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Jian S, Wan S, Lin Y, Zhong C. Nitrogen Sources Reprogram Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism to Promote Andrographolide Biosynthesis in Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees Seedlings. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3990. [PMID: 38612797 PMCID: PMC11012798 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) metabolisms participate in N source-regulated secondary metabolism in medicinal plants, but the specific mechanisms involved remain to be investigated. By using nitrate (NN), ammonium (AN), urea (UN), and glycine (GN), respectively, as sole N sources, we found that N sources remarkably affected the contents of diterpenoid lactone components along with C and N metabolisms reprograming in Andrographis paniculata, as compared to NN, the other three N sources raised the levels of 14-deoxyandrographolide, andrographolide, dehydroandrographolide (except UN), and neoandrographolide (except AN) with a prominent accumulation of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP). These N sources also raised the photosynthetic rate and the levels of fructose and/or sucrose but reduced the activities of phosphofructokinase (PFK), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). Conversely, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and malate enzyme (ME) activities were upregulated. Simultaneously, citrate, cis-aconitate and isocitrate levels declined, and N assimilation was inhibited. These results indicated that AN, UN and GN reduced the metabolic flow of carbohydrates from glycolysis into the TCA cycle and downstream N assimilation. Furthermore, they enhanced arginine and GABA metabolism, which increased C replenishment of the TCA cycle, and increased ethylene and salicylic acid (SA) levels. Thus, we proposed that the N sources reprogrammed C and N metabolism, attenuating the competition of N assimilation for C, and promoting the synthesis and accumulation of andrographolide through plant hormone signaling. To obtain a higher production of andrographolide in A. paniculata, AN fertilizer is recommended in its N management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofen Jian
- National Center for TCM Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; (S.J.); (S.W.); (Y.L.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resource Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center of TCM Resource Intelligent Creation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
| | - Si Wan
- National Center for TCM Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; (S.J.); (S.W.); (Y.L.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resource Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center of TCM Resource Intelligent Creation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
| | - Yang Lin
- National Center for TCM Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; (S.J.); (S.W.); (Y.L.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resource Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center of TCM Resource Intelligent Creation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
| | - Chu Zhong
- National Center for TCM Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; (S.J.); (S.W.); (Y.L.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resource Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center of TCM Resource Intelligent Creation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
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Pan XX, Liu HZ, Li Y, Zhou P, Wen Y, Lu CX, Zhu YY, Yang MZ. The Interactions between Two Fungal Endophytes Epicoccum layuense R2-21 and Alternaria alternata XHYN2 and Grapevines ( Vitis vinifera) with De Novo Established Symbionts under Aseptic Conditions. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1154. [PMID: 38132755 PMCID: PMC10744766 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we focused on grapevine-endophyte interactions and reprogrammed secondary metabolism in the host plant due to defense against the colonization of endophytes. Thus, the transcriptional responses of tissue cultured grapevine seedlings (Vitis vinifera L. cv.: Cabernet Sauvignon) to two fungal endophytes Epicoccum layuense R2-21 (Epi R2-21) and Alternaria alternata XHYN2 (Alt XHYN2) at three different time points (6 h, 6 d, 15 d) were analyzed. As expected, a total of 5748 and 5817 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were separately initiated in Epi R2-21 and Alt XHYN2 symbiotic tissue cultured seedlings compared to no endophyte treatment. The up-regulated DEGs at all time points in Epi R2-21- or Alt XHYN2-treated seedlings were mainly enriched in the flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis, and circadian rhythm-plant pathways. In addition, the up-regulated DEGs at all sampling times in Alt XHYN2-treated tissue cultured seedlings were enriched in the plant-pathogen interaction pathway, but appeared in Epi R2-21 symbiotic seedlings only after 15 d of treatment. The down-regulated DEGs were not enriched in any KEGG pathways after 6 h inoculation for Epi R2-21 and Alt XHYN2 treatments, but were enriched mainly in photosynthesis-antenna proteins and plant hormone signal transduction pathways at other sampling times. At three different time points, a total of 51 DEGs (all up-regulated, 1.33-10.41-fold) were involved in secondary metabolism, and 22 DEGs (all up-regulated, 1.01-8.40-fold) were involved in defense responses in endophytic fungi symbiotic tissue cultured seedlings. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network demonstrated that genes encoding CHS (VIT_10s0042g00920, VIT_14s0068g00920, and VIT_16s0100g00910) and the VIT_11s0065g00350 gene encoding CYP73A mediated the defense responses, and might induce more defense-associated metabolites. These results illustrated the activation of stress-associated secondary metabolism in the host grapevine during the establishment of fungi-plant endophytism. This work provides avenues for reshaping the qualities and characteristics of wine grapes utilizing specific endophytes and better understanding plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xia Pan
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China; (X.-X.P.)
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Hui-Zhi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China; (X.-X.P.)
| | - Ping Zhou
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China; (X.-X.P.)
| | - Yun Wen
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China; (X.-X.P.)
| | - Chun-Xi Lu
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China; (X.-X.P.)
| | - You-Yong Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ming-Zhi Yang
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China; (X.-X.P.)
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Combined analysis of transcriptome and metabolome provides insights into nano-selenium foliar applications to improve summer tea quality (Camellia sinensis). Lebensm Wiss Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Naoya Fukuda ME, Yoshida H, Kusano M. Effects of light quality, photoperiod, CO 2 concentration, and air temperature on chlorogenic acid and rutin accumulation in young lettuce plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 186:290-298. [PMID: 35932653 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Environmental stimuli modulate plant metabolite accumulation, facilitating adaptation to stressful conditions. In this study, the effects of blue and red light, photoperiod, CO2 concentration, and air temperature on the chlorogenic acid (CGA) and rutin contents of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were evaluated. Under continuous blue light and a high CO2 concentration (1000 ppm), the CGA level increased. The increased expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and activity of its product were correlated with high expression of cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) and coumarate 3-hydroxylase (C3H). Furthermore, changes in PAL activity altered the CGA content in lettuce exposed to the three environmental factors, blue light, continuous lighting and high CO2 concentration. In addition, the expression levels of genes related to flavonoid biosynthesis increased in accordance with the promotion of CGA accumulation by the environmental factors. Under continuous blue light, 400 ppm CO2 promoted rutin accumulation to a greater degree compared to 1000 ppm CO2, by downregulating DFR expression. Low air temperature induced CGA accumulation in lettuce grown under continuous blue light and 1000 ppm CO2. Therefore, light quality, photoperiod, CO2 concentration, and air temperature exert synergistic effects on the CGA and rutin contents of lettuce by modulating activity in the corresponding biosynthesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirai Endo Naoya Fukuda
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Hideo Yoshida
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Miyako Kusano
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
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Ahammed GJ, Li X. Hormonal regulation of health-promoting compounds in tea (Camellia sinensis L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 185:390-400. [PMID: 35785551 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tea is the most frequently consumed natural beverage across the world produced with the young leaves and shoots of the evergreen perennial plant Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze. The expanding global appeal of tea is partly attributed to its health-promoting benefits such as anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, anti-allergy, anti-hypertension, anti-obesity, and anti- SARS-CoV-2 activity. The many advantages of healthy tea intake are linked to its bioactive substances such as tea polyphenols, flavonoids (catechins), amino acids (theanine), alkaloids (caffeine), anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, etc. that are produced through secondary metabolic pathways. Phytohormones regulate secondary metabolite biosynthesis in a variety of plants, including tea. There is a strong hormonal response in the biosynthesis of polyphenols, catechins, theanine and caffeine in tea under control and perturbed environmental conditions. In addition to the impact of preharvest plant hormone manipulation on green tea quality, changes in hormones of postharvest tea also regulate quality-related metabolites in tea. In this review, we discuss the health benefits of major tea constituents and the role of various plant hormones in improving the endogenous levels of these compounds for human health benefits. The fact that the ratio of tea polyphenols to amino acids and the concentrations of tea components are changed by environmental conditions, most notably by climate change-associated variables, the selection and usage of optimal hormone combinations may aid in sustaining tea quality, and thus can be beneficial to both consumers and producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, PR China.
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China.
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Beilsmith K, Henry CS, Seaver SMD. Genome-scale modeling of the primary-specialized metabolism interface. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 68:102244. [PMID: 35714443 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Environmental challenges and development require plants to reallocate resources between primary and specialized metabolites to survive. Genome-scale metabolic models, which map carbon flux through metabolic pathways, are a valuable tool in the study of tradeoffs that arise at this interface. Due to annotation gaps, models that characterize all the enzymatic steps in individual specialized pathways and their linkages to each other and to central carbon metabolism are difficult to construct. Recent studies have successfully curated subsystems of specialized metabolism and characterized the interfaces where flux is diverted to the precursors of glucosinolates, terpenes, and anthocyanins. Although advances in metabolite profiling can help to constrain models at this interface, quantitative analysis remains challenging because of the different timescales on which specialized metabolites from constitutive and reactive pathways accumulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Beilsmith
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Christopher S Henry
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Samuel M D Seaver
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.
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Zhao S, Cheng H, Xu P, Wang Y. Regulation of biosynthesis of the main flavor-contributing metabolites in tea plant ( Camellia sinensis): A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10520-10535. [PMID: 35608014 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2078787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In the process of adapting to the environment, tea plants (Camellia sinensis) endow tea with unique flavor and health functions, which should be attributed to secondary metabolites, including catechins, L-theanine, caffeine and terpene volatiles. Since the content of these flavor-contributing metabolites are mainly determined by the growth of tea plant, it is very important to understand their alteration and regulation mechanisms. In the present work, we first summarize the distribution, change characteristics of the main flavor-contributing metabolites in different cultivars, organs and under environmental stresses of tea plant. Subsequently, we discuss the regulating mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis of these metabolites based on the existing evidence. Finally, we propose the remarks and perspectives on the future study relating flavor-contributing metabolites. This review would contribute to the acceleration of research on the characteristic secondary metabolites and the breeding programs in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Zhao
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Cheng
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuefei Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Effect of Feed Supplement Containing Dried Kratom Leaves on Apparent Digestibility, Rumen Fermentation, Serum Antioxidants, Hematology, and Nitrogen Balance in Goats. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8030131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to examine the influence of supplementation with dried kratom leaf (DKTL) on the performance, hematology, and nitrogen balance in goats. Four 12-month-old male crossbred (Thai Native x Anglo Nubian) goats with an initial body weight (BW) of 24.63 ± 0.95 kg were allocated randomly to receive four different levels of DKTL using a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The DKTL was added to a total mixed ration (TMR) diet with doses of 0, 2.22, 4.44, and 6.66 g/day to investigate the treatment’s efficacy. The DKTL was high in secondary metabolites, including mitragynine, total phenolics, total tannins, flavonoids, and saponins. There were quadratic effects on total DMI in terms of kg/day (p = 0.04), %BW (p = 0.05), and g/kg BW.75 (p = 0.02). DKTL increased apparent digestibility with quadratic effects (DM; p = 0.01, OM; p = 0.01, CP; p = 0.04, NDF; p = 0.01, and ADF; p = 0.01). The pH value was within the rumen’s normal pH range, whereas NH3-N and BUN concentrations were lower with DKTL supplementation, and also reduced cholesterol (CHOL, p = 0.05) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL, p = 0.01). The protozoa population decreased linearly as DKTL levels increased (p < 0.01), whereas Fibrobacter succinogenes increased quadratically at 0 h (p = 0.02), and mean values increased linearly (p < 0.01). The average value of acetic acid (C2) and methane production (CH4) decreased linearly (p < 0.05) when DKLT was added to the diet, whereas the quantity of propionic acid (C3) increased linearly (p = 0.01). Our results indicate that DKTL could be a great alternative supplement for goat feed. We believe that DKTL could provide opportunities to assist the goat meat industry in fulfilling the demands of health-conscious consumers.
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Molecular and Metabolic Changes under Environmental Stresses: The Biosynthesis of Quality Components in Preharvest Tea Shoots. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Severe environments impose various abiotic stresses on tea plants. Although much is known about the physiological and biochemical responses of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) shoots under environmental stresses, little is known about how these stresses impact the biosynthesis of quality components. This review summarizes and analyzes the changes in molecular and quality components in tea shoots subjected to major environmental stresses during the past 20 years, including light (shade, blue light, green light, and UV-B), drought, high/low temperature, CO2, and salinity. These studies reveal that carbon and nitrogen metabolism is critical to the downstream biosynthesis of quality components. Based on the molecular responses of tea plants to stresses, a series of artificial methods have been suggested to treat the pre-harvest tea plants that are exposed to inhospitable environments to improve the quality components in shoots. Furthermore, many pleiotropic genes that are up- or down-regulated under both single and concurrent stresses were analyzed as the most effective genes for regulating multi-resistance and quality components. These findings deepen our understanding of how environmental stresses affect the quality components of tea, providing novel insights into strategies for balancing plant resistance, growth, and quality components in field-based cultivation and for breeding plants using pleiotropic genes.
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Ahammed GJ, Yang Y. Anthocyanin-mediated arsenic tolerance in plants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118475. [PMID: 34763015 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants detoxify toxic metal(loid)s by accumulating diverse metabolites. Beside scavenging excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by metal(loid)s, some metabolites chelate metal(loid) ions. Classically, thiol-containing compounds, especially glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatins (PCs) are thought to be the major chelators that conjugate with metal(loid)s in the cytoplasm followed by transport and sequestration in the vacuole. In addition to this classical detoxification pathway, a role for secondary metabolites in metal(loid) detoxification has recently emerged. In particular, anthocyanins, a kind of flavonoids with ROS scavenging potential, contribute to enhanced arsenic tolerance in several plant species. Evidence is accumulating that, in analogy to GSH and PCs, anthocyanins may conjugate with arsenic followed by vacuolar sequestration in the detoxification event. Exogenous application or endogenous accumulation of anthocyanins enhances arsenic tolerance, leading to improved plant growth and productivity. The application of some plant hormones and signaling molecules stimulates endogenous anthocyanin synthesis which confers tolerance to arsenic stress. Anthocyanin biosynthesis is transcriptionally regulated by several transcription factors, including myeloblastosis (MYBs). The light-regulated transcription factor elongated hypocotyl 5 (HY5) also affects anthocyanin biosynthesis, but its role in arsenic tolerance remains elusive. Here, we review the mechanism of arsenic detoxification in plants and the potential role of anthocyanins in arsenic tolerance beyond the classical points of view. Our analysis proposes that anthocyanin manipulation in crop plants may ensure sustainable crop yield and food safety in the marginal lands prone to arsenic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Youxin Yang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
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Ouyang J, Wang M, Bu D, Ma L, Liu F, Xue C, Du C, Aboragah A, Loor JJ. Ruminal Microbes Exhibit a Robust Circadian Rhythm and Are Sensitive to Melatonin. Front Nutr 2021; 8:760578. [PMID: 34760910 PMCID: PMC8573100 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.760578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut hormones are not only able to regulate digestive, absorptive, and immune mechanisms of the intestine through biological rhythms, but impact the host through their interactions with intestinal microorganisms. Whether hormones in ruminal fluid have an association with the ruminal ecology is unknown. Objectives of the study were to examine relationships between the diurnal change in ruminal hormones and microbiota in lactating cows, and their associations in vivo and in vitro. For the in vivo study, six cows of similar weight (566.8 ± 19.6 kg), parity (3.0 ± 0.0), and milk performance (8,398.7 ± 1,392.9 kg/y) were used. They were adapted to natural light for 2 weeks before sampling and fed twice daily at 07:00 a.m. and 14:00 p.m. Serum, saliva, and ruminal fluid samples were collected at 02:00, 10:00, and 18:00 on the first day and 06:00, 14:00, and 22:00 on the second day of the experimental period. The concentrations of melatonin (MLT), growth hormone (GH), and prolactin (PRL) were measured via radioimmunoassay, whereas amplicon sequencing data were used to analyze relative abundance of microbiota in ruminal fluid. JTK_CYCLE analysis was performed to analyze circadian rhythms of hormone concentrations as well as the relative abundance of microbiota. For the in vitro study, exogenous MLT (9 ng) was added into ruminal fluid incubations to investigate the impacts of MLT on ruminal microbiota. The results not only showed that rumen fluid contains MLT, but the diurnal variation of MLT and the relative abundance of 9% of total rumen bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) follow a circadian rhythm. Although GH and PRL were also detected in ruminal fluid, there was no obvious circadian rhythm in their concentrations. Ruminal MLT was closely associated with Muribaculaceae, Succinivibrionaceae, Veillonellaceae, and Prevotellaceae families in vivo. In vitro, these families were significantly influenced by melatonin treatment, as melatonin treatment increased the relative abundance of families Prevotellaceae, Muribaculaceae while it reduced the relative abundance of Succinivibrionaceae, Veillonellaceae. Collectively, ruminal microbes appear to maintain a circadian rhythm that is associated with the profiles of melatonin. As such, data suggest that secretion of melatonin into the rumen could play a role in host-microbe interactions in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, China
- Institute of Animal Science, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Mengzhi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dengpan Bu
- Institute of Animal Science, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences-World Agroforestry Centre (CAAS-ICRAF) Joint Lab on Agroforestry and Sustainable Animal Husbandry, World Agroforestry Center, East and Central Asia, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Ma
- Institute of Animal Science, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Fuyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, China
| | - Chun Xue
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chao Du
- Institute of Animal Science, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Ahmad Aboragah
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Juan J. Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
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Hoque MN, Tahjib-Ul-Arif M, Hannan A, Sultana N, Akhter S, Hasanuzzaman M, Akter F, Hossain MS, Sayed MA, Hasan MT, Skalicky M, Li X, Brestič M. Melatonin Modulates Plant Tolerance to Heavy Metal Stress: Morphological Responses to Molecular Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111445. [PMID: 34768875 PMCID: PMC8584185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy metal toxicity is one of the most devastating abiotic stresses. Heavy metals cause serious damage to plant growth and productivity, which is a major problem for sustainable agriculture. It adversely affects plant molecular physiology and biochemistry by generating osmotic stress, ionic imbalance, oxidative stress, membrane disorganization, cellular toxicity, and metabolic homeostasis. To improve and stimulate plant tolerance to heavy metal stress, the application of biostimulants can be an effective approach without threatening the ecosystem. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), a biostimulator, plant growth regulator, and antioxidant, promotes plant tolerance to heavy metal stress by improving redox and nutrient homeostasis, osmotic balance, and primary and secondary metabolism. It is important to perceive the complete and detailed regulatory mechanisms of exogenous and endogenous melatonin-mediated heavy metal-toxicity mitigation in plants to identify potential research gaps that should be addressed in the future. This review provides a novel insight to understand the multifunctional role of melatonin in reducing heavy metal stress and the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Najmol Hoque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Khulna Agricultural University, Khulna 9100, Bangladesh;
| | - Md. Tahjib-Ul-Arif
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (M.T.-U.-A.); (M.B.)
| | - Afsana Hannan
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (A.H.); (N.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Naima Sultana
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (A.H.); (N.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Shirin Akhter
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (A.H.); (N.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Md. Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Biotechnology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh;
| | - Fahmida Akter
- Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh;
| | - Md. Sazzad Hossain
- Department of Agronomy and Haor Agriculture, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh;
| | - Md. Abu Sayed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh;
| | - Md. Toufiq Hasan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh;
| | - Milan Skalicky
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Xiangnan Li
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China;
| | - Marián Brestič
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia
- Correspondence: (M.T.-U.-A.); (M.B.)
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13
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Ahmed S, Brinkley S, Smith E, Sela A, Theisen M, Thibodeau C, Warne T, Anderson E, Van Dusen N, Giuliano P, Ionescu KE, Cash SB. Climate Change and Coffee Quality: Systematic Review on the Effects of Environmental and Management Variation on Secondary Metabolites and Sensory Attributes of Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:708013. [PMID: 34691093 PMCID: PMC8531415 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.708013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is impacting crop performance and agricultural systems around the world with implications for farmers and consumers. We carried out a systematic review to synthesize evidence regarding the effects of environmental factors associated with climate change and management conditions associated with climate adaptation on the crop quality of a culturally-relevant perennial crop, coffee (Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora). Seventy-three articles were identified that addressed the study's research question including 42 articles on environmental factors, 20 articles on management conditions, and 11 articles on both. While variation was found between studies, findings highlight that coffee quality is vulnerable to changes in light exposure, altitude, water stress, temperature, carbon dioxide, and nutrient management. Both increases as well as decreases were found in secondary metabolites and sensory attributes that determine coffee quality in response to shifts in environmental and management conditions. The most consistent evidence identified through this systematic review includes the following two trends: (1) increased altitude is associated with improved sensory attributes of coffee and; (2) increased light exposure is associated with decreased sensory attributes of coffee. Research gaps were found regarding the effects of shifts in carbon dioxide, water stress, and temperature on the directionality (increase, decrease, or non-linear) of coffee quality and how this varies with location, elevation, and management conditions. This systematic review further identified the following research needs: (1) long-term studies that examine the interactive effects of multiple environmental factors and management conditions on coffee quality; (2) studies that examine the interaction between sensory attributes and secondary metabolites that determine coffee quality and; (3) studies on the feasibility of various climate-adaptation strategies for mitigating the effects of climate change on coffee quality. Evidence-based innovations are needed to mitigate climate impacts on coffee quality toward enhanced sustainability and resilience of the coffee sector from farm to cup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena Ahmed
- Food and Health Lab, Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Sarah Brinkley
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Center for Coffee Research and Education, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Erin Smith
- Food and Health Lab, Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Ariella Sela
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mitchell Theisen
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Cyrena Thibodeau
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Teresa Warne
- Food and Health Lab, Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | | | | | - Peter Giuliano
- Specialty Coffee Association, Santa Ana, CA, United States
- Coffee Science Foundation, Santa Ana, CA, United States
| | | | - Sean B. Cash
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
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14
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Samynathan R, Thiruvengadam M, Nile SH, Shariati MA, Rebezov M, Mishra RK, Venkidasamy B, Periyasamy S, Chung IM, Pateiro M, Lorenzo JM. Recent insights on tea metabolites, their biosynthesis and chemo-preventing effects: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-20. [PMID: 34606382 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1984871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Tea manufactured from the cultivated shoots of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze is the most commonly consumed nonalcoholic drink around the world. Tea is an agro-based, environmentally sustainable, labor-intensive, job-generating, and export-oriented industry in many countries. Tea includes phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, vitamins, enzymes, crude fibers, protein, lipids, and carbohydrates, among other biochemical constituents. This review described the nature of tea metabolites, their biosynthesis and accumulation with response to various factors. The therapeutic application of various metabolites of tea against microbial diseases, cancer, neurological, and other metabolic disorders was also discussed in detail. The seasonal variation, cultivation practices and genetic variability influence tea metabolite synthesis. Tea biochemical constituents, especially polyphenols and its integral part catechin metabolites, are broadly focused on potential applicability for their action against various diseases. In addition to this, tea also contains bioactive flavonoids that possess health-beneficial effects. The catechin fractions, epigallocatechin 3-gallate and epicatechin 3-gallate, are the main components of tea that has strong antioxidant and medicinal properties. The synergistic function of natural tea metabolites with synthetic drugs provides effective protection against various diseases. Furthermore, the application of nanotechnologies enhanced bioavailability, enhancing the therapeutic potential of natural metabolites against numerous diseases and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muthu Thiruvengadam
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shivraj Hariram Nile
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- Department of Technology of Food Products, K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (The First Cossack University), Moscow, Russian Federation.,Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Maksim Rebezov
- Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, China.,V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Raghvendra Kumar Mishra
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Baskar Venkidasamy
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sureshkumar Periyasamy
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University Campus (BIT Campus), Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ill-Min Chung
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mirian Pateiro
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Ourense, Spain
| | - José M Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Ourense, Spain.,Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidad de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
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15
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Wang J, Wang D, Zhu M, Li F. Exogenous 6-Benzyladenine Improves Waterlogging Tolerance in Maize Seedlings by Mitigating Oxidative Stress and Upregulating the Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:680376. [PMID: 34539688 PMCID: PMC8446516 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.680376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The synthetic cytokinin 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) regulates plant growth and prevents the negative consequences of various forms of abiotic stress, including waterlogging in crop plants. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of exogenous 6-BA on the growth, oxidative stress, and ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle system in the inbred SY-MY13 (waterlogging-resistant) and SY-XT1 (waterlogging-sensitive) seedlings of waxy corn in conditions of waterlogging stress. The results demonstrated that waterlogging stress causes chlorosis and necrosis in waxy corn leaves, inhibiting growth and leading to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which induces oxidative stress and, in turn, reduces membrane lipid peroxidation and the disruption of membrane homeostasis. This is specifically manifested in the increased concentrations of superoxide anion radicals ( O 2 - ), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA), in addition to increased relative electrical conductivity (REC%) values. The SY-MY13 strain exhibited growth superior to that of SY-XT1 when waterlogged due to its excellent waterlogging resistance. Thus, exogenous 6-BA was found to be effective in enhancing the growth of plants stressed by waterlogging in terms of the weight of the shoots and roots, shoot height, and leaf area. In addition to this, exogenous 6-BA also reduced the accumulation of O 2 - , H2O2, and MDA, increased ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) activity, and enhanced ascorbic acid (AsA), and reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration through the regulation of the efficiency of the AsA-GSH cycle system in maize plants. Hence, the application of exogenous 6-BA can alleviate waterlogging-induced damage and improve waterlogging tolerance in waxy corn via the activation of the AsA-GSH cycle system and the elimination of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wang
- College of Agronomy, Specialty Corn Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Daye Wang
- College of Agronomy, Specialty Corn Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Min Zhu
- College of Agronomy, Specialty Corn Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fenghai Li
- College of Agronomy, Specialty Corn Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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16
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Jamloki A, Bhattacharyya M, Nautiyal MC, Patni B. Elucidating the relevance of high temperature and elevated CO 2 in plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) production. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07709. [PMID: 34430728 PMCID: PMC8371220 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are plant products that are discontinuously distributed throughout the plant kingdom. These secondary compounds have various chemical groups and are named according to their chemical constituents. For their ability to defend biotic and abiotic stresses they are considered as plants' defensive compounds. These metabolites take part in plant protection from insects, herbivores, and extreme environmental conditions. They are indirectly involved in plants’ growth and development. Secondary metabolites are also used by people in the form of medicines, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, colors, fragrances, flavorings, food additives, biopesticides, and drugs development. However, the increase in atmospheric temperature by several anthropogenic activities majorly by the combustion of hydrocarbons is a great issue now. On the other hand, climate change leaves an impact on the quality and quantity of plant secondary metabolites. It is measured that several greenhouse gases (GHGs) are present in the atmosphere, like Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), nitrous oxides (NOx), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4) and Ozone (O3), etc. CO2, the major greenhouse gas is essential for photosynthesis. On the other hand, CO2 plays a significant role in the up-regulation of atmospheric temperature. Plants produce various types of primary metabolites such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, membrane lipids, nucleic acids, and chlorophyll as well as a variety of secondary metabolites from photosynthesis. The high temperature in the atmosphere creates heat stress for plants. As a matter of fact many morphological, physiological and biochemical changes occur in the plant. The high temperature invariably elicits the production of several secondary metabolites within plants. Various strategies have been universally documented to improve the production of PSMs. With this objective, the focus of the current review is to further investigate and discuss futuristic scenarios the effect of elevated CO2 and high temperature on PSMs production which may perhaps beneficial for pharmaceutical industries, biotechnology industries, and also in climate change researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Jamloki
- High Altitude Plant Physiology Research Centre (HAPPRC), H.N.B. Garhwal University, Post Box: 14, Srinagar Garhwal, 246174, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Malini Bhattacharyya
- High Altitude Plant Physiology Research Centre (HAPPRC), H.N.B. Garhwal University, Post Box: 14, Srinagar Garhwal, 246174, Uttarakhand, India
| | - M C Nautiyal
- High Altitude Plant Physiology Research Centre (HAPPRC), H.N.B. Garhwal University, Post Box: 14, Srinagar Garhwal, 246174, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Babita Patni
- High Altitude Plant Physiology Research Centre (HAPPRC), H.N.B. Garhwal University, Post Box: 14, Srinagar Garhwal, 246174, Uttarakhand, India
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17
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Roy S, Mathur P. Delineating the mechanisms of elevated CO 2 mediated growth, stress tolerance and phytohormonal regulation in plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:1345-1365. [PMID: 34169360 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02738-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change has drastically affected natural ecosystems and crop productivity. Among several factors of global climate change, CO2 is considered to be the dynamic parameter that will regulate the responses of all biological system on earth in the coming decade. A number of experimental studies in the past have demonstrated the positive effects of elevated CO2 on photosynthesis, growth and biomass, biochemical and physiological processes such as increased C:N ratio, secondary metabolite production, as well as phytohormone concentrations. On the other hand, elevated CO2 imparts an adverse effect on the nutritional quality of crop plants and seed quality. Investigations have also revealed effects of elevated CO2 both at cellular and molecular level altering expression of various genes involved in various metabolic processes and stress signaling pathways. Elevated CO2 is known to have mitigating effect on plants in presence of abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, temperature etc., while contrasting effects in the presence of different biotic agents i.e. phytopathogens, insects and herbivores. However, a well-defined crosstalk is incited by elevated CO2 both under abiotic and biotic stresses in terms of phytohormones concentration and secondary metabolites production. With this background, the present review attempts to shed light on the major effects of elevated CO2 on plant growth, physiological and molecular responses and will highlight the interactive effects of elevated CO2 with other abiotic and biotic factors. The article will also provide deep insights into the phytohormones modulation under elevated CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnendu Roy
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Dist. Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
| | - Piyush Mathur
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Dist. Darjeeling, West Bengal, India.
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18
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Peng WQ, Xiao G, Li BY, Guo YY, Guo L, Tang QQ. l-Theanine Activates the Browning of White Adipose Tissue Through the AMPK/α-Ketoglutarate/Prdm16 Axis and Ameliorates Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice. Diabetes 2021; 70:1458-1472. [PMID: 33863801 DOI: 10.2337/db20-1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
l-Theanine is a nonprotein amino acid with much beneficial efficacy. We found that intraperitoneal treatment of the mice with l-theanine (100 mg/kg/day) enhanced adaptive thermogenesis and induced the browning of inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) with elevated expression of Prdm16, Ucp1, and other thermogenic genes. Meanwhile, administration of the mice with l-theanine increased energy expenditure. In vitro studies indicated that l-theanine induced the development of brown-like features in adipocytes. The shRNA-mediated depletion of Prdm16 blunted the role of l-theanine in promoting the brown-like phenotypes in adipocytes and in the iWAT of mice. l-theanine treatment enhanced AMPKα phosphorylation both in adipocytes and iWAT. Knockdown of AMPKα abolished l-theanine-induced upregulation of Prdm16 and adipocyte browning. l-Theanine increased the α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) level in adipocytes, which may increase the transcription of Prdm16 by inducing active DNA demethylation on its promoter. AMPK activation was required for l-theanine-induced increase of α-KG and DNA demethylation on the Prdm16 promoter. Moreover, intraperitoneal administration with l-theanine ameliorated obesity, improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and reduced plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol, and free fatty acids in the high-fat diet-fed mice. Our results suggest a potential role of l-theanine in combating diet-induced obesity in mice, which may involve l-theanine-induced browning of WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Qiu Peng
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bai-Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Ying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-Qun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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19
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A Metabolic Choreography of Maize Plants Treated with a Humic Substance-Based Biostimulant under Normal and Starved Conditions. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11060403. [PMID: 34202973 PMCID: PMC8235525 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Humic substance (HS)-based biostimulants show potentials as sustainable strategies for improved crop development and stress resilience. However, cellular and molecular mechanisms governing the agronomically observed effects of HS on plants remain enigmatic. Here, we report a global metabolic reprogramming of maize leaves induced by a humic biostimulant under normal and nutrient starvation conditions. This reconfiguration of the maize metabolism spanned chemical constellations, as revealed by molecular networking approaches. Plant growth and development under normal conditions were characterized by key differential metabolic changes such as increased levels of amino acids, oxylipins and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) intermediate, isocitric acid. Furthermore, under starvation, the humic biostimulant significantly impacted pathways that are involved in stress-alleviating mechanisms such as redox homeostasis, strengthening of the plant cell wall, osmoregulation, energy production and membrane remodelling. Thus, this study reveals that the humic biostimulant induces a remodelling of inter-compartmental metabolic networks in maize, subsequently readjusting the plant physiology towards growth promotion and stress alleviation. Such insights contribute to ongoing efforts in elucidating modes of action of biostimulants, generating fundamental scientific knowledge that is necessary for development of the biostimulant industry, for sustainable food security.
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20
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The Implications of Post-Harvest Storage Time and Temperature on the Phytochemical Composition and Quality of Japanese-Styled Green Tea Grown in Australia: A Food Loss and Waste Recovery Opportunity. BEVERAGES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages7020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The increases in consumer awareness of the potential health benefits of green tea have driven global demand for green tea products. This study investigated the effect of post-harvest processing and storage of Japanese-styled green tea (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis) grown in NSW, Australia. Harvested material underwent a processing delay of 6, 12, 18 or 24 h at temperatures of 0, 5 and 25 °C. Targeted green tea constituents: theanine, caffeine and catechins were determined using HPLC with UV detection. Product quality and commercial value were determined using the Quality Index (QI) Tool. Reductions in constituent levels were evident within all storage delays, with nominal quality preservation achieved by reducing the temperature. The green tea material stored at 25 °C for 24 h created the most commercially valued product, despite it having visual characteristics more akin to a semi-fermented tea. These visual characteristics are traditionally considered markers of green tea damage and are discarded; however, QI-Tool scoring suggests that this raw material presents as a commercially favourable source of food loss and waste (FLW). The findings of this study extend our understanding of post-harvest processing delays and storage on green tea quality and suggest the viability of a commercially valuable semi-fermented produced from FLW.
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21
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Li X, Ahammed GJ, Zhang XN, Zhang L, Yan P, Zhang LP, Fu JY, Han WY. Melatonin-mediated regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis and antioxidant defense confer tolerance to arsenic stress in Camellia sinensis L. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123922. [PMID: 33264973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a toxic metalloid for both animals and plants. The signaling molecule melatonin can enhance abiotic stress tolerance, but the effects of As and melatonin on tea plants and the mechanisms of resilience remain unclear. Here we report that excess As causes severe oxidative stress in tea leaves as revealed by significantly reduced maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem-II, and increased reactive oxygen species accumulation and lipid peroxidation. However, exogenous melatonin application alleviated the As phytotoxicity and increased the anthocyanin content upto 69.4 % by selectively upregulating the expression of its biosynthetic genes such as CsCHS and CsANS. Comparison of As tolerance between two tea genotypes differing in basal levels of anthocyanin revealed that a tea cultivar with increased anthocyanin content, Zijuan (ZJ), showed enhanced tolerance to As stress compared with Longjing 43 (LJ43) that contained relatively low levels of anthocyanin. Interestingly, exogenous anthocyanin also enhanced As tolerance in LJ43, but exogenous melatonin did not improve As tolerance in ZJ genotype. Analysis of As content in tea leaves revealed that melatonin significantly reduced As content in LJ43 but not in ZJ, suggesting that melatonin-enhanced tolerance to As stress is largely dependent on the basal levels of anthocyanin in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, PR China
| | - Xue-Ning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China
| | - Peng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China
| | - Li-Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China
| | - Jian-Yu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China
| | - Wen-Yan Han
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China.
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22
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Shi S, Qiu Y, Wen M, Xu X, Dong X, Xu C, He X. Daytime, Not Nighttime, Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Exposure Improves Plant Growth and Leaf Quality of Mulberry ( Morus alba L.) Seedlings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:609031. [PMID: 33613585 PMCID: PMC7890035 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.609031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Almost all elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations (eCO2) studies have not addressed the potential responses of plant growth to different CO2 in daytime and nighttime. The present study was to determine the impact of daytime and/or nighttime eCO2 on growth and quality of mulberry (Morus alba L.), a perennial multipurpose cash plant. Six-month-old mulberry seedlings were hence grown in environmentally auto-controlled growth chambers under four CO2 concentrations: (1) ambient CO2 (ACO2, 410 μmol mol-1 daytime/460 μmol mol-1 nighttime), (2) sole daytime elevated CO2 (DeCO2, 710 μmol mol-1/460 μmol mol-1), (3) sole nighttime elevated CO2 (NeCO2, 410 μmol mol-1/760 μmol mol-1), and (4) continuous daytime and nighttime elevated CO2 (D + NeCO2, 710 μmol mol-1/760 μmol mol-1). Plant growth characteristics, nutrient uptake, and leaf quality were then examined after 120 days of CO2 exposure. Compared to control, DeCO2 and (D + N)eCO2 increased plant biomass production and thus the harvest of nutrients and accumulation of leaf carbohydrates (starch, soluble sugar, and fatty acid) and N-containing compounds (free amino acid and protein), though there were some decreases in the concentration of leaf N, P, Mg, Fe, and Zn. NeCO2 had no significant effects on leaf yield but an extent positive effect on leaf nutritional quality due to their concentration increase in leaf B, Cu, starch, and soluble sugar. Meanwhile, (D + N)eCO2 decreased mulberry leaf yield and harvest of nutritious compounds for silkworm when compared with DeCO2. The reason may be associated to N, P, Mg, Fe, and Zn that are closely related to leaf pigment and N metabolism. Therefore, the rational application of mineral nutrient (especially N, P, Fe, Mg, and Zn) fertilizers is important for a sustainable mulberry production under future atmosphere CO2 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songmei Shi
- Centre of Excellence for Soil Biology, School of Resource and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuling Qiu
- Centre of Excellence for Soil Biology, School of Resource and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Miao Wen
- Centre of Excellence for Soil Biology, School of Resource and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (China West Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanchong, China
| | - Xingshui Dong
- Centre of Excellence for Soil Biology, School of Resource and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenyang Xu
- Centre of Excellence for Soil Biology, School of Resource and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinhua He
- Centre of Excellence for Soil Biology, School of Resource and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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23
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Hazra A, Saha S, Dasgupta N, Kumar R, Sengupta C, Das S. Ecophysiological traits differentially modulate secondary metabolite accumulation and antioxidant properties of tea plant [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2795. [PMID: 33531611 PMCID: PMC7854609 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82454-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to the diverse growing habitats, ecophysiology might have a regulatory impact on characteristic chemical components of tea plant. This study aimed to explore natural variations in the ecophysiological traits within seasons and the corresponding multifaceted biochemical responses given by the gene pool of 22 tea cultivars. Leaf temperature and intercellular carbon concentration (Ci), which varies as a function of transpiration and net photosynthesis respectively, have significant impact on the biochemical traits of the leaf. Occurrence of H2O2, in leaves, was associated to Ci that in turn influenced the lipid peroxidation. With the increment of Ci, total phenolics, epicatechin gallate (ECG), reducing power, and radical scavenging activity is lowered but total catechin and non-gallylated catechin derivatives (e.g. epicatechin or EC, epigallocatechin or EGC) are elevated. Leaf temperature is concomitantly associated (p ≤ 0.01) with phenolics, flavonoids, proanthocyanidin, tannin content, reducing power, iron chelation and free radical scavenging activities. Increased phenolic concentration in leaf cells, conceivably inhibit photosynthesis and moreover, gallic acid, thereafter conjugated to catechin derivatives. This study shed light on the fundamental information regarding ecophysiological impact on the quality determining biochemical characteristics of tea, which on further validation, might ascertain the genotype selection paradigm toward climate smart cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjan Hazra
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, B. T. Road, Kolkata, 700108, India
| | - Shrutakirti Saha
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, B. T. Road, Kolkata, 700108, India
| | - Nirjhar Dasgupta
- Department of Life Sciences, Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Kolkata, 700114, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Darjeeling Tea Research and Development Center, Kurseong, West Bengal, 734203, India
| | - Chandan Sengupta
- Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Sauren Das
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, B. T. Road, Kolkata, 700108, India.
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24
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Dawood MFA, Tahjib-Ul-Arif M, Sohag AAM, Abdel Latef AAH, Ragaey MM. Mechanistic Insight of Allantoin in Protecting Tomato Plants Against Ultraviolet C Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E11. [PMID: 33374845 PMCID: PMC7824269 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Allantoin ((AT) a purine metabolite)-mediated ultraviolet C (UVC) stress mitigation has not been studied to date. Here, we reported the physicochemical mechanisms of UVC-induced stress in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants, including an AT-directed mitigation strategy. UVC stress reduced plant growth and photosynthetic pigments. Heatmap and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that these toxic impacts were triggered by the greater oxidative damage and disruption of osmolyte homeostasis. However, pre-treatment of AT noticeably ameliorated the stress-induced toxicity as evident by enhanced chlorophyll, soluble protein, and soluble carbohydrate contents in AT-pretreated UVC-stressed plants relative to only stressed plants leading to the improvement of the plant growth and biomass. Moreover, AT pre-treatment enhanced endogenous AT and allantoate content, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, non-enzymatic antioxidants, and the enzymatic antioxidants leading to reduced oxidative stress markers compared with only stressed plants, indicating the protective effect of AT against oxidative damage. Moreover, PCA displayed that the protective roles of AT strongly associate with the improved antioxidants. On the other hand, post-treatment of AT showed less efficacy in UVC stress mitigation relative to pre-treatment of AT. Overall, this finding illustrated that AT pre-treatment could be an effective way to counteract the UVC stress in tomato, and perhaps in other crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona F. A. Dawood
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt;
| | - Md. Tahjib-Ul-Arif
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.T.-U.-A.); (A.A.M.S.)
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun Sohag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.T.-U.-A.); (A.A.M.S.)
| | - Arafat Abdel Hamed Abdel Latef
- Department of Biology, Turabah University College, Turabah Branch, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Marwa M. Ragaey
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, New Valley University, Al-Kharja 72511, Egypt;
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25
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Fan X, Zhang T, Ji Y, Li J, Long K, Yuan Y, Li Y, Xu Q, Chen N, Xie X. Pathway engineering of Escherichia coli for one-step fermentative production of L-theanine from sugars and ethylamine. Metab Eng Commun 2020; 11:e00151. [PMID: 33251110 PMCID: PMC7677707 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2020.e00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
L-theanine is the most abundant free amino acid in tea that offers various favorable physiological and pharmacological effects. Bacterial enzyme of γ-glutamylmethylamide synthetase (GMAS) can catalyze the synthesis of theanine from glutamate, ethylamine and ATP, but the manufacturing cost is uncompetitive due to the expensive substrates and complex processes. In this study, we described pathway engineering of wild-type Escherichia coli for one-step fermentative production of theanine from sugars and ethylamine. First, the synthetic pathway of theanine was conducted by heterologous introduction of a novel GMAS from Paracoccus aminovorans. A xylose-induced T7 RNA polymerase-PT7 promoter system was used to enhance and control gmas gene expression. Next, the precursor glutamate pool was increased by overexpression of native citrate synthase and introduction of glutamate dehydrogenase from Corynebacterium glutamicum. Then, in order to push more carbon flux towards theanine synthesis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle was interrupted and pyruvate carboxylase from C. glutamicum was introduced as a bypath supplying oxaloacetate from pyruvate. Finally, an energy-conserving phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase from Mannheimia succiniciproducens was introduced to increase ATP yield for theanine synthesis. After optimizing the addition time and concentration of ethylamine hydrochloride in the fed-batch fermentation, the recombinant strain TH11 produced 70.6 g/L theanine in a 5-L bioreactor with a yield and productivity of 0.42 g/g glucose and 2.72 g/L/h, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the pathway engineering of E. coli for fermentative production of theanine. The high production capacity of recombinant strain, combined with the easy processes, will hold attractive industrial application potential for the future. γ-Glutamylmethylamide synthetase from P. aminovorans showed high ligation activity. Xylose-induced T7 RNA polymerase-PT7 promoter system was used to control gene expression. TCA cycle was rewired to push more carbon flux toward theanine synthesis. Ethylamine feeding strategy was optimized to balance cell growth and theanine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China.,College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Tong Zhang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Yuanqing Ji
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Keyi Long
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Yue Yuan
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China.,College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Qingyang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China.,College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Ning Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China.,College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Xixian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China.,College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
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26
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Li X, Li MH, Deng WW, Ahammed GJ, Wei JP, Yan P, Zhang LP, Fu JY, Han WY. Exogenous melatonin improves tea quality under moderate high temperatures by increasing epigallocatechin-3-gallate and theanine biosynthesis in Camellia sinensis L. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 253:153273. [PMID: 32927134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Global warming has multifarious effects on crop growth and productivity. Nonetheless, the effects of moderate-high temperatures and melatonin on tea yield and quality remain unclear. In this study, we found that melatonin, a universal growth stimulatory molecule, not only promotes photosynthesis and biomass accumulation in tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.) but also improves tea quality under sub high temperature (SHT). SHT increased the dry biomass and photosynthesis by 40.8% and 28.1%, respectively, and exogenous melatonin caused a further improvement. Moreover, SHT increased the total polyphenol concentrations and decreased the free amino acid concentrations, leading to a significant increase (68.2%) in polyphenol to free amino acid ratio. However, melatonin decreased the polyphenol to free amino acid ratio by delicately improving the concentrations of polyphenols and amino acids. Consistent with the total polyphenol, melatonin increased the concentrations of (-)-catechin, (-)-gallocatechin (GC), and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in tea leaves. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed that melatonin increased the transcript levels of catechins biosynthesis genes, such as CsCHS, CsCH1, CsF3H, CsDFR, CsANS, CsLAR, and CsANR under SHT. Meanwhile, the theanine concentration was decreased by SHT, which was attributed to the attenuated expression of CsGS, CsGOGAT, CsGDH, and CsTS1. Nonetheless, melatonin significantly increased those transcripts and the content of theanine under SHT. Melatonin also increased the caffeine content by inducing the expression of CsTIDH, CssAMS, and CsTCS1. These results suggest that melatonin could positively alter tea growth and quality by modulating the photosynthesis and biosynthesis of polyphenols, amino acids, and caffeine in tea leaves under SHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China
| | - Meng-Han Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China
| | - Wei-Wei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China.
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, PR China.
| | - Ji-Peng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China
| | - Peng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China
| | - Li-Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China
| | - Jian-Yu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China
| | - Wen-Yan Han
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China.
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27
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Sardans J, Gargallo-Garriga A, Urban O, Klem K, Walker TW, Holub P, Janssens IA, Peñuelas J. Ecometabolomics for a Better Understanding of Plant Responses and Acclimation to Abiotic Factors Linked to Global Change. Metabolites 2020; 10:E239. [PMID: 32527044 PMCID: PMC7345909 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10060239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of ecometabolomic studies, which use metabolomic analyses to disentangle organisms' metabolic responses and acclimation to a changing environment, has grown exponentially in recent years. Here, we review the results and conclusions of ecometabolomic studies on the impacts of four main drivers of global change (increasing frequencies of drought episodes, heat stress, increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and increasing nitrogen (N) loads) on plant metabolism. Ecometabolomic studies of drought effects confirmed findings of previous target studies, in which most changes in metabolism are characterized by increased concentrations of soluble sugars and carbohydrate derivatives and frequently also by elevated concentrations of free amino acids. Secondary metabolites, especially flavonoids and terpenes, also commonly exhibited increased concentrations when drought intensified. Under heat and increasing N loads, soluble amino acids derived from glutamate and glutamine were the most responsive metabolites. Foliar metabolic responses to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations were dominated by greater production of monosaccharides and associated synthesis of secondary metabolites, such as terpenes, rather than secondary metabolites synthesized along longer sugar pathways involving N-rich precursor molecules, such as those formed from cyclic amino acids and along the shikimate pathway. We suggest that breeding for crop genotypes tolerant to drought and heat stress should be based on their capacity to increase the concentrations of C-rich compounds more than the concentrations of smaller N-rich molecules, such as amino acids. This could facilitate rapid and efficient stress response by reducing protein catabolism without compromising enzymatic capacity or increasing the requirement for re-transcription and de novo biosynthesis of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Sardans
- Spain National Research Council (CSIC), Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (A.G.-G.); (J.P.)
- Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF) Institute, 08193 Cerdanyola del vallès, Spain
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (O.U.); (K.K.); (P.H.)
| | - Albert Gargallo-Garriga
- Spain National Research Council (CSIC), Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (A.G.-G.); (J.P.)
- Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF) Institute, 08193 Cerdanyola del vallès, Spain
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (O.U.); (K.K.); (P.H.)
| | - Otmar Urban
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (O.U.); (K.K.); (P.H.)
| | - Karel Klem
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (O.U.); (K.K.); (P.H.)
| | - Tom W.N. Walker
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Petr Holub
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (O.U.); (K.K.); (P.H.)
| | - Ivan A. Janssens
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- Spain National Research Council (CSIC), Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (A.G.-G.); (J.P.)
- Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF) Institute, 08193 Cerdanyola del vallès, Spain
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (O.U.); (K.K.); (P.H.)
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28
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Zhang XN, Liao YWK, Wang XR, Zhang L, Ahammed GJ, Li QY, Li X. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate enhances tomato resistance to tobacco mosaic virus by modulating RBOH1-dependent H 2O 2 signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 150:263-269. [PMID: 32171165 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is one of the most damaging plant viruses from an economic and research point of view. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG), a flavonoid type secondary metabolite can selectively improve plant defense against pathogens; however, the effect of EGCG on plant defense against TMV and the underlying mechanism(s) remain elusive. In this study, exogenous EGCG application increased plant resistance to TMV as revealed by significantly decreased transcript levels of TMV-coat protein (CP) in tomato leaves. A time-course of H2O2 concentrations in tomato leaves showed that TMV inoculation rapidly increased the H2O2 accumulation, reaching its peak at 3 days post-inoculation (dpi) which remained the highest until 6 dpi. However, the combined treatment of EGCG and TMV remarkably decreased the concentrations of H2O2 at 3 and 6 dpi. Meanwhile, the transcript levels of RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG 1 (SlRBOH1) were significantly increased by either EGCG or TMV inoculation, but the EGCG treatment along with TMV caused a further upregulation in the SlRBOH1 transcripts compared with that in only TMV-inoculated plants. Chemical scavenging of H2O2 or silencing SlRBOH1 both compromised the EGCG-induced enhanced resistance to TMV. Furthermore, EGCG-induced elevation in the activity of antioxidant enzymes was abolished by SlRBOH1 silencing, suggesting that EGCG enhanced defense against TMV by increasing the antioxidant enzyme activity via RBOH1-dependent H2O2 signaling. Taken together, our results suggest that EGCG functioned to maintain a delicate balance between ROS signaling and ROS scavenging via RBOH1, which enhanced tomato resistance to TMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ning Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China
| | - Yang-Wen-Ke Liao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, PR China
| | - Xiao-Rong Wang
- School of Economics and Management, Hebei University of Architecture, Zhangjiakou, 075000, PR China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, PR China.
| | - Qing-Yun Li
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, PR China.
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China.
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29
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Muoki CR, Maritim TK, Oluoch WA, Kamunya SM, Bore JK. Combating Climate Change in the Kenyan Tea Industry. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:339. [PMID: 32269583 PMCID: PMC7109314 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Climate change triggered by global warming poses a major threat to agricultural systems globally. This phenomenon is characterized by emergence of pests and diseases, extreme weather events, such as prolonged drought, high intensity rains, hailstones and frosts, which are becoming more frequent ultimately impacting negatively to agricultural production including rain-fed tea cultivation. Kenya is predominantly an agricultural based economy, with the tea sector generating about 26% of the total export earnings and about 4% gross domestic product (GDP). In the recent years, however, the country has witnessed unstable trends in tea production associated with climate driven stresses. Toward mitigation and adaptation of climate change, multiple approaches for impact assessment, intensity prediction and adaptation have been advanced in the Kenyan tea sub-sector. Further, pressure on tea breeders to release improved climate-compatible cultivars for the rapidly deteriorating environment has resulted in the adoption of a multi-targeted approach seeking to understand the complex molecular regulatory networks associated with biotic and abiotic stresses adaptation and tolerance in tea. Genetic modeling, a powerful tool that assists in breeding process, has also been adopted for selection of tea cultivars for optimal performance under varying climatic conditions. A range of physiological and biochemical responses known to counteract the effects of environmental stresses in most plants that include lowering the rates of cellular growth and net photosynthesis, stomatal closure, and the accumulation of organic solutes such as sugar alcohols, or osmolytes have been used to support breeding programs through screening of new tea cultivars suitable for changing environment. This review describes simulation models combined with high resolution climate change scenarios required to quantify the relative importance of climate change on tea production. In addition, both biodiversity and ecosystem based approaches are described as a part of an overall adaptation strategy to mitigate adverse effects of climate change on tea in Kenya and gaps highlighted for urgent investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalo Richard Muoki
- Crop Improvement and Management Programme, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Tea Research Institute, Kericho, Kenya
| | - Tony Kipkoech Maritim
- Crop Improvement and Management Programme, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Tea Research Institute, Kericho, Kenya
| | - Wyclife Agumba Oluoch
- Sustainable Ecosystem Management and Conservation Programme, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Tea Research Institute, Kericho, Kenya
| | - Samson Machohi Kamunya
- Crop Improvement and Management Programme, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Tea Research Institute, Kericho, Kenya
| | - John Kipkoech Bore
- Sustainable Ecosystem Management and Conservation Programme, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Tea Research Institute, Kericho, Kenya
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30
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Ahammed GJ, Li X, Liu A, Chen S. Physiological and Defense Responses of Tea Plants to Elevated CO 2: A Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:305. [PMID: 32265958 PMCID: PMC7103652 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide, an important driver of climate change, has multifarious effects on crop yields and quality. Despite tremendous progress in understanding the mechanisms of plant responses to elevated CO2, only a few studies have examined the CO2-enrichment effects on tea plants. Tea [Camellia sinensis (L.)], a non-deciduous woody perennial plant, operates massive physiologic, metabolic and transcriptional reprogramming to adapt to increasing CO2. Tea leaves elevate photosynthesis when grown at CO2-enriched environment which is attributed to increased maximum carboxylation rate of RuBisCO and maximum rates of RuBP regeneration. Elevated CO2-induced photosynthesis enhances the energy demand which triggers respiration. Stimulation of photosynthesis and respiration by elevated CO2 promotes biomass production. Moreover, elevated CO2 increases total carbon content, but it decreases total nitrogen content, leading to an increased ratio of carbon to nitrogen in tea leaves. Elevated CO2 alters the tea quality by differentially influencing the concentrations and biosynthetic gene expression of tea polyphenols, free amino acids, catechins, theanine, and caffeine. Signaling molecules salicylic acid and nitric oxide function in a hierarchy to mediate the elevated CO2-induced flavonoid biosynthesis in tea leaves. Despite enhanced synthesis of defense compounds, tea plant defense to some insects and pathogens is compromised under elevated CO2. Here we review the physiological and metabolic responses of tea plants to elevated CO2. In addition, the potential impacts of elevated CO2 on tea yield and defense responses are discussed. We also show research gaps and critical research areas relating to elevated CO2 and tea quality for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Golam Jalal Ahammed,
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Li,
| | - Airong Liu
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Shuangchen Chen
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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31
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Li L, Wang M, Pokharel SS, Li C, Parajulee MN, Chen F, Fang W. Effects of elevated CO 2 on foliar soluble nutrients and functional components of tea, and population dynamics of tea aphid, Toxoptera aurantii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 145:84-94. [PMID: 31675526 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The rising atmospheric CO2 concentration has shown to affect plant physiology and chemistry by altering plant primary and secondary metabolisms. Nevertheless, the impacts of elevated CO2 on plant nutrients and functional components of tea remain largely unknown, which will likely affect tea quality and taste under climate change scenario. Being sources of nutrients and secondary chemicals/metabolites for herbivorous insects, the variation in foliar soluble nutrients and functional components of tea plants resulting from CO2 enrichment will further affect the herbivorous insects' occurrence and feeding ecology. In this study, the tea aphid, Toxoptera aurantii was selected as the phloem-feeding herbivore to study the effects of elevated CO2 on foliar soluble nutrients and functional components of tea seedlings, and the population dynamics of T. aurantii. The results indicated that elevated CO2 enhanced the photosynthetic ability and improved the plant growth of tea seedlings compared with ambient CO2, with significant increases in net photosynthetic rate (+20%), intercellular CO2 concentration (+15.74%), leaf biomass (+15.04%) and root-to-shoot ratio (+8.08%), and significant decreases in stomatal conductance (-5.52%) and transpiration rate (-9.40%) of tea seedlings. Moreover, elevated CO2 significantly increased the foliar content of soluble sugars (+4.74%), theanine (+3.66%) and polyphenols (+12.01%) and reduced the foliar content of free amino acids (-9.09%) and caffeine (-3.38%) of tea seedlings compared with ambient CO2. Furthermore, the relative transcript levels of the genes of theanine synthetase (+18.64%), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (+49.50%), s'-adenosine methionine synthetase (+143.03%) and chalcone synthase (+61.86%) were up-regulated, and that of caffeine synthase (-56.91%) was down-regulated for the tea seedlings grown under elevated CO2 relative to ambient CO2. In addition, the foliar contents of jasmonic acid (+98.6%) and salicylic acid (+155.6%) also increased for the tea seedlings grown under elevated CO2 in contrast to ambient CO2. Also, significant increases in the population abundance of T. aurantii (+4.24%-41.17%) were observed when they fed on tea seedlings grown under elevated CO2 compared to ambient CO2. It is presumed that the tea quality and taste will be improved owing to the enhanced foliar soluble nutrients and functional components of tea seedlings under the climate change scenario, especially on account of the rising atmospheric CO2 concentration, while the climate change may exacerbate the occurrence of tea aphid, T. aurantii, despite the enhanced secondary defensive chemicals manifested by the CO2 enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likun Li
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mengfei Wang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | | | - Chunxu Li
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Megha N Parajulee
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and ExtensionCenter, Lubbock, TX79403, USA
| | - Fajun Chen
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Wanping Fang
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, China.
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Zou Z, Liu F, Chen C, Fernando WGD. Effect of Elevated CO 2 Concentration on the Disease Severity of Compatible and Incompatible Interactions of Brassica napus- Leptosphaeria maculans Pathosystem. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E484. [PMID: 31717434 PMCID: PMC6918218 DOI: 10.3390/plants8110484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Global warming by increased atmospheric CO2 concentration has been widely accepted. Yet, there has not been any consistent conclusion on the doubled CO2 concentration that in the future will affect plant disease incidence and severity. Blackleg disease, mainly caused by Leptosphaeria maculans, is a major disease on canola production globally. Brassica napus and L. maculans have a gene-for-gene interaction, which causes an incompatible reaction between canola plants carrying resistance genes and L. maculans isolates carrying corresponding avirulence genes. In this study, B. napus varieties and lines inoculated with different Leptosphaeria isolates were subjected to simulated growth conditions, namely, growth chambers with normal environments and with controlled CO2 concentrations of 400, 600, and 800 ppm. The results indicated that the elevated CO2 concentrations have no noticeable effect on the inferred phenotypes of the canola-blackleg interactions. However, the disease severity decreased in most of the B. napus-L. maculans interactions at extremely high CO2 concentration (800 ppm). The varied pathogenicity changes of the B. napus-L. maculans pathosystem under elevated CO2 concentrations at 400 or 600 ppm may be due to the genetic background or physiological differences in plants and pathogenicity differences in L. maculans isolates having different Avr gene profiles. The mechanisms by which elevated CO2 concentrations affect the B. napus-L. maculans pathosystem will help us understand how climate change will impact crops and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Zou
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 66 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; (Z.Z.); (F.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 66 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; (Z.Z.); (F.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Changqin Chen
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 66 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; (Z.Z.); (F.L.); (C.C.)
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - W. G. Dilantha Fernando
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 66 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; (Z.Z.); (F.L.); (C.C.)
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Ahmed S, Griffin TS, Kraner D, Schaffner MK, Sharma D, Hazel M, Leitch AR, Orians CM, Han W, Stepp JR, Robbat A, Matyas C, Long C, Xue D, Houser RF, Cash SB. Environmental Factors Variably Impact Tea Secondary Metabolites in the Context of Climate Change. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:939. [PMID: 31475018 PMCID: PMC6702324 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is impacting food and beverage crops around the world with implications for environmental and human well-being. While numerous studies have examined climate change effects on crop yields, relatively few studies have examined effects on crop quality (concentrations of nutrients, minerals, and secondary metabolites). This review article employs a culturally relevant beverage crop, tea (Camelia sinensis), as a lens to examine environmental effects linked to climate change on the directionality of crop quality. Our systematic review identified 86 articles as relevant to the review question. Findings provide evidence that shifts in seasonality, water stress, geography, light factors, altitude, herbivory and microbes, temperature, and soil factors that are linked to climate change can result in both increases and decreases up to 50% in secondary metabolites. A gap was found regarding evidence on the direct effects of carbon dioxide on tea quality, highlighting a critical research area for future study. While this systematic review provides evidence that multiple environmental parameters are impacting tea quality, the directionality and magnitude of these impacts is not clear with contradictory evidence between studies likely due to confounding factors including variation in tea variety, cultivar, specific environmental and agricultural management conditions, and differences in research methods. The environmental factors with the most consistent evidence in this systematic review were seasonality and water stress with 14 out of 18 studies (78%) demonstrating a decrease in concentrations of phenolic compounds or their bioactivity with a seasonal shift from the spring and /or first tea harvest to other seasons and seven out of 10 studies (70%) showing an increase in levels of phenolic compounds or their bioactivity with drought stress. Herbivory and soil fertility were two of the variables that showed the greatest contradictory evidence on tea quality. Both herbivory and soil fertility are variables which farmers have the greatest control over, pointing to the importance of agricultural management for climate mitigation and adaptation. The development of evidence-based management strategies and crop breeding programs for resilient cultivars are called for to mitigate climate impacts on crop quality and overall risk in agricultural and food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena Ahmed
- Food and Health Lab, Sustainable Food Systems Program, Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Timothy S. Griffin
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Debra Kraner
- Food and Health Lab, Sustainable Food Systems Program, Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - M. Katherine Schaffner
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Food and Health Lab, Sustainable Food Systems Program, Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Matthew Hazel
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alicia R. Leitch
- Food and Health Lab, Sustainable Food Systems Program, Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Colin M. Orians
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Wenyan Han
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - John Richard Stepp
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Albert Robbat
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Corene Matyas
- Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Chunlin Long
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, and College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Dayuan Xue
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Robert F. Houser
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sean B. Cash
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
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34
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Li X, Zhang LP, Zhang L, Yan P, Ahammed GJ, Han WY. Methyl Salicylate Enhances Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Tea Leaves by Stimulating the Phenylpropanoid Pathway. Molecules 2019; 24:E362. [PMID: 30669582 PMCID: PMC6359712 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) is a secondary metabolite that regulates plant growth, development and responses to stress. However, the role of SA in the biosynthesis of flavonoids (a large class of secondary metabolites) in tea (Camellia sinensis L.) remains largely unknown. Here, we show that exogenous methyl salicylate (MeSA, the methyl ester of SA) increased flavonoid concentration in tea leaves in a dose-dependent manner. While a moderate concentration of MeSA (1 mM) resulted in the highest increase in flavonoid concentration, a high concentration of MeSA (5 mM) decreased flavonoid concentration in tea leaves. A time-course of flavonoid concentration following 1 mM MeSA application showed that flavonoid concentration peaked at 2 days after treatment and then gradually declined, reaching a concentration lower than that of control after 6 days. Consistent with the time course of flavonoid concentration, MeSA enhanced the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, a key enzyme for the biosynthesis of flavonoids) as early as 12 h after the treatment, which peaked after 1 day and then gradually declined upto 6 days. qRT-PCR analysis of the genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis revealed that exogenous MeSA upregulated the expression of genes such as CsPAL, CsC4H, Cs4CL, CsCHS, CsCHI, CsF3H, CsDFR, CsANS and CsUFGT in tea leaves. These results suggest a role for MeSA in modulating the flavonoid biosynthesis in green tea leaves, which might have potential implications in manipulating the tea quality and stress tolerance in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Li-Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Lan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Peng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China.
| | - Wen-Yan Han
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China.
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35
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Li X, Wei JP, Ahammed GJ, Zhang L, Li Y, Yan P, Zhang LP, Han WY. Brassinosteroids Attenuate Moderate High Temperature-Caused Decline in Tea Quality by Enhancing Theanine Biosynthesis in Camellia sinensis L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1016. [PMID: 30087682 PMCID: PMC6066615 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is a major environmental signal that governs plant growth and development. A moderately high ambient temperature alters plant metabolism without significant induction of heat-stress responses. Despite ancillary reports on the negative effect of warmer climate on tea quality, information on specific effect of sub high temperature (SHT) on theanine accumulation is scanty. L-Theanine is the most abundant free amino acid in tea (Camellia sinensis L.) leaves that contributes to the unique umami flavor of green tea infusion. Tea harvested in warmer months lacks distinctive umami taste due to low theanine content. In this study, we showed that SHT (35°C) gradually decreased theanine concentration over time, which was closely associated with the SHT-induced suppression in theanine biosynthetic genes. 24-epibrassinolide (BR), a bioactive brassinosteroids, attenuated the SHT-induced reduction in theanine concentration by upregulating the transcript levels of theanine biosynthetic genes, such as ARGININE DECARBOXYLASE (CsADC), GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE (CsGS), GLUTAMATE SYNTHASE (CsGOGAT) and THEANINE SYNTHASE (CsTS). Furthermore, time-course analysis of the activity of theanine biosynthetic enzyme reveals that BR-induced regulation of GS and GOGAT activity plays essential role in maintaining theanine content in tea leaves under SHT, which is consistent with the central position of GOGAT in theanine biosynthetic pathway. Therefore, it is convincing to propose that exogenous BR treatment can be advocated to improve summer tea quality by enhancing in vivo accumulation of theanine. However, a future challenge is to use this information on the role of BR in theanine biosynthesis and thermotolerance to further understand how BR may be tuned to benefit plant fitness for enhancing tea quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Peng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Golam J. Ahammed
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Yan Han
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wen-Yan Han,
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