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Liang T, Yang SX, Qian C, Du LD, Qian ZM, Yung WH, Ke Y. HMGB1 Mediates Inflammation-Induced DMT1 Increase and Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration in the Early Stage of Parkinsonism. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2006-2020. [PMID: 37833459 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03668-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Both neuroinflammation and iron accumulation play roles in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, whether inflammation induces iron dyshomeostasis in dopaminergic neurons at an early stage of PD, at which no quantifiable dopaminergic neuron loss can be observed, is still unknown. As for the inflammation mediators, although several cytokines have been reported to increase in PD, the functions of these cytokines in the SN are double-edged and controversial. In this study, whether inflammation could induce iron dyshomeostasis in dopaminergic neurons through high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) in the early stage of PD is explored. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a toxin that primarily activates glia cells, and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), the neurotoxin that firstly impacts dopaminergic neurons, were utilized to mimic PD in rats. We found a common and exceedingly early over-production of HMGB1, followed by an increase of divalent metal transporter 1 with iron responsive element (DMT1+) in the dopaminergic neurons before quantifiable neuronal loss. HMGB1 neutralizing antibody suppressed inflammation in the SN, DMT1+ elevation in dopaminergic neurons, and dopaminergic neuronal loss in both LPS and 6-OHDA administration- induced PD models. On the contrary, interleukin-1β inhibitor diacerein failed to suppress these outcomes induced by 6-OHDA. Our findings not only demonstrate that inflammation could be one of the causes of DMT1+ increase in dopaminergic neurons, but also highlight HMGB1 as a pivotal early mediator of inflammation-induced iron increase and subsequent neurodegeneration, thereby HMGB1 could serve as a potential target for early-stage PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Liang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Sheng-Xi Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Christopher Qian
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Li-Da Du
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Wing-Ho Yung
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ya Ke
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Shatin, China.
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Xue J, Tao K, Wang W, Wang X. What Can Inflammation Tell Us about Therapeutic Strategies for Parkinson's Disease? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1641. [PMID: 38338925 PMCID: PMC10855787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder with a complicated etiology and pathogenesis. α-Synuclein aggregation, dopaminergic (DA) neuron loss, mitochondrial injury, oxidative stress, and inflammation are involved in the process of PD. Neuroinflammation has been recognized as a key element in the initiation and progression of PD. In this review, we summarize the inflammatory response and pathogenic mechanisms of PD. Additionally, we describe the potential anti-inflammatory therapies, including nod-like receptor pyrin domain containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome inhibition, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) inhibition, microglia inhibition, astrocyte inhibition, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase inhibition, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist, targeting the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, targeting the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent pathway, targeting α-synuclein, targeting miRNA, acupuncture, and exercise. The review focuses on inflammation and will help in designing new prevention strategies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Xue
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (K.T.); (W.W.)
| | | | | | - Xiaofei Wang
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (K.T.); (W.W.)
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Luo EY, Sugimura RR. Taming microglia: the promise of engineered microglia in treating neurological diseases. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:19. [PMID: 38212785 PMCID: PMC10785527 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the CNS-resident immune cells, are implicated in many neurological diseases. Nearly one in six of the world's population suffers from neurological disorders, encompassing neurodegenerative and neuroautoimmune diseases, most with dysregulated neuroinflammation involved. Activated microglia become phagocytotic and secret various immune molecules, which are mediators of the brain immune microenvironment. Given their ability to penetrate through the blood-brain barrier in the neuroinflammatory context and their close interaction with neurons and other glial cells, microglia are potential therapeutic delivery vehicles and modulators of neuronal activity. Re-engineering microglia to treat neurological diseases is, thus, increasingly gaining attention. By altering gene expression, re-programmed microglia can be utilized to deliver therapeutics to targeted sites and control neuroinflammation in various neuroinflammatory diseases. This review addresses the current development in microglial engineering, including genetic targeting and therapeutic modulation. Furthermore, we discuss limitations to the genetic engineering techniques and models used to test the functionality of re-engineered microglia, including cell culture and animal models. Finally, we will discuss future directions for the application of engineered microglia in treating neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Echo Yongqi Luo
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Rio Ryohichi Sugimura
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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Patil RS, Tupe RS. Communal interaction of glycation and gut microbes in diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:365-405. [PMID: 37589449 DOI: 10.1002/med.21987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes and its complications, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD) are increasing gradually, reflecting a global threat vis-à-vis expressing the essentiality of a substantial paradigm shift in research and remedial actions. Protein glycation is influenced by several factors, like time, temperature, pH, metal ions, and the half-life of the protein. Surprisingly, most proteins associated with metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders are generally long-lived and hence susceptible to glycation. Remarkably, proteins linked with diabetes, AD, and PD share this characteristic. This modulates protein's structure, aggregation tendency, and toxicity, highlighting renovated attention. Gut microbes and microbial metabolites marked their importance in human health and diseases. Though many scientific shreds of evidence are proposed for possible change and dysbiosis in gut flora in these diseases, very little is known about the mechanisms. Screening and unfolding their functionality in metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders is essential in hunting the gut treasure. Therefore, it is imperative to evaluate the role of glycation as a common link in diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases, which helps to clarify if modulation of nonenzymatic glycation may act as a beneficial therapeutic strategy and gut microbes/metabolites may answer some of the crucial questions. This review briefly emphasizes the common functional attributes of glycation and gut microbes, the possible linkages, and discusses current treatment options and therapeutic challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Shivaji Patil
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rashmi Santosh Tupe
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences (SSBS), Symbiosis International (Deemed University) (SIU), Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Naz S, Mahmood T, Gupta R, Siddiqui MH, Ahsan F, Ansari VA, Shamim A, Rizvi AA. Clinical Manifestation of AGE-RAGE Axis in Neurodegenerative and Cognitive Impairment Disorders. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2023. [PMID: 37040870 DOI: 10.1055/a-2004-3591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
The receptor of Advanced Glycation Endproducts (RAGE) and Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGE) have multiple functions in our body and their restraint are being observed in neurodegenerative and memory impairment disorders. The review of different pathways allows an understanding of the probable mechanism of neurodegeneration and memory impairment involving RAGE and AGE. Commonly we observe AGE accumulation in neural cells and tissues but the extent of accumulation increases with the presence of memory impairment disorder. The presence of AGEs can also be seen in morbid accumulation, pathological structures in the form of amyloid clots, and nervous fibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and memory impairment disease.Many neuropathological and biochemical aspects of AD are explained by AGEs, including widespread protein crosslinking, glial activation of oxidative stress, and neuronal cell death. Oxidative stress is due to different reasons and glycation end products set in motion and form or define various actions which are normally due to AGE changes in a pathogenic cascade. By regulating the transit of ß-amyloid in and out of the brain or altering inflammatory pathways, AGE and it's ensnare receptor such as soluble RAGE may function as blockage or shield AD development. RAGE activates the transcription-controlling factor Necrosis Factor (NF-κB) and increases the protraction of cytokines, like a higher number of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-α) and Interleukin (IL-I) by inducing several signal transduction cascades. Furthermore, binding to RAGE can pro-activate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is popularly known to cause neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabreena Naz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Tarique Mahmood
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Ramesh Gupta
- Department of Pharmacy, Hygia Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Farogh Ahsan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Vaseem Ahamad Ansari
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Arshiya Shamim
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Ali Abbas Rizvi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India
- Department of Pharmacy, Hygia Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Lucknow, India
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Chegão A, Vicente Miranda H. Unveiling new secrets in Parkinson's disease: The glycatome. Behav Brain Res 2023; 442:114309. [PMID: 36706808 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We are witnessing a considerable increase in the incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD), which may be due to the general ageing of the population. While there is a plethora of therapeutic strategies for this disease, they still fail to arrest disease progression as they do not target and prevent the neurodegenerative process. The identification of disease-causing mutations allowed researchers to better dissect the underlying causes of this disease, highlighting, for example, the pathogenic role of alpha-synuclein. However, most PD cases are sporadic, which is making it hard to unveil the major causative mechanisms of this disease. In the recent years, epidemiological evidence suggest that type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) individuals have higher risk and worst outcomes of PD, allowing to raise the hypothesis that some dysregulated processes in T2DM may contribute or even trigger the neurodegenerative process in PD. One major consequence of T2DM is the unprogrammed reaction between sugars, increased in T2DM, and proteins, a reaction named glycation. Pre-clinical reports show that alpha-synuclein is a target of glycation, and glycation potentiates its pathogenicity which contributes for the neurodegenerative process. Moreover, it triggers, anticipates, or aggravates several PD-like motor and non-motor complications. A given profile of proteins are differently glycated in diseased conditions, altering the brain proteome and leading to brain dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Herein we coin the term Glycatome as the profile of glycated proteins. In this review we report on the mechanisms underlying the association between T2DM and PD, with particular focus on the impact of protein glycation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Chegão
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hugo Vicente Miranda
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Perez-Rodriguez D, Kalyva M, Santucci C, Proukakis C. Somatic CNV Detection by Single-Cell Whole-Genome Sequencing in Postmortem Human Brain. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2561:205-230. [PMID: 36399272 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2655-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The evidence for a role of somatic mutations, including copy-number variants (CNVs), in neurodegeneration has increased in the last decade. However, the understanding of the types and origins of these mutations, and their exact contributions to disease onset and progression, is still in its infancy. The use of single-cell (or nuclear) whole-genome sequencing (scWGS) has emerged as a powerful tool to answer these questions. In the present chapter, we provide laboratory and bioinformatic protocols used successfully in our lab to detect megabase-scale CNVs in single cells from multiple system atrophy (MSA) human postmortem brains, using immunolabeling prior to selection of nuclei for whole-genome amplification (WGA). We also present an unpublished comparison of scWGS generated from the same control substantia nigra (SN) sample, using the latest versions of popular WGA chemistries, MDA and PicoPLEX. We have used this protocol to focus on brain cell types most relevant to synucleinopathies (dopaminergic [DA] neurons in Parkinson's disease [PD] and oligodendrocytes in MSA), but it can be applied to any tissue and/or cell type with appropriate markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Perez-Rodriguez
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Kalyva
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Catherine Santucci
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christos Proukakis
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
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Gelain DP, Bittencourt RR, Bastos Mendes LF, Moreira JCF, Outeiro TF. RAGE Against the Glycation Machine in Synucleinopathies: Time to Explore New Questions. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2023; 13:717-728. [PMID: 37270812 PMCID: PMC10473104 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Oligomerization and aggregation of misfolded forms of α-synuclein are believed to be key molecular mechanisms in Parkinson's disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies, so extensive research has attempted to understand these processes. Among diverse post-translational modifications that impact α-synuclein aggregation, glycation may take place at several lysine sites and modify α-synuclein oligomerization, toxicity, and clearance. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is considered a key regulator of chronic neuroinflammation through microglial activation in response to advanced glycation end products, such as carboxy-ethyl-lysine, or carboxy-methyl-lysine. The presence of RAGE in the midbrain of PD patients has been reported in the last decades and this receptor was proposed to have a role in sustaining PD neuroinflammation. However, different PD animal models demonstrated that RAGE is preferentially expressed in neurons and astrocytes, while recent evidence demonstrated that fibrillar, non-glycated α-synuclein binds to RAGE. Here, we summarize the available data on α-synuclein glycation and RAGE in the context of PD, and discuss about the questions yet to be answered that may increase our understanding of the molecular bases of PD and synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pens Gelain
- Center for Oxidative Stress Studies, Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Reykla Ramon Bittencourt
- Center for Oxidative Stress Studies, Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiz Filipe Bastos Mendes
- Center for Oxidative Stress Studies, Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Claudio Fonseca Moreira
- Center for Oxidative Stress Studies, Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Natural Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
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Nie Z, Miao H, Li C, Wu F. Electroacupuncture inhibits the expression of HMGB1/RAGE and alleviates injury to the primary motor cortex in rats with cerebral ischemia. Transl Neurosci 2023; 14:20220316. [PMID: 37829255 PMCID: PMC10566473 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2022-0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)/receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) signaling pathway holds promise as a potential therapeutic target for ischemic brain injury. The effects of FPS-ZM1 and electroacupuncture (EA) on activation of the HMGB1/RAGE signaling pathway after cerebral ischemia remain uncertain. Methods Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was established. Neurological function was assessed using Longa scores. Nissl staining was used to observe the morphology of neurons. The expression levels of HMGB1 and RAGE were assayed with immunofluorescence staining and western blot. Results The results showed that EA and FPS-ZM1 could reduce the neural function score and neurons cell injury in cerebral ischemia rats by inhibiting the expression of HMGB1 and RAGE in primary motor cortex (M1) region. In addition, EA combined with FPS-ZM1 had a better therapeutic effect. Conclusions The HMGB1/RAGE pathway could be activated after cerebral ischemia. Both EA and FPS-ZM1 improved neurological deficits and attenuated neuronal damage in rats. They had synergistic effects. These interventions were observed to mitigate brain damage by suppressing the activation of HMGB1/RAGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyin Nie
- Department of Human Anatomy, Wannan Medical College, No. 22, Wenchang West Road, Wuhu, 241002, Anhui, China
| | - Huachun Miao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Wannan Medical College, No. 22, Wenchang West Road, Wuhu, 241002, Anhui, China
| | - Chenyu Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Wannan Medical College, No. 22, Wenchang West Road, Wuhu, 241002, Anhui, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Wannan Medical College, No. 22, Wenchang West Road, Wuhu, 241002, Anhui, China
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De Chirico F, Poeta E, Babini G, Piccolino I, Monti B, Massenzio F. New models of Parkinson's like neuroinflammation in human microglia clone 3: Activation profiles induced by INF-γ plus high glucose and mitochondrial inhibitors. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1038721. [PMID: 36523814 PMCID: PMC9744797 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1038721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia activation and neuroinflammation have been extensively studied in murine models of neurodegenerative diseases; however, to overcome the genetic differences between species, a human cell model of microglia able to recapitulate the activation profiles described in patients is needed. Here we developed human models of Parkinson's like neuroinflammation by using the human microglia clone 3 (HMC3) cells, whose activation profile in response to classic inflammatory stimuli has been controversial and reported only at mRNA levels so far. In fact, we showed the increased expression of the pro-inflammatory markers iNOS, Caspase 1, IL-1β, in response to IFN-γ plus high glucose, a non-specific disease stimulus that emphasized the dynamic polarization and heterogenicity of the microglial population. More specifically, we demonstrated the polarization of HMC3 cells through the upregulation of iNOS expression and nitrite production in response to the Parkinson's like stimuli, 6-hydroxidopamine (6-OHDA) and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), the latter depending on the NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, we identified inflammatory mediators that promote the pro-inflammatory activation of human microglia as function of different pathways that can simulate the phenotypic transition according to the stage of the pathology. In conclusion, we established and characterized different systems of HMC3 cells activation as in vitro models of Parkinson's like neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Francesca Massenzio
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Juranek J, Mukherjee K, Kordas B, Załęcki M, Korytko A, Zglejc-Waszak K, Szuszkiewicz J, Banach M. Role of RAGE in the Pathogenesis of Neurological Disorders. Neurosci Bull 2022; 38:1248-1262. [PMID: 35729453 PMCID: PMC9554177 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00878-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This review reflects upon our own as well as other investigators' studies on the role of receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), bringing up the latest information on RAGE in physiology and pathology of the nervous system. Over the last ten years, major progress has been made in uncovering many of RAGE-ligand interactions and signaling pathways in nervous tissue; however, the translation of these discoveries into clinical practice has not come to fruition yet. This is likely, in part to be the result of our incomplete understanding of this crucial signaling pathway. Clinical trials examining the therapeutic efficacy of blocking RAGE-external ligand interactions by genetically engineered soluble RAGE or an endogenous RAGE antagonist, has not stood up to its promise; however, other trials with different blocking agents are being considered with hope for therapeutic success in diseases of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judyta Juranek
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-085, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Konark Mukherjee
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24016, USA
| | - Bernard Kordas
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-085, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Michał Załęcki
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Korytko
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-085, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Kamila Zglejc-Waszak
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-085, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jarosław Szuszkiewicz
- Department of Materials and Machines Technology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marta Banach
- Department of Neurology, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, 31-008, Kraków, Poland.
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Long H, Zhang S, Zeng S, Tong Y, Liu J, Liu C, Li D. Interaction of RAGE with α-synuclein fibrils mediates inflammatory response of microglia. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111401. [PMID: 36130498 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation, both as pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD), crosstalk to exacerbate degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and PD progression. However, the mechanism underlying their interaction is poorly understood, which obstructs effective therapeutic inhibition of α-syn-induced neuroinflammation. Here, we initiate from structure-based interaction predictions and find that receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) serves as a receptor of α-syn fibrils on microglia. Results of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mutagenesis validate that the V domain of RAGE that contains an alkaline surface can bind with acidic C-terminal residues of α-syn. Furthermore, the binding of α-syn fibrils with RAGE induces neuroinflammation, which is blocked by both genetic depletion of RAGE and inhibitor FPS-ZM1. Our work shows the important role, as well as the structural mechanism, of RAGE in mediating the inflammatory response of microglia to α-syn fibrils, which may help to establish effective therapeutic strategies to alleviate α-syn-induced neuroinflammation and neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houfang Long
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuyi Zeng
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yilun Tong
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Dan Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; WLA Laboratories, World Laureates Association, Shanghai 201203, China; Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Li Y, Peng Y, Shen Y, Zhang Y, Liu L, Yang X. Dietary polyphenols: regulate the advanced glycation end products-RAGE axis and the microbiota-gut-brain axis to prevent neurodegenerative diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9816-9842. [PMID: 35587161 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2076064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are formed in non-enzymatic reaction, oxidation, rearrangement and cross-linking between the active carbonyl groups of reducing sugars and the free amines of amino acids. The Maillard reaction is related to sensory characteristics in thermal processed food, while AGEs are formed in food matrix in this process. AGEs are a key link between carbonyl stress and neurodegenerative disease. AGEs can interact with receptors for AGEs (RAGE), causing oxidative stress, inflammation response and signal pathways activation related to neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases are closely related to gut microbiota imbalance and intestinal inflammation. Polyphenols with multiple hydroxyl groups showed a powerful ability to scavenge ROS and capture α-dicarbonyl species, which led to the formation of mono- and di- adducts, thereby inhibiting AGEs formation. Neurodegenerative diseases can be effectively prevented by inhibiting AGEs production, and interaction with RAGEs, or regulating the microbiota-gut-brain axis. These strategies include polyphenols multifunctional effects on AGEs inhibition, RAGE-ligand interactions blocking, and regulating the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota, and intestinal inflammation alleviation to delay or prevent neurodegenerative diseases progress. It is a wise and promising strategy to supplement dietary polyphenols for preventing neurodegenerative diseases via AGEs-RAGE axis and microbiota-gut-brain axis regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Li
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Deep Processing Technology Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province Animal Protein Food, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yao Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yingbin Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yunzhen Zhang
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Deep Processing Technology Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province Animal Protein Food, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Lianliang Liu
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Deep Processing Technology Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province Animal Protein Food, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xinquan Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
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14
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Kinscherf NA, Pehar M. Role and Therapeutic Potential of RAGE Signaling in Neurodegeneration. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:1191-1209. [PMID: 35702767 PMCID: PMC9589927 DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666220610171005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) has been shown to play an active role in the development of multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Although originally identified as a receptor for advanced glycation end products, RAGE is a pattern recognition receptor able to bind multiple ligands. The final outcome of RAGE signaling is defined in a context and cell type specific manner and can exert both neurotoxic and neuroprotective functions. Contributing to the complexity of the RAGE signaling network, different RAGE isoforms with distinctive signaling capabilities have been described. Moreover, multiple RAGE ligands bind other receptors and RAGE antagonism can significantly affect their signaling. Here, we discuss the outcome of celltype specific RAGE signaling in neurodegenerative pathologies. In addition, we will review the different approaches that have been developed to target RAGE signaling and their therapeutic potential. A clear understanding of the outcome of RAGE signaling in a cell type- and disease-specific manner would contribute to advancing the development of new therapies targeting RAGE. The ability to counteract RAGE neurotoxic signaling while preserving its neuroprotective effects would be critical for the success of novel therapies targeting RAGE signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Alexander Kinscherf
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mariana Pehar
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Madison, WI, USA
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15
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Endepols H, Zlatopolskiy BD, Zischler J, Alavinejad N, Apetz N, Vus S, Drzezga A, Neumaier B. Imaging of cerebral tryptophan metabolism using 7-[ 18F]FTrp-PET in a unilateral Parkinsonian rat model. Neuroimage 2021; 247:118842. [PMID: 34942366 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation products of the essential amino acid tryptophan (Trp) are important signaling molecules in the mammalian brain. Trp is metabolized either through the kynurenine pathway or enters serotonin and melatonin syntheses. The aim of the present work was to examine the potential of the novel PET tracer 7-[18F]fluorotryptophan ([18F]FTrp) to visualize all three pathways in a unilateral 6-OHDA rat model. [18F]FDOPA-PET scans were performed in nine 6-OHDA-injected and six sham-operated rats to assess unilateral dopamine depletion severity four weeks after lesion placement. Afterwards, 7-[18F]FTrp-PET scans were conducted at different timepoints up to seven months after 6-OHDA injection. In addition, two 6-OHDA-injected rats were examined for neuroinflammation using [18F]DAA1106-PET. 7-[18F]FTrp-PET showed significantly increased tracer uptake at the 6-OHDA injection site which was negatively correlated to time after lesion placement. Accumulation of [18F]DAA1106 at the injection site was increased as well, suggesting that 7-[18F]FTrp uptake in this region may reflect kynurenine pathway activity associated with inflammation. Bilaterally in the dorsal hippocampus, 7-[18F]FTrp uptake was significantly decreased and was inversely correlated to dopamine depletion severity, indicating that it reflects reduced serotonin synthesis. Finally, 7-[18F]FTrp uptake in the pineal gland was significantly increased in relation with dopamine depletion severity, providing evidence that melatonin synthesis is increased in the 6-OHDA rat model. We conclude that 7-[18F]FTrp is able to detect alterations in both serotonin/melatonin and kynurenine metabolic pathways, and can be applied to visualize pathologic changes related to neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Endepols
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Boris D Zlatopolskiy
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Johannes Zischler
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Nazanin Alavinejad
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Nadine Apetz
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Vus
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Alexander Drzezga
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn-Cologne, Germany; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Molecular Organization of the Brain (INM-2), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne 50931, Germany.
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16
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Somensi N, Lopes SC, Gasparotto J, Mayer Gonçalves R, Tiefensee-Ribeiro C, Oppermann Peixoto D, Ozorio Brum P, Pinho CM, Agnes JP, Santos L, de Oliveira J, Spiller F, Fonseca Moreira JC, Zanotto-Filho A, Prediger RD, Pens Gelain D. Role of toll-like receptor 4 and sex in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced behavioral impairments and neurodegeneration in mice. Neurochem Int 2021; 151:105215. [PMID: 34710535 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons that are associated with motor alterations and non-motor manifestations (such as depression). Neuroinflammation is a process with a critical role in the pathogenesis of PD. In this regard, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a central mediator of immune response in PD. Moreover, there are gender-related differences in the incidence, prevalence, and clinical features of PD. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate the role of TLR4 in the sex-dependent response to dopaminergic denervation induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in mice. Female and male adult wildtype (WT) and TLR4 knockout (TLR4-/-) mice were administered with unilateral injection of 6-OHDA in the dorsal striatum, and non-motor and motor impairments were evaluated for 30 days, followed by biochemistry analysis in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), dorsal striatum, and dorsoventral cortex. Early non-motor impairments (i.e., depressive-like behavior and spatial learning deficits) induced by 6-OHDA were observed in the male WT mice but not in male TLR4-/- or female mice. Motor alterations were observed after administration of 6-OHDA in both strains, and the lack of TLR4 was also related to motor commitment. Moreover, ablation of TLR4 prevented 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic denervation and microgliosis in the SNc, selectively in female mice. These results reinforced the existence of sex-biased alterations in PD and indicated TLR4 as a promising therapeutic target for the motor and non-motor symptoms of PD, which will help counteract the neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nauana Somensi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Samantha Cristiane Lopes
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Juciano Gasparotto
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas - Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700. CEP: 37130-001. Centro - Alfenas/MG, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rosângela Mayer Gonçalves
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Camila Tiefensee-Ribeiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel Oppermann Peixoto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ozorio Brum
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cibele Martins Pinho
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Jonathan Paulo Agnes
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Lucas Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jade de Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando Spiller
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - José Cláudio Fonseca Moreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alfeu Zanotto-Filho
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Rui Daniel Prediger
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Daniel Pens Gelain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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17
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Mahendru D, Jain A, Bansal S, Malik D, Dhir N, Sharma AR, Sarma P, Prakash A, Nahar U, Bhatia A, Bhattacharyya S, Medhi B. Neuroprotective effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell secretome in 6-OHDA-induced Parkinson's disease. Regen Med 2021; 16:915-930. [PMID: 34553608 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2021-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of bone marrow stem cell secretome in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) model of Parkinson's disease. Materials & methods: Secretome prepared from mesenchymal stem cells of 3-month-old rats was injected daily for 7 days between days 7 and 14 after 6-OHDA administration. After 14 days, various neurobehavioral parameters were conducted. These behavioral parameters were further correlated with biochemical and molecular findings. Results & conclusion: Impaired neurobehavioral parameters and increased inflammatory, oxidative stress and apoptotic markers in the 6-OHDA group were significantly modulated by secretome-treated rats. In conclusion, mesenchymal stem cell-derived secretome could be further explored for the management of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv Mahendru
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Ashish Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Seema Bansal
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Deepti Malik
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.,Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bilaspur, 174001, India
| | - Neha Dhir
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Amit Raj Sharma
- Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Phulen Sarma
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Ajay Prakash
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Uma Nahar
- Department of Histopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Alka Bhatia
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Shalmoli Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biophysics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
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18
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Wang L, Zhao D, Wang H, Wang L, Liu X, Zhang H. FPS-ZM1 inhibits LPS-induced microglial inflammation by suppressing JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 100:108117. [PMID: 34509933 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
FPS-ZM1 is an inhibitor of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). Nevertheless, there are few reports about its direct effects on microglial inflammation, and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be clarified. The present study investigated the potential effects of FPS-ZM1 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated microglial inflammation both in vivo and in vitro, and further elucidated the possible molecular mechanisms of action. FPS-ZM1 decreased LPS-induced overproduction of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), in both BV-2 cells and primary microglial cells. FPS-ZM1 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) ameliorated proliferation and activation of microglia in the hippocampus of C57BL/6J mice subjected to LPS challenge (5 mg/kg, i.p.). Meanwhile, overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α in the hippocampus was alleviated after treatment with FPS-ZM1. RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis showed involvement of Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway in the regulation of FPS-ZM1 on LPS-induced microglial inflammation. Further investigations demonstrated that FPS-ZM1 downregulated LPS-mediated increases in the phosphorylation levels of JAK/STAT both in vivo and in vitro. FPS-ZM1 also suppressed the nuclear translocation of transcription factor STAT1/3/5 in BV-2 cells. In addition, inhibition of JAK/STAT signaling pathway had an anti-inflammatory effect similar to FPS-ZM1 treatment. Taken together, our results verified the inhibitory effects of FPS-ZM1 against LPS-stimulated microglial inflammation, and for the first time demonstrated such anti-inflammatory activities on microglia are associated with regulation of JAK/STAT signaling pathway both in vivo and in vitro, which may shed new light on the pharmacological mechanisms of FPS-ZM1 against microglial inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Danfeng Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Huan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lele Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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19
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Grembecka B, Glac W, Listowska M, Jerzemowska G, Plucińska K, Majkutewicz I, Badtke P, Wrona D. Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation Affects Plasma Corticosterone Concentration and Peripheral Immunity Changes in Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2021; 16:454-469. [PMID: 32648088 PMCID: PMC8087570 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09934-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (DBS-STN) is an effective treatment for advanced motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, a connection between the limbic part of the STN and side effects of DBS-STN has been increasingly recognized. Animal studies have shown that DBS-STN influences behavior and provokes neurochemical changes in regions of the limbic system. Some of these regions, which are activated during DBS-STN, are involved in neuroimmunomodulation. The therapeutic effects of DBS-STN in PD treatment are clear, but the influence of DBS-STN on peripheral immunity has not been reported so far. In this study, we examined the effects of unilateral DBS-STN applied in male Wistar rats with 6-hydroxydopamine PD model (DBS-6OHDA) and rats without nigral dopamine depletion (DBS) on corticosterone (CORT) plasma concentration, blood natural killer cell cytotoxicity (NKCC), leukocyte numbers, lymphocyte population and apoptosis numbers, plasma interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) concentration. The same peripheral immune parameters we measured also in non-stimulated rats with PD model (6OHDA). We observed peripheral immunity changes related to PD model. The NKCC and percentage of T cytotoxic lymphocytes were enhanced, while the level of lymphocyte apoptosis was down regulated in 6OHDA and DBS-6OHDA groups. After DBS-STN (DBS-6OHDA and DBS groups), the plasma CORT and TNF-α were elevated, the number of NK cells and percentage of apoptosis were increased, while the number of B lymphocytes was decreased. We also found, changes in plasma IFN-γ and IL-6 levels in all the groups. These results suggest potential peripheral immunomodulative effects of DBS-STN in the rat model of PD. However, further studies are necessary to explain these findings and their clinical implication. Graphical Abstract Influence of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus on peripheral immunity in rat model of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Grembecka
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza Str, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Glac
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza Str, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Listowska
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza Str, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Grażyna Jerzemowska
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza Str, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Karolina Plucińska
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza Str, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Irena Majkutewicz
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza Str, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Badtke
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 1 Dębinki Str, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Danuta Wrona
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza Str, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
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20
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Chiappalupi S, Salvadori L, Vukasinovic A, Donato R, Sorci G, Riuzzi F. Targeting RAGE to prevent SARS-CoV-2-mediated multiple organ failure: Hypotheses and perspectives. Life Sci 2021; 272:119251. [PMID: 33636175 PMCID: PMC7900755 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel infectious disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was detected in December 2019 and declared as a global pandemic by the World Health. Approximately 15% of patients with COVID-19 progress to severe pneumonia and eventually develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), septic shock and/or multiple organ failure with high morbidity and mortality. Evidence points towards a determinant pathogenic role of members of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in mediating the susceptibility, infection, inflammatory response and parenchymal injury in lungs and other organs of COVID-19 patients. The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, has important roles in pulmonary pathological states, including fibrosis, pneumonia and ARDS. RAGE overexpression/hyperactivation is essential to the deleterious effects of RAS in several pathological processes, including hypertension, chronic kidney and cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes, all of which are major comorbidities of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We propose RAGE as an additional molecular target in COVID-19 patients for ameliorating the multi-organ pathology induced by the virus and improving survival, also in the perspective of future infections by other coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Chiappalupi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy; Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Perugia 06132, Italy
| | - Laura Salvadori
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Perugia 06132, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Aleksandra Vukasinovic
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy; Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Perugia 06132, Italy
| | - Rosario Donato
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Perugia 06132, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Sorci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy; Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Perugia 06132, Italy; Centro Universitario di Ricerca sulla Genomica Funzionale, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy
| | - Francesca Riuzzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy; Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Perugia 06132, Italy.
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21
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de Bem AF, Krolow R, Farias HR, de Rezende VL, Gelain DP, Moreira JCF, Duarte JMDN, de Oliveira J. Animal Models of Metabolic Disorders in the Study of Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Overview. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:604150. [PMID: 33536868 PMCID: PMC7848140 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.604150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of metabolic disorders, as well as of neurodegenerative diseases—mainly the sporadic forms of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease—are increasing worldwide. Notably, obesity, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia have been indicated as early risk factors for sporadic forms of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. These conditions share a range of molecular and cellular features, including protein aggregation, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and blood-brain barrier dysfunction, all of which contribute to neuronal death and cognitive impairment. Rodent models of obesity, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia exhibit all the hallmarks of these degenerative diseases, and represent an interesting approach to the study of the phenotypic features and pathogenic mechanisms of neurodegenerative disorders. We review the main pathological aspects of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease as summarized in rodent models of obesity, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreza Fabro de Bem
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brazilia, Brazil
| | - Rachel Krolow
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Hémelin Resende Farias
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Victória Linden de Rezende
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daniel Pens Gelain
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Cláudio Fonseca Moreira
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - João Miguel das Neves Duarte
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jade de Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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22
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Liu Z, Cheung HH. Stem Cell-Based Therapies for Parkinson Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218060. [PMID: 33137927 PMCID: PMC7663462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurological movement disorder resulting primarily from damage to and degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway. The pathway consists of neural populations in the substantia nigra that project to the striatum of the brain where they release dopamine. Diagnosis of PD is based on the presence of impaired motor features such as asymmetric or unilateral resting tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity. Nonmotor features including cognitive impairment, sleep disorders, and autonomic dysfunction are also present. No cure for PD has been discovered, and treatment strategies focus on symptomatic management through restoration of dopaminergic activity. However, proposed cell replacement therapies are promising because midbrain dopaminergic neurons have been shown to restore dopaminergic neurotransmission and functionally rescue the dopamine-depleted striatum. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of neurodegeneration in PD and discuss the development of new therapeutic strategies that have led to the initiation of exploratory clinical trials. We focus on the applications of stem cells for the treatment of PD and discuss how stem cell research has contributed to an understanding of PD, predicted the efficacy of novel neuroprotective therapeutics, and highlighted what we believe to be the critical areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Liu
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Hoi-Hung Cheung
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education (Shenzhen Base), Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Correspondence:
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23
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Nutraceuticals Targeting Generation and Oxidant Activity of Peroxynitrite May Aid Prevention and Control of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103624. [PMID: 32455532 PMCID: PMC7279222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic low-grade inflammatory process in which activated microglia generate cytotoxic factors-most prominently peroxynitrite-which induce the death and dysfunction of neighboring dopaminergic neurons. Dying neurons then release damage-associated molecular pattern proteins such as high mobility group box 1 which act on microglia via a range of receptors to amplify microglial activation. Since peroxynitrite is a key mediator in this process, it is proposed that nutraceutical measures which either suppress microglial production of peroxynitrite, or which promote the scavenging of peroxynitrite-derived oxidants, should have value for the prevention and control of PD. Peroxynitrite production can be quelled by suppressing activation of microglial NADPH oxidase-the source of its precursor superoxide-or by down-regulating the signaling pathways that promote microglial expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Phycocyanobilin of spirulina, ferulic acid, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, good vitamin D status, promotion of hydrogen sulfide production with taurine and N-acetylcysteine, caffeine, epigallocatechin-gallate, butyrogenic dietary fiber, and probiotics may have potential for blunting microglial iNOS induction. Scavenging of peroxynitrite-derived radicals may be amplified with supplemental zinc or inosine. Astaxanthin has potential for protecting the mitochondrial respiratory chain from peroxynitrite and environmental mitochondrial toxins. Healthful programs of nutraceutical supplementation may prove to be useful and feasible in the primary prevention or slow progression of pre-existing PD. Since damage to the mitochondria in dopaminergic neurons by environmental toxins is suspected to play a role in triggering the self-sustaining inflammation that drives PD pathogenesis, there is also reason to suspect that plant-based diets of modest protein content, and possibly a corn-rich diet high in spermidine, might provide protection from PD by boosting protective mitophagy and thereby aiding efficient mitochondrial function. Low-protein diets can also promote a more even response to levodopa therapy.
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24
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Azhary JMK, Harada M, Kunitomi C, Kusamoto A, Takahashi N, Nose E, Oi N, Wada-Hiraike O, Urata Y, Hirata T, Hirota Y, Koga K, Fujii T, Osuga Y. Androgens Increase Accumulation of Advanced Glycation End Products in Granulosa Cells by Activating ER Stress in PCOS. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5724441. [PMID: 32020188 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with hyperandrogenism, and we previously found that androgens activate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in granulosa cells from patients with PCOS. In addition, recent studies demonstrated the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in granulosa cells from PCOS patients, which contribute to the pathology. Therefore, we hypothesized that androgens upregulate the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) expression in granulosa cells by activating ER stress, thereby increasing the accumulation of AGEs in these cells and contributing to the pathology. In the present study, we show that testosterone increases RAGE expression and AGE accumulation in cultured human granulosa-lutein cells (GLCs), and this is reduced by pretreatment with tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), an ER stress inhibitor in clinical use. Knockdown of the transcription factor C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), an unfolded protein response factor activated by ER stress, inhibits testosterone-induced RAGE expression and AGE accumulation. The expression of RAGE and the accumulation of AGEs are upregulated in granulosa cells from PCOS patients and dehydroepiandrosterone-induced PCOS mice. Administration of the RAGE inhibitor FPS-ZM1 or TUDCA to PCOS mice reduces RAGE expression and AGE accumulation in granulosa cells, improves their estrous cycle, and reduces the number of atretic antral follicles. In summary, our findings indicate that hyperandrogenism in PCOS increases the expression of RAGE and accumulation of AGEs in the ovary by activating ER stress, and that targeting the AGE-RAGE system, either by using a RAGE inhibitor or a clinically available ER stress inhibitor, may represent a novel approach to PCOS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerilee M K Azhary
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Harada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chisato Kunitomi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akari Kusamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomi Takahashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emi Nose
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nagisa Oi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Wada-Hiraike
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Urata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hirata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hirota
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Koga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Osuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Rizor A, Pajarillo E, Johnson J, Aschner M, Lee E. Astrocytic Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Contributes to Parkinson's Disease Pathogenesis: The Dual Role of Reactive Astrocytes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8080265. [PMID: 31374936 PMCID: PMC6719180 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8080265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide; it is characterized by dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta, but its etiology is not fully understood. Astrocytes, a class of glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS), provide critical structural and metabolic support to neurons, but growing evidence reveals that astrocytic oxidative and nitrosative stress contributes to PD pathogenesis. As astrocytes play a critical role in the production of antioxidants and the detoxification of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), astrocytic oxidative/nitrosative stress has emerged as a critical mediator of the etiology of PD. Cellular stress and inflammation induce reactive astrogliosis, which initiates the production of astrocytic ROS/RNS and may lead to oxidative/nitrosative stress and PD pathogenesis. Although the cause of aberrant reactive astrogliosis is unknown, gene mutations and environmental toxicants may also contribute to astrocytic oxidative/nitrosative stress. In this review, we briefly discuss the physiological functions of astrocytes and the role of astrocytic oxidative/nitrosative stress in PD pathogenesis. Additionally, we examine the impact of PD-related genes such as α-synuclein, protein deglycase DJ-1( DJ-1), Parkin, and PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) on astrocytic function, and highlight the impact of environmental toxicants, such as 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), rotenone, manganese, and paraquat, on astrocytic oxidative/nitrosative stress in experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Rizor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32301, USA
| | - Edward Pajarillo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32301, USA
| | - James Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32301, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Eunsook Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32301, USA.
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Carvacrol Protects Against 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Neurotoxicity in In Vivo and In Vitro Models of Parkinson's Disease. Neurotox Res 2019; 37:156-170. [PMID: 31364033 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00088-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by selective loss of dopaminergic neurons that project from the substantia nigra pars compacta to the striatum. Evidence from human and animal studies has suggested that oxidative damage critically contributes to neuronal loss in PD. Carvacrol (CAR), a monoterpenic phenol, is the main constituents in the essential oil of many aromatic plants and possesses some properties including anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. In this study, in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed with the CAR in order to investigate its potential neuroprotective effects in models of PD. Post-treatment with CAR in vitro was found to protect rat adrenal pheochromocytoma PC12 cells from toxicity induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) administration in a dose-dependent manner by (1) increasing cell viability and (2) reduction in intracellular reactive oxygen species, intracellular lipid peroxidation, and annexin-positive cells. In vivo, post-treatment with CAR (15 and 20 mg/kg) was protective against neurodegenerative phenotypes associated with systemic administration of 6-OHDA. Results indicated that CAR improved the locomotor activity, catalepsy, akinesia, bradykinesia, and motor coordination and reduced the apomorphine-caused rotation in 6-OHDA-stimulated rats. Increased level of reduced glutathione content and a decreased level of MDA (malondialdehyde) were observed in the 6-OHDA rats post-treated with CAR. These findings suggest that CAR exerts protective effects, possibly related to an anti-oxidation mechanism, in these in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson's disease.
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27
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MacLean M, Derk J, Ruiz HH, Juranek JK, Ramasamy R, Schmidt AM. The Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE) and DIAPH1: Implications for vascular and neuroinflammatory dysfunction in disorders of the central nervous system. Neurochem Int 2019; 126:154-164. [PMID: 30902646 PMCID: PMC10976457 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE) is expressed by multiple cell types in the brain and spinal cord that are linked to the pathogenesis of neurovascular and neurodegenerative disorders, including neurons, glia (microglia and astrocytes) and vascular cells (endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and pericytes). Mounting structural and functional evidence implicates the interaction of the RAGE cytoplasmic domain with the formin, Diaphanous1 (DIAPH1), as the key cytoplasmic hub for RAGE ligand-mediated activation of cellular signaling. In aging and diabetes, the ligands of the receptor abound, both in the central nervous system (CNS) and in the periphery. Such accumulation of RAGE ligands triggers multiple downstream events, including upregulation of RAGE itself. Once set in motion, cell intrinsic and cell-cell communication mechanisms, at least in part via RAGE, trigger dysfunction in the CNS. A key outcome of endothelial dysfunction is reduction in cerebral blood flow and increased permeability of the blood brain barrier, conditions that facilitate entry of activated leukocytes into the CNS, thereby amplifying primary nodes of CNS cellular stress. This contribution details a review of the ligands of RAGE, the mechanisms and consequences of RAGE signal transduction, and cites multiple examples of published work in which RAGE contributes to the pathogenesis of neurovascular perturbation. Insights into potential therapeutic modalities targeting the RAGE signal transduction axis for disorders of CNS vascular dysfunction and neurodegeneration are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael MacLean
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Julia Derk
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Henry H Ruiz
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Judyta K Juranek
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ravichandran Ramasamy
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ann Marie Schmidt
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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28
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The effects of retinol oral supplementation in 6-hydroxydopamine dopaminergic denervation model in Wistar rats. Neurochem Int 2019; 125:25-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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29
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Oral administration of carvacrol/β-cyclodextrin complex protects against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced dopaminergic denervation. Neurochem Int 2019; 126:27-35. [PMID: 30849398 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Carvacrol (CARV) presents valuable biological properties such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. However, pharmacological uses of CARV are largely limited due to disadvantages related to solubility, bioavailability, preparation and storage processes. The complexation of monoterpenes with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) increases their stability, solubility and oral bioavailability. Here, the protective effect of oral treatment with CARV/β-CD complex (25 μg/kg/day) against dopaminergic (DA) denervation induced by unilateral intranigral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA - 10 μg per rat) was analyzed, in order to evaluate a putative application in the development of neuroprotective therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD). Pretreatment with CARV/β-CD for 15 days prevented the loss of DA neurons induced by 6-OHDA in adult Wistar rats. This effect may occur through CARV anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, as the pretreatment with CARV/β-CD inhibited the release of IL-1β and TNF-α; besides, CARV prevented the increase of mitochondrial superoxide production induced by 6-OHDA in cultured SH-SY5Y cells. Importantly, hepatotoxicity or alterations in blood cell profile were not observed with oral administration of CARV/β-CD. Therefore, this study showed a potential pharmacological application of CARV/β-CD in PD using a non-invasive route of drug delivery, i.e., oral administration.
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30
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Le L, Fu H, Lv Q, Bai X, Zhao Y, Xiang J, Jiang B, Hu K, Chen S. The protective effects of the native flavanone flavanomarein on neuronal cells damaged by 6-OHDA. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 53:193-204. [PMID: 30668399 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavanomarein is the main component of Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. (C. tinctoria), which is a globally well-known flower tea that has a distinct flavor and many beneficial health effects, such as antioxidant activities. We aimed to explore the effect of flavanomarein on a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned cell model of oxidative stress. METHODS In this study, we used 6-OHDA-lesioned PC12 cells and primary cortical neurons to investigate the protective effects of flavanomarein and its potential mechanism. RESULTS The results indicated that pretreatment with flavanomarein (25, 50, or 100 µM for 24 h) significantly increased the cell viability, reduced the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and improved the mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ψm) and mitochondrial impairment. Additionally, flavanomarein markedly reduced the gene expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and protein kinase C ζ (PKC-ζ), the nuclear translocation of p65, and the levels of p-AMPK-α and acetyl-p53. Flavanomarein also elevated the gene expression of P85α, PKC-β1, and Bcl-2, the protein expression of Sirt1 and ICAD, and the phosphorylation level of AKT. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results suggest that flavanomarein protects PC12 cells and primary cortical neurons from 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity by upregulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and attenuating the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Therefore, our study provides evidence that may aid in the development of a potential compound against 6-OHDA toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Le
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; Post-doctoral Scientific Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Hui Fu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiuyue Lv
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiamei Xiang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Baoping Jiang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Keping Hu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shilin Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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31
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Gasparotto J, Ribeiro CT, da Rosa-Silva HT, Bortolin RC, Rabelo TK, Peixoto DO, Moreira JCF, Gelain DP. Systemic Inflammation Changes the Site of RAGE Expression from Endothelial Cells to Neurons in Different Brain Areas. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3079-3089. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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32
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Videira PAQ, Castro-Caldas M. Linking Glycation and Glycosylation With Inflammation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:381. [PMID: 29930494 PMCID: PMC5999786 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, affecting about 6.3 million people worldwide. PD is characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the Substantia nigra pars compacta, resulting into severe motor symptoms. The cellular mechanisms underlying dopaminergic cell death in PD are still not fully understood, but mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation are strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of both familial and sporadic PD cases. Aberrant post-translational modifications, namely glycation and glycosylation, together with age-dependent insufficient endogenous scavengers and quality control systems, lead to cellular overload of dysfunctional proteins. Such injuries accumulate with time and may lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and exacerbated inflammatory responses, culminating in neuronal cell death. Here, we will discuss how PD-linked protein mutations, aging, impaired quality control mechanisms and sugar metabolism lead to up-regulated abnormal post-translational modifications in proteins. Abnormal glycation and glycosylation seem to be more common than previously thought in PD and may underlie mitochondria-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in a feed-forward mechanism. Moreover, the stress-induced post-translational modifications that directly affect parkin and/or its substrates, deeply impairing its ability to regulate mitochondrial dynamics or to suppress inflammation will also be discussed. Together, these represent still unexplored deleterious mechanisms implicated in neurodegeneration in PD, which may be used for a more in-depth knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms, or as biomarkers of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula A Q Videira
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal.,CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Margarida Castro-Caldas
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal.,Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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33
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Sanajou D, Ghorbani Haghjo A, Argani H, Aslani S. AGE-RAGE axis blockade in diabetic nephropathy: Current status and future directions. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 833:158-164. [PMID: 29883668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most frequent micro-vascular complications both in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients and is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. Although disparate mechanisms give rise to the development of diabetic nephropathy, prevailing evidence accentuates that hyperglycemia-associated generation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) plays a central role in the disease pathophysiology. Engagement of the receptor for AGE (RAGE) with its ligands provokes oxidative stress and chronic inflammation in renal tissues, ending up with losses in kidney function. Moreover, RAGE activation evokes the activation of different intracellular signaling pathways like PI3K/Akt, MAPK/ERK, and NF-κB; and therefore, its blockade seems to be an attractive therapeutic target in these group of patients. By recognizing the contribution of AGE-RAGE axis to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, agents that block AGEs formation have been at the heart of investigations for several years, yielding encouraging improvements in experimental models of diabetic nephropathy. Even so, recent studies have evaluated the effects of specific RAGE inhibition with FPS-ZM1 and RAGE-aptamers as novel therapeutic strategies. Despite all these promising outcomes in experimental models of diabetic nephropathy, no thorough clinical trial have ever examined the end results of AGE-RAGE axis blockade in patients of diabetic nephropathy. As most of the AGE lowering or RAGE inhibiting compounds have emerged to be non-toxic, devising novel clinical trials appears to be inevitable. Here, the current potential treatment options for diabetic nephropathy by AGE-RAGE inhibitory modalities have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davoud Sanajou
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Ghorbani Haghjo
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Avenue, POBOX: 14711, 5166614711 Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Hassan Argani
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Aslani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Jiang X, Wang X, Tuo M, Ma J, Xie A. RAGE and its emerging role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Neurosci Lett 2018; 672:65-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Roweth HG, Yan R, Bedwani NH, Chauhan A, Fowler N, Watson AH, Malcor JD, Sage SO, Jarvis GE. Citalopram inhibits platelet function independently of SERT-mediated 5-HT transport. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3494. [PMID: 29472624 PMCID: PMC5823918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21348-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Citalopram prevents serotonin (5-HT) uptake into platelets by blocking the serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT). Although some clinical data suggest that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may affect haemostasis and thrombosis, these poorly-characterised effects are not well understood mechanistically and useful in vitro data is limited. We sought to determine whether the inhibitory effects of citalopram on platelets are mediated via its pharmacological inhibition of 5-HT transport. We quantified the inhibitory potency of (RS)-, (R)- and (S)-citalopram on platelet function. If SERT blockade is the primary mechanism for citalopram-mediated platelet inhibition, these potencies should show quantitative congruence with inhibition of 5-HT uptake. Our data show that citalopram inhibits platelet aggregation, adhesion and thromboxane production with no difference in potency between (R)- and (S)-isomers. By contrast, citalopram had a eudysmic ratio of approximately 17 (S > R) for SERT blockade. Furthermore, nanomolar concentrations of citalopram inhibited 5-HT uptake into platelets but had no effect on other platelet functions, which were inhibited by micromolar concentrations. Our data indicate that citalopram-induced inhibition of platelets in vitro is not mediated by blockade of 5-HT transport. This raises a new question for future investigation: by what mechanism(s) does citalopram inhibit platelets?
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey G Roweth
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Ruoling Yan
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Nader H Bedwani
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Alisha Chauhan
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Nicole Fowler
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Alice H Watson
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | | | - Stewart O Sage
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Gavin E Jarvis
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K..
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Derk J, MacLean M, Juranek J, Schmidt AM. The Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (RAGE) and Mediation of Inflammatory Neurodegeneration. JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE & PARKINSONISM 2018; 8:421. [PMID: 30560011 PMCID: PMC6293973 DOI: 10.4172/2161-0460.1000421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Derk
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, Smilow 906, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Michael MacLean
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, Smilow 906, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Judyta Juranek
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, Smilow 906, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ann Marie Schmidt
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, Smilow 906, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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