants responded to negative images with the highest accuracy and to positive images with the lowest accuracy. Both negative and positive images elicited slower responses than neutral images. Importantly, we found that more severe anxiety symptoms predicted a smaller difference in response accuracy between negative and neutral stimuli, whereas more severe depressive symptoms predicted a larger updating reaction time difference between positive and neutral stimuli. These findings demonstrated the uniquely anxiety-related deficits in processing negative contents and the uniquely depression-related deficits in updating positive contents in working memory, thus highlighting the necessity of novel cognitive bias modification interventions targeting the anxiety-specific and depression-specific deficits in working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Teresa Boemo
- Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Zhiling Qiao
- Department of Neuroscience, Research Group Psychiatry, Center for Clinical Psychiatry, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yafei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xu Li
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430079, China
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Mohammadi-Farani A, Fakhri S, Jalili C, Samimi Z. Intra-mPFC injection of sodium butyrate promotes BDNF expression and ameliorates extinction recall impairment in an experimental paradigm of post-traumatic stress disorder. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 25:1150-1158. [PMID: 36246060 PMCID: PMC9526891 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2022.65000.14312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Therapeutic strategies that facilitate extinction are promising in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has a crucial role in neural plasticity, a process needed for the retention of fear extinction. In this study, we investigated the effects of local administration of a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, sodium butyrate (NaBu), on BDNF transcription and behavioral markers of extinction in the single prolonged stress (SPS) model of PTSD. Materials and Methods NaBu was infused into the infralimbic (IL) subregion of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of male rats. The freezing response was recorded as the criterion to assess fear strength on the day of extinction as well as 24 hr later in the retention test. Other behavioral tests were also measured to evaluate the anxiety level, locomotor activity, and working memory on the retention day. HDAC activity and BDNF mRNA expression were evaluated after the behavioral experiments. Results NaBu facilitated the recall of fear extinction in SPS rats (P<0.0001). SPS rats had higher HDAC activity (P<0.0001) and lower BDNF expression (P<0.05) than non-SPS animals. Also, anxiety was higher in the SPS group (P<0.0001), but locomotor activity (P=0.61) and working memory (P=0.36) were not different between SPS and Non-SPS groups. Conclusion Our findings provide evidence that the mechanism of action of NaBu in the improvement of extinction recall is mediated, in part, by enhancing histone acetylation and reviving BDNF expression in IL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Mohammadi-Farani
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran,Corresponding author: Ahmad Mohammadi-Farani. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. Tel: +98-38-33333057;
| | - Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Cyrus Jalili
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zahra Samimi
- Department of Immunology, School of medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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6
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Negative and Positive Bias for Emotional Faces: Evidence from the Attention and Working Memory Paradigms. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:8851066. [PMID: 34135956 PMCID: PMC8178010 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8851066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual attention and visual working memory (VWM) are two major cognitive functions in humans, and they have much in common. A growing body of research has investigated the effect of emotional information on visual attention and VWM. Interestingly, contradictory findings have supported both a negative bias and a positive bias toward emotional faces (e.g., angry faces or happy faces) in the attention and VWM fields. We found that the classical paradigms-that is, the visual search paradigm in attention and the change detection paradigm in VWM-are considerably similar. The settings of these paradigms could therefore be responsible for the contradictory results. In this paper, we compare previous controversial results from behavioral and neuroscience studies using these two paradigms. We suggest three possible contributing factors that have significant impacts on the contradictory conclusions regarding different emotional bias effects; these factors are stimulus choice, experimental setting, and cognitive process. We also propose new research directions and guidelines for future studies.
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7
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Neutral and threatening distracter word stimuli are unnecessarily stored in working memory but do not differ in their degree of working memory storage. Biol Psychol 2021; 162:108091. [PMID: 33864873 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that threatening stimuli induce attentional biases compared to neutral stimuli, leading to subsequent storage in working memory. The current study examined how threatening versus neutral word distracters influence attention, and how this affects the unnecessary storage of these task-irrelevant stimuli in working memory. We measured the N2pc and contralateral delay activity (CDA), two event-related potentials (ERPs) that index attentional selection and the number of items maintained in WM, respectively, as participants completed a lateralized change detection task using word stimuli. Our results replicated work demonstrating a CDA effect for word stimuli, and found that distracter words are unnecessarily stored in working memory. However, we observed non-significant differences in attentional bias and working memory storage between distracter word conditions, and individual variation in anxiety was not associated with these processes. Bayes Factor analyses supported these null effects, suggesting that differences between neutral and threatening distracter words are unlikely.
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8
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Han H. A method to adjust a prior distribution in Bayesian second-level fMRI analysis. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10861. [PMID: 33604196 PMCID: PMC7866892 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown the potential value of Bayesian methods in fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) analysis. For instance, the results from Bayes factor-applied second-level fMRI analysis showed a higher hit rate compared with frequentist second-level fMRI analysis, suggesting greater sensitivity. Although the method reported more positives as a result of the higher sensitivity, it was able to maintain a reasonable level of selectivity in term of the false positive rate. Moreover, employment of the multiple comparison correction method to update the default prior distribution significantly improved the performance of Bayesian second-level fMRI analysis. However, previous studies have utilized the default prior distribution and did not consider the nature of each individual study. Thus, in the present study, a method to adjust the Cauchy prior distribution based on a priori information, which can be acquired from the results of relevant previous studies, was proposed and tested. A Cauchy prior distribution was adjusted based on the contrast, noise strength, and proportion of true positives that were estimated from a meta-analysis of relevant previous studies. In the present study, both the simulated images and real contrast images from two previous studies were used to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The results showed that the employment of the prior adjustment method resulted in improved performance of Bayesian second-level fMRI analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Han
- Educational Psychology Program, University of Alabama - Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States of America
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9
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Balderston NL, Flook E, Hsiung A, Liu J, Thongarong A, Stahl S, Makhoul W, Sheline Y, Ernst M, Grillon C. Patients with anxiety disorders rely on bilateral dlPFC activation during verbal working memory. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 15:1288-1298. [PMID: 33150947 PMCID: PMC7759210 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of anxiety disorders is impaired cognitive control, affecting working memory (WM). The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) is critical for WM; however, it is still unclear how dlPFC activity relates to WM impairments in patients. Forty-one healthy volunteers and 32 anxiety (general and/or social anxiety disorder) patients completed the Sternberg WM paradigm during safety and unpredictable shock threat. On each trial, a series of letters was presented, followed by brief retention and response intervals. On low- and high-load trials, subjects retained the series (five and eight letters, respectively) in the original order, while on sort trials, subjects rearranged the series (five letters) in alphabetical order. We sampled the blood oxygenation level-dependent activity during retention using a bilateral anatomical dlPFC mask. Compared to controls, patients showed increased reaction time during high-load trials, greater right dlPFC activity and reduced dlPFC activity during threat. These results suggest that WM performance for patients and controls may rely on distinct patterns of dlPFC activity with patients requiring bilateral dlPFC activity. These results are consistent with reduced efficiency of WM in anxiety patients. This reduced efficiency may be due to an inefficient allocation of dlPFC resources across hemispheres or a decreased overall dlPFC capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L Balderston
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elizabeth Flook
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Abigail Hsiung
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey Liu
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amanda Thongarong
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sara Stahl
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Walid Makhoul
- Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yvette Sheline
- Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Monique Ernst
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christian Grillon
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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10
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The Effects of Emotional Working Memory Training on Worry Symptoms and Error-Related Negativity of Individuals with High Trait Anxiety: A Randomized Controlled Study. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-020-10164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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11
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Ward RT, Lotfi S, Sallmann H, Lee HJ, Larson CL. State anxiety reduces working memory capacity but does not impact filtering cost for neutral distracters. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13625. [PMID: 32598491 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Current theories propose that anxiety adversely impacts working memory (WM) by restricting WM capacity and interfering with efficient filtering of task-irrelevant information. The current study investigated the effect of shock-induced state anxiety on WM capacity and the ability to filter task-irrelevant neutral stimuli. We measured the contralateral delay activity (CDA), an event-related potential that indexes the number of items maintained in WM, while participants completed a lateralized change detection task. The task included low and high WM loads, as well as a low load plus distracter condition. This design was used to assess WM capacity for low and high loads and investigate an individual's ability to filter neutral task-irrelevant stimuli. Participants completed the task under two conditions, threat of shock and safe. We observed a reduced CDA in the threat compared to the safe condition that was specific for high memory load. However, we did not find any differences in CDA filtering cost between threat and safe conditions. In addition, we did not find any differences in behavioral performance between the threat and safe conditions. These findings suggest that being in an anxious state reduces the neural representation for large amounts of information in WM, but have little effect on the filtering of neutral distracters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Ward
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Salahadin Lotfi
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Hannah Sallmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Han-Joo Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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12
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Fear not! Anxiety biases attentional enhancement of threat without impairing working memory filtering. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 20:1248-1260. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-020-00831-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Sjouwerman R, Scharfenort R, Lonsdorf TB. Individual differences in fear acquisition: multivariate analyses of different emotional negativity scales, physiological responding, subjective measures, and neural activation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15283. [PMID: 32943701 PMCID: PMC7498611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Negative emotionality is a well-established and stable risk factor for affective disorders. Individual differences in negative emotionality have been linked to associative learning processes which can be captured experimentally by computing CS-discrimination values in fear conditioning paradigms. Literature suffers from underpowered samples, suboptimal methods, and an isolated focus on single questionnaires and single outcome measures. First, the specific and shared variance across three commonly employed questionnaires [STAI-T, NEO-FFI-Neuroticism, Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) Scale] in relation to CS-discrimination during fear-acquisition in multiple analysis units (ratings, skin conductance, startle) is addressed (NStudy1 = 356). A specific significant negative association between STAI-T and CS-discrimination in SCRs and between IU and CS-discrimination in startle responding was identified in multimodal and dimensional analyses, but also between latent factors negative emotionality and fear learning, which capture shared variance across questionnaires/scales and across outcome measures. Second, STAI-T was positively associated with CS-discrimination in a number of brain areas linked to conditioned fear (amygdala, putamen, thalamus), but not to SCRs or ratings (NStudy2 = 113). Importantly, we replicate potential sampling biases between fMRI and behavioral studies regarding anxiety levels. Future studies are needed to target wide sampling distributions for STAI-T and verify whether current findings are generalizable to other samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Sjouwerman
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Scharfenort
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tina B Lonsdorf
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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14
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Hur J, DeYoung KA, Islam S, Anderson AS, Barstead MG, Shackman AJ. Social context and the real-world consequences of social anxiety. Psychol Med 2020; 50:1989-2000. [PMID: 31423954 PMCID: PMC7028452 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719002022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social anxiety lies on a continuum, and young adults with elevated symptoms are at risk for developing a range of psychiatric disorders. Yet relatively little is known about the factors that govern the hour-by-hour experience and expression of social anxiety in the real world. METHODS Here we used smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to intensively sample emotional experience across different social contexts in the daily lives of 228 young adults selectively recruited to represent a broad spectrum of social anxiety symptoms. RESULTS Leveraging data from over 11 000 real-world assessments, our results highlight the central role of close friends, family members, and romantic partners. The presence of such close companions was associated with enhanced mood, yet socially anxious individuals had fewer confidants and spent less time with the close companions that they do have. Although higher levels of social anxiety were associated with a general worsening of mood, socially anxious individuals appear to derive larger benefits - lower levels of negative affect, anxiety, and depression - from their close companions. In contrast, variation in social anxiety was unrelated to the amount of time spent with strangers, co-workers, and acquaintances; and we uncovered no evidence of emotional hypersensitivity to these less-familiar individuals. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide a framework for understanding the deleterious consequences of social anxiety in emerging adulthood and set the stage for developing improved intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyoen Hur
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Kathryn A. DeYoung
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
- Department of Family Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
- Department of Center for Healthy Families, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Samiha Islam
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Allegra S. Anderson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240 USA
| | - Matthew G. Barstead
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
USA
| | - Alexander J. Shackman
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
USA
- Department of Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
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15
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Washington SD, Rayhan RU, Garner R, Provenzano D, Zajur K, Addiego FM, VanMeter JW, Baraniuk JN. Exercise alters brain activation in Gulf War Illness and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa070. [PMID: 32954325 PMCID: PMC7425336 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gulf War Illness affects 25-30% of American veterans deployed to the 1990-91 Persian Gulf War and is characterized by cognitive post-exertional malaise following physical effort. Gulf War Illness remains controversial since cognitive post-exertional malaise is also present in the more common Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. An objective dissociation between neural substrates for cognitive post-exertional malaise in Gulf War Illness and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome would represent a biological basis for diagnostically distinguishing these two illnesses. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure neural activity in healthy controls and patients with Gulf War Illness and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome during an N-back working memory task both before and after exercise. Whole brain activation during working memory (2-Back > 0-Back) was equal between groups prior to exercise. Exercise had no effect on neural activity in healthy controls yet caused deactivation within dorsal midbrain and cerebellar vermis in Gulf War Illness relative to Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome patients. Further, exercise caused increased activation among Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome patients within the dorsal midbrain, left operculo-insular cortex (Rolandic operculum) and right middle insula. These regions-of-interest underlie threat assessment, pain, interoception, negative emotion and vigilant attention. As they only emerge post-exercise, these regional differences likely represent neural substrates of cognitive post-exertional malaise useful for developing distinct diagnostic criteria for Gulf War Illness and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart D Washington
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Rd., NW Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Rakib U Rayhan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University College of Medicine, Adams Building Rm 2420, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Richard Garner
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Rd., NW Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Destie Provenzano
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Rd., NW Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Kristina Zajur
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Rd., NW Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Florencia Martinez Addiego
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Rd., NW Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - John W VanMeter
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Rd., NW Washington, DC 20057, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University College of Medicine, Adams Building Rm 2420, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA.,Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Rd., NW Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - James N Baraniuk
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Rd., NW Washington, DC 20057, USA
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16
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Papalini S, Beckers T, Vervliet B. Dopamine: from prediction error to psychotherapy. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:164. [PMID: 32451377 PMCID: PMC7248121 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0814-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine, one of the main neurotransmitters in the mammalian brain, has been implicated in the coding of prediction errors that govern reward learning as well as fear extinction learning. Psychotherapy too can be viewed as a form of error-based learning, because it challenges erroneous beliefs and behavioral patterns in order to induce long-term changes in emotions, cognitions, and behaviors. Exposure therapy, for example, relies in part on fear extinction principles to violate erroneous expectancies of danger and induce novel safety learning that inhibits and therefore reduces fear in the long term. As most forms of psychotherapy, however, exposure therapy suffers from non-response, dropout, and relapse. This narrative review focuses on the role of midbrain and prefrontal dopamine in novel safety learning and investigates possible pathways through which dopamine-based interventions could be used as an adjunct to improve both the response and the long-term effects of the therapy. Convincing evidence exists for an involvement of the midbrain dopamine system in the acquisition of new, safe memories. Additionally, prefrontal dopamine is emerging as a key ingredient for the consolidation of fear extinction. We propose that applying a dopamine prediction error perspective to psychotherapy can inspire both pharmacological and non-pharmacological studies aimed at discovering innovative ways to enhance the acquisition of safety memories. Additionally, we call for further empirical investigations on dopamine-oriented drugs that might be able to maximize consolidation of successful fear extinction and its long-term retention after therapy, and we propose to also include investigations on non-pharmacological interventions with putative prefrontal dopaminergic effects, like working memory training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Papalini
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology (LBP), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Tom Beckers
- grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium ,grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Centre for the Psychology of Learning and Experimental Psychopathology (CLEP), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Vervliet
- grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Laboratory of Biological Psychology (LBP), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium ,grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Neural correlates of emotion-attention interactions: From perception, learning, and memory to social cognition, individual differences, and training interventions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 108:559-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Hur J, Stockbridge MD, Fox AS, Shackman AJ. Dispositional negativity, cognition, and anxiety disorders: An integrative translational neuroscience framework. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 247:375-436. [PMID: 31196442 PMCID: PMC6578598 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
When extreme, anxiety can become debilitating. Anxiety disorders, which often first emerge early in development, are common and challenging to treat, yet the underlying mechanisms have only recently begun to come into focus. Here, we review new insights into the nature and biological bases of dispositional negativity, a fundamental dimension of childhood temperament and adult personality and a prominent risk factor for the development of pediatric and adult anxiety disorders. Converging lines of epidemiological, neurobiological, and mechanistic evidence suggest that dispositional negativity increases the likelihood of psychopathology via specific neurocognitive mechanisms, including attentional biases to threat and deficits in executive control. Collectively, these observations provide an integrative translational framework for understanding the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders in adults and youth and set the stage for developing improved intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyoen Hur
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States.
| | | | - Andrew S Fox
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Alexander J Shackman
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States; Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States; Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States.
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19
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Acute alcohol administration dampens central extended amygdala reactivity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16702. [PMID: 30420682 PMCID: PMC6232084 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34987-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use is common, imposes a staggering burden on public health, and often resists treatment. The central extended amygdala (EAc)—including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) and the central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce)—plays a key role in prominent neuroscientific models of alcohol drinking, but the relevance of these regions to acute alcohol consumption in humans remains poorly understood. Using a single-blind, randomized-groups design, multiband fMRI data were acquired from 49 social drinkers while they performed a well-established emotional faces paradigm after consuming either alcohol or placebo. Relative to placebo, alcohol significantly dampened reactivity to emotional faces in the BST. To rigorously assess potential regional differences in activation, data were extracted from unbiased, anatomically predefined regions of interest. Analyses revealed similar levels of dampening in the BST and Ce. In short, alcohol transiently reduces reactivity to emotional faces and it does so similarly across the two major divisions of the human EAc. These observations reinforce the translational relevance of addiction models derived from preclinical work in rodents and provide new insights into the neural systems most relevant to the consumption of alcohol and to the initial development of alcohol abuse in humans.
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20
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Stout DM, Acheson DT, Moore TM, Gur RC, Baker DG, Geyer MA, Risbrough VB. Individual variation in working memory is associated with fear extinction performance. Behav Res Ther 2018; 102:52-59. [PMID: 29331727 PMCID: PMC6182776 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PTSD has been associated consistently with abnormalities in fear acquisition and extinction learning and retention. Fear acquisition refers to learning to discriminate between threat and safety cues. Extinction learning reflects the formation of a new inhibitory-memory that competes with a previously learned threat-related memory. Adjudicating the competition between threat memory and the new inhibitory memory during extinction may rely, in part, on cognitive processes such as working memory (WM). Despite significant shared neural circuits and signaling pathways the relationship between WM, fear acquisition, and extinction is poorly understood. Here, we analyzed data from a large sample of healthy Marines who underwent an assessment battery including tests of fear acquisition, extinction learning, and WM (N-back). Fear potentiated startle (FPS), fear expectancy ratings, and self-reported anxiety served as the primary dependent variables. High WM ability (N = 192) was associated with greater CS + fear inhibition during the late block of extinction and greater US expectancy change during extinction learning compared to individuals with low WM ability (N = 204). WM ability was not associated with magnitude of fear conditioning/expression. Attention ability was unrelated to fear acquisition or extinction supporting specificity of WM associations with extinction. These results support the conclusion that individual differences in WM may contribute to regulating fear responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Stout
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dean T Acheson
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tyler M Moore
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Philadelphia Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dewleen G Baker
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mark A Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare system, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Victoria B Risbrough
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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21
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Tillman RM, Stockbridge MD, Nacewicz BM, Torrisi S, Fox AS, Smith JF, Shackman AJ. Intrinsic functional connectivity of the central extended amygdala. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:1291-1312. [PMID: 29235190 PMCID: PMC5807241 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The central extended amygdala (EAc)-including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) and central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce)-plays a critical role in triggering fear and anxiety and is implicated in the development of a range of debilitating neuropsychiatric disorders. Although it is widely believed that these disorders reflect the coordinated activity of distributed neural circuits, the functional architecture of the EAc network and the degree to which the BST and the Ce show distinct patterns of functional connectivity is unclear. Here, we used a novel combination of imaging approaches to trace the connectivity of the BST and the Ce in 130 healthy, racially diverse, community-dwelling adults. Multiband imaging, high-precision registration techniques, and spatially unsmoothed data maximized anatomical specificity. Using newly developed seed regions, whole-brain regression analyses revealed robust functional connectivity between the BST and Ce via the sublenticular extended amygdala, the ribbon of subcortical gray matter encompassing the ventral amygdalofugal pathway. Both regions displayed coupling with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), midcingulate cortex (MCC), insula, and anterior hippocampus. The BST showed stronger connectivity with the thalamus, striatum, periaqueductal gray, and several prefrontal territories. The only regions showing stronger functional connectivity with the Ce were neighboring regions of the dorsal amygdala, amygdalohippocampal area, and anterior hippocampus. These observations provide a baseline against which to compare a range of special populations, inform our understanding of the role of the EAc in normal and pathological fear and anxiety, and showcase image registration techniques that are likely to be useful for researchers working with "deidentified" neuroimaging data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa D. Stockbridge
- Department of Hearing and Speech SciencesUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland20742
| | - Brendon M. Nacewicz
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Wisconsin—Madison, 6001 Research Park BoulevardMadisonWisconsin53719
| | - Salvatore Torrisi
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and AnxietyNational Institute of Mental HealthBethesdaMaryland20892
| | - Andrew S. Fox
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia95616
- California National Primate Research CenterUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia95616
| | - Jason F. Smith
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland20742
| | - Alexander J. Shackman
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland20742
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science ProgramUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland20742
- Maryland Neuroimaging CenterUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland20742
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