1
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Chang CC, Yeh CC, Tiong C, Sun MF, Lin JG, Cherng YG, Chen TL, Liao CC. Real-World Risk and Outcome of Liver Cirrhosis in Patients with Hyperlipidemia Treated with Red Yeast Rice: A Retrospective Cohort Study. J Multidiscip Healthc 2024; 17:3727-3738. [PMID: 39100903 PMCID: PMC11297496 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s466696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Sustained hyperlipidemia contributes to fatty liver and liver cirrhosis. Red yeast rice (RYR) effectively improved the lipid profile; however, the effects of RYR on the risk of incident liver cirrhosis remain to be elucidated. We aimed to evaluate the beneficial effects of RYR use on the risk and outcome of liver cirrhosis. Patients and methods We identified 156,587 adults who had newly diagnosed hyperlipidemia in 2010-2016 from health insurance data in this retrospective cohort study. Using propensity score matching, we selected 34,367 patients who used RYR and 34,367 patients who used lovastatin. Events of incident liver cirrhosis that occurred in the two cohorts during the follow-up period of 2010-2019 were identified. We calculated adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (Cis) for liver cirrhosis risk associated with RYR use in the multiple Cox proportional hazard model. Results Compared with patients who used lovastatin, patients who used RYR had a decreased risk of liver cirrhosis (HR 0.60, 95% CI 0.57-0.63), and this association was significant in various subgroups. A biological gradient relationship between the frequency of RYR use and decreased liver cirrhosis was observed (p for trend < 0.0001). Reduced postcirrhosis jaundice (HR 0.56, 95% CI 0.43-0.72), ascites (HR 0.37, 95% CI 0.28-0.50), hepatic coma (HR 0.36, 95% CI 0.26-0.50), and mortality (HR 0.48, 95% CI 0.38-0.61) were also associated with RYR use. Conclusion We demonstrated the beneficial effects of RYR use on the risk and outcome of liver cirrhosis; however, the lack of compliance data should be considered. However, our study did not infer causality or claim the superiority of RYR over lovastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuen-Chau Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Yeh
- Department of Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Cheng Tiong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Feng Sun
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jaung-Geng Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Giun Cherng
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Liang Chen
- Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chang Liao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Research Center of Big Data and Meta-Analysis, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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2
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Kyaw NTT, Satyanarayana S, Harries AD, Kumar AMV, Kyaw KWY, Phyo KH, Hayat MJ, Castro KG, Magee MJ. Increased All-cause Mortality in People With HIV and Comorbidities: Hepatitis B and C Virus Seropositivity and Hyperglycemia in Myanmar, 2005-2017. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 10:ofac672. [PMID: 36632421 PMCID: PMC9830546 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection are associated with increased mortality in people with HIV (PWH), and hyperglycemia is a common comorbidity in PWH. In this study, we used routinely collected clinical data to assess the associations between HBV and HCV seropositivity with all-cause mortality and whether this relationship differs by hyperglycemia status. Methods Eligible participants included adult PWH (≥15 years) who initiated antiretroviral therapy between May 2005 and June 2016 in Myanmar. HBV and HCV serostatus and hyperglycemia were measured at enrollment to HIV care using HBV surface antigen, HCV antibody tests, and random blood glucose (≥140 mg/dL), respectively. Results Among 27 722 PWH, 2260 (8%) were HBV seropositive, 2265 (9%) were HCV seropositive, 178 (0.6%) were HBV-HCV seropositive, and 1425 (5%) had hyperglycemia. During the median follow-up (interquartile range) of 3.1 (1.5-5.1) years, 3655 (13%) PWH died, and the overall mortality rate was 3.8 (95% CI, 3.7-3.9) per 100-person-years (PY). The mortality rate (per 100 PY) among PWH who were HBV seropositive was 4.6, among PWH who were HCV seropositive it was 5.1, and among PWH who were HBV-HCV seropositive it was 7.1. When stratified by glycemic status, the mortality rate was higher among patients with hyperglycemia compared with those with euglycemia (5.4 vs 4.0 per 100 PY), and the difference in mortality rate between patients with hyperglycemia and euglycemia was highest among those with HCV seropositivity (9.8 vs 5.0 per 100 PY). Conclusions Increased mortality rates associated with HBV and HCV seropositivity in PWH differed by their glycemic status. PWH with HCV seropositivity and hyperglycemia had the highest mortality rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nang Thu Thu Kyaw
- Correspondence: Nang Thu Thu Kyaw, MBBS, MPH, International Union Against Tuberculosis & Lung Disease, No 36, 27th Street, between 72nd & 73rd Street, Mandalay, Myanmar ()
| | - Srinath Satyanarayana
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, The Union South-East Asia Office, New Delhi, India
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France
| | - Anthony D Harries
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ajay M V Kumar
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France
- Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, India
| | - Khine Wut Yee Kyaw
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, The Union Myanmar Office, Mandalay, Myanmar
| | - Khaing Hnin Phyo
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, The Union Myanmar Office, Mandalay, Myanmar
| | - Matthew J Hayat
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kenneth G Castro
- Hubert Department of Global Health and Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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3
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Alzahrani N. Hepatitis C Virus, Insulin Resistance, and Diabetes: A Review. Microbiol Immunol 2022; 66:453-459. [PMID: 35941761 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and diabetes mellitus (DM) are two chronic diseases that are a cause of significant health and economic burdens worldwide. HCV is associated with the development of insulin resistance (IR) and diabetes mellitus (DM). The mechanisms through which HCV induces IR and DM include direct viral effects, pro-inflammatory cytokines and other immune-mediated processes. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are both chronic diseases that involve impaired glucose homeostasis, albeit through different mechanisms. T1DM is an autoimmune disease that leads to the destruction of pancreatic beta cells resulting in insulin deficiency. In T2DM, a combination of peripheral insulin resistance and irregular production of insulin eventually lead to beta cell destruction and insulin insufficiency. Both type 1 and type 2 DM etiologies involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The data on HCV and T1DM association is limited, unlike T2DM, where a large body of evidence linking HCV to T2DM is available. Here, we intend to outline the current state of knowledge on HCV, IR, and DM. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeel Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 14611, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Siphepho PY, Liu YT, Shabangu CS, Huang JF, Huang CF, Yeh ML, Yu ML, Wang SC. The Impact of Steatosis on Chronic Hepatitis C Progression and Response to Antiviral Treatments. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1491. [PMID: 34680608 PMCID: PMC8533513 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic derangement is characteristic in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Aside from established liver injury, various extrahepatic metabolic disorders impact the natural history of the disease, clinical outcomes, and the efficacy of antiviral therapy. The presence of steatosis, recently redefined as metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), is a common feature in HCV-infected patients, induced by host and/or viral factors. Most chronic HCV-infected (CHC) patients have mild steatosis within the periportal region of the liver with an estimated prevalence of 40% to 86%. Indeed, this is higher than the 19% to 50% prevalence observed in patients with other chronic liver diseases such as chronic hepatitis B (CHB). The histological manifestations of HCV infection are frequently observed in genotype 3 (G-3), where relative to other genotypes, the prevalence and severity of steatosis is also increased. Steatosis may independently influence the treatment efficacy of either interferon-based or interferon-free antiviral regimens. This review aimed to provide updated evidence of the prevalence and risk factors behind HCV-associated steatosis, as well as explore the impact of steatosis on HCV-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phumelele Yvonne Siphepho
- Program in Tropical Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (P.Y.S.); (M.-L.Y.)
- Center for Cancer Research, Center for Liquid Biopsy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.S.S.); (J.-F.H.)
| | - Yi-Ting Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Ciniso Sylvester Shabangu
- Center for Cancer Research, Center for Liquid Biopsy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.S.S.); (J.-F.H.)
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Jee-Fu Huang
- Center for Cancer Research, Center for Liquid Biopsy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.S.S.); (J.-F.H.)
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-F.H.); (M.-L.Y.)
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Hepatitis Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Feng Huang
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-F.H.); (M.-L.Y.)
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Hepatitis Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lun Yeh
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-F.H.); (M.-L.Y.)
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Hepatitis Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lung Yu
- Program in Tropical Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (P.Y.S.); (M.-L.Y.)
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-F.H.); (M.-L.Y.)
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Hepatitis Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chi Wang
- Center for Cancer Research, Center for Liquid Biopsy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.S.S.); (J.-F.H.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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5
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Abdelkader RY, Abdelrazek MA, Attallah A, Farid K, El-Far M. High blood glucose levels are associated with fibrosis/cirrhosis progression in chronic hepatitis C. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2021; 42:559-570. [PMID: 33886414 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2021.1911813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) leads eventually to liver fibrosis, advanced hepatic disease and related deaths. Therefore, it is very important to assess clinical risk factors associated with rapid CHC and hepatic fibrosis progression. Former studies reported diabetes mellitus synergistic interactions with other host factors to fibrosis progression. Here, we aimed to evaluate the association between elevated blood glucose levels and CHC progression according to METAVIR system in patients chronically infected with HCV-genotype 4 and to evaluate the correlation between elevated glucose levels and liver- and viral-related biochemical parameters. A total of 160 patients with CHC (80 with liver fibrosis and 80 with cirrhosis) and 40 healthy volunteers, negative for HCV, were included. Our results revealed that cirrhotic patients had high (P = .0001) fasting (169.1 ± 50.2 mg/dL), postprandial (208 (123-320) mg/dL), and random (176.8 ± 51 mg/dL) glucose levels compared to patients with liver fibrosis (105.0 ± 32, 120 (105-135), and 113.5 ± 35 mg/dL, respectively). Mean serum fasting, postprandial and random glucose levels were significantly (P = .0001) increased with an increase in fibrosis stages, F1< F2< F3< F4. Blood glucose levels were also significantly (P < .05) correlated with liver disease related biological parameters and HCV-Ab titer. In conclusion, our results highlighted the fibrogenic impact of elevated glucose levels on CHC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Y Abdelkader
- Research and Development Department, Biotechnology Research Centre, New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Abdelrazek
- Research and Development Department, Biotechnology Research Centre, New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Abdelfattah Attallah
- Research and Development Department, Biotechnology Research Centre, New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Khaled Farid
- Tropical Medicines Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Far
- Chemistry Department, Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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6
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Chaudhari R, Fouda S, Sainu A, Pappachan JM. Metabolic complications of hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:1267-1282. [PMID: 33833481 PMCID: PMC8015302 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i13.1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a systemic disease that is implicated in multiple extrahepatic organ dysfunction contributing to its protean manifestations. HCV is associated with diverse extrahepatic disorders including atherosclerosis, glucose and lipid metabolic disturbances, alterations in the iron metabolic pathways, and lymphoproliferative diseases over and above the traditional liver manifestations of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The orchestration between HCV major proteins and the liver-muscle-adipose axis, poses a major burden on the global health of human body organs, if not adequately addressed. The close and inseparable associations between chronic HCV infection, metabolic disease, and cardiovascular disorders are specifically important considering the increasing prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome, and their economic burden to patients, the healthcare systems, and society. Cellular and molecular mechanisms governing the interplay of these organs and tissues in health and disease are therefore of significant interest. The coexistence of metabolic disorders and chronic hepatitis C infection also enhances the progression to liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The presence of metabolic disorders is believed to influence the chronicity and virulence of HCV leading to liver disease progression. This comprehensive review highlights current knowledge on the metabolic manifestations of hepatitis C and the potential pathways in which these metabolic changes can influence the natural history of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Chaudhari
- Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA 19104, United States
| | - Sherouk Fouda
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Ashik Sainu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aster Oman Hospital, Al Ghubra, Muscat OM 133, Oman
| | - Joseph M Pappachan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Preston PR2 9HT, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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7
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Chávez-Reyes J, Escárcega-González CE, Chavira-Suárez E, León-Buitimea A, Vázquez-León P, Morones-Ramírez JR, Villalón CM, Quintanar-Stephano A, Marichal-Cancino BA. Susceptibility for Some Infectious Diseases in Patients With Diabetes: The Key Role of Glycemia. Front Public Health 2021; 9:559595. [PMID: 33665182 PMCID: PMC7921169 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.559595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled diabetes results in several metabolic alterations including hyperglycemia. Indeed, several preclinical and clinical studies have suggested that this condition may induce susceptibility and the development of more aggressive infectious diseases, especially those caused by some bacteria (including Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, among others) and viruses [such as coronavirus 2 (CoV2), Influenza A virus, Hepatitis B, etc.]. Although the precise mechanisms that link glycemia to the exacerbated infections remain elusive, hyperglycemia is known to induce a wide array of changes in the immune system activity, including alterations in: (i) the microenvironment of immune cells (e.g., pH, blood viscosity and other biochemical parameters); (ii) the supply of energy to infectious bacteria; (iii) the inflammatory response; and (iv) oxidative stress as a result of bacterial proliferative metabolism. Consistent with this evidence, some bacterial infections are typical (and/or have a worse prognosis) in patients with hypercaloric diets and a stressful lifestyle (conditions that promote hyperglycemic episodes). On this basis, the present review is particularly focused on: (i) the role of diabetes in the development of some bacterial and viral infections by analyzing preclinical and clinical findings; (ii) discussing the possible mechanisms by which hyperglycemia may increase the susceptibility for developing infections; and (iii) further understanding the impact of hyperglycemia on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Chávez-Reyes
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Carlos E Escárcega-González
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo León, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Erika Chavira-Suárez
- Unidad de Vinculación Científica de la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México en el Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Angel León-Buitimea
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo León, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Priscila Vázquez-León
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - José R Morones-Ramírez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo León, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Carlos M Villalón
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav-Coapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrés Quintanar-Stephano
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Bruno A Marichal-Cancino
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
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8
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Dham D, Roy B, Gowda A, Pan G, Sridhar A, Zeng X, Thandavarayan RA, Palaniyandi SS. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal, a lipid peroxidation product, as a biomarker in diabetes and its complications: challenges and opportunities. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:547-561. [PMID: 33336611 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2020.1866756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Over 30 million Americans are diagnosed with diabetes and this number is only expected to increase. There are various causes that induce complications with diabetes, including oxidative stress. In oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation-derived reactive carbonyl species such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) is shown to cause damage in organs that leads to diabetic complications. We provided evidence to show that 4-HNE or/and 4-HNE-protein adducts are elevated in various organ systems of diabetic patients and animal models. We then discussed the advantages and disadvantages of different methodologies used for the detection of 4-HNE in diabetic tissues. We also discussed how novel approaches such as electrochemistry and nanotechnology can be used for monitoring 4-HNE levels in biological systems in real-time. Thus, this review enlightens the involvement of 4-HNE in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications and efficient methods to identify it. Furthermore, the article presents that 4-HNE can be developed as a biomarker for end-organ damage in diabetes such as diabetic cardiac complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deiva Dham
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Bipradas Roy
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Amita Gowda
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Guodong Pan
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Arun Sridhar
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Xiangqun Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Rajarajan A Thandavarayan
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Suresh Selvaraj Palaniyandi
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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9
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Nevola R, Acierno C, Pafundi PC, Adinolfi LE. Chronic hepatitis C infection induces cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes: mechanisms and management. Minerva Med 2020; 112:188-200. [PMID: 33205641 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.20.07129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite the availability of effective treatments, hepatitis C virus (HCV) still remains a threat to public health. HCV is capable to trigger, behind liver damage, extrahepatic manifestations, including cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). A close association has been reported between HCV infection and cardiovascular disease due to imbalances in metabolic pathways and chronic inflammation. HCV through both direct and indirect mechanisms causes a higher incidence of ischemic stroke, acute coronary syndrome, heart failure and peripheral arterial disease. In addition, a higher risk of death from cardiovascular events has been showed in HCV patients. Insulin resistance is a hallmark of HCV infection and represents the link between HCV and T2DM, which is one of the most frequent HCV-associated extrahepatic manifestations. The pathological basis of the increased risk of T2DM in HCV infection is provided by the alterations of the molecular mechanisms of IR induced both by the direct effects of the HCV proteins, and by the indirect effects mediated by chronic inflammation, oxidative stress and hepatic steatosis. T2DM increases the risk of compensated and decompensate cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma as well as increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, lower limb amputation and end stage renal disease. Current evidence suggests that HCV eradication reduces the incidence and mortality of cardiovascular disease and T2DM, further underling the importance of public health strategies for eradication the infection. The aim of this review was to update evidence and management of interaction between HCV, cardiovascular disease, and T2DM in the era of DAA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Nevola
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgery Sciences, Luigi Vanvitelli University of Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Acierno
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgery Sciences, Luigi Vanvitelli University of Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Pia C Pafundi
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgery Sciences, Luigi Vanvitelli University of Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi E Adinolfi
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgery Sciences, Luigi Vanvitelli University of Campania, Naples, Italy -
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10
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Yang JY, Moon AM, Kim H, Pate V, Barritt AS, Crowley MJ, Buse JB, Stürmer T, Alexopoulos AS. Newer second-line glucose-lowering drugs versus thiazolidinediones on cirrhosis risk among older US adult patients with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2020; 34:107706. [PMID: 32843283 PMCID: PMC7657660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Type 2 diabetes (T2D) accelerates progression of chronic liver disease to cirrhosis, yet the effects of most glucose-lowering drugs (GLDs) on cirrhosis risk in T2D are unknown. To address this gap, we compared cirrhosis risk following initiation of newer second-line GLDs vs. thiazolidinediones (TZDs), which improve histology in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using the US Medicare Fee-for-Service database (2007-2015) and an active comparator, new-user design, we estimated crude incidence rates (IRs) and propensity-score adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) for incident cirrhosis, comparing newer GLDs (dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1RA), and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i)) vs. TZDs. RESULTS Among 239,549 total initiators, we observed 318, 151, and < 30 cirrhosis events when comparing DPP4i vs. TZD, GLP1RA vs. TZD, and SGLT2i vs. TZD, respectively. IRs ranged from 1.7 [95% CI, 0.8-3.6] to 3.6 [2.5-5.2] events per 1000 person-years. Point aHR estimates for cirrhosis were elevated among newer GLD initiators vs. TZD (DPP4i: 1.15 [0.89-1.50]; GLP1RA: 1.34 [0.82-2.20]; SGLT2i: 1.16, [0.44-3.08]), although estimates were imprecise due to short durations of drug exposure. CONCLUSIONS We observed mildly elevated cirrhosis risk with newer GLDs vs. TZD; however, uncertainty remains due to imprecise and statistically non-significant effect estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Y Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America.
| | - Andrew M Moon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Hannah Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Virginia Pate
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - A Sidney Barritt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Matthew J Crowley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America; Durham Veterans Affairs Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation (ADAPT), Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - John B Buse
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Til Stürmer
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Anastasia-Stefania Alexopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America; Durham Veterans Affairs Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation (ADAPT), Durham, NC, United States of America
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11
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Different Hepatitis C Virus Infection Statuses Show a Significant Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Network Meta-Analysis. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:1940-1950. [PMID: 31758432 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05918-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection statuses in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has not been completely understood. AIM To evaluate the prevalence of T2DM in patients with different HCV infection statuses. METHODS We conducted a systematic study on T2DM risk in five types of individuals with different HCV infection statuses: non-HCV controls, HCV-cleared patients, chronic HCV patients without cirrhosis, patients with HCV cirrhosis and patients with decompensated HCV cirrhosis. Studies published from 2010 to 2019 were selected. Both pairwise and network meta-analyses were employed to compare the T2DM risk among patients with different HCV infection statuses. RESULTS The pairwise meta-analysis showed that non-HCV (OR = 0.60, 95% CI [0.47-0.78]) had a lower risk of T2DM compared with CHC, while cirrhosis had a significant higher risk (OR = 1.90, 95% CI [1.60-2.26]). Network meta-analysis further demonstrated patients with HCV infection were at a significantly higher risk of T2DM than those without HCV infection or with HCV clearance, while decompensated cirrhosis had a significant higher T2DM risk than non-HCV (OR = 3.84, 95% CI [2.01-7.34]), patients with HCV clearance (OR = 3.17, 95% CI [1.49-6.73]), and CHC patients (OR = 2.21, 95% CI [1.24-3.94]). CONCLUSIONS HCV infection is a significant risk factor for developing T2DM. CHC, cirrhosis, and decompensated cirrhosis contribute to an increasingly greater risk of T2DM, but HCV clearance spontaneously or through clinical treatment may immediately reduce the risk of the onset and development of T2DM.
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12
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Collins LF, Adekunle RO, Cartwright EJ. Metabolic Syndrome in HIV/HCV Co-infected Patients. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 11:351-371. [PMID: 32030090 DOI: 10.1007/s40506-019-00207-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review We review the scope and burden of metabolic syndrome in HIV/HCV co-infected patients, risk factors and potential mechanisms driving the increased cardio-metabolic risk in this population, and discuss relevant clinical considerations for management in the era of highly effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) and curative anti-HCV direct-acting antivirals. Recent findings HIV/HCV co-infected patients are at elevated risk of metabolic syndrome, attributed to (1) patient-specific factors, (2) viral-mediated effects, and (3) ART exposure. Risk factors for cardio-metabolic disorders are common in this population and include poor socioeconomic conditions, substance use, cardiovascular comorbidities, and liver/kidney disease. Chronic HIV/HCV infection induces an inflammatory and immune activated state in the host leading to alterations in glucose and lipid metabolism. Selection of life-saving ART must carefully consider the differential metabolic risk associated with each drug class and agent, such as dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, weight gain and hypertension. Emerging evidence supports metabolic derangements in chronic HCV may be improved by viral eradication with direct-acting antivirals, however, additional study in HIV/HCV co-infected patients is needed. Summary Future research programs should aim to better characterize metabolic syndrome in HIV/HCV co-infected patients with the goal of improved screening, treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren F Collins
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ruth O Adekunle
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emily J Cartwright
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
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13
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Wang CC, Cheng PN, Kao JH. Systematic review: chronic viral hepatitis and metabolic derangement. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2020; 51:216-230. [PMID: 31746482 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver has a critical role in the metabolism of glucose and lipids. Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection leads to a spectrum of liver disease including chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has a rising incidence owing to an epidemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a liver manifestation of MetS and has become the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. AIM To summarise the interplay among hepatitis viruses, MetS and its components. METHODS We searched the literature about HBV, HCV infection, MetS, fatty liver and its components from PubMed. RESULTS With respect to the viral replication cycle, lipids are important mediators between viral entry and hepatocyte in HCV infection, but not in HBV infection. Thus, HCV infection is inversely associated with hyperlipidaemia and lipid rebound occurs following sustained viral response induced by interferon-based therapy or direct antiviral agents. In addition, HCV infection is positively associated with insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, MetS and the risk of T2DM and atherosclerosis. In contrast, HBV infection may protect infected subjects from the development of MetS and hepatic steatosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that HBV infection is inversely associated with lipid metabolism, and exhibits no conclusive association with insulin resistance or the risk of T2DM and arteriosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS In patients with viral hepatitis and concurrent metabolic diseases, a multidisciplinary approach should be given rather than simply antiviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation and School of Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Nan Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Horng Kao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Research and Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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14
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Adinolfi LE, Jacobson I, Bondin M, Cacoub P. Expert opinion on managing chronic HCV infection in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Antivir Ther 2019; 23:11-21. [PMID: 30451154 DOI: 10.3851/imp3255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been identified as an extrahepatic manifestation of chronic HCV infection. Conversely, in the context of chronic HCV infection, T2DM can accelerate the course of HCV-induced liver disease leading to increased risk of fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The presence of T2DM negatively impacts the efficacy of interferon-based antiviral therapy, but real-world data with high-efficacy direct-acting antiviral therapies suggest high viral clearance rates in T2DM patients. In HCV-infected individuals, viral eradication is associated with a reduced risk of de novo T2DM in non-diabetic patients and beneficial metabolic changes in patients with T2DM, highlighting the importance of antiviral treatment and physician awareness of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Elio Adinolfi
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic, and Geriatric Sciences, Università degli Studi della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Patrice Cacoub
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7211, and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B), Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 959, Paris, France.,CNRS, FRE3632, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Paris, France
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15
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Liu X, Xu H, Zhan M, Niu J. The Potential Effects of Diabetes Mellitus on Liver Fibrosis in Patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:6174-6180. [PMID: 31420961 PMCID: PMC6710003 DOI: 10.12659/msm.916107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The impact of diabetes mellitus (DM) on the natural progression of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) has not yet been determined. The objective of this study was to determine whether DM is associated with increased liver damage in PBC. Material/Methods There were 168 treatment-naïve PBC patients, including 37 patients with DM, enrolled in this study between 2012 and 2018. Patient demographics, clinical features, and biochemical and histopathological parameters were collected. Disease severity was assessed by pathological data, Child Pugh grade, and noninvasive indicators. Relevant risks for PBC-related cirrhosis were assessed by univariate and multivariate analyses. Results The noninvasive scores predicting fibrosis were all significantly higher in PBC-DM versus PBC-only patients (fibrosis-4 score: 4.08 versus 3.21, P=0.029; aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index: 1.46 versus 1.09, P=0.036; red blood cell distribution width to platelet ratio: 0.12 versus 0.08, P=0.016; Mayo Risk Score: 1.52 versus 0.19, P=0.011; the Newcastle model: 2.85 versus 2.07, P=0.009; albumin-bilirubin score: −1.92 versus −2.10, P=0.023). Cirrhosis occurred at a higher rate (62.2% versus 42.0%, P=0.030) in PBC-DM patients, but Child Pugh grade and pathological differences could not be accurately determined. A multivariate analysis revealed DM increased the risk of PBC-related cirrhosis, with a resulting adjusted odds ratio of 2.351 (95% confidence interval, 1.022–5.409). Conclusions The results of this retrospective, single-center study suggest that DM is associated with more severe liver fibrosis in PBC. Consequently, improved management of DM might alter the prognosis of PBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China (mainland)
| | - Hongqin Xu
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China (mainland)
| | - Mengru Zhan
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China (mainland)
| | - Junqi Niu
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China (mainland)
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16
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Lee H, Lim Y. Gamma-tocopherol ameliorates hyperglycemia-induced hepatic inflammation associated with NLRP3 inflammasome in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Nutr Res Pract 2019; 13:377-383. [PMID: 31583056 PMCID: PMC6760984 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2019.13.5.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Hyperglycemia-induced hepatic damage has been recognized as one of the major cause of complications in diabetes. Hepatic complications are associated with inflammation and oxidative stress in diabetes. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that gamma-tocopherol (GT) supplementation ameliorates NLRP3 inflammasome associated hepatic inflammation in diabetes. MATERIALS/METHODS Diabetes was induced by the intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (150 mg/kg. BW) in ICR mice. All mice were fed with a control diet (AIN-76A). After diabetes was induced (fasting glucose level ≥ 250 mg/dL), the mice were treated with tocopherol-stripped corn oil or GT-supplemented (35 mg/kg) corn oil, respectively, by gavage for 2 weeks. RESULTS GT supplementation reduced fasting blood glucose levels in diabetic mice relative to non-treated diabetic mice. Moreover, GT supplementation ameliorated hyperglycemia-induced hepatic damage by regulation of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3)-inflammasome associated inflammation represented by NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-recruitment domain, caspase-1, nuclear factor-κB pathway as well as oxidative stress demonstrated by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1, catalase and glutathione-dependent peroxidase in diabetic mice. CONCLUSION The findings suggested that GT supplementation ameliorated hepatic damage by attenuating inflammation and oxidative stress in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Taken together, GT could be a beneficial nutrient that can ameliorate inflammatory responses associated with NLRP3 inflammasome in hyperglycemia-induced hepatic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heaji Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyunghee-Daero, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunsook Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyunghee-Daero, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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17
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Sánchez-Crisóstomo I, Fernández-Martínez E, Cariño-Cortés R, Betanzos-Cabrera G, Bobadilla-Lugo RA. Phytosterols and Triterpenoids for Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic-related Liver Diseases and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 20:197-214. [DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190219122357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Liver ailments are among the leading causes of death; they originate from viral
infections, chronic alcoholism, and autoimmune illnesses, which may chronically be precursors of
cirrhosis; furthermore, metabolic syndrome may worsen those hepatopathies or cause Non-alcoholic
Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) that may advance to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Cirrhosis is
the late-stage liver disease and can proceed to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Pharmacological
treatment options for liver diseases, cirrhosis, and HCC, are limited, expensive, and not wholly effective.
The use of medicinal herbs and functional foods is growing around the world as natural resources
of bioactive compounds that would set the basis for the development of new drugs.
Review and Conclusion:
Plant and food-derived sterols and triterpenoids (TTP) possess antioxidant,
metabolic-regulating, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities, as well as they are recognized
as anticancer agents, suggesting their application strongly as an alternative therapy in some
chronic diseases. Thus, it is interesting to review current reports about them as hepatoprotective agents,
but also because they structurally resemble cholesterol, sexual hormones, corticosteroids and bile acids
due to the presence of the steroid nucleus, so they all can share pharmacological properties through activating
nuclear and membrane receptors. Therefore, sterols and TTP appear as a feasible option for the
prevention and treatment of chronic metabolic-related liver diseases, cirrhosis, and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Sánchez-Crisóstomo
- Center for Research on Reproductive Biology, School of Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Hidalgo's State, Pachuca, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Fernández-Martínez
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Hidalgo's State, Pachuca, Mexico
| | - Raquel Cariño-Cortés
- Center for Research on Reproductive Biology, School of Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Hidalgo's State, Pachuca, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Betanzos-Cabrera
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Hidalgo's State, Pachuca, Mexico
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18
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Diabetes Mellitus and Risk of Hepatic Fibrosis/Cirrhosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:5308308. [PMID: 31080822 PMCID: PMC6475555 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5308308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Development of cirrhosis is two- to threefold greater in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), and in this setting, the prevalence of cirrhosis is surging worldwide. The present review served to examine clinical ties between DM and liver fibrosis and hepatic cirrhosis and explore related biologic mechanisms. Pathways contributing to various etiologies of cirrhosis in conjunction with DM were key investigative targets.
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19
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Colaci M, Malatino L, Antonelli A, Fallahi P, Giuggioli D, Ferri C. Endocrine disorders associated with hepatitis C virus chronic infection. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2018; 19:397-403. [PMID: 30499080 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-018-9475-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The term "HCV syndrome" encompasses several organ- and systemic pathophysiological states, which often recognize autoimmunity or neoplastic evolution in their pathophysiology, as well as chronic HCV infection as trigger. The clinical features of HCV patients are heterogenous, and may include endocrine or metabolic disorders, namely autoimmune thyroiditis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and erectile/sexual dysfunctions. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the endocrine/metabolic diseases associated with chronic HCV infection, focusing on the main concepts emerged in the recent literature in this field. The application of this knowledge in everyday clinical practice may be relevant, in order to reinforce a holistic vision of the patient with chronic HCV infection, stimulating in turn a multi-disciplinary approach, thus increasing the probability of early diagnosis, more effective treatments, and a better prognostic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Colaci
- Internal Medicine Unit, Cannizzaro Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via Messina, 829, 95100, Catania, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Malatino
- Internal Medicine Unit, Cannizzaro Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via Messina, 829, 95100, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Dilia Giuggioli
- Rheumatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Clodoveo Ferri
- Rheumatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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