1
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De la Fuente IM, Carrasco-Pujante J, Camino-Pontes B, Fedetz M, Bringas C, Pérez-Samartín A, Pérez-Yarza G, López JI, Malaina I, Cortes JM. Systemic cellular migration: The forces driving the directed locomotion movement of cells. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae171. [PMID: 38706727 PMCID: PMC11067954 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Directional motility is an essential property of cells. Despite its enormous relevance in many fundamental physiological and pathological processes, how cells control their locomotion movements remains an unresolved question. Here, we have addressed the systemic processes driving the directed locomotion of cells. Specifically, we have performed an exhaustive study analyzing the trajectories of 700 individual cells belonging to three different species (Amoeba proteus, Metamoeba leningradensis, and Amoeba borokensis) in four different scenarios: in absence of stimuli, under an electric field (galvanotaxis), in a chemotactic gradient (chemotaxis), and under simultaneous galvanotactic and chemotactic stimuli. All movements were analyzed using advanced quantitative tools. The results show that the trajectories are mainly characterized by coherent integrative responses that operate at the global cellular scale. These systemic migratory movements depend on the cooperative nonlinear interaction of most, if not all, molecular components of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildefonso M De la Fuente
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain
- Department of Nutrition, CEBAS-CSIC Institute, Espinardo University Campus, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Jose Carrasco-Pujante
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | | | - Maria Fedetz
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine “López-Neyra”, CSIC, Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Carlos Bringas
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Alberto Pérez-Samartín
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Gorka Pérez-Yarza
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - José I López
- Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo 48903, Spain
| | - Iker Malaina
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Jesus M Cortes
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain
- Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo 48903, Spain
- IKERBASQUE: The Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Spain
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2
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Yumura S. Wound Repair of the Cell Membrane: Lessons from Dictyostelium Cells. Cells 2024; 13:341. [PMID: 38391954 PMCID: PMC10886852 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The cell membrane is frequently subjected to damage, either through physical or chemical means. The swift restoration of the cell membrane's integrity is crucial to prevent the leakage of intracellular materials and the uncontrolled influx of extracellular ions. Consequently, wound repair plays a vital role in cell survival, akin to the importance of DNA repair. The mechanisms involved in wound repair encompass a series of events, including ion influx, membrane patch formation, endocytosis, exocytosis, recruitment of the actin cytoskeleton, and the elimination of damaged membrane sections. Despite the absence of a universally accepted general model, diverse molecular models have been proposed for wound repair in different organisms. Traditional wound methods not only damage the cell membrane but also impact intracellular structures, including the underlying cortical actin networks, microtubules, and organelles. In contrast, the more recent improved laserporation selectively targets the cell membrane. Studies on Dictyostelium cells utilizing this method have introduced a novel perspective on the wound repair mechanism. This review commences by detailing methods for inducing wounds and subsequently reviews recent developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiko Yumura
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan
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3
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Jobst M, Hossain M, Kiss E, Bergen J, Marko D, Del Favero G. Autophagy modulation changes mechano-chemical sensitivity of T24 bladder cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:115942. [PMID: 38042111 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer cells possess unique adaptive capabilities: shaped by their environment, cells face a complex chemical mixture of metabolites and xenobiotics accompanied by physiological mechanical cues. These responses might translate into resistance to chemotherapeutical regimens and can largely rely on autophagy. Considering molecules capable of rewiring tumor plasticity, compounds of natural origin promise to offer valuable options. Fungal derived metabolites, such as bafilomycin and wortmannin are widely acknowledged as autophagy inhibitors. Here, their potential to tune bladder cancer cells´ adaptability to chemical and physical stimuli was assessed. Additionally, dietary occurring mycotoxins were also investigated, namely deoxynivalenol (DON, 0.1-10 µM) and fusaric acid (FA, 0.1-1 mM). Endowing a Janus' face behavior, DON and FA are on the one side described as toxins with detrimental health effects. Concomitantly, they are also explored experimentally for selective pharmacological applications including anticancer activities. In non-cytotoxic concentrations, bafilomycin (BAFI, 1-10 nM) and wortmannin (WORT, 1 µM) modified cell morphology and reduced cancer cell migration. Application of shear stress and inhibition of mechano-gated PIEZO channels reduced cellular sensitivity to BAFI treatment (1 nM). Similarly, for FA (0.5 mM) PIEZO1 expression and inhibition largely aligned with the modulatory potential on cancer cells motility. Additionally, this study highlighted that the activity profile of compounds with similar cytotoxic potential (e.g. co-incubation DON with BAFI or FA with WORT) can diverge substantially in the regulation of cell mechanotransduction. Considering the interdependence between tumor progression and response to mechanical cues, these data promise to provide a novel viewpoint for the study of chemoresistance and associated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Jobst
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna Faculty of Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Core Facility Multimodal Imaging, University of Vienna Faculty of Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria; University of Vienna, Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), Währinger Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maliha Hossain
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna Faculty of Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Endre Kiss
- Core Facility Multimodal Imaging, University of Vienna Faculty of Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Janice Bergen
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna Faculty of Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Core Facility Multimodal Imaging, University of Vienna Faculty of Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria; University of Vienna, Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), Währinger Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna Faculty of Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna Faculty of Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Core Facility Multimodal Imaging, University of Vienna Faculty of Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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4
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Aguilar J, Malacrida L, Gunther G, Torrado B, Torres V, Urbano BF, Sánchez SA. Cells immersed in collagen matrices show a decrease in plasma membrane fluidity as the matrix stiffness increases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184176. [PMID: 37328024 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2023.184176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cells are constantly adapting to maintain their identity in response to the surrounding media's temporal and spatial heterogeneity. The plasma membrane, which participates in the transduction of external signals, plays a crucial role in this adaptation. Studies suggest that nano and micrometer areas with different fluidities at the plasma membrane change their distribution in response to external mechanical signals. However, investigations linking fluidity domains with mechanical stimuli, specifically matrix stiffness, are still in progress. This report tests the hypothesis that the stiffness of the extracellular matrix can modify the equilibrium of areas with different order in the plasma membrane, resulting in changes in overall membrane fluidity distribution. We studied the effect of matrix stiffness on the distribution of membrane lipid domains in NIH-3 T3 cells immersed in matrices of varying concentrations of collagen type I, for 24 or 72 h. The stiffness and viscoelastic properties of the collagen matrices were characterized by rheometry, fiber sizes were measured by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and the volume occupied by the fibers by second harmonic generation imaging (SHG). Membrane fluidity was measured using the fluorescent dye LAURDAN and spectral phasor analysis. The results demonstrate that an increase in collagen stiffness alters the distribution of membrane fluidity, leading to an increasing amount of the LAURDAN fraction with a high degree of packing. These findings suggest that changes in the equilibrium of fluidity domains could represent a versatile and refined component of the signal transduction mechanism for cells to respond to the highly heterogeneous matrix structural composition. Overall, this study sheds light on the importance of the plasma membrane's role in adapting to the extracellular matrix's mechanical cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Macromoleculares (LIMM), Departamento de Polímeros, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Leonel Malacrida
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Advanced Bioimaging Unit, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - German Gunther
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Belén Torrado
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California at Irvine, California, USA
| | - Viviana Torres
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Bruno F Urbano
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Macromoleculares (LIMM), Departamento de Polímeros, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Susana A Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Macromoleculares (LIMM), Departamento de Polímeros, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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5
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Boudra R, Patenall BL, King S, Wang D, Best SA, Ko JY, Xu S, Padilla MG, Schmults CD, Barthel SR, Lian CG, Ramsey MR. PRMT1 Inhibition Selectively Targets BNC1-Dependent Proliferation, but not Migration in Squamous Cell Carcinoma. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.27.533164. [PMID: 37034732 PMCID: PMC10081292 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.27.533164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) develops in stratified epithelial tissues and demonstrates frequent alterations in transcriptional regulators. We sought to discover SCC-specific transcriptional programs and identified the transcription factor Basonuclin 1 (BNC1) as highly expressed in SCC compared to other tumor types. RNA-seq and ChIP-seq analysis identified pro-proliferative genes activated by BNC1 in SCC cells and keratinocytes. Inhibition of BNC1 in SCC cells suppressed proliferation and increased migration via FRA1. In contrast, BNC1 reduction in keratinocytes caused differentiation, which was abrogated by IRF6 knockdown, leading to increased migration. Protein interactome analysis identified PRMT1 as a co-activator of BNC1-dependent proliferative genes. Inhibition of PRMT1 resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in SCC cell proliferation without increasing migration. Importantly, therapeutic inhibition of PRMT1 in SCC xenografts significantly reduced tumor size, resembling functional effects of BNC1 knockdown. Together, we identify BNC1-PRMT1 as an SCC-lineage specific transcriptional axis that promotes cancer growth, which can be therapeutically targeted to inhibit SCC tumorigenesis.
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6
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Rijal R, Ismail I, Jing S, Gomer RH. Starvation Induces Extracellular Accumulation of Polyphosphate in Dictyostelium discoideum to Inhibit Macropinocytosis, Phagocytosis, and Exocytosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5923. [PMID: 36982997 PMCID: PMC10056890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dictyostelium discoideum is a soil-dwelling unicellular eukaryote that accumulates extracellular polyphosphate (polyP). At high cell densities, when the cells are about to overgrow their food supply and starve, the corresponding high extracellular concentrations of polyP allow the cells to preemptively anticipate starvation, inhibit proliferation, and prime themselves to begin development. In this report, we show that starved D. discoideum cells accumulate cell surface and extracellular polyP. Starvation reduces macropinocytosis, exocytosis, and phagocytosis, and we find that these effects require the G protein-coupled polyP receptor (GrlD) and two enzymes, Polyphosphate kinase 1 (Ppk1), which is required for synthesizing intracellular polyP, cell surface polyP, and some of the extracellular polyP, and Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase (I6kA), which is required for cell surface polyP and polyP binding to cells, and some of the extracellular polyP. PolyP reduces membrane fluidity, and we find that starvation reduces membrane fluidity; this effect requires GrlD and Ppk1, but not I6kA. Together, these data suggest that in starved cells, extracellular polyP decreases membrane fluidity, possibly as a protective measure. In the starved cells, sensing polyP appears to decrease energy expenditure from ingestion, and decrease exocytosis, and to both decrease energy expenditures and retain nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Rijal
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3474, USA
| | | | | | - Richard H. Gomer
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3474, USA
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7
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Garg N, Štibler UK, Eismann B, Mercker M, Bergheim BG, Linn A, Tuchscherer P, Engel U, Redl S, Marciniak-Czochra A, Holstein TW, Hess MW, Özbek S. Non-muscle myosin II drives critical steps of nematocyst morphogenesis. iScience 2023; 26:106291. [PMID: 36936784 PMCID: PMC10014300 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nematocysts are generated by secretion of proteins into a post-Golgi compartment. They consist of a capsule that elongates into a long tube, which is coiled inside the capsule matrix and expelled during its nano-second discharge deployed for prey capture. The driving force for discharge is an extreme osmotic pressure of 150 bar. The complex processes of tube elongation and invagination under these biomechanical constraints have so far been elusive. Here, we show that a non-muscle myosin II homolog (HyNMII) is essential for nematocyst formation in Hydra. In early nematocysts, HyNMII assembles to a collar around the neck of the protruding tube. HyNMII then facilitates tube outgrowth by compressing it along the longitudinal axis as evidenced by inhibitor treatment and genetic knockdown. In addition, live imaging of a NOWA::NOWA-GFP transgenic line, which re-defined NOWA as a tube component facilitating invagination, allowed us to analyze the impact of HyNMII on tube maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niharika Garg
- University of Heidelberg, Centre for Organismal Studies, Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Urška Knez Štibler
- University of Heidelberg, Centre for Organismal Studies, Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Björn Eismann
- University of Heidelberg, Centre for Organismal Studies, Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Moritz Mercker
- Institute for Applied Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bruno Gideon Bergheim
- University of Heidelberg, Centre for Organismal Studies, Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Linn
- University of Heidelberg, Centre for Organismal Studies, Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrizia Tuchscherer
- University of Heidelberg, Centre for Organismal Studies, Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Engel
- University of Heidelberg, Centre for Organismal Studies, Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Nikon Imaging Center at the University of Heidelberg, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Redl
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Müllerstrasse 59, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna Marciniak-Czochra
- Institute for Applied Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas W. Holstein
- University of Heidelberg, Centre for Organismal Studies, Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael W. Hess
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Müllerstrasse 59, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Suat Özbek
- University of Heidelberg, Centre for Organismal Studies, Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Corresponding author
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8
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Rijal R, Ismail I, Jing S, Gomer RH. Starvation induces extracellular accumulation of polyphosphate in Dictyostelium discoideum to inhibit macropinocytosis, phagocytosis, and exocytosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.16.528874. [PMID: 36824815 PMCID: PMC9949037 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.16.528874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Dictyostelium discoideum is a soil-dwelling unicellular eukaryote that accumulates extracellular polyphosphate (polyP). At high cell densities, when the cells are about to overgrow their food supply and starve, the corresponding high extracellular concentrations of polyP allow the cells to preemptively anticipate starvation, inhibit proliferation, and prime themselves to begin development. In this report, we show that starved D. discoideum cells accumulate cell surface and extracellular polyP. Starvation reduces macropinocytosis, exocytosis, and phagocytosis, and we find that these effects require the G protein-coupled polyP receptor (GrlD) and two enzymes, Polyphosphate kinase 1 (Ppk1), which is required for synthesizing intracellular polyP, cell surface polyP, and some of the extracellular polyP, and Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase (I6kA), which is required for cell surface polyP and polyP binding to cells, and some of the extracellular polyP. PolyP reduces membrane fluidity, and we find that starvation reduces membrane fluidity, and this effect requires GrlD and Ppk1 but not I6kA. Together, these data suggest that in starved cells, extracellular polyP decreases membrane fluidity, possibly as a protective measure. In the starved cells, sensing polyP appears to decrease energy expenditure from ingestion, and decrease exocytosis, to both decrease energy expenditures and retain nutrients.
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9
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Taniguchi A, Nishigami Y, Kajiura-Kobayashi H, Takao D, Tamaoki D, Nakagaki T, Nonaka S, Sonobe S. Light-sheet microscopy reveals dorsoventral asymmetric membrane dynamics of Amoeba proteus during pressure-driven locomotion. Biol Open 2023; 12:287678. [PMID: 36716104 PMCID: PMC9986612 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Amoebae are found all around the world and play an essential role in the carbon cycle in the environment. Therefore, the behavior of amoebae is a crucial factor when considering the global environment. Amoebae change their distribution through amoeboid locomotion, which are classified into several modes. In the pressure-driven mode, intracellular hydrostatic pressure generated by the contraction of cellular cortex actomyosin causes the pseudopod to extend. During amoeboid locomotion, the cellular surface exhibits dynamic deformation. Therefore, to understand the mechanism of amoeboid locomotion, it is important to characterize cellular membrane dynamics. Here, to clarify membrane dynamics during pressure-driven amoeboid locomotion, we developed a polkadot membrane staining method and performed light-sheet microscopy in Amoeba proteus, which exhibits typical pressure-driven amoeboid locomotion. It was observed that the whole cell membrane moved in the direction of movement, and the dorsal cell membrane in the posterior part of the cell moved more slowly than the other membrane. In addition, membrane complexity varied depending on the focused characteristic size of the membrane structure, and in general, the dorsal side was more complex than the ventral side. In summary, the membrane dynamics of Amoeba proteus during pressure-driven locomotion are asymmetric between the dorsal and ventral sides. This article has an associated interview with the co-first authors of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Taniguchi
- Laboratory for Spatiotemporal Regulations, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Spatiotemporal Regulations 444-8585 Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.,Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Yukinori Nishigami
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kajiura-Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Regeneration Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takao
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tamaoki
- Faculty of Science, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Nakagaki
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Shigenori Nonaka
- Laboratory for Spatiotemporal Regulations, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Spatiotemporal Regulations 444-8585 Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Seiji Sonobe
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
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10
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Immature and mature bone marrow-derived dendritic cells exhibit distinct intracellular mechanical properties. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1967. [PMID: 36737470 PMCID: PMC9898242 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28625-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) patrol the organism at an immature stage to detect the presence of pathogens. Once activated, these mature DCs reach the lymph nodes to activate antigen-specific T lymphocytes and thus initiate an adaptative immune response to control the pathogen. The migration of both immature and mature DCs is a key process for their optimal function. DC migration requires transit through narrow constrictions that is allowed by their high local and global deformation capabilities. In addition to cytoplasmic changes, the nucleus mechanical properties also have a major impact for cellular migration and motility. Yet, nucleus intracellular mobility of dendritic cells or its variation upon maturation have not been investigated. Our study defines the biophysical phenotypic variations of dendritic cells upon maturation using interferometric deformability cytometry. This method characterizes different cellular mechanical properties, such as elongation and nucleus offset, by assessing the refractive index spatial distribution of shear-induced deformed cells. By using these parameters, our data suggest that in vitro bone marrow derived dendritic cell (BMDC) maturation induces cell stiffening and reduces nucleus mobility, allowing to distinguish immature and mature dendritic cells. Overall, our method provides insights on intracellular mechanical properties of two dendritic cell states.
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11
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Yumura S, Nakano M, Honda A, Hashimoto Y, Kondo T. Dynamics of intracellular cGMP during chemotaxis in Dictyostelium cells. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:286882. [PMID: 36601895 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) is a ubiquitous important second messenger involved in various physiological functions. Here, intracellular cGMP (cGMPi) was visualized in chemotactic Dictyostelium cells using the fluorescent probe, D-Green cGull. When wild-type cells were stimulated with a chemoattractant, fluorescence transiently increased, but guanylate cyclase-null cells did not show a change in fluorescence, suggesting that D-Green cGull is a reliable indicator of cGMPi. In the aggregation stage, the responses of cGMPi propagated in a wave-like fashion from the aggregation center. The oscillation of the cGMPi wave was synchronized almost in phase with those of other second messengers, such as the intracellular cAMP and Ca2+. The phases of these waves preceded those of the oscillations of actomyosin and cell velocity, suggesting that these second messengers are upstream of the actomyosin and chemotactic migration. An acute increase in cGMPi concentration released from membrane-permeable caged cGMP induced a transient shuttle of myosin II between the cytosol and cell cortex, suggesting a direct link between cGMP signaling and myosin II dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiko Yumura
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan
| | - Masaki Nakano
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan
| | - Aika Honda
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan
| | - Yuuki Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan
| | - Tomo Kondo
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan.,Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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12
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Shroka TM, Kufareva I, Salanga CL, Handel TM. The dual-function chemokine receptor CCR2 drives migration and chemokine scavenging through distinct mechanisms. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eabo4314. [PMID: 36719944 PMCID: PMC10091583 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abo4314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) is a dual-function receptor. Similar to other G protein-coupled chemokine receptors, it promotes monocyte infiltration into tissues in response to the chemokine CCL2, and, like atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs), it scavenges chemokine from the extracellular environment. CCR2 therefore mediates CCL2-dependent signaling as a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and also limits CCL2 signaling as a scavenger receptor. We investigated the mechanisms underlying CCR2 scavenging, including the involvement of intracellular proteins typically associated with GPCR signaling and internalization. Using CRISPR knockout cell lines, we showed that CCR2 scavenged by constitutively internalizing to remove CCL2 from the extracellular space and recycling back to the cell surface for further rounds of ligand sequestration. This process occurred independently of G proteins, GPCR kinases (GRKs), β-arrestins, and clathrin, which is distinct from other "professional" chemokine scavenger receptors that couple to GRKs, β-arrestins, or both. These findings set the stage for understanding the molecular regulators that determine CCR2 scavenging and may have implications for drug development targeting this therapeutically important receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Shroka
- Biomedical Sciences Program, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Catherina L Salanga
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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13
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Edwin PERG, Kumar S, Roy S, Roy B, Bajpai SK. Anisotropic 3D confinement of MCF-7 cells induces directed cell-migration and viscoelastic anisotropy of cell-membrane. Phys Biol 2023; 20. [DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/ac9bc1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Tumor-associated collagen signature-3 (TACS-3) is a prognostic indicator for breast cancer survival. It is characterized by highly organized, parallel bundles of collagen fibers oriented perpendicular to the tumor boundary, serving as directional, confining channels for cancer cell invasion. Here we design a TACS-3-mimetic anisotropic, confined collagen I matrix and examine the relation between anisotropy of matrix, directed cellular migration, and anisotropy of cell membrane-the first direct contact between TACS-3 and cell-using Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) cells as cancer-model. Using unidirectional freezing, we generated ∼50 μm-wide channels filled with collagen I. Optical tweezer (OT) microrheology shows that anisotropic confinement increases collagen viscoelasticity by two orders of magnitude, and the elastic modulus is significantly greater along the direction of anisotropic confinement compared to that along the orthogonal direction, thus establishing matrix anisotropy. Furthermore, MCF-7 cells embedded in anisotropic collagen I, exhibit directionality in cellular morphology and migration. Finally, using customized OT to trap polystyrene probes bound to cell-membrane (and not to ECM) of either free cells or cells under anisotropic confinement, we quantified the effect of matrix anisotropy on membrane viscoelasticity, both in-plane and out-of-plane, vis-à-vis the membrane. Both bulk and viscous modulus of cell-membrane of MCF-7 cells exhibit significant anisotropy under anisotropic confinement. Moreover, the cell membrane of MCF-7 cells under anisotropic confinement is significantly softer (both in-plane and out-of-plane moduli) despite their local environment being five times stiffer than free cells. In order to test if the coupling between anisotropy of extracellular matrix and anisotropy of cell-membrane is regulated by cell-cytoskeleton, actin cytoskeleton was depolymerized for both free and confined cells. Results show that cell membrane viscoelasticity of confined MCF-7 cells is unaffected by actin de-polymerization, in contrast to free cells. Together, these findings suggest that anisotropy of ECM induces directed migration and correlates with anisotropy of cell-membrane viscoelasticity of the MCF-7 cells in an actin-independent manner.
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14
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Rijal R, Kirolos SA, Rahman RJ, Gomer RH. Dictyostelium discoideum cells retain nutrients when the cells are about to overgrow their food source. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:276454. [PMID: 36017702 PMCID: PMC9592050 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dictyostelium discoideum is a unicellular eukaryote that eats bacteria, and eventually outgrows the bacteria. D. discoideum cells accumulate extracellular polyphosphate (polyP), and the polyP concentration increases as the local cell density increases. At high cell densities, the correspondingly high extracellular polyP concentrations allow cells to sense that they are about to outgrow their food supply and starve, causing the D. discoideum cells to inhibit their proliferation. In this report, we show that high extracellular polyP inhibits exocytosis of undigested or partially digested nutrients. PolyP decreases plasma membrane recycling and apparent cell membrane fluidity, and this requires the G protein-coupled polyP receptor GrlD, the polyphosphate kinase Ppk1 and the inositol hexakisphosphate kinase I6kA. PolyP alters protein contents in detergent-insoluble crude cytoskeletons, but does not significantly affect random cell motility, cell speed or F-actin levels. Together, these data suggest that D. discoideum cells use polyP as a signal to sense their local cell density and reduce cell membrane fluidity and membrane recycling, perhaps as a mechanism to retain ingested food when the cells are about to starve. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Rijal
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3474, USA
| | - Sara A Kirolos
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3474, USA
| | - Ryan J Rahman
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3474, USA
| | - Richard H Gomer
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3474, USA
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15
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Bashkirov PV, Kuzmin PI, Vera Lillo J, Frolov VA. Molecular Shape Solution for Mesoscopic Remodeling of Cellular Membranes. Annu Rev Biophys 2022; 51:473-497. [PMID: 35239417 PMCID: PMC10787580 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-011422-100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cellular membranes self-assemble from and interact with various molecular species. Each molecule locally shapes the lipid bilayer, the soft elastic core of cellular membranes. The dynamic architecture of intracellular membrane systems is based on elastic transformations and lateral redistribution of these elementary shapes, driven by chemical and curvature stress gradients. The minimization of the total elastic stress by such redistribution composes the most basic, primordial mechanism of membrane curvature-composition coupling (CCC). Although CCC is generally considered in the context of dynamic compositional heterogeneity of cellular membrane systems, in this article we discuss a broader involvement of CCC in controlling membrane deformations. We focus specifically on the mesoscale membrane transformations in open, reservoir-governed systems, such as membrane budding, tubulation, and the emergence of highly curved sites of membrane fusion and fission. We reveal that the reshuffling of molecular shapes constitutes an independent deformation mode with complex rheological properties.This mode controls effective elasticity of local deformations as well as stationary elastic stress, thus emerging as a major regulator of intracellular membrane remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel V Bashkirov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Molecular and Biological Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter I Kuzmin
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Javier Vera Lillo
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain;
| | - Vadim A Frolov
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain;
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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16
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Stefopoulos G, Lendenmann T, Schutzius TM, Giampietro C, Roy T, Chala N, Giavazzi F, Cerbino R, Poulikakos D, Ferrari A. Bistability of Dielectrically Anisotropic Nematic Crystals and the Adaptation of Endothelial Collectives to Stress Fields. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2102148. [PMID: 35344288 PMCID: PMC9165505 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial monolayers physiologically adapt to flow and flow-induced wall shear stress, attaining ordered configurations in which elongation, orientation, and polarization are coherently organized over many cells. Here, with the flow direction unchanged, a peculiar bi-stable (along the flow direction or perpendicular to it) cell alignment is observed, emerging as a function of the flow intensity alone, while cell polarization is purely instructed by flow directionality. Driven by the experimental findings, the parallelism between endothelia is delineated under a flow field and the transition of dual-frequency nematic liquid crystals under an external oscillatory electric field. The resulting physical model reproduces the two stable configurations and the energy landscape of the corresponding system transitions. In addition, it reveals the existence of a disordered, metastable state emerging upon system perturbation. This intermediate state, experimentally demonstrated in endothelial monolayers, is shown to expose the cellular system to a weakening of cell-to-cell junctions to the detriment of the monolayer integrity. The flow-adaptation of monolayers composed of healthy and senescent endothelia is successfully predicted by the model with adjustable nematic parameters. These results may help to understand the maladaptive response of in vivo endothelial tissues to disturbed hemodynamics and the progressive functional decay of senescent endothelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Stefopoulos
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process EngineeringETH ZurichSonneggstrasse 3Zurich8092Switzerland
| | - Tobias Lendenmann
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process EngineeringETH ZurichSonneggstrasse 3Zurich8092Switzerland
| | - Thomas M. Schutzius
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process EngineeringETH ZurichSonneggstrasse 3Zurich8092Switzerland
| | - Costanza Giampietro
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process EngineeringETH ZurichSonneggstrasse 3Zurich8092Switzerland
- Experimental Continuum MechanicsEMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and TechnologyÜberlandstrasse 129Dübendorf8600Switzerland
- Institute for Mechanical Systems, Department of Mechanical and Process EngineeringETH ZurichLeonhardstrasse 21Zurich8092Switzerland
| | - Tamal Roy
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process EngineeringETH ZurichSonneggstrasse 3Zurich8092Switzerland
| | - Nafsika Chala
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process EngineeringETH ZurichSonneggstrasse 3Zurich8092Switzerland
| | - Fabio Giavazzi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina TraslazionaleUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia F.lli Cervi 93Segrate20090Italy
| | - Roberto Cerbino
- Faculty of PhysicsUniversity of ViennaBoltzmanngasse 5ViennaAustria
| | - Dimos Poulikakos
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process EngineeringETH ZurichSonneggstrasse 3Zurich8092Switzerland
| | - Aldo Ferrari
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process EngineeringETH ZurichSonneggstrasse 3Zurich8092Switzerland
- Experimental Continuum MechanicsEMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and TechnologyÜberlandstrasse 129Dübendorf8600Switzerland
- Institute for Mechanical Systems, Department of Mechanical and Process EngineeringETH ZurichLeonhardstrasse 21Zurich8092Switzerland
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17
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Choi DS, Lim S, Park JS, Kim CH, Rhee H, Cho M. Label-Free Live-Cell Imaging of Internalized Microplastics and Cytoplasmic Organelles with Multicolor CARS Microscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3045-3055. [PMID: 35133146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As the bioaccumulation of microplastics (MPs) is considered as a potential health risk, many efforts have been made to understand the cellular dynamics and cytotoxicity of MPs. Here, we demonstrate that label-free multicolor coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy enables separate vibrational imaging of internalized MPs and lipid droplets (LDs) with indistinguishable shapes and sizes in live cells. By simultaneously obtaining polystyrene (PS)- and lipid-specific CARS images at two very different frequencies, 1000 and 2850 cm-1, respectively, we successfully identify the local distribution of ingested PS beads and native LDs in Caenorhabditis elegans. We further show that the movements of PS beads and LDs in live cells can be separately tracked in real time, which allows us to characterize their individual intracellular dynamics. We thus anticipate that our multicolor CARS imaging method could be of great use to investigate the cellular transport and cytotoxicity of MPs without additional efforts for pre-labeling to MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Sik Choi
- Technology Human Resource Support for SMEs Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Cheonan 31056, Republic of Korea
- R&D Center, Uniotech, Daejeon 34013, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Lim
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sung Park
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ho Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanju Rhee
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhaeng Cho
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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18
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Gerganova V, Lamas I, Rutkowski DM, Vještica A, Castro DG, Vincenzetti V, Vavylonis D, Martin SG. Cell patterning by secretion-induced plasma membrane flows. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg6718. [PMID: 34533984 PMCID: PMC8448446 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg6718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cells self-organize using reaction-diffusion and fluid-flow principles. Whether bulk membrane flows contribute to cell patterning has not been established. Here, using mathematical modeling, optogenetics, and synthetic probes, we show that polarized exocytosis causes lateral membrane flows away from regions of membrane insertion. Plasma membrane–associated proteins with sufficiently low diffusion and/or detachment rates couple to the flows and deplete from areas of exocytosis. In rod-shaped fission yeast cells, zones of Cdc42 GTPase activity driving polarized exocytosis are limited by GTPase activating proteins (GAPs). We show that membrane flows pattern the GAP Rga4 distribution and that coupling of a synthetic GAP to membrane flows is sufficient to establish the rod shape. Thus, membrane flows induced by Cdc42-dependent exocytosis form a negative feedback restricting the zone of Cdc42 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veneta Gerganova
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Iker Lamas
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | | | - Aleksandar Vještica
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Gallo Castro
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Vincenzetti
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios Vavylonis
- Department of Physics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
- Corresponding author. (S.G.M.); (D.V.)
| | - Sophie G. Martin
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
- Corresponding author. (S.G.M.); (D.V.)
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19
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Tanaka M, Kitanishi-Yumura T, Yumura S. A 'dynamic adder model' for cell size homeostasis in Dictyostelium cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13742. [PMID: 34215778 PMCID: PMC8253765 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92700-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
After a cell divides into two daughter cells, the total cell surface area of the daughter cells should increase to the original size to maintain cell size homeostasis in a single cell cycle. Previously, three models have been proposed to explain the regulation of cell size homeostasis: sizer, timer, and adder models. Here, we precisely measured the total cell surface area of Dictyostelium cells in a whole cell cycle by using the agar-overlay method, which eliminated the influence of surface membrane reservoirs, such as microvilli and membrane wrinkles. The total cell surface area exponentially increased during interphase, slightly decreased at metaphase, and then increased by approximately 20% during cytokinesis. From the analysis of the added surface area, we concluded that the cell size was regulated by the adder or near-adder model in interphase. This adder model is not caused by a simple cell membrane addition, but is more dynamic due to the rapid cell membrane turnover. We propose a 'dynamic adder model' to explain cell size homeostasis in interphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Tanaka
- grid.268397.10000 0001 0660 7960Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8512 Japan ,grid.288127.60000 0004 0466 9350Present Address: Laboratory of Physics and Cell Biology, Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540 Japan
| | - Toshiko Kitanishi-Yumura
- grid.268397.10000 0001 0660 7960Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8512 Japan
| | - Shigehiko Yumura
- grid.268397.10000 0001 0660 7960Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8512 Japan
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20
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Zhang P, Lim SB, Jiang K, Chew TW, Low BC, Lim CT. Distinct mRNAs in Cancer Extracellular Vesicles Activate Angiogenesis and Alter Transcriptome of Vascular Endothelial Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092009. [PMID: 33921957 PMCID: PMC8122258 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer extracellular vesicles (EVs) are implicated in various processes of cancer development, with most of the EV-induced changes attributed to EV proteins and microRNAs. However, the knowledge about the cancer EV-mRNAs remains limited. Here, we have assessed the mRNAs of 61 diverse oncogenes and found half of them, including VEGFA and SNAIL1/2, are abundant in cancer EVs while absent in non-tumorigenic cell-derived EVs. Fluorescent trafficking shows the EV VEGFA mRNAs are translatable after being internalized by the recipient cell. Concomitantly, the cancer EVs induced VEGFA-dependent angiogenesis and upregulated epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related genes. Our findings reveal that the EV-mRNA profile can reflect the cell malignancy, and the intercellular transfer of these mRNAs can contribute toward tumor angiogenesis. Abstract Cancer-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been demonstrated to be implicated in various processes of cancer development, with most of the EV-induced changes attributed to EV-proteins and EV-microRNAs. However, the knowledge about the abundance of cancer EV-mRNAs and their contribution to cancer development remain elusive. Here, we show that mRNAs prevail in cancer EVs as compared with normal EVs, and cancer EVs that carry abundant angiogenic mRNAs activate angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Specifically, of a gene panel comprising 61 hypoxia-targeted oncogenes, a larger proportion is harbored by cancer EVs (>40%) than normal EVs (14.8%). Fluorescent trafficking indicates cancer EVs deliver translatable mRNAs such as VEGFA to HUVECs, contributing to the activation of VEGFR-dependent angiogenesis and the upregulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related and metabolism-related genes. Overall, our findings provide novel insights into EV-mRNAs and their role in angiogenesis, and has potential for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zhang
- NUS Graduate School—Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore;
| | - Su Bin Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Kuan Jiang
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; (K.J.); (T.W.C.)
| | - Ti Weng Chew
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; (K.J.); (T.W.C.)
| | - Boon Chuan Low
- NUS Graduate School—Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore;
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; (K.J.); (T.W.C.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
- University Scholars Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138593, Singapore
- Correspondence: (B.C.L.); (C.T.L.)
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- NUS Graduate School—Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore;
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; (K.J.); (T.W.C.)
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Correspondence: (B.C.L.); (C.T.L.)
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21
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Serra ND, Sundaram MV. Transcytosis in the development and morphogenesis of epithelial tissues. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106163. [PMID: 33792936 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcytosis is a form of specialized transport through which an extracellular cargo is endocytosed, shuttled across the cytoplasm in membrane-bound vesicles, and secreted at a different plasma membrane surface. This important process allows membrane-impermeable macromolecules to pass through a cell and become accessible to adjacent cells and tissue compartments. Transcytosis also promotes redistribution of plasma membrane proteins and lipids to different regions of the cell surface. Here we review transcytosis and highlight in vivo studies showing how developing epithelial cells use it to change shape, to migrate, and to relocalize signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Serra
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Meera V Sundaram
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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22
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Li X, Pal DS, Biswas D, Iglesias PA, Devreotes PN. Reverse fountain flow of phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate polarizes migrating cells. EMBO J 2021; 40:e105094. [PMID: 33586225 PMCID: PMC7883298 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to polarize and move toward external stimuli plays a crucial role in development, as well as in normal and pathological physiology. Migrating cells maintain dynamic complementary distributions of Ras activity and of the phospholipid phosphatidylinositol‐3,4‐bisphosphate (PI(3,4)P2). Here, we show that lagging‐edge component PI(3,4)P2 also localizes to retracting leading‐edge protrusions and nascent macropinosomes, even in the absence of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5‐trisphosphate (PIP3). Once internalized, macropinosomes break up into smaller PI(3,4)P2‐enriched vesicles, which fuse with the plasma membrane at the rear of the cell. Subsequently, the phosphoinositide diffuses toward the front of the cell, where it is degraded. Computational modeling confirms that this cycle gives rise to stable back‐to‐front gradient. These results uncover a surprising “reverse‐fountain flow” of PI(3,4)P2 that regulates polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dhiman Sankar Pal
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Debojyoti Biswas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pablo A Iglesias
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter N Devreotes
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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23
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Macropinocytosis-mediated membrane recycling drives neural crest migration by delivering F-actin to the lamellipodium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:27400-27411. [PMID: 33087579 PMCID: PMC7959501 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007229117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane and cytoskeletal dynamics are critical to cell motility. Extensively studied in cell culture, their roles in cell movement in vivo are less understood, especially in higher vertebrates. We use dynamic imaging to visualize membrane and cytoskeletal behavior in migrating neural crest cells in living tissue. We found that forward movement of individual neural crest cells is accompanied by circular membrane flow, from anterior-to-posterior apically and posterior-to-anterior basally, coupled with internalization of lipid vesicles via macropinocytosis in the soma. Macropinosomes become wrapped with actin, then undergo anterograde translocation via microtubules toward the lamellipodium, resulting in its expansion. We elucidate how actin dynamics and membrane flow are interacted to drive forward locomotion of individual cells. Individual cell migration requires front-to-back polarity manifested by lamellipodial extension. At present, it remains debated whether and how membrane motility mediates this cell morphological change. To gain insights into these processes, we perform live imaging and molecular perturbation of migrating chick neural crest cells in vivo. Our results reveal an endocytic loop formed by circular membrane flow and anterograde movement of lipid vesicles, resulting in cell polarization and locomotion. Rather than clathrin-mediated endocytosis, macropinosomes encapsulate F-actin in the cell body, forming vesicles that translocate via microtubules to deliver actin to the anterior. In addition to previously proposed local conversion of actin monomers to polymers, we demonstrate a surprising role for shuttling of F-actin across cells for lamellipodial expansion. Thus, the membrane and cytoskeleton act in concert in distinct subcellular compartments to drive forward cell migration.
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24
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Bressan C, Pecora A, Gagnon D, Snapyan M, Labrecque S, De Koninck P, Parent M, Saghatelyan A. The dynamic interplay between ATP/ADP levels and autophagy sustain neuronal migration in vivo. eLife 2020; 9:56006. [PMID: 32985978 PMCID: PMC7556871 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is a dynamic process that entails extensive protein synthesis and recycling, structural remodeling, and considerable bioenergetic demand. Autophagy is one of the pathways that maintain cellular homeostasis. Time-lapse imaging of autophagosomes and ATP/ADP levels in migrating cells in the rostral migratory stream of mouse revealed that decreases in ATP levels force cells into the stationary phase and induce autophagy. Pharmacological or genetic impairments of autophagy in neuroblasts using either bafilomycin, inducible conditional mice, or CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing decreased cell migration due to the longer duration of the stationary phase. Autophagy is modulated in response to migration-promoting and inhibiting molecular cues and is required for the recycling of focal adhesions. Our results show that autophagy and energy consumption act in concert in migrating cells to dynamically regulate the pace and periodicity of the migratory and stationary phases to sustain neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Bressan
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, Canada.,Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Alessandra Pecora
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, Canada.,Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Dave Gagnon
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, Canada.,Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Marina Snapyan
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, Canada.,Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Simon Labrecque
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, Canada.,Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Paul De Koninck
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, Canada.,Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Martin Parent
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, Canada.,Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Armen Saghatelyan
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, Canada.,Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
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25
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Morphological and Motility Features of the Stable Bleb-Driven Monopodial Form of Entamoeba and Its Importance in Encystation. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00903-19. [PMID: 32393510 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00903-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica and its reptilian counterpart and encystation model Entamoeba invadens formed a polarized monopodial morphology when treated with pentoxifylline. This morphology was propelled by retrograde flow of the cell surface resulting from a cyclic sol-gel conversion of cytoplasm and a stable bleb at the leading edge. Pentoxifylline treatment switched the unpolarized, adherent trophozoites to the nonadherent, stable bleb-driven form and altered the motility pattern from slow and random to fast, directionally persistent, and highly chemotactic. Interestingly, exogenously added adenosine produced multiple protrusions and random motility, an opposite phenotype to that of pentoxifylline. Thus, pentoxifylline, an adenosine antagonist, may be inducing the monopodial morphology by preventing lateral protrusions and restricting the leading edge to one site. The polarized form of E. invadens was aggregation competent, and time-lapse microscopy of encystation revealed its appearance during early hours, mediating the cell aggregation by directional cell migration. The addition of purine nucleotides to in vitro encystation culture prevented the formation of polarized morphology and inhibited the cell aggregation and, thus, the encystation, which further showed the importance of the polarized form in the Entamoeba life cycle. Cell polarity and motility are essential in the pathogenesis of Entamoeba parasites, and the stable bleb-driven polarized morphology of Entamoeba may also be important in invasive amoebiasis.
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26
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Spielmann T, Gras S, Sabitzki R, Meissner M. Endocytosis in Plasmodium and Toxoplasma Parasites. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:520-532. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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27
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Gong J, Lin Y, Zhang H, Liu C, Cheng Z, Yang X, Zhang J, Xiao Y, Sang N, Qian X, Wang L, Cen X, Du X, Zhao Y. Reprogramming of lipid metabolism in cancer-associated fibroblasts potentiates migration of colorectal cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:267. [PMID: 32327627 PMCID: PMC7181758 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2434-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic interaction between cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and colorectal cancer (CRC) cells plays a major role in CRC progression. However, little is known about lipid alternations in CAFs and how these metabolic reprogramming affect CRC cells metastasis. Here, we uncover CAFs conditioned medium (CM) promote the migration of CRC cells compared with normal fibroblasts CM. CAFs undergo a lipidomic reprogramming, and accumulate more fatty acids and phospholipids. CAFs CM after protein deprivation still increase the CRC cells migration, which suggests small molecular metabolites in CAFs CM are responsible for CRC cells migration. Then, we confirm that CRC cells take up the lipids metabolites that are secreted from CAFs. Fatty acids synthase (FASN), a crucial enzyme in fatty acids synthesis, is significantly increased in CAFs. CAF-induced CRC cell migration is abolished by knockdown of FASN by siRNA or reducing the uptake of fatty acids by CRC cells by sulfo-N-succinimidyloleate sodium in vitro and CD36 monoclonal antibody in vivo. To conclude, our results provide a new insight into the mechanism of CRC metastasis and suggest FASN of CAFs or CD36 of CRC cells may be potential targets for anti-metastasis treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yiyun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Huaqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chunqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhong Cheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiamei Zhang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xiao
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Na Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xinying Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Liang Wang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiao Du
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Department of General Surgery, Ya an People's Hospital, Yaan, 625000, China.
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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28
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Talukder MSU, Pervin MS, Tanvir MIO, Fujimoto K, Tanaka M, Itoh G, Yumura S. Ca 2+-Calmodulin Dependent Wound Repair in Dictyostelium Cell Membrane. Cells 2020; 9:cells9041058. [PMID: 32340342 PMCID: PMC7226253 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound repair of cell membrane is a vital physiological phenomenon. We examined wound repair in Dictyostelium cells by using a laserporation, which we recently invented. We examined the influx of fluorescent dyes from the external medium and monitored the cytosolic Ca2+ after wounding. The influx of Ca2+ through the wound pore was essential for wound repair. Annexin and ESCRT components accumulated at the wound site upon wounding as previously described in animal cells, but these were not essential for wound repair in Dictyostelium cells. We discovered that calmodulin accumulated at the wound site upon wounding, which was essential for wound repair. The membrane accumulated at the wound site to plug the wound pore by two-steps, depending on Ca2+ influx and calmodulin. From several lines of evidence, the membrane plug was derived from de novo generated vesicles at the wound site. Actin filaments also accumulated at the wound site, depending on Ca2+ influx and calmodulin. Actin accumulation was essential for wound repair, but microtubules were not essential. A molecular mechanism of wound repair will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Shahabe Uddin Talukder
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan; (M.S.U.T.); (M.S.P.); (M.I.O.T.); (K.F.); (M.T.)
- Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, AERE, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Savar, Dhaka 3787, Bangladesh
| | - Mst. Shaela Pervin
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan; (M.S.U.T.); (M.S.P.); (M.I.O.T.); (K.F.); (M.T.)
- Rajshahi Diabetic Association General Hospital, Luxmipur, Jhautala, Rajshahi 6000, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Istiaq Obaidi Tanvir
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan; (M.S.U.T.); (M.S.P.); (M.I.O.T.); (K.F.); (M.T.)
| | - Koushiro Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan; (M.S.U.T.); (M.S.P.); (M.I.O.T.); (K.F.); (M.T.)
| | - Masahito Tanaka
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan; (M.S.U.T.); (M.S.P.); (M.I.O.T.); (K.F.); (M.T.)
| | - Go Itoh
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Yumura
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan; (M.S.U.T.); (M.S.P.); (M.I.O.T.); (K.F.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: yumura@yamaguchi–u.ac.jp; Tel./Fax: +81-83-933-5717
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29
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Castillo-Badillo JA, Bandi AC, Harlalka S, Gautam N. SRRF-Stream Imaging of Optogenetically Controlled Furrow Formation Shows Localized and Coordinated Endocytosis and Exocytosis Mediating Membrane Remodeling. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:902-919. [PMID: 32155337 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cleavage furrow formation during cytokinesis involves extensive membrane remodeling. In the absence of methods to exert dynamic control over these processes, it has been a challenge to examine the basis of this remodeling. Here we used a subcellular optogenetic approach to induce this at will and found that furrow formation is mediated by actomyosin contractility, retrograde plasma membrane flow, localized decrease in membrane tension, and endocytosis. FRAP, 4-D imaging, and inhibition or upregulation of endocytosis or exocytosis show that ARF6 and Exo70 dependent localized exocytosis supports a potential model for intercellular bridge elongation. TIRF and Super Resolution Radial Fluctuation (SRRF) stream microscopy show localized VAMP2-mediated exocytosis and incorporation of membrane lipids from vesicles into the plasma membrane at the front edge of the nascent daughter cell. Thus, spatially separated but coordinated plasma membrane depletion and addition are likely contributors to membrane remodeling during cytokinetic processes.
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30
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Tanaka M, Fujimoto K, Yumura S. Regulation of the Total Cell Surface Area in Dividing Dictyostelium Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:238. [PMID: 32322581 PMCID: PMC7156592 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
When a cell divides into two daughter cells, the total cell surface area should increase. There are two models for membrane supply to support cell division: (1) unfolding of small surface membrane reservoirs such as microvilli or wrinkles and (2) exocytosis of intracellular vesicles. Here, we precisely measured the total cell surface area in dividing Dictyostelium cells, flattened by the agar overlay that eliminated the complexity of unfolding surface membrane reservoirs. Because the cells divided normally under the agar overlay, unfolding of surface membrane reservoirs was not required for cell division. Under the agar overlay, the total cell surface area slightly decreased from the interphase to the metaphase and then increased about 20% during cytokinesis. Both endocytosis and exocytosis were suppressed in the early mitotic phase but recovered during cytokinesis. The imbalance of endocytosis and exocytosis could contribute to the changes observed in the cell surface area. Clathrin-dependent endocytosis was also substantially suppressed during cytokinesis, but contrary to previous reports in cultured animal cells, it did not significantly contribute to the regulation of the cell surface area. Furrowing during cytokinesis was indispensable for the cell membrane increase, and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Tanaka
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Koushiro Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Yumura
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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31
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Girón-Pérez DA, Vadillo E, Schnoor M, Santos-Argumedo L. Myo1e modulates the recruitment of activated B cells to inguinal lymph nodes. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs.235275. [PMID: 31964710 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.235275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The inclusion of lymphocytes in high endothelial venules and their migration to the lymph nodes are critical steps in the immune response. Cell migration is regulated by the actin cytoskeleton and myosins. Myo1e is a long-tailed class I myosin and is highly expressed in B cells, which have not been studied in the context of cell migration. By using intravital microscopy in an in vivo model and performing in vitro experiments, we studied the relevance of Myo1e for the adhesion and inclusion of activated B cells in high endothelial venules. We observed reduced expression of integrins and F-actin in the membrane protrusions of B lymphocytes, which might be explained by deficiencies in vesicular trafficking. Interestingly, the lack of Myo1e reduced the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK; also known as PTK2), AKT (also known as AKT1) and RAC-1, disturbing the FAK-PI3K-RAC-1 signaling pathway. Taken together, our results indicate a critical role of Myo1e in the mechanism of B-cell adhesion and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Girón-Pérez
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Vadillo
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Michael Schnoor
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
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32
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Casciano JC, Perry C, Cohen-Nowak AJ, Miller KD, Vande Voorde J, Zhang Q, Chalmers S, Sandison ME, Liu Q, Hedley A, McBryan T, Tang HY, Gorman N, Beer T, Speicher DW, Adams PD, Liu X, Schlegel R, McCarron JG, Wakelam MJO, Gottlieb E, Kossenkov AV, Schug ZT. MYC regulates fatty acid metabolism through a multigenic program in claudin-low triple negative breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2020; 122:868-884. [PMID: 31942031 PMCID: PMC7078291 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0711-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have suggested that fatty acid oxidation (FAO) is a key metabolic pathway for the growth of triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs), particularly those that have high expression of MYC. However, the underlying mechanism by which MYC promotes FAO remains poorly understood. Methods We used a combination of metabolomics, transcriptomics, bioinformatics, and microscopy to elucidate a potential mechanism by which MYC regulates FAO in TNBC. Results We propose that MYC induces a multigenic program that involves changes in intracellular calcium signalling and fatty acid metabolism. We determined key roles for fatty acid transporters (CD36), lipases (LPL), and kinases (PDGFRB, CAMKK2, and AMPK) that each contribute to promoting FAO in human mammary epithelial cells that express oncogenic levels of MYC. Bioinformatic analysis further showed that this multigenic program is highly expressed and predicts poor survival in the claudin-low molecular subtype of TNBC, but not other subtypes of TNBCs, suggesting that efforts to target FAO in the clinic may best serve claudin-low TNBC patients. Conclusion We identified critical pieces of the FAO machinery that have the potential to be targeted for improved treatment of patients with TNBC, especially the claudin-low molecular subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Casciano
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Caroline Perry
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Adam J Cohen-Nowak
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Katelyn D Miller
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Johan Vande Voorde
- The Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Qifeng Zhang
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Susan Chalmers
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, SIPBS Building, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Mairi E Sandison
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, SIPBS Building, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Wolfson Centre, 106 Rottenrow, Glasgow, G4 0NW, UK
| | - Qin Liu
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ann Hedley
- The Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Tony McBryan
- The Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.,Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Hsin-Yao Tang
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nicole Gorman
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Thomas Beer
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - David W Speicher
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Peter D Adams
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Center for Cell Reprogramming, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Road, Washington D.C., 20057, USA
| | - Richard Schlegel
- Center for Cell Reprogramming, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Road, Washington D.C., 20057, USA
| | - John G McCarron
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, SIPBS Building, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | | | - Eyal Gottlieb
- The Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.,The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 1 Efron St. Bat Galim, 3525433, Haifa, Israel
| | - Andrew V Kossenkov
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zachary T Schug
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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33
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Del Rosario M, Periz J, Pavlou G, Lyth O, Latorre‐Barragan F, Das S, Pall GS, Stortz JF, Lemgruber L, Whitelaw JA, Baum J, Tardieux I, Meissner M. Apicomplexan F-actin is required for efficient nuclear entry during host cell invasion. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e48896. [PMID: 31584242 PMCID: PMC6893294 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The obligate intracellular parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium spp. invade host cells by injecting a protein complex into the membrane of the targeted cell that bridges the two cells through the assembly of a ring-like junction. This circular junction stretches while the parasites apply a traction force to pass through, a step that typically concurs with transient constriction of the parasite body. Here we analyse F-actin dynamics during host cell invasion. Super-resolution microscopy and real-time imaging highlighted an F-actin pool at the apex of pre-invading parasite, an F-actin ring at the junction area during invasion but also networks of perinuclear and posteriorly localised F-actin. Mutant parasites with dysfunctional acto-myosin showed significant decrease of junctional and perinuclear F-actin and are coincidently affected in nuclear passage through the junction. We propose that the F-actin machinery eases nuclear passage by stabilising the junction and pushing the nucleus through the constriction. Our analysis suggests that the junction opposes resistance to the passage of the parasite's nucleus and provides the first evidence for a dual contribution of actin-forces during host cell invasion by apicomplexan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Del Rosario
- Wellcome Centre For Integrative ParasitologyInstitute of InfectionImmunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Javier Periz
- Wellcome Centre For Integrative ParasitologyInstitute of InfectionImmunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Georgios Pavlou
- Institute for Advanced BiosciencesCNRS, UMR5309, INSERM U1209Université Grenoble AlpesGrenobleFrance
| | - Oliver Lyth
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Fernanda Latorre‐Barragan
- Wellcome Centre For Integrative ParasitologyInstitute of InfectionImmunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- Faculty of Science, Food Engineering and BiotechnologyTechnical University of AmbatoAmbatoEcuador
| | - Sujaan Das
- Wellcome Centre For Integrative ParasitologyInstitute of InfectionImmunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Gurman S Pall
- Wellcome Centre For Integrative ParasitologyInstitute of InfectionImmunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Johannes Felix Stortz
- Wellcome Centre For Integrative ParasitologyInstitute of InfectionImmunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Leandro Lemgruber
- Wellcome Centre For Integrative ParasitologyInstitute of InfectionImmunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | | | - Jake Baum
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Isabelle Tardieux
- Institute for Advanced BiosciencesCNRS, UMR5309, INSERM U1209Université Grenoble AlpesGrenobleFrance
| | - Markus Meissner
- Wellcome Centre For Integrative ParasitologyInstitute of InfectionImmunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- Experimental ParasitologyDepartment for Veterinary SciencesLudwig‐Maximilians‐University Munich MunichGermany
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34
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Hilgemann DW, Lin MJ, Fine M, Deisl C. On the existence of endocytosis driven by membrane phase separations. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1862:183007. [PMID: 31202864 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Large endocytic responses can occur rapidly in diverse cell types without dynamins, clathrin, or actin remodeling. Our experiments suggest that membrane phase separations are crucial with more ordered plasma membrane domains being internalized. Not only do these endocytic processes rely on coalescence of membrane domains, they are promoted by participation of membrane proteins in such domains, one important regulatory influence being palmitoylation. Membrane actin cytoskeleton in general resists membrane phase transitions, and its remodeling may play many roles. Besides membrane 'caging' and 'pinching' roles, typically ascribed to clathrin and dynamins, cytoskeleton remodeling may modify local membrane tension and buckling, as well as the presence and location of actin- and tension-free membrane patches. Endocytosis that depends on membrane phase separations becomes activated in metabolic stress and in response to Ca and PI3 kinase signaling. Internalized membrane traffics normally, and the secretory pathway eventually resupplies membrane to the plasmalemma or directs internalized membrane to other locations, including the extracellular space as exosomes. We describe here that endocytosis driven by membrane phase transitions is regulated by the same signaling mechanisms that regulate macropinocytosis, and it may play diverse roles in cells from nutrient assimilation to membrane recycling, cell migration, and the initiation of quiescent or hibernating cell states. Membrane ordering and phase separations have been shown to promote endocytosis in diverse cell types, including fibroblasts, myocytes, glial cells, and immune cells. We propose that clathrin/dynamin-independent endocytosis represents a continuum of related mechanisms with variable but universal dependence on membrane ordering and actin remodeling. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Molecular biophysics of membranes and membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald W Hilgemann
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Physiology, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235-9040, USA.
| | - Mei-Jung Lin
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Physiology, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235-9040, USA
| | - Michael Fine
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Physiology, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235-9040, USA
| | - Christine Deisl
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Physiology, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235-9040, USA
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Gras S, Jimenez-Ruiz E, Klinger CM, Schneider K, Klingl A, Lemgruber L, Meissner M. An endocytic-secretory cycle participates in Toxoplasma gondii in motility. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000060. [PMID: 31233488 PMCID: PMC6611640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites invade host cells in an active process involving their ability to move by gliding motility. While the acto-myosin system of the parasite plays a crucial role in the formation and release of attachment sites during this process, there are still open questions regarding the involvement of other mechanisms in parasite motility. In many eukaryotes, a secretory-endocytic cycle leads to the recycling of receptors (integrins), necessary to form attachment sites, regulation of surface area during motility, and generation of retrograde membrane flow. Here, we demonstrate that endocytosis operates during gliding motility in Toxoplasma gondii and appears to be crucial for the establishment of retrograde membrane flow, because inhibition of endocytosis blocks retrograde flow and motility. We demonstrate that extracellular parasites can efficiently incorporate exogenous material, such as labelled phospholipids, nanogold particles (NGPs), antibodies, and Concanavalin A (ConA). Using labelled phospholipids, we observed that the endocytic and secretory pathways of the parasite converge, and endocytosed lipids are subsequently secreted, demonstrating the operation of an endocytic-secretory cycle. Together our data consolidate previous findings, and we propose an additional model, working in parallel to the acto-myosin motor, that reconciles parasite motility with observations in other eukaryotes: an apicomplexan fountain-flow-model for parasite motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gras
- Lehrstuhl für experimentelle Parasitologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, LMU, Tierärztliche Fakultät, München, Germany
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Jimenez-Ruiz
- Lehrstuhl für experimentelle Parasitologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, LMU, Tierärztliche Fakultät, München, Germany
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christen M. Klinger
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Katja Schneider
- Pflanzliche Entwicklungsbiologie, Biozentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Andreas Klingl
- Pflanzliche Entwicklungsbiologie, Biozentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Leandro Lemgruber
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Meissner
- Lehrstuhl für experimentelle Parasitologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, LMU, Tierärztliche Fakultät, München, Germany
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Shellard A, Mayor R. Supracellular migration - beyond collective cell migration. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/8/jcs226142. [PMID: 30988138 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.226142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration is a highly complex process in which groups of cells move together. A fundamental question is how cell ensembles can migrate efficiently. In some cases, the group is no more than a collection of individual cells. In others, the group behaves as a supracellular unit, whereby the cell group could be considered as a giant 'supracell', the concept of which was conceived over a century ago. The development of recent tools has provided considerable evidence that cell collectives are highly cooperative, and their migration can better be understood at the tissue level, rather than at the cell level. In this Review, we will define supracellular migration as a type of collective cell migration that operates at a scale higher than the individual cells. We will discuss key concepts of supracellular migration, review recent evidence of collectives exhibiting supracellular features and argue that many seemingly complex collective movements could be better explained by considering the participating cells as supracellular entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Shellard
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Djuzenova CS, Fiedler V, Memmel S, Katzer A, Sisario D, Brosch PK, Göhrung A, Frister S, Zimmermann H, Flentje M, Sukhorukov VL. Differential effects of the Akt inhibitor MK-2206 on migration and radiation sensitivity of glioblastoma cells. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:299. [PMID: 30943918 PMCID: PMC6446411 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5517-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Most tumor cells show aberrantly activated Akt which leads to increased cell survival and resistance to cancer radiotherapy. Therefore, targeting Akt can be a promising strategy for radiosensitization. Here, we explore the impact of the Akt inhibitor MK-2206 alone and in combination with the dual PI3K and mTOR inhibitor PI-103 on the radiation sensitivity of glioblastoma cells. In addition, we examine migration of drug-treated cells. Methods Using single-cell tracking and wound healing migration tests, colony-forming assay, Western blotting, flow cytometry and electrorotation we examined the effects of MK-2206 and PI-103 and/or irradiation on the migration, radiation sensitivity, expression of several marker proteins, DNA damage, cell cycle progression and the plasma membrane properties in two glioblastoma (DK-MG and SNB19) cell lines, previously shown to differ markedly in their migratory behavior and response to PI3K/mTOR inhibition. Results We found that MK-2206 strongly reduces the migration of DK-MG but only moderately reduces the migration of SNB19 cells. Surprisingly, MK-2206 did not cause radiosensitization, but even increased colony-forming ability after irradiation. Moreover, MK-2206 did not enhance the radiosensitizing effect of PI-103. The results appear to contradict the strong depletion of p-Akt in MK-2206-treated cells. Possible reasons for the radioresistance of MK-2206-treated cells could be unaltered or in case of SNB19 cells even increased levels of p-mTOR and p-S6, as compared to the reduced expression of these proteins in PI-103-treated samples. We also found that MK-2206 did not enhance IR-induced DNA damage, neither did it cause cell cycle distortion, nor apoptosis nor excessive autophagy. Conclusions Our study provides proof that MK-2206 can effectively inhibit the expression of Akt in two glioblastoma cell lines. However, due to an aberrant activation of mTOR in response to Akt inhibition in PTEN mutated cells, the therapeutic window needs to be carefully defined, or a combination of Akt and mTOR inhibitors should be considered. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-5517-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cholpon S Djuzenova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Vanessa Fiedler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Simon Memmel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Astrid Katzer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dmitri Sisario
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Philippa K Brosch
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Göhrung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Svenja Frister
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Zimmermann
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Biomedizinische Technik, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280, Sulzbach, Germany.,Professur für Molekulare und Zelluläre Biotechnologie/Nanotechnologie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Marine Sciences, Universidad Católica del Norte, Casa Central, Angamos 0610, Antafogasta/Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Michael Flentje
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir L Sukhorukov
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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Meshik X, O’Neill PR, Gautam N. Physical Plasma Membrane Perturbation Using Subcellular Optogenetics Drives Integrin-Activated Cell Migration. ACS Synth Biol 2019; 8:498-510. [PMID: 30764607 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cells experience physical deformations to the plasma membrane that can modulate cell behaviors like migration. Understanding the molecular basis for how physical cues affect dynamic cellular responses requires new approaches that can physically perturb the plasma membrane with rapid, reversible, subcellular control. Here we present an optogenetic approach based on light-inducible dimerization that alters plasma membrane properties by recruiting cytosolic proteins at high concentrations to a target site. Surprisingly, this polarized accumulation of proteins in a cell induces directional amoeboid migration in the opposite direction. Consistent with known effects of constraining high concentrations of proteins to a membrane in vitro, there is localized curvature and tension decrease in the plasma membrane. Integrin activity, sensitive to mechanical forces, is activated in this region. Localized mechanical activation of integrin with optogenetics allowed simultaneous imaging of the molecular and cellular response, helping uncover a positive feedback loop comprising SFK- and ERK-dependent RhoA activation, actomyosin contractility, rearward membrane flow, and membrane tension decrease underlying this mode of cell migration.
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Manipulation of cell migration by laserporation-induced local wounding. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4291. [PMID: 30862930 PMCID: PMC6414676 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39678-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms employ various mechanisms to escape harm. At the cellular level, mobile cells employ movement to avoid harmful chemicals or repellents. The present study is the first to report that cells move away from the site of injury in response to local wounding. When a migrating Dictyostelium cell was locally wounded at its anterior region by laserporation, the cell retracted its anterior pseudopods, extended a new pseudopod at the posterior region, and migrated in the opposite direction with increasing velocity. When wounded in the posterior region, the cell did not change its polarity and moved away from the site of wounding. Since the cells repair wounds within a short period, we successfully manipulated cell migration by applying multiple wounds. Herein, we discussed the signals that contributed to the wound-induced escape behavior of Dictyostelium cells. Our findings provide important insights into the mechanisms by which cells establish their polarity.
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Abstract
For over a century, the centrosome has been an organelle more easily tracked than understood, and the study of its peregrinations within the cell remains a chief underpinning of its functional investigation. Increasing attention and new approaches have been brought to bear on mechanisms that control centrosome localization in the context of cleavage plane determination, ciliogenesis, directional migration, and immunological synapse formation, among other cellular and developmental processes. The Golgi complex, often linked with the centrosome, presents a contrasting case of a pleiomorphic organelle for which functional studies advanced somewhat more rapidly than positional tracking. However, Golgi orientation and distribution has emerged as an area of considerable interest with respect to polarized cellular function. This chapter will review our current understanding of the mechanism and significance of the positioning of these organelles.
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41
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Takao M, Nagai Y, Ito M, Ohba T. Flow cytometric quantitation of EpCAM-positive extracellular vesicles by immunomagnetic separation and phospholipid staining method. Genes Cells 2018; 23:963-973. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Takao
- Department of Project Programs, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Yutaka Nagai
- IVD Operations; Nihon Kohden Corporation; Tokyo Japan
- Ogino Memorial Laboratory, Development Department; Nihon Kohden Corporation; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masami Ito
- Ogino Memorial Laboratory, Development Department; Nihon Kohden Corporation; Tokyo Japan
| | - Tetsuhiko Ohba
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science and Faculty of Science; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
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Bell GRR, Collins SR. "Rho"ing a Cellular Boat with Rearward Membrane Flow. Dev Cell 2018; 46:1-3. [PMID: 29974859 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The physicist Edward Purcell wrote in 1977 about mechanisms that cells could use to propel themselves in a low Reynolds number environment. Reporting in Developmental Cell, O'Neill et al. (2018) provide direct evidence for one of these mechanisms by optogenetically driving the migration of cells suspended in liquid through RhoA activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R R Bell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sean R Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Huang Y, Winklbauer R. Cell migration in the Xenopus gastrula. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2018; 7:e325. [PMID: 29944210 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Xenopus gastrulation movements are in large part based on the rearrangement of cells by differential cell-on-cell migration within multilayered tissues. Different patterns of migration-based cell intercalation drive endoderm and mesoderm internalization and their positioning along their prospective body axes. C-cadherin, fibronectin, integrins, and focal contact components are expressed in all gastrula cells and play putative roles in cell-on-cell migration, but their actual functions in this respect are not yet understood. The gastrula can be subdivided into two motility domains, and in the vegetal, migratory domain, two modes of cell migration are discerned. Vegetal endoderm cells show ingression-type migration, a variant of amoeboid migration characterized by the lack of locomotory protrusions and by macropinocytosis as a mechanism of trailing edge resorption. Mesendoderm and prechordal mesoderm cells use lamellipodia in a mesenchymal mode of migration. Gastrula cell motility can be dissected into traits, such as cell polarity, adhesion, mobility, or protrusive activity, which are controlled separately yet in complex, combinatorial ways. Cells can instantaneously switch between different combinations of traits, showing plasticity as they respond to substratum properties. This article is categorized under: Early Embryonic Development > Gastrulation and Neurulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Huang
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rudolf Winklbauer
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Membrane Flow Drives an Adhesion-Independent Amoeboid Cell Migration Mode. Dev Cell 2018; 46:9-22.e4. [PMID: 29937389 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cells migrate by applying rearward forces against extracellular media. It is unclear how this is achieved in amoeboid migration, which lacks adhesions typical of lamellipodia-driven mesenchymal migration. To address this question, we developed optogenetically controlled models of lamellipodia-driven and amoeboid migration. On a two-dimensional surface, migration speeds in both modes were similar. However, when suspended in liquid, only amoeboid cells exhibited rapid migration accompanied by rearward membrane flow. These cells exhibited increased endocytosis at the back and membrane trafficking from back to front. Genetic or pharmacological perturbation of this polarized trafficking inhibited migration. The ratio of cell migration and membrane flow speeds matched the predicted value from a model where viscous forces tangential to the cell-liquid interface propel the cell forward. Since this mechanism does not require specific molecular interactions with the surrounding medium, it can facilitate amoeboid migration observed in diverse microenvironments during immune function and cancer metastasis.
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