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Poblano-Pérez LI, Castro-Manrreza ME, González-Alva P, Fajardo-Orduña GR, Montesinos JJ. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Derived from Dental Tissues: Immunomodulatory Properties and Clinical Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1986. [PMID: 38396665 PMCID: PMC10888494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25041986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells located in different areas of the human body. The oral cavity is considered a potential source of MSCs because they have been identified in several dental tissues (D-MSCs). Clinical trials in which cells from these sources were used have shown that they are effective and safe as treatments for tissue regeneration. Importantly, immunoregulatory capacity has been observed in all of these populations; however, this function may vary among the different types of MSCs. Since this property is of clinical interest for cell therapy protocols, it is relevant to analyze the differences in immunoregulatory capacity, as well as the mechanisms used by each type of MSC. Interestingly, D-MSCs are the most suitable source for regenerating mineralized tissues in the oral region. Furthermore, the clinical potential of D-MSCs is supported due to their adequate capacity for proliferation, migration, and differentiation. There is also evidence for their potential application in protocols against autoimmune diseases and other inflammatory conditions due to their immunosuppressive capacity. Therefore, in this review, the immunoregulatory mechanisms identified at the preclinical level in combination with the different types of MSCs found in dental tissues are described, in addition to a description of the clinical trials in which MSCs from these sources have been applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Ignacio Poblano-Pérez
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Oncology Research Unit, Oncology Hospital, National Medical Center (IMSS), Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (L.I.P.-P.); (G.R.F.-O.)
| | - Marta Elena Castro-Manrreza
- Immunology and Stem Cells Laboratory, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 09230, Mexico;
| | - Patricia González-Alva
- Tissue Bioengineering Laboratory, Postgraduate Studies, Research Division, Faculty of Dentistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Guadalupe R. Fajardo-Orduña
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Oncology Research Unit, Oncology Hospital, National Medical Center (IMSS), Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (L.I.P.-P.); (G.R.F.-O.)
| | - Juan José Montesinos
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Oncology Research Unit, Oncology Hospital, National Medical Center (IMSS), Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (L.I.P.-P.); (G.R.F.-O.)
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Ponnaiyan D, Rughwani RR, Victor DJ, Shetty G. Stem Cells in the Periodontium-Anatomically Related Yet Physiologically Diverse. Eur J Dent 2024; 18:1-13. [PMID: 36588293 PMCID: PMC10959637 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a complex chronic disease discernible by the deterioration of periodontal tissue. The goal of periodontal therapy is to achieve complete tissue regeneration, and one of the most promising treatment options is to harness the regenerative potential of stem cells available within the periodontal complex. Periodontal ligament stem cells, gingival mesenchymal stem cells, oral periosteal stem cells, and dental follicle stem cells have structural similarities, but their immunological responses and features differ. The qualities of diverse periodontal stem cells, their immune-modulatory effects, and variances in their phenotypes and characteristics will be discussed in this review. Although there is evidence on each stem cell population in the periodontium, understanding the differences in markers expressed, the various research conducted so far on their regenerative potential, will help in understanding which stem cell population will be a better candidate for tissue engineering. The possibility of selecting the most amenable stem cell population for optimal periodontal regeneration and the development and current application of superior tissue engineering treatment options such as autologous transplantation, three-dimensional bioengineered scaffolds, dental stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles will be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Ponnaiyan
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, SRM Dental College and Hospital, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Roshan R. Rughwani
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, SRM Dental College and Hospital, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhayanand John Victor
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, SRM Dental College and Hospital, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ganesh Shetty
- Dental and Orthodontic Clinic, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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3
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Fahmy SH, Jungbluth H, Jepsen S, Winter J. Effects of histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors on proliferative, differentiative, and regenerative functions of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2)-stimulated human dental pulp cells (hDPCs). Clin Oral Investig 2023; 28:53. [PMID: 38157054 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05466-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This in vitro study aimed to modify TLR-2-mediated effects on the paracrine, proliferative, and differentiation potentials of human dental pulp-derived cells using histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell viability was assessed using the XTT assay. Cells were either treated with 10 μg/ml Pam3CSK4 only, or pre-treated with valproic acid (VPA) (3 mM), trichostatin A (TSA) (3 μM), and MG-149 (3 μM) for a total of 4 h and 24 h. Control groups included unstimulated cells and cells incubated with inhibitors solvents only. Transcript levels for NANOG, OCT3-4, FGF-1 and 2, NGF, VEGF, COL-1A1, TLR-2, hβD-2 and 3, BMP-2, DSPP, and ALP were assessed through qPCR. RESULTS After 24 h, TSA pre-treatment significantly upregulated the defensins and maintained the elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines, but significantly reduced healing and differentiation genes. VPA significantly upregulated the pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, while MG-149 significantly downregulated them. Pluripotency genes were not significantly affected by any regimen. CONCLUSIONS At the attempted concentrations, TSA upregulated the defensins gene expression levels, and MG-149 exerted a remarkable anti-inflammatory effect; therefore, they could favorably impact the immunological profile of hDPCs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Targeting hDPC nuclear function could be a promising option in the scope of the biological management of inflammatory pulp diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hossam Fahmy
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Holger Jungbluth
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Søren Jepsen
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jochen Winter
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Wang Z, Huang M, Zhang Y, Jiang X, Xu L. Comparison of Biological Properties and Clinical Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from the Mesoderm and Ectoderm. Stem Cells Int 2023; 2023:4547875. [PMID: 37333060 PMCID: PMC10276766 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4547875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the 1970s, they have been widely used in the treatment of a variety of diseases because of their wide sources, strong differentiation potential, rapid expansion in vitro, low immunogenicity, and so on. At present, most of the related research is on mesoderm-derived MSCs (M-MSCs) such as bone marrow MSCs and adipose-derived MSCs. As a type of MSC, ectoderm-derived MSCs (E-MSCs) have a stronger potential for self-renewal, multidirectional differentiation, and immunomodulation and have more advantages than M-MSCs in some specific conditions. This paper analyzes the relevant research development of E-MSCs compared with that of M-MSCs; summarizes the extraction, discrimination and culture, biological characteristics, and clinical application of E-MSCs; and discusses the application prospects of E-MSCs. This summary provides a theoretical basis for the better application of MSCs from both ectoderm and mesoderm in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenning Wang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
- Department of Orthodontics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Meng Huang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
- Department of Orthodontics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
- Department of Orthodontics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiaoxia Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lulu Xu
- Department of Orthodontics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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Park HY, Kim CE, Lee SM, Ahn JM, Yoon EH, Yoo M, Kim JM, Back J, Park DH, Jang WH, Kwon B, Seo SK. Priming Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells with a Combination of a Low Dose of IFN-γ and Bortezomib Results in Potent Suppression of Pathogenic Th17 Immunity Through the IDO1-AHR Axis. Stem Cells 2023; 41:64-76. [PMID: 36242771 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxac075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Preconditioning of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) with the inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ enhances not only their immunosuppressive activity but also their expression of HLA and proinflammatory genes. We hypothesized that prevention of the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines and HLA molecules in IFN-γ-primed MSCs would render these cells more immunosuppressive and less immunogenic. In this study, we discovered the following findings supporting this hypothesis: (1) activated human T cells induced the expression of IDO1 in MSCs via IFN-γ secretion and those MSCs in turn inhibited T-cell proliferation in an AHR-dependent fashion; (2) there was no difference in the expression of IDO1 and HLA-DR in MSCs after priming with a low dose (25 IU/mL) versus a high dose (100 IU/mL) of IFN-γ; (3) the transient addition of bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, to culture MSCs after IFN-γ priming decreased the expression of HLA-DR, inflammatory cytokine genes and Vcam1 while increasing the expression of IDO1 and the production of L-kynurenine; finally, MSCs primed with a combination of a low dose of IFN-γ and bortezomib were more effective in inhibiting Th17-mediated idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS) and chronic colitis than unprimed MSCs. Our results suggest that bortezomib significantly eliminates the unfavorable effects of IFN-γ priming of MSCs (increased expression of MHC molecules and inflammatory cytokines and cell aggregation genes) and simultaneously increases their immunosuppressive activity by upregulating IDO1. Taken together, our newly established MSC priming method may contribute to MSC-based cell therapy for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Young Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Eun Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Soung-Min Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Mi Ahn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hye Yoon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjoo Yoo
- Cell Therapy Research Center, GC Cell, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Mi Kim
- Cell Therapy Research Center, GC Cell, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Back
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hwi Park
- Cell Therapy Research Center, GC Cell, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hee Jang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungsuk Kwon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Kil Seo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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The Role and Involvement of Stem Cells in Periodontology. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020387. [PMID: 36830924 PMCID: PMC9953576 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a widespread inflammatory condition, characterized by a progressive deterioration of the supporting structures of the teeth. Due to the complexity of periodontal tissue and the surrounding inflammatory microenvironment, the repair of lesions at this level represents a continuous challenge. The regeneration of periodontal tissues is considered a promising strategy. Stem cells have remarkable properties, such as immunomodulatory potential, proliferation, migration, and multilineage differentiation. Thus, they can be used to repair tissue damage and reduce inflammation, potentially leading to periodontal regeneration. Among the stem cells used for periodontal regeneration, we studied dental mesenchymal stem cells (DMSCs), non-dental stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs). Although these cells have well documented important physiological characteristics, their use in contemporary practice to repair the affected periodontium is still a challenge.
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Hayashi C, Fukuda T, Kawakami K, Toyoda M, Nakao Y, Watanabe Y, Shinjo T, Sano T, Iwashita M, Yotsumoto K, Shida M, Taketomi T, Sanui T, Uchiumi T, Kanematsu T, Nishimura F. miR-1260b inhibits periodontal bone loss by targeting ATF6β mediated regulation of ER stress. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1061216. [PMID: 36531939 PMCID: PMC9748617 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1061216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The expression profiles of exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) are regulated by the microenvironment, and appropriate priming with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is one of the strategies to enhance the paracrine potency of MSCs. Our previous work demonstrated that exosomes from tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-primed human gingiva-derived MSCs (GMSCs) could be a therapeutic tool against periodontitis, and that TNFα-inducible exosomal miR-1260b is essential for the inhibition of alveolar bone loss. However, the precise molecular mechanism underlying miR-1260b-mediated inhibition of osteoclastogenesis is not yet fully understood. Here, we found that the activating transcription factor (ATF)-6β, a novel miR-1260b-targeting gene, is critical for the regulation of osteoclastogenesis under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. An experimental periodontal mouse model demonstrated that induction of ER stress was accompanied by enhanced ATF6β expression, and local administration of miR-1260b and ATF6β siRNA using polyethylenimine nanoparticles (PEI-NPs) significantly suppressed the periodontal bone resorption. In periodontal ligament (PDL) cells, the ER stress inducer, tunicamycin, enhanced the expression of the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), while miR-1260b-mediated downregulation of ATF6β caused RANKL inhibition. Furthermore, the secretome from miR-1260b/ATF6β-axis-activated PDL cells inhibited osteoclastogenesis in human CD14+ peripheral blood-derived monocytes. These results indicate that the miR-1260b/ATF6β axis mediates the regulation of ER stress, which may be used as a novel therapeutic strategy to treat periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Hayashi
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takao Fukuda
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kawakami
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaaki Toyoda
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakao
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukari Watanabe
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takanori Shinjo
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomomi Sano
- Department of Cell Biology, Aging Science, and Pharmacology, Division of Oral Biological Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Misaki Iwashita
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Karen Yotsumoto
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Miyu Shida
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takaharu Taketomi
- Dental and Oral Medical Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Terukazu Sanui
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uchiumi
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanematsu
- Department of Cell Biology, Aging Science, and Pharmacology, Division of Oral Biological Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fusanori Nishimura
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Singhatanadgit W, Kitpakornsanti S, Toso M, Pavasant P. IFNγ-primed periodontal ligament cells regulate T-cell responses via IFNγ-inducible mediators and ICAM-1-mediated direct cell contact. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220056. [PMID: 35911203 PMCID: PMC9326268 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal ligament (PDL) cells help maintain tissue homeostasis by balancing PDL tissue inflammation and regeneration. However, the mechanisms by which interferon γ (IFNγ) modulate this process are not yet fully understood. The present study aimed to examine the effect of primed and non-primed PDL cells with IFNγ on the viability and differentiation of T lymphocytes and its functional consequences. The results showed that IFNγ-primed PDL cells possessed enhanced immunosuppression by suppressing T-lymphocyte viability and directing T-lymphocyte differentiation towards a higher T helper (Th) Th2/Th1 ratio. Suppression of T-cell viability was mainly mediated by IFNγ-inducible secreted mediators, which was prevented in the presence of direct cell contact, probably by intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)-induced PI3 K-mediated transforming growth factor β1 expression in PDL cells. By contrast, ICAM-1 activation augmented IFNγ-induced IFNγ and interleukin-6 expression in PDL cells, which in turn modulated T-cell differentiation. The resulting interaction between these two cell types activated macrophage and suppressed osteoclast differentiation. In conclusion, the results have shown, for the first time to our knowledge, that primed and non-primed PDL cells with IFNγ differentially control T-cell responses via IFNγ-inducible mediators and ICAM-1-mediated direct cell contact, suggesting the role of PDL cells in shifting an inflammatory phase towards a regenerative phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weerachai Singhatanadgit
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathumthani, Thailand
- Research Unit in Mineralized Tissue Reconstruction, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Setthawut Kitpakornsanti
- Research Unit in Mineralized Tissue Reconstruction, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Montree Toso
- Research Unit in Mineralized Tissue Reconstruction, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathumthani, Thailand
- Stem Cell for Life Research Center, Greater Pharma Manufacturing Co. Ltd, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Prasit Pavasant
- Center of Excellence in Regenerative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Suwittayarak R, Klincumhom N, Ngaokrajang U, Namangkalakul W, Ferreira JN, Pavasant P, Osathanon T. Shear Stress Enhances the Paracrine-Mediated Immunoregulatory Function of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells via the ERK Signalling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137119. [PMID: 35806124 PMCID: PMC9266779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Relevant immunomodulatory effects have been proposed following allogeneic cell-based therapy with human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs). This study aimed to examine the influence of shear stress on the immunosuppressive capacity of hPDLSCs. Cells were subjected to shear stress at different magnitudes (0.5, 5 and 10 dyn/cm2). The expression of immunosuppressive markers was evaluated in shear stress-induced hPDLSCs using qRT-PCR, western blot, enzyme activity and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The effects of a shear stress-derived condition medium (SS-CM) on T cell proliferation were examined using a resazurin assay. Treg differentiation was investigated using qRT-PCR and flow cytometry analysis. Our results revealed that shear stress increased mRNA expression of IDO and COX2 but not TGF-β1 and IFN-γ. IDO activity, kynurenine and active TGF-β1 increased in SS-CM when compared to the non-shear stress-derived conditioned medium (CTL-CM). The amount of kynurenine in SS-CM was reduced in the presence of cycloheximide and ERK inhibitor. Subsequently, T cell proliferation decreased in SS-CM compared to CTL-CM. Treg differentiation was promoted in SS-CM, indicated by FOXP3, IL-10 expression and CD4+CD25hiCD127lo/− subpopulation. In conclusion, shear stress promotes kynurenine production through ERK signalling in hPDLSC, leading to the inhibition of T cell proliferation and the promotion of Treg cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravipha Suwittayarak
- Center of Excellence for Regenerative Dentistry, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (R.S.); (U.N.); (P.P.)
| | - Nuttha Klincumhom
- Center of Excellence for Regenerative Dentistry, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (R.S.); (U.N.); (P.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Utapin Ngaokrajang
- Center of Excellence for Regenerative Dentistry, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (R.S.); (U.N.); (P.P.)
| | - Worachat Namangkalakul
- Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (W.N.); (T.O.)
| | - João N. Ferreira
- Avatar Biotechnologies for Oral Health and Healthy Longevity Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Prasit Pavasant
- Center of Excellence for Regenerative Dentistry, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (R.S.); (U.N.); (P.P.)
| | - Thanaphum Osathanon
- Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (W.N.); (T.O.)
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Andrukhov O. Toll-Like Receptors and Dental Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 2:648901. [PMID: 35048000 PMCID: PMC8757738 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2021.648901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a promising tool for clinical application in and beyond dentistry. These cells possess multilineage differentiation potential and immunomodulatory properties. Due to their localization in the oral cavity, these cells could sometimes be exposed to different bacteria and viruses. Dental MSCs express various Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and therefore, they can recognize different microorganisms. The engagement of TLRs in dental MSCs by various ligands might change their properties and function. The differentiation capacity of dental MSCs might be either inhibited or enhanced by TLRs ligands depending on their nature and concentrations. Activation of TLR signaling in dental MSCs induces the production of proinflammatory mediators. Additionally, TLR ligands alter the immunomodulatory ability of dental MSCs, but this aspect is still poorly explored. Understanding the role of TLR signaling in dental MSCs physiology is essential to assess their role in oral homeostasis, inflammatory diseases, and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleh Andrukhov
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Andrukhov O, Blufstein A, Behm C. A Review of Antimicrobial Activity of Dental Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Is There Any Potential? FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 2:832976. [PMID: 35098213 PMCID: PMC8795861 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2021.832976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial defense is an essential component of host-microbial homeostasis and contributes substantially to oral health maintenance. Dental mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) possess multilineage differentiation potential, immunomodulatory properties and play an important role in various processes like regeneration and disease progression. Recent studies show that dental MSCs might also be involved in antibacterial defense. This occurs by producing antimicrobial peptides or attracting professional phagocytic immune cells and modulating their activity. The production of antimicrobial peptides and immunomodulatory abilities of dental MSCs are enhanced by an inflammatory environment and influenced by vitamin D3. Antimicrobial peptides also have anti-inflammatory effects in dental MSCs and improve their differentiation potential. Augmentation of antibacterial efficiency of dental MSCs could broaden their clinical application in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleh Andrukhov
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alice Blufstein
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Behm
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Xu F, Pushalkar S, Lin Z, Thomas SC, Persaud JK, Sierra MA, Vardhan M, Vasconcelos R, Akapo A, Guo Y, Gordon T, Corby PM, Kamer AR, Li X, Saxena D. Electronic cigarette use enriches periodontal pathogens. Mol Oral Microbiol 2022; 37:63-76. [PMID: 34997976 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) smoking, especially its long-term impact on oral health, is poorly understood. Here, we conducted a longitudinal clinical study with two study visits, 6 months apart, to investigate the effect of e-cigarette use on the bacterial community structure in the saliva of 101 periodontitis patients. Our data demonstrated that e-cigarette use altered the oral microbiome in periodontitis patients, enriching members of the Filifactor, Treponema, and Fusobacterium taxa. For patients at the same periodontal disease stage, cigarette smokers and e-cigarette smokers shared more similarities in their oral bacterial composition. E-cigarette smoking may have a similar potential as cigarette smoking at altering the bacterial composition of saliva over time, leading to an increase in the relative abundance of periodontal disease-associated pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. The correlation analysis showed that certain genera, such as Dialister, Selenomonas, and Leptotrichia in the e-cigarette smoking group, were positively correlated with the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ, IL-1β, and TNF-α. E-cigarette use was also associated with elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α, which contribute to oral microbiome dysbiosis and advanced disease state. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxi Xu
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Smruti Pushalkar
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ziyan Lin
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Scott C Thomas
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Julia Kishanie Persaud
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria A Sierra
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mridula Vardhan
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rebeca Vasconcelos
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Adenike Akapo
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yuqi Guo
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Terry Gordon
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Patricia M Corby
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Angela R Kamer
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
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Shang L, Shao J, Ge S. Immunomodulatory functions of oral mesenchymal stem cells: Novel force for tissue regeneration and disease therapy. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:539-552. [PMID: 34184321 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr0321-766r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-based therapeutic strategies have achieved remarkable efficacies. Oral tissue-derived MSCs, with powerful self-renewal and multilineage differentiation abilities, possess the features of abundant sources and easy accessibility and hold great potential in tissue regeneration and disease therapies. Oral MSCs mainly consist of periodontal ligament stem cells, gingival mesenchymal stem cells, dental pulp stem cells, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth, stem cells from the apical papilla, dental follicle stem cells, and alveolar bone-derived mesenchymal stem. Early immunoinflammatory response stage is the prerequisite phase of healing process. Besides the potent capacities of differentiation and regeneration, oral MSCs are capable of interacting with various immune cells and function as immunomodulatory regulators. Consequently, the immunomodulatory effects of oral MSCs during damage repair seem to be crucial for exploring novel immunomodulatory strategies to achieve disease recovery and tissue regeneration. Herein, we reviewed various oral MSCs with their immunomodulatory properties and the potential mechanism, as well as their effects on immunomodulation-mediated disease therapies and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Shang
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jinlong Shao
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shaohua Ge
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong, China
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14
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Queiroz A, Albuquerque-Souza E, Gasparoni LM, França BND, Pelissari C, Trierveiler M, Holzhausen M. Therapeutic potential of periodontal ligament stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:605-618. [PMID: 34249230 PMCID: PMC8246246 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i6.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory periodontal disease known as periodontitis is one of the most common conditions that affect human teeth and often leads to tooth loss. Due to the complexity of the periodontium, which is composed of several tissues, its regeneration and subsequent return to a homeostatic state is challenging with the therapies currently available. Cellular therapy is increasingly becoming an alternative in regenerative medicine/dentistry, especially therapies using mesenchymal stem cells, as they can be isolated from a myriad of tissues. Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) are probably the most adequate to be used as a cell source with the aim of regenerating the periodontium. Biological insights have also highlighted PDLSCs as promising immunomodulator agents. In this review, we explore the state of knowledge regarding the properties of PDLSCs, as well as their therapeutic potential, describing current and future clinical applications based on tissue engineering techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Queiroz
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology in Dentistry-LABITRON, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Albuquerque-Souza
- Department of Stomatology, Division of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Leticia Miquelitto Gasparoni
- Department of Stomatology, Division of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Bruno Nunes de França
- Department of Stomatology, Division of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Cibele Pelissari
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology in Dentistry-LABITRON, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Marília Trierveiler
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology in Dentistry-LABITRON, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Marinella Holzhausen
- Department of Stomatology, Division of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
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15
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MicroRNA-146a downregulates interleukin-13 and inhibits the proliferation of human periodontal ligament stem cells. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 129:105165. [PMID: 34146927 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was carried out to investigate the interaction between microRNA-146a and interleukin-13 (IL-13) in periodontitis. DESIGN The expression levels of microRNA-146a and IL-13 in periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) derived from periodontitis-affected teeth and healthy teeth were detected by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). A microRNA-146a mimic was transfected into PDLSCs, and proliferation and IL-13 expression were detected via a cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and western blot, respectively. RESULTS microRNA-146a was downregulated and IL-13 was upregulated in PDLSCs derived from periodontitis-affected teeth compared to that in PDLSCs derived from healthy teeth. microRNA-146a and IL-13 were negatively correlated in periodontitis-derived PDLSCs but not in those derived from healthy teeth. The former also exhibited significantly enhanced cell proliferation. Overexpression of microRNA-146a inhibited proliferation of PDLSCs derived from both periodontitis-affected teeth and healthy teeth while downregulating IL-13. CONCLUSIONS microRNA-146a may improve periodontitis by downregulating IL-13 and inhibiting the proliferation of human PDLSCs.
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Ning W, Acharya A, Sun Z, Ogbuehi AC, Li C, Hua S, Ou Q, Zeng M, Liu X, Deng Y, Haak R, Ziebolz D, Schmalz G, Pelekos G, Wang Y, Hu X. Deep Learning Reveals Key Immunosuppression Genes and Distinct Immunotypes in Periodontitis. Front Genet 2021; 12:648329. [PMID: 33777111 PMCID: PMC7994531 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.648329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Periodontitis is a chronic immuno-inflammatory disease characterized by inflammatory destruction of tooth-supporting tissues. Its pathogenesis involves a dysregulated local host immune response that is ineffective in combating microbial challenges. An integrated investigation of genes involved in mediating immune response suppression in periodontitis, based on multiple studies, can reveal genes pivotal to periodontitis pathogenesis. Here, we aimed to apply a deep learning (DL)-based autoencoder (AE) for predicting immunosuppression genes involved in periodontitis by integrating multiples omics datasets. Methods Two periodontitis-related GEO transcriptomic datasets (GSE16134 and GSE10334) and immunosuppression genes identified from DisGeNET and HisgAtlas were included. Immunosuppression genes related to periodontitis in GSE16134 were used as input to build an AE, to identify the top disease-representative immunosuppression gene features. Using K-means clustering and ANOVA, immune subtype labels were assigned to disease samples and a support vector machine (SVM) classifier was constructed. This classifier was applied to a validation set (Immunosuppression genes related to periodontitis in GSE10334) for predicting sample labels, evaluating the accuracy of the AE. In addition, differentially expressed genes (DEGs), signaling pathways, and transcription factors (TFs) involved in immunosuppression and periodontitis were determined with an array of bioinformatics analysis. Shared DEGs common to DEGs differentiating periodontitis from controls and those differentiating the immune subtypes were considered as the key immunosuppression genes in periodontitis. Results We produced representative molecular features and identified two immune subtypes in periodontitis using an AE. Two subtypes were also predicted in the validation set with the SVM classifier. Three “master” immunosuppression genes, PECAM1, FCGR3A, and FOS were identified as candidates pivotal to immunosuppressive mechanisms in periodontitis. Six transcription factors, NFKB1, FOS, JUN, HIF1A, STAT5B, and STAT4, were identified as central to the TFs-DEGs interaction network. The two immune subtypes were distinct in terms of their regulating pathways. Conclusion This study applied a DL-based AE for the first time to identify immune subtypes of periodontitis and pivotal immunosuppression genes that discriminated periodontitis from the healthy. Key signaling pathways and TF-target DEGs that putatively mediate immune suppression in periodontitis were identified. PECAM1, FCGR3A, and FOS emerged as high-value biomarkers and candidate therapeutic targets for periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchen Ning
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Aneesha Acharya
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India.,Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhengyang Sun
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | | | - Cong Li
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiting Hua
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianhua Ou
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muhui Zeng
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangqiong Liu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Beijing Tibetan Hospital, China Tibetology Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yupei Deng
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Beijing Tibetan Hospital, China Tibetology Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Rainer Haak
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dirk Ziebolz
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schmalz
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - George Pelekos
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianda Hu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Beijing Tibetan Hospital, China Tibetology Research Center, Beijing, China
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Oumarou Hama H, Hamada A, Aboudharam G, Ghigo É, Drancourt M. Human dental pulp stem cells: A sanctuary for relapsing Bartonella quintana. Microb Pathog 2021; 153:104797. [PMID: 33609646 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Bartonella quintana is a facultative intracellular bacterium responsible for relapsing fever, an example of non-sterilizing immunity. The cellular sanctuary of B. quintana in-between febrile relapses remains unknown but repeated detection of B. quintana in dental pulp specimens suggested long-term half-life dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) as candidates. As the capacity of DPSCs to internalize microscopic particles was unknown, we confirmed that DPSCs internalized B. quintana bacteria: Gimenez staining and fluorescence microscopy localized B. quintana bacteria inside DPSCs and this internalization did not affect the cellular multiplication of DPSCs during a one-month follow-up despite the increase in the bacterial load. B. quintana-infected DPSCs did not produce Tumor Necrosis Factor-α whereas an important production of Monocytes Chemoattractant Protein-1 was observed. These unprecedented observations suggest the possibility that DPSCs are shelters for the long-term persistence of B. quintana in the host, warranting further experimental and clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamadou Oumarou Hama
- Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille-Université, IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Attoumani Hamada
- Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille-Université, IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Gérard Aboudharam
- Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille-Université, IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; UFR Odontologie, Aix-Marseille-Université, Marseille, France
| | - Éric Ghigo
- Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
| | - Michel Drancourt
- Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille-Université, IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
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Behm C, Blufstein A, Gahn J, Kubin B, Moritz A, Rausch-Fan X, Andrukhov O. Continuing Effect of Cytokines and Toll-Like Receptor Agonists on Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase-1 in Human Periodontal Ligament Stem/Stromal Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122696. [PMID: 33339125 PMCID: PMC7765527 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplanted mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are a promising and innovative approach in regenerative medicine. Their regenerative potential is partly based upon their immunomodulatory activities. One of the most investigated immunomediators in MSCs, such as in periodontal ligament-derived MSCs (hPDLSCs), is indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO-1) which is upregulated by inflammatory stimuli, like cytokines. However, there are no data concerning continuing IDO-1 expression in hPDLSCs after the removal of inflammatory stimuli, such as cytokines and toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist-2 and TLR-3. Hence, primary hPDLSCs were stimulated with interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, TLR-2 agonist Pam3CSK4 or TLR-3 agonist Poly I/C. IDO-1 gene and protein expression and its enzymatic activity were measured up to five days after removing any stimuli. IL-1β- and TNF-α-induced IDO-1 expression and enzymatic activity decreased in a time-dependent manner after cessation of stimulation. IFN-γ caused a long-lasting effect on IDO-1 up to five days after removing IFN-γ. Both, TLR-2 and TLR-3 agonists induced a significant increase in IDO-1 gene expression, but only TLR-3 agonist induced significantly higher IDO-1 protein expression and enzymatic activity in conditioned media (CM). IDO-1 activity of Poly I/C- and Pam3CSK4-treated hPDLSCs was higher at one day after removal of stimuli than immediately after stimulation and declined to basal levels after five days. Among all tested stimuli, only IFN-γ was able to induce long-lasting IDO-1 expression and activity in hPDLSCs. The high plasticity of IDO-1 expression and its enzymatic activity in hPDLSCs due to the variable cytokine and virulence factor milieu and the temporal-dependent responsiveness of hPDLSCs may cause a highly dynamic potential of hPDLSCs to modulate immune responses in periodontal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Behm
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Division of Orthodontics, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alice Blufstein
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Gahn
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Kubin
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiaohui Rausch-Fan
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Oleh Andrukhov
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Medara N, Lenzo JC, Walsh KA, Reynolds EC, Darby IB, O'Brien-Simpson NM. A review of T helper 17 cell-related cytokines in serum and saliva in periodontitis. Cytokine 2020; 138:155340. [PMID: 33144024 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease with a complex underlying immunopathology. Cytokines, as molecular mediators of inflammation, play a role in all stages of disease progression. T helper 17 (Th17) cells are thought to play a role in periodontitis. Th17 cell development and maintenance requires a pro-inflammatory cytokine milieu, with many of the cytokines implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Serum and saliva are easily accessible biofluids which can represent the systemic and local environment to promote the development of Th17 cells. Here we review human clinical studies that investigate IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-25, IL-31, IL-33, IFN-γ, sCD40L and TNF-α in serum and saliva in periodontitis. We highlight their putative role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and place them within a wider context of animal and other clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Medara
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Jason C Lenzo
- Centre for Oral Health Research, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Katrina A Walsh
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia.
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Centre for Oral Health Research, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Ivan B Darby
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Neil M O'Brien-Simpson
- Centre for Oral Health Research, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
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Mesenchymal Stem/Progenitor Cells: The Prospect of Human Clinical Translation. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:8837654. [PMID: 33953753 PMCID: PMC8063852 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8837654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MSCs) are key players in regenerative medicine, relying principally on their differentiation/regeneration potential, immunomodulatory properties, paracrine effects, and potent homing ability with minimal if any ethical concerns. Even though multiple preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated remarkable properties for MSCs, the clinical applicability of MSC-based therapies is still questionable. Several challenges exist that critically hinder a successful clinical translation of MSC-based therapies, including but not limited to heterogeneity of their populations, variability in their quality and quantity, donor-related factors, discrepancies in protocols for isolation, in vitro expansion and premodification, and variability in methods of cell delivery, dosing, and cell homing. Alterations of MSC viability, proliferation, properties, and/or function are also affected by various drugs and chemicals. Moreover, significant safety concerns exist due to possible teratogenic/neoplastic potential and transmission of infectious diseases. Through the current review, we aim to highlight the major challenges facing MSCs' human clinical translation and shed light on the undergoing strategies to overcome them.
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21
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Immunomodulatory Properties of Stem Cells in Periodontitis: Current Status and Future Prospective. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:9836518. [PMID: 32724318 PMCID: PMC7366217 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9836518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is the sixth-most prevalent chronic inflammatory disease and gradually devastates tooth-supporting tissue. The complexity of periodontal tissue and the local inflammatory microenvironment poses great challenges to tissue repair. Recently, stem cells have been considered a promising strategy to treat tissue damage and inflammation because of their remarkable properties, including stemness, proliferation, migration, multilineage differentiation, and immunomodulation. Several varieties of stem cells can potentially be applied to periodontal regeneration, including dental mesenchymal stem cells (DMSCs), nonodontogenic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In particular, these stem cells possess extensive immunoregulatory capacities. In periodontitis, these cells can exert anti-inflammatory effects and regenerate the periodontium. Stem cells derived from infected tissue possess typical stem cell characteristics with lower immunogenicity and immunosuppression. Several studies have demonstrated that these cells can also regenerate the periodontium. Furthermore, the interaction of stem cells with the surrounding infected microenvironment is critical to periodontal tissue repair. Though the immunomodulatory capabilities of stem cells are not entirely clarified, they show promise for therapeutic application in periodontitis. Here, we summarize the potential of stem cells for periodontium regeneration in periodontitis and focus on their characteristics and immunomodulatory properties as well as challenges and perspectives.
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22
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Response of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Periodontal Tissue to LPS Depends on the Purity but Not on the LPS Source. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:8704896. [PMID: 32714091 PMCID: PMC7352132 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8704896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human periodontal ligament stromal cells (hPDLSCs) and gingival mesenchymal stromal cells (hGMSCs) are resident mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) of the periodontal tissue. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Porphyromonas gingivalis is structurally distinct from that of other Gram-negative bacteria, and earlier studies linked this structural difference to a distinct virulence activity and the ability to activate toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2), besides TLR-4 as commonly occurring upon LPS challenge. Later studies, in contrast, argue that TLR-2 activation by P. gingivalis LPS is due to lipoprotein contamination. In the present study, we aimed to define the influence of structure versus purity of P. gingivalis LPS on the immune response of hPDLSCs and hGMSCs. Cells were stimulated with commercially available "standard" P. gingivalis LPS, "ultrapure" P. gingivalis LPS, or "ultrapure" Escherichia coli LPS, and the expression of interleukin- (IL-) 8, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein- (MCP-) 1, TLR-2, and TLR-4 was evaluated. The contribution of TLR-4 to the LPS-induced response was assessed using the specific TLR-4 inhibitor TAK-242. "Standard" P. gingivalis LPS induced significantly higher IL-8, IL-6, and MCP-1 production compared to the "ultrapure" LPS preparations, with no significant difference detectable for "ultrapure" LPS from P. gingivalis and E. coli. By using TAK-242, the response of hPDLSCs and hGMSCs to "ultrapure" LPS preparations was effectively inhibited to the levels comparable to those of nonstimulated controls. In contrast, high levels of response to "standard" LPS were observed, even in the presence of TAK-242. Our data show that the response of MSCs from periodontal tissue to LPS depends more on the purity of the LPS preparation than on the LPS source. Even a small amount of contaminating lipoproteins can drastically enhance the hPDLSCs' and hGMSCs; responsiveness to P. gingivalis LPS, which might also contribute to the progression of periodontal disease.
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Tomokiyo A, Wada N, Maeda H. Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells: Regenerative Potency in Periodontium. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 28:974-985. [PMID: 31215350 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontium is consisted of root cementum, bone lining the tooth socket, gingiva facing the tooth, and periodontal ligament (PDL). Its primary functions are support of the tooth and protection of tooth, nerve, and blood vessels from injury by mechanical loading. Severe periodontitis induces the destruction of periodontium and results in a significant cause of tooth loss among adults. Unfortunately, conventional therapies such as scaling and root planning are often only palliative. Therefore, the ultimate goal of the treatment for periodontitis is to restore disrupted periodontium to its original shape and function. Tissue engineering refers to the process of combining cells, scaffolds, and signaling molecules for the production of functional tissues to restore, maintain, and improve damaged organs. The discovery of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) highlighted the possibility for development of tissue engineering technology-based therapeutics for disrupted periodontium. PDLSCs are a kind of somatic stem cells that show potential to differentiate into multiple cell types and undergo robust clonal self-renewal. Therefore, PDLSCs are considered a highly promising stem cell population for regenerative therapy in periodontium; however, their rarity prevents the progression of basic and clinical researches. In this review, we summarize recent research advancement and accumulated information regarding the self-renewal capacity, multipotency, and immunomodulatory effect of PDLSCs, as well as their contribution to repair and regeneration of periodontium and other tissues. We also discuss the possibility of PDLSCs for clinical application of regenerative medicine and provide an outline of the genetic approaches to overcome the issue about the rarity of PDLSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Tomokiyo
- 1Division of Endodontics and Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naohisa Wada
- 2Division of General Dentistry, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Maeda
- 1Division of Endodontics and Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.,3Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Andrukhov O, Blufstein A, Behm C, Moritz A, Rausch-Fan X. Vitamin D3 and Dental Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. APPLIED SCIENCES 2020; 10:4527. [DOI: 10.3390/app10134527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 is a hormone involved in the regulation of bone metabolism, mineral homeostasis, and immune response. Almost all dental tissues contain resident mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), which are largely similar to bone marrow-derived MSCs. In this narrative review, we summarized the current findings concerning the physiological effects of vitamin D3 on dental MSCs. The existing literature suggests that dental MSCs possess the ability to convert vitamin D3 into 25(OH)D3 and subsequently to the biologically active 1,25(OH)2D3. The vitamin D3 metabolites 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 stimulate osteogenic differentiation and diminish the inflammatory response of dental MSCs. In addition, 1,25(OH)2D3 influences the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs in different dental tissues. Thus, dental MSCs are both producers and targets of 1,25(OH)2D3 and might regulate the local vitamin D3-dependent processes in an autocrine/paracrine manner. The local vitamin D3 metabolism is assumed to play an essential role in the local physiological processes, but the mechanisms of its regulation in dental MSCs are mostly unknown. The alteration of the local vitamin D3 metabolism may unravel novel therapeutic modalities for the treatment of periodontitis as well as new strategies for dental tissue regeneration.
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Blufstein A, Behm C, Kubin B, Gahn J, Moritz A, Rausch-Fan X, Andrukhov O. Transcriptional activity of vitamin D receptor in human periodontal ligament cells is diminished under inflammatory conditions. J Periodontol 2020; 92:137-148. [PMID: 32474936 PMCID: PMC7891446 DOI: 10.1002/jper.19-0541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Although vitamin D3 deficiency is considered as a risk factor for periodontitis, supplementation during periodontal treatment has not been shown to be beneficial to date. Human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) are regulated by vitamin D3 and play a fundamental role in periodontal tissue homeostasis and inflammatory response in periodontitis. The aim of this study is to investigate possible alterations of the vitamin D3 activity in hPDLCs under inflammatory conditions. Methods Cells isolated from six different donors were treated with either 1,25(OH)2D3 (0 to 10 nM) or 25(OH)D3 (0 to 100 nM) in the presence and absence of ultrapure or standard Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (PgLPS), Pam3CSK4, or interferon‐γ for 48 hours. Additionally, nuclear factor (NF)‐κB inhibition was performed with BAY 11‐7082. The bioactivity of vitamin D in hPDLCs was assessed based on the gene expression levels of vitamin D receptor (VDR)‐regulated genes osteocalcin and osteopontin. Additionally, VDR and CYP27B1 expression levels were measured. Results The vitamin D3‐induced increase of osteocalcin and osteopontin expression was significantly decreased in the presence of standard PgLPS and Pam3CSK4, which was not observed by ultrapure PgLPS. Interferon‐y had diverse effects on the response of hPDLCs to vitamin D3 metabolites. NF‐kB inhibition abolished the effects of standard PgLPS and Pam3CSK4. Standard PgLPS and Pam3CSK4 increased VDR expression in the presence of vitamin D3. CYP27B1 expression was not affected by vitamin D3 and inflammatory conditions. Conclusions This study indicates that the transcriptional activity of VDR is diminished under inflammatory conditions, which might mitigate the effectiveness of vitamin D3 supplementation during periodontal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Blufstein
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Behm
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Kubin
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Gahn
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiaohui Rausch-Fan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oleh Andrukhov
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Cytokines Differently Define the Immunomodulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from the Periodontal Ligament. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051222. [PMID: 32423044 PMCID: PMC7290931 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) play an important role in periodontal tissue homeostasis and regeneration. The function of these cells in vivo depends largely on their immunomodulatory ability, which is reciprocally regulated by immune cells via cytokines, particularly interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-1β. Different cytokines activate distinct signaling pathways and might differently affect immunomodulatory activities of hPDLSCs. This study directly compared the effect of IFN-γ, TNF-α, or IL-1β treated primary hPDLSCs on allogenic CD4+ T lymphocyte proliferation and apoptosis in an indirect co-culture model. The effects of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-1β on the expression of specific immunomodulatory factors such as intoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO-1), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) and ligand 2 (PD-L2) in hPDLSCs were compared. The contribution of different immunomodulatory mediators to the immunomodulatory effects of hPDLSCs in the indirect co-culture experiments was assessed using specific inhibitors. Proliferation of CD4+ T lymphocytes was inhibited by hPDLSCs, and this effect was strongly enhanced by IFN-γ and IL-1β but not by TNF-α. Apoptosis of CD4+ T lymphocytes was decreased by hPDLSCs per se. This effect was counteracted by IFN-γ or IL-1β. Additionally, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-1β differently regulated all investigated immunomediators in hPDLSCs. Pharmacological inhibition of immunomediators showed that their contribution in regulating CD4+ T lymphocytes depends on the cytokine milieu. Our data indicate that inflammatory cytokines activate specific immunomodulatory mechanisms in hPDLSCs and the expression of particular immunomodulatory factors, which underlies a complex reciprocal interaction between hPDLSCs and CD4+ T lymphocytes.
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Andrukhov O, Behm C, Blufstein A, Wehner C, Gahn J, Pippenger B, Wagner R, Rausch-Fan X. Effect of implant surface material and roughness to the susceptibility of primary gingival fibroblasts to inflammatory stimuli. Dent Mater 2020; 36:e194-e205. [PMID: 32360041 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The impact of the implant surface material and roughness on inflammatory processes in peri-implantitis is not entirely clear. Hence, we investigated how titanium and zirconia surfaces with different roughness influence the susceptibility of primary human gingival fibroblasts to different inflammatory stimuli. METHODS Primary human gingival fibroblasts were isolated from 8 healthy individuals and cultured on following surfaces: smooth titanium machined surface (TiM), smooth zirconia machined surface (ZrM), moderately rough titanium surface (SLA), or moderately rough zirconia surface (ZLA). Subsequently, stimulation with one of the following stimuli was performed: Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β. The resulting production of IL-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 was measured by qPCR and ELISA. RESULTS P. gingivalis LPS induced IL-6 and MCP-1 production was slightly higher on titanium surfaces compared to zirconia surfaces. IL-1β induced IL-6 production was not affected by any surface characteristic. The production of MCP-1 in response to IL-1β was higher on smooth compared to rough surfaces and was not affected by the material. The production of IL-6 and MCP-1 in response to TNF-α was most strongly affected by surface characteristics. Higher production of these cytokine was observed on smooth compared to rough surfaces and on titanium compared to zirconia surfaces. Surface characteristics had only minor effects on IL-8 production. SIGNIFICANCE The susceptibility of primary gingival fibroblasts to inflammation depends on various factors, such as surface material, surface roughness and the nature of inflammatory stimuli. All these factors might determine susceptibility to peri-implantitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleh Andrukhov
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christian Behm
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alice Blufstein
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Wehner
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Gahn
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Xiaohui Rausch-Fan
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Zhang F, Özdemir B, Nguyen PQ, Andrukhov O, Rausch-Fan X. Methanandamide diminish the Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide induced response in human periodontal ligament cells. BMC Oral Health 2020; 20:107. [PMID: 32295577 PMCID: PMC7161139 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-020-01087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endocannabinoid system is involved in the regulation of periodontal tissue homeostasis. Synthetic cannabinoid methanandamide (Meth-AEA) has improved stability and affinity to cannabinoid receptors compared to its endogenous analog anandamide. In the present study, we investigated the effect of methanandamide on the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in primary human periodontal ligament cells (hPdLCs). METHODS hPdLCs were treated with Meth-AEA for 24 h, and the resulting production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 was measured in the absence or the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Additionally, the effect of Meth-AEA on the proliferation/viability of hPdLCs was measured by the MTT method. RESULTS Methanandamide at a concentration of 10 μM significantly inhibited P. gingivalis LPS induced production of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1. Basal production of IL-6 and IL-8 was slightly enhanced by 10 μM Meth-AEA. No effect of Meth-AEA on the basal production of MCP-1 was observed. Meth-AEA in concentrations up to 10 μM did not affect the proliferation/viability of hPdLCs, but significantly inhibited it at a concentration of 30 μM. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that the inflammatory response in periodontal ligament cells could be influenced by the activation of the cannabinoid system, which might be potentially involved in the progression of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqiu Zhang
- Department of Periodontology, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Burcu Özdemir
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Phuong Quynh Nguyen
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oleh Andrukhov
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Xiaohui Rausch-Fan
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Chaikeawkaew D, Everts V, Pavasant P. TLR3 activation modulates immunomodulatory properties of human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontol 2020; 91:1225-1236. [PMID: 31981371 DOI: 10.1002/jper.19-0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLR) are a group of receptors that play roles in the innate immune system. Human periodontal ligament cells (hPDL cells) express several TLRs, including TLR3, a nucleotide sensing receptor that recognizes double-stranded RNA from viral infection. However, its role in hPDL cells is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the responses of hPDL cells in terms of immunomodulation after TLR3 engagement. METHODS HPDL cells were treated with various doses of poly I:C, a TLR3 activator. The expression of interferon-gamma (IFNγ), indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO), and human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) was determined. Chemical inhibitors and small interfering RNA (siRNA) were used to confirm the role of TLR3. Coculture with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with poly I:C-activated hPDL cells was performed. RESULTS Endosomal TLR3 in hPDL cells was observed by immunocytochemistry. Addition of poly I:C significantly enhanced the expression and secretion of IFNγ, IDO, and HLA-G. Knockdown of TLR3 using siRNA decreased the poly I:C-induced expression of these three molecules. Bafilomycin-A, an inhibitor of auto-phagosome and lysosome fusion, inhibited poly I:C-induced IDO and HLA-G expression, whereas cycloheximide and a TLR3-neutralizing antibody had no effect. In co-culture experiments, poly I:C-activated hPDL cells inhibited PBMCs proliferation and increased mRNA expression of forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), a transcription factor which is a marker of regulatory T cells. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that TLR3 engagement of hPDL cells induced immunosuppressive properties of these cells. Because immunosuppressive properties play an important role in tissue healing and regeneration, activation of TLR3 may help to attenuate tissue destruction by limiting the inflammatory process and perhaps initiate the healing and regeneration process of the periodontium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daneeya Chaikeawkaew
- Center of Excellence in Regenerative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Oral Biology Graduate Program, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vincent Everts
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Center of Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Prasit Pavasant
- Center of Excellence in Regenerative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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1,25(OH) 2D 3 Differently Affects Immunomodulatory Activities of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Depending on the Presence of TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-γ. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8122211. [PMID: 31847340 PMCID: PMC6947512 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8122211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal ligament-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hPDLSCs) possess immunomodulatory abilities which are strongly enhanced by various inflammatory cytokines. Vitamin D3 has anti-inflammatory effects on hPDLSCs and immune cells. However, no study to date has directly compared the influence of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the immunomodulatory activities of hPDLSCs in the presence of different cytokines. In the present study, the effects of hPDLSCs treated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, or interferon (IFN)-γ in the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the proliferation of allogenic CD4+ T lymphocyte or on the functional status of primary CD68+ macrophages were analyzed in coculture models. Additionally, the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on TNF-α-, IL-1β-, and IFN-γ-induced gene expression of some immunomodulatory factors in hPDLSCs were compared. Under coculture conditions, 1,25(OH)2D3 increased or decreased CD4+ T lymphocyte proliferation via hPDLSCs, depending on the cytokine. hPDLSCs primed with 1,25(OH)2D3 and different cytokines affected pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression in macrophages variably, depending on the priming cytokine. With one exception, 1,25(OH)2D3 significantly reduced TNF-α-, IL-1β-, and IFN-γ-induced expression of all the investigated immunomediators in hPDLSCs, albeit to different extents. These results suggest that 1,25(OH)2D3 influences the immunomodulatory activities of hPDLSCs depending qualitatively and quantitatively on the presence of certain inflammatory cytokines.
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Andrukhov O, Behm C, Blufstein A, Rausch-Fan X. Immunomodulatory properties of dental tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Implication in disease and tissue regeneration. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:604-617. [PMID: 31616538 PMCID: PMC6789188 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i9.604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered as an attractive tool for tissue regeneration and possess a strong immunomodulatory ability. Dental tissue-derived MSCs can be isolated from different sources, such as the dental pulp, periodontal ligament, deciduous teeth, apical papilla, dental follicles and gingiva. According to numerous in vitro studies, the effect of dental MSCs on immune cells might depend on several factors, such as the experimental setting, MSC tissue source and type of immune cell preparation. Most studies have shown that the immunomodulatory activity of dental MSCs is strongly upregulated by activated immune cells. MSCs exert mostly immunosuppressive effects, leading to the dampening of immune cell activation. Thus, the reciprocal interaction between dental MSCs and immune cells represents an elegant mechanism that potentially contributes to tissue homeostasis and inflammatory disease progression. Although the immunomodulatory potential of dental MSCs has been extensively investigated in vitro, its role in vivo remains obscure. A few studies have reported that the MSCs isolated from inflamed dental tissues have a compromised immunomodulatory ability. Moreover, the expression of some immunomodulatory proteins is enhanced in periodontal disease and even shows some correlation with disease severity. MSC-based immunomodulation may play an essential role in the regeneration of different dental tissues. Therefore, immunomodulation-based strategies may be a very promising tool in regenerative dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleh Andrukhov
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Christian Behm
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Alice Blufstein
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Xiaohui Rausch-Fan
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
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Chen P, Huang Y, Wang Y, Li S, Chu H, Rong M. MALAT1 overexpression promotes the proliferation of human periodontal ligament stem cells by upregulating fibroblast growth factor 2. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:1627-1632. [PMID: 31410118 PMCID: PMC6676173 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) has been revealed to promote human periodontal ligament stem cell (PDLSC) proliferation. The abnormal proliferation of PDLSCs has also been associated with the pathogenesis of periodontitis. The long non-coding RNA, metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1), has been demonstrated to regulate FGF2 secretion. Therefore, MALAT1 may also be associated with periodontitis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of MALAT1 overexpression on the proliferation of PDLSCs. In the current study, PDLSCs derived from healthy and periodontitis-affected teeth were collected. MALAT1 and FGF2 mRNA expression in PDLSCs was detected using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. PDLSCs overexpressing MALAT1 were subsequently generated. PDLSC proliferation was analyzed using a Cell Counting kit-8 assay. FGF2 protein expression was detected using western blot analysis. The results revealed that MALAT1 and FGF2 mRNA were significantly upregulated in PDLSCs derived from periodontitis-affected teeth when compared with PDLSCs derived from healthy teeth. PDLSCs derived from periodontitis-affected teeth also demonstrated a significantly higher proliferation rate than PDLSCs derived from healthy teeth. MALAT1 and FGF2 mRNA expression were positively correlated in both PDLSC groups. MALAT1 overexpression promoted the proliferation of healthy and periodontitis-affected PDLSC groups and upregulated FGF2 protein expression. The present study concluded that MALAT1 overexpression promoted the proliferation of human PDLSC potentially via upregulating FGF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Chen
- Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Huang
- Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Yarong Wang
- Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Shaobing Li
- Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Hongxing Chu
- Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Mingdeng Rong
- Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
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Blufstein A, Behm C, Gahn J, Uitz O, Naumovska I, Moritz A, Rausch-Fan X, Andrukhov O. Synergistic effects triggered by simultaneous Toll-like receptor-2 and -3 activation in human periodontal ligament stem cells. J Periodontol 2019; 90:1190-1201. [PMID: 31049957 PMCID: PMC6852053 DOI: 10.1002/jper.19-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Although periodontitis is associated with disruption of the host‐microbial homeostasis, viruses are currently discussed to influence disease progression. Viral pathogens are recognized by Toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐3, which engages a different signaling pathway than other TLRs. This study aimed to investigate the effect of TLR‐3 agonist polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) on the expression of inflammatory markers and bone metabolism proteins by human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) compared with TLR‐2 agonist Pam3CSK4, which mimics the effect of bacterial lipoproteins. To assess potential combined effects of bacterial and viral infections, hPDLSCs response to simultaneous TLR‐2 and TLR‐3 activation was investigated. Methods HPDLSCs were stimulated with Poly I:C (0.0001‐1 µg/mL), Pam3CSK4 (1 µg/mL), and their combinations for 24 hours. Gene expression and protein levels of interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐8, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1, and osteoprotegerin (OPG) were measured with qPCR and ELISA. Results Production of IL‐6, IL‐8, MCP‐1, and OPG was significantly increased by Poly I:C or Pam3CSK4 to a similar extent. The levels of all inflammatory mediators induced by simultaneous stimulation with Poly I:C and Pam3CSK4 were significantly higher compared with single stimuli as well as to their summed response. Gene expression and protein levels of OPG were enhanced by Poly I:C, but by lesser extent than by Pam3CSK4. OPG levels upon simultaneous stimulation with Pam3CSK4 and Poly I:C were significantly lower compared with Pam3CSK4 stimulation alone. Conclusions Simultaneous TLR‐2 and TLR‐3 activation synergistically triggers IL‐6, IL‐8, and MCP‐1 production, which was not observed for OPG. These findings suggest that TLR‐3 activation by viral infections might promote periodontitis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Blufstein
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Behm
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Gahn
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oksana Uitz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ivana Naumovska
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiaohui Rausch-Fan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oleh Andrukhov
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Čebatariūnienė A, Kriaučiūnaitė K, Prunskaitė J, Tunaitis V, Pivoriūnas A. Extracellular Vesicles Suppress Basal and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced NFκB Activity in Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:1037-1049. [PMID: 31017040 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an infectious disease characterized by chronic inflammation and progressive destruction of periodontal tissues. Chronic inflammatory environment may affect immunomodulatory function of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and promote shift toward proinflammatory phenotype contributing to propagation of periodontitis. Therefore, suppression of inflammatory response in PDLSCs represents a novel therapeutic approach. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to display anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions in different tissues and could represent a potent therapeutic tools against chronic inflammation during periodontitis. In the present study, we investigated the effects of EVs on the basal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activity of NFκB signaling pathway in PDLSCs. We also examined the impact of EVs on the osteogenic differentiation and expression of osteogenesis-related genes. EVs were purified by differential ultracentrifugation from PDLSCs grown on gelatin-coated alginate microcarriers in a bioreactor. NFκB reporter assays demonstrated that EVs permanently suppressed basal and LPS-induced activity of NFκB in PDLSCs. Combined treatment with EVs and anti-TLR4 antibody (Ab) resulted in attenuation of the inhibitory effect on the NFκB activity, suggesting a possible interference through a competition for TLR4 signaling pathway. EVs also increased phosphorylation of Akt and its downstream target GSK3β (Ser 9) indicating that PI3K/Akt signaling pathway may act as suppressor of NFκB activity. LPS stimulated osteogenic mineralization of PDLSCs. Unexpectedly, anti-TLR4 blocking Ab per se significantly decreased osteogenic mineralization of PDLSCs. EVs did not affect osteogenic mineralization, but partially suppressed inhibitory effect of anti-TLR4 blocking Ab. Gene expression studies revealed significant effects of EVs on osteogenesis-related genes and possible interference with TLR4 signaling in PDLSCs. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that EVs suppress basal and LPS-induced activity of NFκB signaling pathway in PDLSCs and could potentially be used for targeting of chronic inflammation during periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Čebatariūnienė
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Karolina Kriaučiūnaitė
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Justina Prunskaitė
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Virginijus Tunaitis
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Augustas Pivoriūnas
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Role of Toll-Like Receptors in Actuating Stem/Progenitor Cell Repair Mechanisms: Different Functions in Different Cells. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:6795845. [PMID: 31089331 PMCID: PMC6476106 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6795845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent one of the bridges that regulate the cross-talk between the innate and adaptive immune systems. TLRs interact with molecules shared and preserved by the pathogens of origin but also with endogenous molecules (damage/danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)) that derive from injured tissues. This is probably why TLRs have been found to be expressed on several kinds of stem/progenitor cells (SCs). In these cells, the role of TLRs in the regulation of the basal motility, proliferation, differentiation processes, self-renewal, and immunomodulation has been demonstrated. In this review, we analyze the many different functions that the TLRs assume in SCs, pointing out that they can have different effects, depending on the background and on the kind of ligands that they recognize. Moreover, we discuss the TLR involvement in the response of SC to specific tissue damage and in the reparative processes, as well as how the identification of molecules mediating the differential function of TLR signaling could be decisive for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Considering the available studies on TLRs in SCs, here we address the importance of TLRs in sensing an injury by stem/progenitor cells and in determining their behavior and reparative activity, which is dependent on the conditions. Therefore, it could be conceivable that SCs employed in therapy could be potentially exposed to TLR ligands, which might modulate their therapeutic potential in vivo. In this context, to modulate SC proliferation, survival, migration, and differentiation in the pathological environment, we need to better understand the mechanisms of action of TLRs on SCs and learn how to control these receptors and their downstream pathways in a precise way. In this manner, in the future, cell therapy could be improved and made safer.
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Detection, Characterization, and Clinical Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Periodontal Ligament Tissue. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:5450768. [PMID: 30224921 PMCID: PMC6129323 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5450768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a kind of somatic stem cells that exert a potential to differentiate into multiple cell types and undergo robust clonal self-renewal; therefore, they are considered as a highly promising stem cell population for tissue engineering. MSCs are identified in various adult organs including dental tissues. Periodontal ligament (PDL) is a highly specialized connective tissue that surrounds the tooth root. PDL also contains MSC population, and many researchers have isolated them and performed their detailed characterization. Here, we review the current understanding of the features and functions of MSC population in PDL tissues and discuss their possibility for the application of PDL regeneration.
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Memmert S, Nokhbehsaim M, Damanaki A, Nogueira AVB, Papadopoulou AK, Piperi C, Basdra EK, Rath-Deschner B, Götz W, Cirelli JA, Jäger A, Deschner J. Role of cathepsin S In periodontal wound healing-an in vitro study on human PDL cells. BMC Oral Health 2018; 18:60. [PMID: 29622023 PMCID: PMC5887187 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-018-0518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cathepsin S is a cysteine protease, which is expressed in human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells under inflammatory and infectious conditions. This in vitro study was established to investigate the effect of cathepsin S on PDL cell wound closure. Methods An in vitro wound healing assay was used to monitor wound closure in wounded PDL cell monolayers for 72 h in the presence and absence of cathepsin S. In addition, the effects of cathepsin S on specific markers for apoptosis and proliferation were studied at transcriptional level. Changes in the proliferation rate due to cathepsin S stimulation were analyzed by an XTT assay, and the actions of cathepsin S on cell migration were investigated via live cell tracking. Additionally, PDL cell monolayers were treated with a toll-like receptor 2 agonist in the presence and absence of a cathepsin inhibitor to examine if periodontal bacteria can alter wound closure via cathepsins. Results Cathepsin S enhanced significantly the in vitro wound healing rate by inducing proliferation and by increasing the speed of cell migration, but had no effect on apoptosis. Moreover, the toll-like receptor 2 agonist enhanced significantly the wound closure and this stimulatory effect was dependent on cathepsins. Conclusions Our findings provide original evidence that cathepsin S stimulates PDL cell proliferation and migration and, thereby, wound closure, suggesting that this cysteine protease might play a critical role in periodontal remodeling and healing. In addition, cathepsins might be exploited by periodontal bacteria to regulate critical PDL cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Memmert
- Section of Experimental Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. .,Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Marjan Nokhbehsaim
- Section of Experimental Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Damanaki
- Section of Experimental Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andressa V B Nogueira
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | | | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Efthimia K Basdra
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Birgit Rath-Deschner
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Werner Götz
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joni A Cirelli
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Andreas Jäger
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - James Deschner
- Section of Experimental Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Noel Martin Visiting Chair, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Blufstein A, Behm C, Nguyen PQ, Rausch-Fan X, Andrukhov O. Human periodontal ligament cells exhibit no endotoxin tolerance upon stimulation with Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide. J Periodontal Res 2018; 53:589-597. [PMID: 29582430 PMCID: PMC6055822 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background/Objectives Endotoxin tolerance is characterized by a state of hyporesponsiveness after confrontation with endotoxins such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) at low concentrations. The aim of this study was to investigate, whether pretreatment with Porphyromonas gingivalis leads to endotoxin tolerance induction and possible alterations in toll‐like receptor (TLR) 2‐ and 4‐induced response in human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs). Material and Methods Primary hPDLCs were pretreated with P. gingivalis (0.1 or 0.3 μg/mL) LPS for 24 hours and afterwards treated with one of the following stimuli: P. gingivalis LPS (1 μg/mL); TLR4 agonist Escherichia coli LPS (0.1 μg/mL; 1 μg/mL); TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK4 (0.1 μg/mL; 1 μg/mL). The protein expression of interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐8 and monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 was analyzed with quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Gene expression levels of TLR2 and TLR4 were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results Pretreatment of cells with low concentrations of P. gingivalis LPS did not result in lower production of IL‐6, IL‐8 and monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 compared to control group. In some cases, pretreated cells exhibited lower gene expression levels of TLR2 and TLR4 compared to non‐pretreated cells. Conclusion The results of this study implicate that hPDLCs do not develop endotoxin tolerance. Furthermore, the amplitude of the inflammatory response shows no significant dependency on TLR2 and TLR4 expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Blufstein
- School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Behm
- School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Q Nguyen
- School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - X Rausch-Fan
- School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - O Andrukhov
- School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Host defense against oral microbiota by bone-damaging T cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:701. [PMID: 29453398 PMCID: PMC5816021 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system evolved to efficiently eradicate invading bacteria and terminate inflammation through balancing inflammatory and regulatory T-cell responses. In autoimmune arthritis, pathogenic TH17 cells induce bone destruction and autoimmune inflammation. However, whether a beneficial function of T-cell-induced bone damage exists is unclear. Here, we show that bone-damaging T cells have a critical function in the eradication of bacteria in a mouse model of periodontitis, which is the most common infectious disease. Bacterial invasion leads to the generation of specialized TH17 cells that protect against bacteria by evoking mucosal immune responses as well as inducing bone damage, the latter of which also inhibits infection by removing the tooth. Thus, bone-damaging T cells, which may have developed to stop local infection by inducing tooth loss, function as a double-edged sword by protecting against pathogens while also inducing skeletal tissue degradation.
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