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Syryamina VN, Aisenbrey C, Kardash M, Dzuba SA, Bechinger B. Self-assembly of spin-labeled antimicrobial peptides magainin 2 and PGLa in lipid bilayers. Biophys Chem 2024; 310:107251. [PMID: 38678820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2024.107251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The cationic antimicrobial peptides PGLa and magainin 2 (Mag2) are known for their antimicrobial activity and synergistic enhancement in antimicrobial and membrane leakage assays. Further use of peptides in combinatory therapy requires knowledge of the mechanisms of action of both individual peptides and their mixtures. Here, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), double electron-electron resonance (DEER, also known as PELDOR) and electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) spectroscopies were applied to study self-assembly and localization of spin-labeled PGLa and Mag2 in POPE/POPG membranes with a wide range of peptide/lipid ratios (P/L) from ∼1/1500 to 1/50. EPR and DEER data showed that both peptides tend to organize in clusters, which occurs already at the lowest peptide/lipid molar ratio of 1/1500 (0.067 mol%). For individual peptides, these clusters are quite dense with intermolecular distances of the order of ∼2 nm. In the presence of a synergistic peptide partner, these homo-clusters are transformed into lipid-diluted hetero-clusters. These clusters are characterized by a local surface density that is several times higher than expected from a random distribution. ESEEM data indicate a slightly different insertion depth of peptides in hetero-clusters when compared to homo-clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria N Syryamina
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Christopher Aisenbrey
- University of Strasbourg/CNRS, UMR7177, Strasbourg Institute of Chemistry, Membrane Biophysics and NMR, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Maria Kardash
- University of Strasbourg/CNRS, UMR7177, Strasbourg Institute of Chemistry, Membrane Biophysics and NMR, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sergei A Dzuba
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation; Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.
| | - Burkhard Bechinger
- University of Strasbourg/CNRS, UMR7177, Strasbourg Institute of Chemistry, Membrane Biophysics and NMR, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 75231 Paris, France.
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2
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Zielke C, Nielsen JE, Lin JS, Barron AE. Between good and evil: Complexation of the human cathelicidin LL-37 with nucleic acids. Biophys J 2024; 123:1316-1328. [PMID: 37919905 PMCID: PMC11163296 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system provides a crucial first line of defense against invading pathogens attacking the body. As the only member of the human cathelicidin family, the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 has been shown to have antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial properties. In complexation with nucleic acids, LL-37 is suggested to maintain its beneficial health effects while also acting as a condensation agent for the nucleic acid. Complexes formed by LL-37 and nucleic acids have been shown to be immunostimulatory with a positive impact on the human innate immune system. However, some studies also suggest that in some circumstances, LL-37/nucleic acid complexes may be a contributing factor to autoimmune disorders such as psoriasis and systemic lupus erythematosus. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of research highlighting the beneficial health effects of LL-37/nucleic acid complexes, as well as discussing observed detrimental effects. We will emphasize why it is important to investigate and elucidate structural characteristics, such as condensation patterns of nucleic acids within complexation, and their mechanisms of action, to shed light on the intricate physiological effects of LL-37 and the seemingly contradictory role of LL-37/nucleic acid complexes in the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Zielke
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Schools of Medicine and of Engineering, Stanford, California
| | - Josefine Eilsø Nielsen
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Schools of Medicine and of Engineering, Stanford, California; Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jennifer S Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Schools of Medicine and of Engineering, Stanford, California
| | - Annelise E Barron
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Schools of Medicine and of Engineering, Stanford, California.
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3
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Bevivino G, Maurizi L, Ammendolia MG, Longhi C, Arcà B, Lombardo F. Peptides with Antimicrobial Activity in the Saliva of the Malaria Vector Anopheles coluzzii. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5529. [PMID: 38791567 PMCID: PMC11121840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mosquito saliva plays a crucial physiological role in both sugar and blood feeding by helping sugar digestion and exerting antihemostatic functions. During meal acquisition, mosquitoes are exposed to the internalization of external microbes. Since mosquitoes reingest significant amounts of saliva during feeding, we hypothesized that salivary antimicrobial components may participate in the protection of mouthparts, the crop, and the gut by inhibiting bacterial growth. To identify novel potential antimicrobials from mosquito saliva, we selected 11 candidates from Anopheles coluzzii salivary transcriptomic datasets and obtained them either using a cell-free transcription/translation expression system or, when feasible, via chemical synthesis. Hyp6.2 and hyp13, which were predicted to be produced as propeptides and cleaved in shorter mature forms, showed the most interesting results in bacterial growth inhibition assays. Hyp6.2 (putative mature form, 35 amino acid residues) significantly inhibited the growth of Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens) bacteria. Hyp13 (short form, 19 amino acid residues) dose-dependently inhibited E. coli and S. marcescens growth, inducing membrane disruption in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as indicated with scanning electron microscopy. In conclusion, we identified two A. coluzzii salivary peptides inhibiting Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria growth and possibly contributing to the protection of mosquito mouthparts and digestive tracts from microbial infection during and/or after feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bevivino
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (L.M.); (C.L.); (B.A.)
| | - Linda Maurizi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (L.M.); (C.L.); (B.A.)
| | - Maria Grazia Ammendolia
- National Center for Innovative Technologies in Public Health, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Catia Longhi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (L.M.); (C.L.); (B.A.)
| | - Bruno Arcà
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (L.M.); (C.L.); (B.A.)
| | - Fabrizio Lombardo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (L.M.); (C.L.); (B.A.)
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4
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Nejadmirfathi M, Montazerozohori M, Naghiha R, Panahi Kokhdan E. New penta-Coordinated Cadmium(II) Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, Thermal, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity Properties. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301667. [PMID: 38502834 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, a new tridentate Schiff base ligand (L) with nitrogen donor atoms and its cadmium(II) complexes with the general formula of CdLX2 (X=Cl-, Br-, I-, SCN-, N3 -, NO3 -) have been synthesized and characterized by physical and spectral (FT/IR, UV-Vis, Mass, and 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopies) methods. Also nano-structured cadmium chloride and bromide complexes were synthesized by sonochemical method and then used to prepare nanostructured cadmium oxide confirmed by XRD and SEM techniques. Thermal behavior of the compounds was studied in the temperature range of 25 to 900 °C under N2 atmosphere at a heating rate of 20 °C/ min. Moreover, thermo-kinetic activation parameters of thermal decomposition steps were calculated according to the Coats-Redfern relationship. Antimicrobial activities of the synthesized compounds against two gram-positive and two gram-negative bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and two fungi of Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger were investigated by well diffusion method. SEM technique was used to monitor the morphological changes of the bacteria treated with the compounds. The 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant ability of the ligand and its cadmium(II) complexes. In final, the cytotoxicity properties of the ligand and some cadmium(II) complexes against PC3 cancer cells were evaluated by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) bioassay and nitric oxide (NO) level measurement. The morphological changes of prostate cancer (PC3) cells due to treatment with the ligand and its complexes confirmed their anticancer effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nejadmirfathi
- Department of Chemistry, Yasouj University, Yasouj, 7591874831, Iran
| | - M Montazerozohori
- Department of Chemistry, Yasouj University, Yasouj, 7591874831, Iran
| | - R Naghiha
- Department of Animal Sciences, Yasouj University, Yasouj, 7591874831, Iran
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - E Panahi Kokhdan
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
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Lebedev M, Benjamin AB, Kumar S, Molchanova N, Lin JS, Koster KJ, Leibowitz JL, Barron AE, Cirillo JD. Antiviral Effect of Antimicrobial Peptoid TM9 and Murine Model of Respiratory Coronavirus Infection. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:464. [PMID: 38675125 PMCID: PMC11054490 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
New antiviral agents are essential to improving treatment and control of SARS-CoV-2 infections that can lead to the disease COVID-19. Antimicrobial peptoids are sequence-specific oligo-N-substituted glycine peptidomimetics that emulate the structure and function of natural antimicrobial peptides but are resistant to proteases. We demonstrate antiviral activity of a new peptoid (TM9) against the coronavirus, murine hepatitis virus (MHV), as a closely related model for the structure and antiviral susceptibility profile of SARS-CoV-2. This peptoid mimics the human cathelicidin LL-37, which has also been shown to have antimicrobial and antiviral activity. In this study, TM9 was effective against three murine coronavirus strains, demonstrating that the therapeutic window is large enough to allow the use of TM9 for treatment. All three isolates of MHV generated infection in mice after 15 min of exposure by aerosol using the Madison aerosol chamber, and all three viral strains could be isolated from the lungs throughout the 5-day observation period post-infection, with the peak titers on day 2. MHV-A59 and MHV-A59-GFP were also isolated from the liver, heart, spleen, olfactory bulbs, and brain. These data demonstrate that MHV serves as a valuable natural murine model of coronavirus pathogenesis in multiple organs, including the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Lebedev
- School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; (M.L.); (A.B.B.); (S.K.); (K.J.K.); (J.L.L.)
| | - Aaron B. Benjamin
- School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; (M.L.); (A.B.B.); (S.K.); (K.J.K.); (J.L.L.)
| | - Sathish Kumar
- School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; (M.L.); (A.B.B.); (S.K.); (K.J.K.); (J.L.L.)
| | - Natalia Molchanova
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (N.M.); (J.S.L.); (A.E.B.)
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jennifer S. Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (N.M.); (J.S.L.); (A.E.B.)
| | - Kent J. Koster
- School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; (M.L.); (A.B.B.); (S.K.); (K.J.K.); (J.L.L.)
| | - Julian L. Leibowitz
- School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; (M.L.); (A.B.B.); (S.K.); (K.J.K.); (J.L.L.)
| | - Annelise E. Barron
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (N.M.); (J.S.L.); (A.E.B.)
| | - Jeffrey D. Cirillo
- School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; (M.L.); (A.B.B.); (S.K.); (K.J.K.); (J.L.L.)
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6
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Kwon RS, Lee GY, Lee S, Song J. Antimicrobial properties of tomato juice and peptides against typhoidal Salmonella. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0310223. [PMID: 38289090 PMCID: PMC10913428 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03102-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Tomatoes are readily available and affordable vegetables that offer a range of health benefits due to their bioactive molecules, such as antioxidants and antimicrobials. In contrast to the widely recognized antioxidant properties of tomatoes, their antimicrobial properties remain largely unexplored. Here, we present our findings on the antimicrobial properties of tomato juice and peptides, namely, tomato-derived antimicrobial peptides (tdAMPs), in relation to their effectiveness against typhoidal Salmonella. Our research has revealed that tomato juice demonstrates significant antimicrobial properties against Salmonella Typhi, a pathogen that specifically affects humans and is responsible for causing typhoid fever. By employing computational analysis of the tomato genome sequence, conducting molecular dynamics simulation, and performing functional analyses, we have successfully identified two tdAMPs, namely, tdAMP-1 and tdAMP-2. These tdAMPs have demonstrated potent antimicrobial properties by effectively disrupting bacterial membranes. The efficacy of tdAMP-2 is shown to be more effective than tdAMP-1. The efficacy of tdAMP-1 and tdAMP-2 has been demonstrated against drug-resistant S. Typhi, as well as hyper-capsular S. Typhi variants that possess hypervirulent characteristics, which are presently circulating in countries with endemicity. Tomato juice, along with the two tdAMPs, has demonstrated effectiveness against uropathogenic Escherichia coli as well. This underscores their potential as viable agents in combating certain Gram-negative pathogens. This study provides valuable insights into the development of effective and sustainable public health strategies that utilize tomato and its derivatives as lifestyle interventions.IMPORTANCEIn this study, we investigate the antimicrobial properties of tomato juice, the most widely consumed affordable vegetables, as well as tomato-derived antimicrobial peptides, in relation to their effectiveness against foodborne pathogens with an emphasis on Salmonella Typhi, a deadly human-specific pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S. Kwon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Gi Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Sohyoung Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jeongmin Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Bonvin E, Personne H, Paschoud T, Reusser J, Gan BH, Luscher A, Köhler T, van Delden C, Reymond JL. Antimicrobial Peptide-Peptoid Hybrids with and without Membrane Disruption. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:2593-2606. [PMID: 38062792 PMCID: PMC10714400 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Among synthetic analogues of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) under investigation to address antimicrobial resistance, peptoids (N-alkylated oligoglycines) have been reported to act both by membrane disruption and on intracellular targets. Here we gradually introduced peptoid units into the membrane-disruptive undecapeptide KKLLKLLKLLL to test a possible transition toward intracellular targeting. We found that selected hybrids containing up to five peptoid units retained the parent AMP's α-helical folding, membrane disruption, and antimicrobial effects against Gram-negative bacteria including multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae while showing reduced hemolysis and cell toxicities. Furthermore, some hybrids containing as few as three peptoid units as well as the full peptoid lost folding, membrane disruption, hemolysis, and cytotoxicity but displayed strong antibacterial activity under dilute medium conditions typical for proline-rich antimicrobial peptides (PrAMPs), pointing to intracellular targeting. These findings parallel previous reports that partially helical amphiphilic peptoids are privileged oligomers for antibiotic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Bonvin
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hippolyte Personne
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Paschoud
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jérémie Reusser
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bee-Ha Gan
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Luscher
- Department
of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Service of
Infectious Diseases, University Hospital
of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Köhler
- Department
of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Service of
Infectious Diseases, University Hospital
of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian van Delden
- Department
of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Service of
Infectious Diseases, University Hospital
of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Louis Reymond
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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8
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Moule MG, Benjamin AB, Buger ML, Herlan C, Lebedev M, Lin JS, Koster KJ, Wavare N, Adams LG, Bräse S, Barron AE, Cirillo JD. Peptide-mimetic treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a mouse model of respiratory infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.30.564794. [PMID: 37961726 PMCID: PMC10634950 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.30.564794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The rise of drug resistance has become a global crisis, with >1 million deaths due to resistant bacterial infections each year. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in particular, remains a serious problem with limited solutions due to complex resistance mechanisms that now lead to more than 32,000 multidrug-resistant (MDR) infections and over 2,000 deaths annually. While the emergence of resistant bacteria has become concerningly common, identification of useful new drug classes has been limited over the past 40+ years. We found that a potential novel therapeutic, the peptide-mimetic TM5, is effective at killing P. aeruginosa and displays sufficiently low toxicity for mammalian cells to allow for use in treatment of infections. Interestingly, TM5 kills P. aeruginosa more rapidly than traditional antibiotics, within 30-60 minutes in vitro , and is effective against a range of clinical isolates. In vivo , TM5 significantly reduced bacterial load in the lungs within 24 hours compared to untreated mice and demonstrated few adverse effects. Taken together, these observations suggest that TM5 shows promise as an alternative therapy for MDR P. aeruginosa respiratory infections.
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Xu L, Mo K, Ran D, Ma J, Zhang L, Sun Y, Long Q, Jiang G, Zhao X, Zou X. An endolysin gene from Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus confers dual resistance to huanglongbing and citrus canker. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad159. [PMID: 37719271 PMCID: PMC10500150 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The most damaging citrus diseases are Huanglongbing (HLB) and citrus canker, which are caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CaLas) and Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Xcc), respectively. Endolysins from bacteriophages are a possible option for disease resistance in plant breeding. Here, we report improvement of citrus resistance to HLB and citrus canker using the LasLYS1 and LasLYS2 endolysins from CaLas. LasLYS2 demonstrated bactericidal efficacy against several Rhizobiaceae bacteria and Xcc, according to inhibition zone analyses. The two genes, driven by a strong promoter from Cauliflower mosaic virus, 35S, were integrated into Carrizo citrange via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. More than 2 years of greenhouse testing indicated that LasLYS2 provided substantial and long-lasting resistance to HLB, allowing transgenic plants to retain low CaLas titers and no obvious symptoms while also clearing CaLas from infected plants in the long term. LasLYS2 transgenic plants with improved HLB resistance also showed resistance to Xcc, indicating that LasLYS2 had dual resistance to HLB and citrus canker. A microbiome study of transgenic plants revealed that the endolysins repressed Xanthomonadaceae and Rhizobiaceae populations in roots while increasing Burkholderiaceae and Rhodanobacteraceae populations, which might boost the citrus defense response, according to transcriptome analysis. We also found that Lyz domain 2 is the key bactericidal motif of LasLYS1 and LasLYS2. Four endolysins with potential resistance to HLB and citrus canker were found based on the structures of LasLYS1 and LasLYS2. Overall, the work shed light on the mechanisms of resistance of CaLas-derived endolysins, providing insights for designing endolysins to develop broad-spectrum disease resistance in citrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanzhen Xu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Kaiqing Mo
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Danlu Ran
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Juanjuan Ma
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Lehuan Zhang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Yijia Sun
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Qin Long
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Guojin Jiang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Xiaochun Zhao
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Xiuping Zou
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
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10
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Kim M, Cheon Y, Shin D, Choi J, Nielsen JE, Jeong MS, Nam HY, Kim S, Lund R, Jenssen H, Barron AE, Lee S, Seo J. Real-Time Monitoring of Multitarget Antimicrobial Mechanisms of Peptoids Using Label-Free Imaging with Optical Diffraction Tomography. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302483. [PMID: 37341246 PMCID: PMC10460844 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising therapeutics in the fight against multidrug-resistant bacteria. As a mimic of AMPs, peptoids with N-substituted glycine backbone have been utilized for antimicrobials with resistance against proteolytic degradation. Antimicrobial peptoids are known to kill bacteria by membrane disruption; however, the nonspecific aggregation of intracellular contents is also suggested as an important bactericidal mechanism. Here,structure-activity relationship (SAR) of a library of indole side chain-containing peptoids resulting in peptoid 29 as a hit compound is investigated. Then, quantitative morphological analyses of live bacteria treated with AMPs and peptoid 29 in a label-free manner using optical diffraction tomography (ODT) are performed. It is unambiguously demonstrated that both membrane disruption and intracellular biomass flocculation are primary mechanisms of bacterial killing by monitoring real-time morphological changes of bacteria. These multitarget mechanisms and rapid action can be a merit for the discovery of a resistance-breaking novel antibiotic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsang Kim
- Department of ChemistryGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)123, Cheomdangwagi‐ro, Buk‐guGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongmi Cheon
- Gwangju CenterKorea Basic Science Institute (KBSI)49, Dosicheomdansaneop‐ro, Nam‐guGwangju61751Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Molecular BiochemistryChonnam National University77, Yongbong‐ro, Buk‐guGwangju61186Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular BiologyChungnam National University99, Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐guDaejeon34134Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmin Shin
- Department of ChemistryGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)123, Cheomdangwagi‐ro, Buk‐guGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Choi
- Department of ChemistryGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)123, Cheomdangwagi‐ro, Buk‐guGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Josefine Eilsø Nielsen
- Department of Science and EnvironmentRoskilde UniversityUniversitetsvej 1Roskilde4000Denmark
- Department of Bioengineering, Schools of Medicine and EngineeringStanford University443 Via OrtegaStanfordCalifornia94305United States
| | - Myeong Seon Jeong
- Chuncheon CenterKorea Basic Science Institute (KBSI)1, Kangwondaehak‐gil, Chuncheon‐siGangwon‐do24341Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Yeon Nam
- Department of ChemistryGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)123, Cheomdangwagi‐ro, Buk‐guGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Sung‐Hak Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular BiochemistryChonnam National University77, Yongbong‐ro, Buk‐guGwangju61186Republic of Korea
| | - Reidar Lund
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OsloProblemveien 7Oslo0315Norway
| | - Håvard Jenssen
- Department of Science and EnvironmentRoskilde UniversityUniversitetsvej 1Roskilde4000Denmark
| | - Annelise E. Barron
- Department of Bioengineering, Schools of Medicine and EngineeringStanford University443 Via OrtegaStanfordCalifornia94305United States
| | - Seongsoo Lee
- Gwangju CenterKorea Basic Science Institute (KBSI)49, Dosicheomdansaneop‐ro, Nam‐guGwangju61751Republic of Korea
- Department of Systems BiotechnologyChung‐Ang UniversityAnseong‐siGyeonggi‐do17546Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Seo
- Department of ChemistryGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)123, Cheomdangwagi‐ro, Buk‐guGwangju61005Republic of Korea
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11
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Wang X, van Beekveld RAM, Xu Y, Parmar A, Das S, Singh I, Breukink E. Analyzing mechanisms of action of antimicrobial peptides on bacterial membranes requires multiple complimentary assays and different bacterial strains. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184160. [PMID: 37100361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2023.184160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) commonly target bacterial membranes and show broad-spectrum activity against microorganisms. In this research we used three AMPs (nisin, epilancin 15×, [R4L10]-teixobactin) and tested their membrane effects towards three strains (Staphylococcus simulans, Micrococcus flavus, Bacillus megaterium) in relation with their antibacterial activity. We describe fluorescence and luminescence-based assays to measure effects on membrane potential, intracellular pH, membrane permeabilization and intracellular ATP levels. The results show that our control peptide, nisin, performed mostly as expected in view of its targeted pore-forming activity, with fast killing kinetics that coincided with severe membrane permeabilization in all three strains. However, the mechanisms of action of both Epilancin 15× as well as [R4L10]-teixobactin appeared to depend strongly on the bacterium tested. In certain specific combinations of assay, peptide and bacterium, deviations from the general picture were observed. This was even the case for nisin, indicating the importance of using multiple assays and bacteria for mode of action studies to be able to draw proper conclusions on the mode of action of AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Wang
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Roy A M van Beekveld
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Yang Xu
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anish Parmar
- Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby St, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; Antimicrobial Drug Discovery and Development, Department of Chemistry, The Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, L69 3BX Liverpool, UK
| | - Sanjit Das
- Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby St, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; Antimicrobial Drug Discovery and Development, Department of Chemistry, The Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, L69 3BX Liverpool, UK
| | - Ishwar Singh
- Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby St, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Eefjan Breukink
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiotechnology Research of China, the Zhejiang Gongshang University of China, Hangzhou, China.
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12
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Scieuzo C, Giglio F, Rinaldi R, Lekka ME, Cozzolino F, Monaco V, Monti M, Salvia R, Falabella P. In Vitro Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of the Peptide Fractions Extracted from the Hemolymph of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14050464. [PMID: 37233092 DOI: 10.3390/insects14050464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a chemically and structurally heterogeneous family of molecules produced by a large variety of living organisms, whose expression is predominant in the sites most exposed to microbial invasion. One of the richest natural sources of AMPs is insects which, over the course of their very long evolutionary history, have adapted to numerous and different habitats by developing a powerful innate immune system that has allowed them to survive but also to assert themselves in the new environment. Recently, due to the increase in antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, interest in AMPs has risen. In this work, we detected AMPs in the hemolymph of Hermetia illucens (Diptera, Stratiomyidae) larvae, following infection with Escherichia coli (Gram negative) or Micrococcus flavus (Gram positive) and from uninfected larvae. Peptide component, isolated via organic solvent precipitation, was analyzed by microbiological techniques. Subsequent mass spectrometry analysis allowed us to specifically identify peptides expressed in basal condition and peptides differentially expressed after bacterial challenge. We identified 33 AMPs in all the analyzed samples, of which 13 are specifically stimulated by Gram negative and/or Gram positive bacterial challenge. AMPs mostly expressed after bacterial challenge could be responsible for a more specific activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Scieuzo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l., University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Fabiana Giglio
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Roberta Rinaldi
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Marilena E Lekka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Flora Cozzolino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Vittoria Monaco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Monti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l., University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Patrizia Falabella
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l., University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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13
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Boeynaems S, Ma XR, Yeong V, Ginell GM, Chen JH, Blum JA, Nakayama L, Sanyal A, Briner A, Haver DV, Pauwels J, Ekman A, Schmidt HB, Sundararajan K, Porta L, Lasker K, Larabell C, Hayashi MAF, Kundaje A, Impens F, Obermeyer A, Holehouse AS, Gitler AD. Aberrant phase separation is a common killing strategy of positively charged peptides in biology and human disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.09.531820. [PMID: 36945394 PMCID: PMC10028949 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.09.531820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Positively charged repeat peptides are emerging as key players in neurodegenerative diseases. These peptides can perturb diverse cellular pathways but a unifying framework for how such promiscuous toxicity arises has remained elusive. We used mass-spectrometry-based proteomics to define the protein targets of these neurotoxic peptides and found that they all share similar sequence features that drive their aberrant condensation with these positively charged peptides. We trained a machine learning algorithm to detect such sequence features and unexpectedly discovered that this mode of toxicity is not limited to human repeat expansion disorders but has evolved countless times across the tree of life in the form of cationic antimicrobial and venom peptides. We demonstrate that an excess in positive charge is necessary and sufficient for this killer activity, which we name 'polycation poisoning'. These findings reveal an ancient and conserved mechanism and inform ways to leverage its design rules for new generations of bioactive peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Boeynaems
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Therapeutic Innovation Center (THINC), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases (CAND), Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center (DLDCCC), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - X. Rosa Ma
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vivian Yeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Garrett M. Ginell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Jian-Hua Chen
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jacob A. Blum
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lisa Nakayama
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anushka Sanyal
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Adam Briner
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Delphi Van Haver
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- VIB Proteomics Core, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Jarne Pauwels
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- VIB Proteomics Core, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Axel Ekman
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - H. Broder Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kousik Sundararajan
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lucas Porta
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Keren Lasker
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Carolyn Larabell
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mirian A. F. Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anshul Kundaje
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Francis Impens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- VIB Proteomics Core, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Allie Obermeyer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Alex S. Holehouse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Aaron D. Gitler
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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14
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Kumar V, Lin JS, Molchanova N, Fortkort JA, Reckmann C, Bräse S, Jenssen H, Barron AE, Chugh A. Membrane-acting biomimetic peptoids against visceral leishmaniasis. FEBS Open Bio 2023; 13:519-531. [PMID: 36683396 PMCID: PMC9989931 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is among the most neglected tropical diseases in the world. Drug cell permeability is essential for killing the intracellular residing parasites responsible for VL, making cell-permeating peptides a logical choice to address VL. Unfortunately, the limited biological stability of peptides restricts their usage. Sequence-specific oligo-N-substituted glycines ('peptoids') are a class of peptide mimics that offers an excellent alternative to peptides in terms of ease of synthesis and good biostability. We tested peptoids against the parasite Leishmania donovani in both forms, that is, intracellular amastigotes and promastigotes. N-alkyl hydrophobic chain addition (lipidation) and bromination of oligopeptoids yielded compounds with good antileishmanial activity against both forms, showing the promise of these antiparasitic peptoids as potential drug candidates to treat VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
| | - Jennifer S Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Schools of Medicine and of Engineering, CA, USA
| | | | - John A Fortkort
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Schools of Medicine and of Engineering, CA, USA
| | - Carolin Reckmann
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany
| | - Håvard Jenssen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Denmark
| | - Annelise E Barron
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Schools of Medicine and of Engineering, CA, USA
| | - Archana Chugh
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
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15
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Gu H, Kato T, Kumeta H, Kumaki Y, Tsukamoto T, Kikukawa T, Demura M, Ishida H, Vogel HJ, Aizawa T. Three-Dimensional Structure of the Antimicrobial Peptide Cecropin P1 in Dodecylphosphocholine Micelles and the Role of the C-Terminal Residues. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:31924-31934. [PMID: 36120057 PMCID: PMC9475619 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cecropin P1 (CP1) isolated from a large roundworm Ascaris suum, which is found in pig intestines, has been extensively studied as a model antimicrobial peptide (AMP). However, despite being a model AMP, its antibacterial mechanism is not well understood, particularly the function of its C-terminus. By using an Escherichia coli overexpression system with calmodulin as a fusion partner, we succeeded in the mass expression of recombinant peptides, avoiding toxicity to the host and degradation of CP1. The structure of the recombinant 15N- and 13C-labeled CP1 and its C-terminus truncated analogue in dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) micelles was determined by NMR. In this membrane-mimetic environment, CP1 formed an α-helix for almost its entire length, except for a short region at the C-terminus, and there was no evidence of a hinge, which is considered important for the expression of activity in other cecropins. Several NMR analyses showed that the entire length of CP1 was protected from water by micelles. Since the loss of the C-terminus of the analogue had little effect on the NMR structure or its interaction with the micelle, we investigated another role of the C-terminus of CP1 in its antimicrobial activity. The results showed that the C-terminal region affected the DNA-binding capacity of CP1, and this mechanism of action was also newly suggested that it contributed to the antimicrobial activity of CP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Gu
- Graduate
School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10, W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takasumi Kato
- Graduate
School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10, W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kumeta
- Faculty
of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10, W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kumaki
- Faculty
of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10, W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsukamoto
- Faculty
of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10, W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takashi Kikukawa
- Faculty
of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10, W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Makoto Demura
- Faculty
of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10, W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ishida
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hans J. Vogel
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Tomoyasu Aizawa
- Faculty
of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10, W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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16
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Lin J, Bekale LA, Molchanova N, Nielsen JE, Wright M, Bacacao B, Diamond G, Jenssen H, Santa Maria PL, Barron AE. Anti-persister and Anti-biofilm Activity of Self-Assembled Antimicrobial Peptoid Ellipsoidal Micelles. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1823-1830. [PMID: 36018039 PMCID: PMC9469094 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Although persister cells are the root cause of resistance development and relapse of chronic infections, more attention has been focused on developing antimicrobial agents against resistant bacterial strains than on developing anti-persister agents. Frustratingly, the global preclinical antibacterial pipeline does not include any anti-persister drug. Therefore, the central point of this work is to explore antimicrobial peptidomimetics called peptoids (sequence-specific oligo-N-substituted glycines) as a new class of anti-persister drugs. In this study, we demonstrate that one particular antimicrobial peptoid, the sequence-specific pentamer TM5, is active against planktonic persister cells and sterilizes biofilms formed by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Moreover, we demonstrate the potential of TM5 to inhibit cytokine production induced by lipopolysaccharides from Gram-negative bacteria. We anticipate that this work can pave the way to the development of new anti-persister agents based on antimicrobial peptoids of this class to simultaneously help address the crisis of bacterial resistance and reduce the occurrence of the relapse of chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer
S. Lin
- Department
of Bioengineering, School of Medicine & School of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Laurent A. Bekale
- Department
of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Natalia Molchanova
- The
Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Josefine Eilsø Nielsen
- Department
of Bioengineering, School of Medicine & School of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States,Department
of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Megan Wright
- Department
of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Brian Bacacao
- Department
of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Gill Diamond
- Department
of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, United States
| | - Håvard Jenssen
- Department
of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Peter L. Santa Maria
- Department
of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States,
| | - Annelise E. Barron
- Department
of Bioengineering, School of Medicine & School of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States,
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17
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Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common pathogens associated with infection in wounds. The current standard of care uses a combination of disinfection and drainage followed by conventional antibiotics such as methicillin. Methicillin and vancomycin resistance has rendered these treatments ineffective, often causing the reemergence of infection. This study examines the use of antimicrobial peptoids (sequence-specific poly-N-substituted glycines) designed to mimic naturally occurring cationic, amphipathic host defense peptides, as an alternative to conventional antibiotics. These peptoids also show efficient and fast (<30 min) killing of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) at low micromolar concentrations without having apparent cytotoxic side effects in vivo. Additionally, these novel peptoids show excellent efficacy against biofilm formation and detachment for both MSSA and MRSA. In comparison, conventional antibiotics were unable to detach or prevent formation of biofilms. One cationic 12mer, Peptoid 1, shows great promise, as it could prevent formation of and detach biofilms at concentrations as low as 1.6 μM. The use of a bioluminescent S. aureus murine incision wound model demonstrated clearance of infection in peptoid-treated mice within 8 days, conveying another advantage these peptoids have over conventional antibiotics. These results provide clear evidence of the potential for antimicrobial peptoids for the treatment of S. aureus wound infections. IMPORTANCEStaphylococcus aureus resistance is a consistent problem with a large impact on the health care system. Infections with resistant S. aureus can cause serious adverse effects and can result in death. These antimicrobial peptoids show efficient killing of bacteria both as a biofilm and as free bacteria, often doing so in less than 30 min. As such, these antimicrobials have the potential to alleviate the burden that Staphylococcus infections have on the health care system and cause better outcomes for infected patients.
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18
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A mini-review: mechanism of antimicrobial action and application of surfactin. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:143. [PMID: 35718798 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03323-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Surfactin, an antibacterial lipopeptide produced by different strains of Bacillus subtilis, is a powerful biosurfactant. It also has multiple biological activities including antiviral, anti-mycoplasma and antiprotozoal activities, in addition to the broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Surfactin may be one of the promising alternatives to antibiotics. Surfactin's chemical structure and physicochemical properties are briefly discussed in this mini-review. Surfactin's antibacterial mechanism is mainly outlined as follows: (1) attacking pathogenic bacteria's cell membrane, causing cell membrane disintegration or osmotic pressure imbalance; (2) inhibiting pathogenic bacteria's protein synthesis, preventing cell reproduction; (3) inhibiting pathogenic bacteria's enzyme activity, affecting normal cell metabolism. This provides basis for the further research and application of surfactin. Finally, the application of surfactin in food and its prospect are summarized in brief.
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19
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Nielsen JE, Alford MA, Yung DBY, Molchanova N, Fortkort JA, Lin JS, Diamond G, Hancock REW, Jenssen H, Pletzer D, Lund R, Barron AE. Self-Assembly of Antimicrobial Peptoids Impacts Their Biological Effects on ESKAPE Bacterial Pathogens. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:533-545. [PMID: 35175731 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising pharmaceutical candidates for the prevention and treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant ESKAPE pathogens, which are responsible for the majority of hospital-acquired infections. Clinical translation of AMPs has been limited, in part by apparent toxicity on systemic dosing and by instability arising from susceptibility to proteolysis. Peptoids (sequence-specific oligo-N-substituted glycines) resist proteolytic digestion and thus are of value as AMP mimics. Only a few natural AMPs such as LL-37 and polymyxin self-assemble in solution; whether antimicrobial peptoids mimic these properties has been unknown. Here, we examine the antibacterial efficacy and dynamic self-assembly in aqueous media of eight peptoid mimics of cationic AMPs designed to self-assemble and two nonassembling controls. These amphipathic peptoids self-assembled in different ways, as determined by small-angle X-ray scattering; some adopt helical bundles, while others form core-shell ellipsoidal or worm-like micelles. Interestingly, many of these peptoid assemblies show promising antibacterial, antibiofilm activity in vitro in media, under host-mimicking conditions and antiabscess activity in vivo. While self-assembly correlated overall with antibacterial efficacy, this correlation was imperfect. Certain self-assembled morphologies seem better-suited for antibacterial activity. In particular, a peptoid exhibiting a high fraction of long, worm-like micelles showed reduced antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antiabscess activity against ESKAPE pathogens compared with peptoids that form ellipsoidal or bundled assemblies. This is the first report of self-assembling peptoid antibacterials with activity against in vivo biofilm-like infections relevant to clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Eilsø Nielsen
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo 0315, Norway
| | - Morgan Ashley Alford
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Deborah Bow Yue Yung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Natalia Molchanova
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John A. Fortkort
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jennifer S. Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Gill Diamond
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, United States
| | - Robert E. W. Hancock
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Håvard Jenssen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Daniel Pletzer
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Reidar Lund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo 0315, Norway
| | - Annelise E. Barron
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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20
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Howell M, Wenc AK, Donaghy CM, Wasche DV, Abissi I, Naing MD, Pierce S, Angeles-Boza AM. Exploring synergy and its role in antimicrobial peptide biology. Methods Enzymol 2022; 663:99-130. [PMID: 35168799 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides will be an essential component in combating the escalating issue of antibiotic resistance. Identifying synergistic combinations of two or more substances will increase the value of these peptides further. Several potential pitfalls in conducting synergy testing with peptides are discussed in detail. As case studies, we describe observations of AMP synergy with peptides, antibiotics, and metal ions as well as some of the mechanistic details that have been uncovered. The Bliss and Loewe models for synergy are presented prior to recommending protocols for conducting checkerboard, minimal inhibitory concentration, and time-kill assays. Establishing mechanisms of action and exploring the potential for resistance will be crucial to translate these studies into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Howell
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Antonina K Wenc
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Caroline M Donaghy
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Devon V Wasche
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Izabela Abissi
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Marvin D Naing
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Scott Pierce
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Alfredo M Angeles-Boza
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States.
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21
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Matthyssen T, Li W, Holden JA, Lenzo JC, Hadjigol S, O’Brien-Simpson NM. The Potential of Modified and Multimeric Antimicrobial Peptide Materials as Superbug Killers. Front Chem 2022; 9:795433. [PMID: 35083194 PMCID: PMC8785218 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.795433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are found in nearly all living organisms, show broad spectrum antibacterial activity, and can modulate the immune system. Furthermore, they have a very low level of resistance induction in bacteria, which makes them an ideal target for drug development and for targeting multi-drug resistant bacteria 'Superbugs'. Despite this promise, AMP therapeutic use is hampered as typically they are toxic to mammalian cells, less active under physiological conditions and are susceptible to proteolytic degradation. Research has focused on addressing these limitations by modifying natural AMP sequences by including e.g., d-amino acids and N-terminal and amino acid side chain modifications to alter structure, hydrophobicity, amphipathicity, and charge of the AMP to improve antimicrobial activity and specificity and at the same time reduce mammalian cell toxicity. Recently, multimerisation (dimers, oligomer conjugates, dendrimers, polymers and self-assembly) of natural and modified AMPs has further been used to address these limitations and has created compounds that have improved activity and biocompatibility compared to their linear counterparts. This review investigates how modifying and multimerising AMPs impacts their activity against bacteria in planktonic and biofilm states of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Matthyssen
- ACTV Research Group, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Dental School, Centre for Oral Health Research, Royal Dental Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wenyi Li
- ACTV Research Group, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Dental School, Centre for Oral Health Research, Royal Dental Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James A. Holden
- Centre for Oral Health Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Dental School, Royal Dental Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jason C. Lenzo
- Centre for Oral Health Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Dental School, Royal Dental Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sara Hadjigol
- ACTV Research Group, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Dental School, Centre for Oral Health Research, Royal Dental Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Neil M. O’Brien-Simpson
- ACTV Research Group, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Dental School, Centre for Oral Health Research, Royal Dental Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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22
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Wang Q, Xu Y, Hu J. Intracellular mechanism of antimicrobial peptide HJH-3 against Salmonella pullorum. RSC Adv 2022; 12:14485-14491. [PMID: 35702236 PMCID: PMC9103801 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01363k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the potential intracellular mechanism of the antimicrobial peptide HJH-3 in killing Salmonella, a DNA blocking test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to determine the ability of the peptide to bind bacterial DNA in vitro. Laser confocal analysis and electron microscopy were used to observe the binding of antimicrobial peptide HJH-3 and Salmonella DNA, and flow cytometry was used to analyze the effect of antimicrobial peptides on cell division in vivo. The results showed that HJH-3 can bind to DNA to block the diffusion and migration of DNA in agarose gel. Laser confocal microscopy revealed that antimicrobial peptide HJH-3 penetrated the bacterial cell membrane and bound with bacterial DNA. Transmission electron microscopy showed that antimicrobial peptide HJH-3 aggregated in the nucleoid of Salmonella cells, and through a channel in the membrane destroyed by the antimicrobial peptide, DNA and other intracellular contents were excreted, and polymerized DNA was fragmented. The results of the flow cytometry analysis confirmed that the death rate of Salmonella increased significantly after exposure to antimicrobial peptide HJH-3 and increased with increasing antimicrobial peptide concentration. These results suggest that AMP HJH-3 may be a candidate antimicrobial agent to treat infectious diseases caused by Salmonella pullorum. To explore the potential intracellular mechanism of the antimicrobial peptide HJH-3 in killing Salmonella, a DNA blocking test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to determine the ability of the peptide to bind bacterial DNA in vitro.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Yanzhao Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Jianhe Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
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23
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Jung K, Corrigan N, Wong EHH, Boyer C. Bioactive Synthetic Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2105063. [PMID: 34611948 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers are omnipresent in society as textiles and packaging materials, in construction and medicine, among many other important applications. Alternatively, natural polymers play a crucial role in sustaining life and allowing organisms to adapt to their environments by performing key biological functions such as molecular recognition and transmission of genetic information. In general, the synthetic and natural polymer worlds are completely separated due to the inability for synthetic polymers to perform specific biological functions; in some cases, synthetic polymers cause uncontrolled and unwanted biological responses. However, owing to the advancement of synthetic polymerization techniques in recent years, new synthetic polymers have emerged that provide specific biological functions such as targeted molecular recognition of peptides, or present antiviral, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities. In this review, the emergence of this generation of bioactive synthetic polymers and their bioapplications are summarized. Finally, the future opportunities in this area are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenward Jung
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), Australian Centre for Nanomedicine (ACN), and School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), Australian Centre for Nanomedicine (ACN), and School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Edgar H H Wong
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), Australian Centre for Nanomedicine (ACN), and School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), Australian Centre for Nanomedicine (ACN), and School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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24
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Juhl DW, Glattard E, Aisenbrey C, Bechinger B. Antimicrobial peptides: mechanism of action and lipid-mediated synergistic interactions within membranes. Faraday Discuss 2021; 232:419-434. [PMID: 34533138 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00041h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Biophysical and structural studies of peptide-lipid interactions, peptide topology and dynamics have changed our view of how antimicrobial peptides insert and interact with membranes. Clearly, both peptides and lipids are highly dynamic, and change and mutually adapt their conformation, membrane penetration and detailed morphology on a local and a global level. As a consequence, peptides and lipids can form a wide variety of supramolecular assemblies in which the more hydrophobic sequences preferentially, but not exclusively, adopt transmembrane alignments and have the potential to form oligomeric structures similar to those suggested by the transmembrane helical bundle model. In contrast, charged amphipathic sequences tend to stay intercalated at the membrane interface. Although the membranes are soft and can adapt, at increasing peptide density they cause pronounced disruptions of the phospholipid fatty acyl packing. At even higher local or global concentrations the peptides cause transient membrane openings, rupture and ultimately lysis. Interestingly, mixtures of peptides such as magainin 2 and PGLa, which are stored and secreted naturally as a cocktail, exhibit considerably enhanced antimicrobial activities when investigated together in antimicrobial assays and also in pore forming experiments applied to biophysical model systems. Our most recent investigations reveal that these peptides do not form stable complexes but act by specific lipid-mediated interactions and the nanoscale properties of phospholipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis W Juhl
- Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, UMR7177, Institut de Chimie, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Elise Glattard
- Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, UMR7177, Institut de Chimie, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Christopher Aisenbrey
- Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, UMR7177, Institut de Chimie, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Burkhard Bechinger
- Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, UMR7177, Institut de Chimie, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France. .,Institut Universitaire de France, France
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25
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Zhu Y, Liu L, Mustafi M, Rank LA, Gellman SH, Weisshaar JC. Local rigidification and possible coacervation of the Escherichia coli DNA by cationic nylon-3 polymers. Biophys J 2021; 120:5243-5254. [PMID: 34757079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic, cationic random nylon-3 polymers (β-peptides) show promise as inexpensive antimicrobial agents less susceptible to proteolysis than normal peptides. We have used superresolution, single-cell, time-lapse fluorescence microscopy to compare the effects on live Escherichia coli cells of four such polymers and the natural antimicrobial peptides LL-37 and cecropin A. The longer, densely charged monomethyl-cyclohexyl (MM-CH) copolymer and MM homopolymer rapidly traverse the outer membrane and the cytoplasmic membrane. Over the next ∼5 min, they locally rigidify the chromosomal DNA and slow the diffusive motion of ribosomal species to a degree comparable to LL-37. The shorter dimethyl-dimethylcyclopentyl (DM-DMCP) and dimethyl-dimethylcyclohexyl (DM-DMCH) copolymers, and cecropin A are significantly less effective at rigidifying DNA. Diffusion of the DNA-binding protein HU and of ribosomal species is hindered as well. The results suggest that charge density and contour length are important parameters governing these antimicrobial effects. The data corroborate a model in which agents having sufficient cationic charge distributed across molecular contour lengths comparable to local DNA-DNA interstrand spacings (∼6 nm) form a dense network of multivalent, electrostatic "pseudo-cross-links" that cause the local rigidification. In addition, at times longer than ∼30 min, we observe that the MM-CH copolymer and the MM homopolymer (but not the other four agents) cause gradual coalescence of the two nucleoid lobes into a single dense lobe localized at one end of the cell. We speculate that this process involves coacervation of the DNA by the cationic polymer, and may be related to the liquid droplet coacervates observed in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mainak Mustafi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Leslie A Rank
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Samuel H Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - James C Weisshaar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
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26
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Gubatan J, Holman DR, Puntasecca CJ, Polevoi D, Rubin SJS, Rogalla S. Antimicrobial peptides and the gut microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:7402-7422. [PMID: 34887639 PMCID: PMC8613745 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i43.7402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are highly diverse and dynamic molecules that are expressed by specific intestinal epithelial cells, Paneth cells, as well as immune cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. They play critical roles in maintaining tolerance to gut microbiota and protecting against enteric infections. Given that disruptions in tolerance to commensal microbiota and loss of barrier function play major roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and converge on the function of AMP, the significance of AMP as potential biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets in IBD have been increasingly recognized in recent years. In this frontier article, we discuss the function and mechanisms of AMP in the GI tract, examine the interaction of AMP with the gut microbiome, explore the role of AMP in the pathogenesis of IBD, and review translational applications of AMP in patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gubatan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Redwood City, CA 94063, United States
| | - Derek R Holman
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford , Stanford University, Stanford , CA 94305, United States
| | | | - Danielle Polevoi
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94063, United States
| | - Samuel JS Rubin
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94063, United States
| | - Stephan Rogalla
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Redwood City, CA 94063, United States
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27
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Rima M, Rima M, Fajloun Z, Sabatier JM, Bechinger B, Naas T. Antimicrobial Peptides: A Potent Alternative to Antibiotics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1095. [PMID: 34572678 PMCID: PMC8466391 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides constitute one of the most promising alternatives to antibiotics since they could be used to treat bacterial infections, especially those caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens. Many antimicrobial peptides, with various activity spectra and mechanisms of actions, have been described. This review focuses on their use against ESKAPE bacteria, especially in biofilm treatments, their synergistic activity, and their application as prophylactic agents. Limitations and challenges restricting therapeutic applications are highlighted, and solutions for each challenge are evaluated to analyze whether antimicrobial peptides could replace antibiotics in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Rima
- Team ReSIST, INSERM U1184, School of Medicine Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France;
| | - Mohamad Rima
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, EDST, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon; (M.R.); (Z.F.)
| | - Ziad Fajloun
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, EDST, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon; (M.R.); (Z.F.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences III, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon
| | - Jean-Marc Sabatier
- Institut de Neuro Physiopathologie, UMR7051, Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Burkhard Bechinger
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR7177, University of Strasbourg, 67008 Strasbourg, France;
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thierry Naas
- Team ReSIST, INSERM U1184, School of Medicine Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France;
- Bacteriology-Hygiene Unit, Assistance Publique/Hôpitaux de Paris, Bicêtre Hospital, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France
- French National Reference Centre for Antibiotic Resistance: Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacterales, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France
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28
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Peptoids with Antibiofilm Activity against the Gram Negative Obligate Anaerobe, Fusobacterium nucleatum. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164741. [PMID: 34443332 PMCID: PMC8398059 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptoids (oligo N-substituted glycines) are peptide analogues, which can be designed to mimic host antimicrobial peptides, with the advantage that they are resistant to proteolytic degradation. Few studies on the antimicrobial efficacy of peptoids have focused on Gram negative anaerobic microbes associated with clinical infections, which are commonly recalcitrant to antibiotic treatment. We therefore studied the cytotoxicity and antibiofilm activity of a family of peptoids against the Gram negative obligate anaerobe Fusobacterium nucleatum, which is associated with infections in the oral cavity. Two peptoids, peptoid 4 (NaeNpheNphe)4 and peptoid 9 (NahNspeNspe)3 were shown to be efficacious against F. nucleatum biofilms at a concentration of 1 μM. At this concentration, peptoids 4 and 9 were not cytotoxic to human erythrocytes or primary human gingival fibroblast cells. Peptoids 4 and 9 therefore have merit as future therapeutics for the treatment of oral infections.
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29
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Yang W, Yoon Y, Lee Y, Oh H, Choi J, Shin S, Lee S, Lee H, Lee Y, Seo J. Photosensitizer-peptoid conjugates for photoinactivation of Gram-negative bacteria: structure-activity relationship and mechanistic studies. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:6546-6557. [PMID: 34259297 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00926e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Multitarget engagement is considered an effective strategy to overcome the threat of bacterial infection, and antimicrobials with multiple mechanisms of action have been successful as natural chemical weaponry. Here, we synthesized a library of photosensitizer-peptoid conjugates (PsPCs) as novel antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) agents. The peptoids, linkers, and photosensitizers were varied, and their structure-antimicrobial activity relationships against Escherichia coli were evaluated; PsPC 9 was indicated to be the most promising photoresponsive antimicrobial agent among the synthesized PsPCs. Spectroscopic analyses indicated that 9 generated singlet oxygen upon absorption of visible light (420 nm) while maintaining the weakly helical conformation of the peptoid. Mechanistic studies suggested that damage to the bacterial membrane and cleavage of DNA upon light irradiation were the main causes of bactericidal activity, which was supported by flow cytometry and DNA gel electrophoresis experiments. We demonstrated that the optimal combination of membrane-active peptoids and photosensitizers can generate an efficient aPDT agent that targets multiple sites of bacterial components and kills bacteria by membrane disruption and reactive oxygen species generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea.
| | - Younggun Yoon
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea.
| | - Yunjee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea.
| | - Hyeongyeol Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea.
| | - Jieun Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea.
| | - Sujin Shin
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea.
| | - Seongsoo Lee
- Gwangju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), 49 Dosicheomdansaneopro, Nam-gu, Gwangju 61751, South Korea
| | - Hohjai Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea.
| | - Yunho Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea.
| | - Jiwon Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea.
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30
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Lointier M, Dussouillez C, Glattard E, Kichler A, Bechinger B. Different Biological Activities of Histidine-Rich Peptides Are Favored by Variations in Their Design. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:363. [PMID: 34065185 PMCID: PMC8160934 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein transduction and antimicrobial activities of histidine-rich designer peptides were investigated as a function of their sequence and compared to gene transfection, lentivirus transduction and calcein release activities. In membrane environments, the peptides adopt helical conformations where the positioning of the histidine side chains defines a hydrophilic angle when viewed as helical wheel. The transfection of DNA correlates with calcein release in biophysical experiments, being best for small hydrophilic angles supporting a model where lysis of the endosomal membrane is the limiting factor. In contrast, antimicrobial activities show an inverse correlation suggesting that other interactions and mechanisms dominate within the bacterial system. Furthermore, other derivatives control the lentiviral transduction enhancement or the transport of proteins into the cells. Here, we tested the transport into human cell lines of luciferase (63 kDa) and the ribosome-inactivating toxin saporin (30 kDa). Notably, depending on the protein, different peptide sequences are required for the best results, suggesting that the interactions are manifold and complex. As such, designed LAH4 peptides assure a large panel of biological and biophysical activities whereby the optimal result can be tuned by the physico-chemical properties of the sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morane Lointier
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR7177, Institut de Chimie, 4, Rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France; (M.L.); (E.G.)
| | - Candice Dussouillez
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 67401 Illkirch, France;
| | - Elise Glattard
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR7177, Institut de Chimie, 4, Rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France; (M.L.); (E.G.)
| | - Antoine Kichler
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 67401 Illkirch, France;
| | - Burkhard Bechinger
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR7177, Institut de Chimie, 4, Rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France; (M.L.); (E.G.)
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France
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31
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Chen J, Dai T, Yu J, Dai X, Chen R, Wu J, Li N, Fan L, Mao Z, Sheng G, Li L. Integration of antimicrobial peptides and gold nanorods for bimodal antibacterial applications. Biomater Sci 2021; 8:4447-4457. [PMID: 32691787 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00782j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The misuse and abuse of antibiotics have given rise to a severe problem of the drug resistance of bacteria. Solving this problem has been a vitally important task in the modern medical arena. In this work, an antimicrobial peptide (AMP), BF2b, and gold nanorods (AuNRs) were used to develop a specific drug delivery system for killing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). On the one hand, BF2b has unique anti-bacterial performance and has a lower tendency than traditional antibiotics to engender the drug resistance of bacteria. On the other hand, AuNRs have diverse distinct properties, such as photo-thermal conversion, which can be employed for photo-thermal sterilization. We aimed to integrate the anti-bacterial activity of BF2b and the photo-thermal sterilization of AuNRs to kill drug-resistant bacteria. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, microBCA and zeta potential measurements were utilized to characterize the product, AuNR@PEG/BF2b. Transmittance electron microscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy and photothermal conversion measurement were conducted to verify the stability and photothermal conversion capacity of AuNR@PEG/BF2b. Cell viability and hemolysis assay were carried out to test the biocompatibility of AuNR@PEG/BF2b. Finally, the in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to demonstrate the excellent bactericidal activity of AuNR@PEG/BF2b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University, Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou 310022, China and MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Tingting Dai
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University, Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou 310022, China and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310022, China.
| | - Jiawei Yu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University, Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Xiahong Dai
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University, Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Richai Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University, Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Jiajun Wu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University, Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University, Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Linxiao Fan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University, Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou 310022, China and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310022, China.
| | - Zhengwei Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Guoping Sheng
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University, Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou 310022, China and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310022, China.
| | - Lanjuan Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University, Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou 310022, China and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310022, China.
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Diamond G, Molchanova N, Herlan C, Fortkort JA, Lin JS, Figgins E, Bopp N, Ryan LK, Chung D, Adcock RS, Sherman M, Barron AE. Potent Antiviral Activity against HSV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 by Antimicrobial Peptoids. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14040304. [PMID: 33807248 PMCID: PMC8066833 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections, such as those caused by Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1) and SARS-CoV-2, affect millions of people each year. However, there are few antiviral drugs that can effectively treat these infections. The standard approach in the development of antiviral drugs involves the identification of a unique viral target, followed by the design of an agent that addresses that target. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent a novel source of potential antiviral drugs. AMPs have been shown to inactivate numerous different enveloped viruses through the disruption of their viral envelopes. However, the clinical development of AMPs as antimicrobial therapeutics has been hampered by a number of factors, especially their enzymatically labile structure as peptides. We have examined the antiviral potential of peptoid mimics of AMPs (sequence-specific N-substituted glycine oligomers). These peptoids have the distinct advantage of being insensitive to proteases, and also exhibit increased bioavailability and stability. Our results demonstrate that several peptoids exhibit potent in vitro antiviral activity against both HSV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 when incubated prior to infection. In other words, they have a direct effect on the viral structure, which appears to render the viral particles non-infective. Visualization by cryo-EM shows viral envelope disruption similar to what has been observed with AMP activity against other viruses. Furthermore, we observed no cytotoxicity against primary cultures of oral epithelial cells. These results suggest a common or biomimetic mechanism, possibly due to the differences between the phospholipid head group makeup of viral envelopes and host cell membranes, thus underscoring the potential of this class of molecules as safe and effective broad-spectrum antiviral agents. We discuss how and why differing molecular features between 10 peptoid candidates may affect both antiviral activity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gill Diamond
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
- Correspondence: (G.D.); (A.E.B.)
| | - Natalia Molchanova
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (N.M.); (C.H.); (J.A.F.); (J.S.L.)
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Claudine Herlan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (N.M.); (C.H.); (J.A.F.); (J.S.L.)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - John A. Fortkort
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (N.M.); (C.H.); (J.A.F.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Jennifer S. Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (N.M.); (C.H.); (J.A.F.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Erika Figgins
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
| | - Nathen Bopp
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Lisa K. Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA;
| | - Donghoon Chung
- Center for Predictive Medicine, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (D.C.); (R.S.A.)
| | - Robert Scott Adcock
- Center for Predictive Medicine, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (D.C.); (R.S.A.)
| | - Michael Sherman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Annelise E. Barron
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (N.M.); (C.H.); (J.A.F.); (J.S.L.)
- Correspondence: (G.D.); (A.E.B.)
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Nielsen JE, Bjørnestad VA, Pipich V, Jenssen H, Lund R. Beyond structural models for the mode of action: How natural antimicrobial peptides affect lipid transport. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 582:793-802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.08.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Nam HY, Choi J, Kumar SD, Nielsen JE, Kyeong M, Wang S, Kang D, Lee Y, Lee J, Yoon MH, Hong S, Lund R, Jenssen H, Shin SY, Seo J. Helicity Modulation Improves the Selectivity of Antimicrobial Peptoids. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2732-2744. [PMID: 32865961 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The modulation of conformational flexibility in antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) has been investigated as a strategy to improve their efficacy against bacterial pathogens while reducing their toxicity. Here, we synthesized a library of helicity-modulated antimicrobial peptoids by the position-specific incorporation of helix-inducing monomers. The peptoids displayed minimal variations in hydrophobicity, which permitted the specific assessment of the effect of conformational differences on antimicrobial activity and selectivity. Among the moderately helical peptoids, the most dramatic increase in selectivity was observed in peptoid 17, providing more than a 20-fold increase compared to fully helical peptoid 1. Peptoid 17 had potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity that included clinically isolated multi-drug-resistant pathogens. Compared to pexiganan AMP, 17 showed superior metabolic stability, which could potentially reduce the dosage needed, alleviating toxicity. Dye-uptake assays and high-resolution imaging revealed that the antimicrobial activity of 17 was, as with many AMPs, mainly due to membrane disruption. However, the high selectivity of 17 reflected its unique conformational characteristics, with differential interactions between bacterial and erythrocyte membranes. Our results suggest a way to distinguish different membrane compositions solely by helicity modulation, thereby improving the selectivity toward bacterial cells with the maintenance of potent and broad-spectrum activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S. Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiyoun Lee
- Department of Global Medical Science, Sungshin University, Seoul 01133, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Reidar Lund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo 0315, Norway
| | - Håvard Jenssen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde DK-4000, Denmark
| | - Song Yub Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
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Molchanova N, Nielsen JE, Sørensen KB, Prabhala BK, Hansen PR, Lund R, Barron AE, Jenssen H. Halogenation as a tool to tune antimicrobial activity of peptoids. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14805. [PMID: 32908179 PMCID: PMC7481290 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71771-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides have attracted considerable interest as potential new class of antibiotics against multi-drug resistant bacteria. However, their therapeutic potential is limited, in part due to susceptibility towards enzymatic degradation and low bioavailability. Peptoids (oligomers of N-substituted glycines) demonstrate proteolytic stability and better bioavailability than corresponding peptides while in many cases retaining antibacterial activity. In this study, we synthesized a library of 36 peptoids containing fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms, which vary by length and level of halogen substitution in position 4 of the phenyl rings. As we observed a clear correlation between halogenation of an inactive model peptoid and its increased antimicrobial activity, we designed chlorinated and brominated analogues of a known peptoid and its shorter counterpart. Short brominated analogues displayed up to 32-fold increase of the activity against S. aureus and 16- to 64-fold against E. coli and P. aeruginosa alongside reduced cytotoxicity. The biological effect of halogens seems to be linked to the relative hydrophobicity and self-assembly properties of the compounds. By small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) we have demontrated how the self-assembled structures are dependent on the size of the halogen, degree of substitution and length of the peptoid, and correlated these features to their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Molchanova
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Josefine Eilsø Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, 0315, Oslo, Norway
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kristian B Sørensen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Bala Krishna Prabhala
- Institute of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Section for Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Paul Robert Hansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Reidar Lund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, 0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - Annelise E Barron
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Håvard Jenssen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
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Zhu Y, Weisshaar JC, Mustafi M. Long-term effects of the proline-rich antimicrobial peptide Oncocin112 on the Escherichia coli translation machinery. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13314-13325. [PMID: 32727850 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proline-rich antimicrobial peptides (PrAMPs) are cationic antimicrobial peptides unusual for their ability to penetrate bacterial membranes and kill cells without causing membrane permeabilization. Structural studies show that many such PrAMPs bind deep in the peptide exit channel of the ribosome, near the peptidyl transfer center. Biochemical studies of the particular synthetic PrAMP oncocin112 (Onc112) suggest that on reaching the cytoplasm, the peptide occupies its binding site prior to the transition from initiation to the elongation phase of translation, thus blocking further initiation events. We present a superresolution fluorescence microscopy study of the long-term effects of Onc112 on ribosome, elongation factor-Tu (EF-Tu), and DNA spatial distributions and diffusive properties in intact Escherichia coli cells. The new data corroborate earlier mechanistic inferences from studies in vitro Comparisons with the diffusive behavior induced by the ribosome-binding antibiotics chloramphenicol and kasugamycin show how the specific location of each agent's ribosomal binding site affects the long-term distribution of ribosomal species between 30S and 50S subunits versus 70S polysomes. Analysis of the single-step displacements from ribosome and EF-Tu diffusive trajectories before and after Onc112 treatment suggests that the act of codon testing of noncognate ternary complexes (TCs) at the ribosomal A-site enhances the dissociation rate of such TCs from their L7/L12 tethers. Testing and rejection of noncognate TCs on a sub-ms timescale is essential to enable incorporation of the rare cognate amino acids into the growing peptide chain at a rate of ∼20 aa/s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - James C Weisshaar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mainak Mustafi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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Castelletto V, Seitsonen J, Tewari KM, Hasan A, Edkins RM, Ruokolainen J, Pandey LM, Hamley IW, Lau KHA. Self-Assembly of Minimal Peptoid Sequences. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:494-499. [PMID: 32337093 PMCID: PMC7179723 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Peptoids are biofunctional N-substituted glycine peptidomimics. Their self-assembly is of fundamental interest because they demonstrate alternatives to conventional peptide structures based on backbone chirality and beta-sheet hydrogen bonding. The search for self-assembling, water-soluble "minimal" sequences, be they peptide or peptidomimic, is a further challenge. Such sequences are highly desired for their compatibility with biomacromolecules and convenient synthesis for broader application. We report the self-assembly of a set of trimeric, water-soluble α-peptoids that exhibit a relatively low critical aggregation concentration (CAC ∼ 0.3 wt %). Cryo-EM and angle-resolved DLS show different sequence-dependent morphologies, namely uniform ca. 6 nm wide nanofibers, sheets, and clusters of globular assemblies. Absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopies indicate unique phenyl environments for π-interactions in the highly ordered nanofibers. Assembly of our peptoids takes place when the sequences are fully ionized, representing a departure from superficially similar amyloid-type hydrogen-bonded peptide nanostructures and expanding the horizons of assembly for sequence-specific bio- and biomimetic macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jani Seitsonen
- Nanomicroscopy Center, Aalto
University, Puumiehenkuja
2, FIN-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kunal M. Tewari
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
| | - Abshar Hasan
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
- Department
of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Robert M. Edkins
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Nanomicroscopy Center, Aalto
University, Puumiehenkuja
2, FIN-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Lalit M. Pandey
- Department
of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Ian W. Hamley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K.
| | - King Hang Aaron Lau
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
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Bicker KL, Cobb SL. Recent advances in the development of anti-infective peptoids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11158-11168. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04704j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This feature article highlights the progress that has been made towards the development of novel anti-infective peptoids and the key areas for future development within this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L. Bicker
- Department of Chemistry
- Middle Tennessee State University
- Murfreesboro
- USA
| | - Steven L Cobb
- Deparment of Chemistry
- Biophysical Sciences Institute
- Durham University
- Durham
- UK
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Andreev K, Martynowycz MW, Gidalevitz D. Peptoid drug discovery and optimization via surface X-ray scattering. Biopolymers 2019; 110:e23274. [PMID: 30892696 PMCID: PMC6661014 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers mimicking antimicrobial peptides have drawn considerable interest as potential therapeutics. N-substituted glycines, or peptoids, are recognized by their in vivo stability and ease of synthesis. Peptoids are thought to act primarily on the negatively charged lipids that are abundant in bacterial cell membranes. A mechanistic understanding of lipid-peptoid interaction at the molecular level will provide insights for rational design and optimization of peptoids. Here, we highlight recent studies that utilize synchrotron liquid surface X-ray scattering to characterize the underlying peptoid interactions with bacterial and eukaryotic membranes. Cellular membranes are highly complex, and difficult to characterize at the molecular level. Model systems including Langmuir monolayers, are used in these studies to reduce system complexity. The general workflow of these systems and the corresponding data analysis techniques are presented alongside recent findings. These studies investigate the role of peptoid physicochemical characteristics on membrane activity. Specifically, the roles of cationic charge, conformational constraint via macrocyclization, and hydrophobicity are shown to correlate their membrane interactions to biological activities in vitro. These structure-activity relationships have led to new insights into the mechanism of action by peptoid antimicrobials, and suggest optimization strategies for future therapeutics based on peptoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Andreev
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | | | - David Gidalevitz
- Center for the Molecular Study of Condensed Soft Matter and Department of Physics, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
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Rigidification of the Escherichia coli cytoplasm by the human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 revealed by superresolution fluorescence microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 116:1017-1026. [PMID: 30598442 PMCID: PMC6338858 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1814924116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that exhibit broad-spectrum antibacterial activity are often highly positively charged. Fluorescence microscopy shows that after permeabilization of Escherichia coli membranes by the cationic AMP LL-37 a massive influx of peptide freezes the diffusive motion of the chromosomal DNA and a subset of ribosomes. Both are highly negatively charged. Cells cannot recover growth. We suggest that LL-37 forms noncovalent, electrostatic linkages between DNA strands and among polyribosomes, rigidifying the entire cytoplasm. While the preponderance of polyanionic biopolymers in the cytoplasm facilitates diffusion in normal growth, this same characteristic renders the bacterium highly susceptible to attack by polycationic AMPs. The results help explain why bacteria develop resistance to AMPs very slowly and may inform the design of new antibacterial agents. Superresolution, single-particle tracking reveals effects of the cationic antimicrobial peptide LL-37 on the Escherichia coli cytoplasm. Seconds after LL-37 penetrates the cytoplasmic membrane, the chromosomal DNA becomes rigidified on a length scale of ∼30 nm, evidenced by the loss of jiggling motion of specific DNA markers. The diffusive motion of a subset of ribosomes is also frozen. The mean diffusion coefficients of the DNA-binding protein HU and the nonendogenous protein Kaede decrease twofold. Roughly 108 LL-37 copies flood the cell (mean concentration ∼90 mM). Much of the LL-37 remains bound within the cell after extensive rinsing with fresh growth medium. Growth never recovers. The results suggest that the high concentration of adsorbed polycationic peptides forms a dense network of noncovalent, electrostatic linkages within the chromosomal DNA and among 70S-polysomes. The bacterial cytoplasm comprises a concentrated collection of biopolymers that are predominantly polyanionic (e.g., DNA, ribosomes, RNA, and most globular proteins). In normal cells, this provides a kind of electrostatic lubrication, enabling facile diffusion despite high biopolymer volume fraction. However, this same polyanionic nature renders the cytoplasm susceptible to massive adsorption of polycationic agents once penetration of the membranes occurs. If this phenomenon proves widespread across cationic agents and bacterial species, it will help explain why resistance to antimicrobial peptides develops only slowly. The results suggest two design criteria for polycationic peptides that efficiently kill gram-negative bacteria: facile penetration of the outer membrane and the ability to alter the cytoplasm by electrostatically linking double-stranded DNA and 70S-polysomes.
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Metalloporphyrin Dimers Bridged by a Peptoid Helix: Host-Guest Interaction and Chiral Recognition. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112741. [PMID: 30352958 PMCID: PMC6278558 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-facial porphyrins have been designed to construct porphyrin tweezers with versatile molecular recognition capabilities. In this study, we synthesized metalloporphyrin–peptoid conjugates (MPPCs) displaying two metalloporphyrins on a peptoid scaffold with either achiral unfolded (1) or helical (2 and 3) secondary structures. Host–guest complexation of MPPCs was realized with various guests of different lengths and basicities, and the extent of complexation was measured by UV-vis and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopic titration. Intermolecular and intramolecular chirality induction were observed on achiral and chiral peptoid backbones, respectively. Spectroscopic data indicated that a broad scope of achiral guests can be recognized by chiral 2; in particular, longer and more flexible guests were seen to bind more tightly on 2. In addition, chiral 2 provided a distinct CD couplet with dl-, d-, or l-Lys-OMe, which was a result of the diastereomeric host–guest complex formation. Our results indicated that MPPCs can recognize, contrast, and analyze various achiral, chiral, or racemic molecules. Based on co-facial metalloporphyrins present on peptoid scaffolds, we developed a novel class of porphyrin tweezers, which can be further utilized in asymmetric catalysis, molecular sensing, and drug delivery.
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Wen S, Mao TX, Yao DM, Li T, Wang FH. Yeast Surface Display of Antheraea pernyi Lysozyme Revealed α-Helical Antibacterial Peptides in Its N-Terminal Domain. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:9138-9146. [PMID: 30074396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated a novel lysozyme ApLyz from the Chinese oak silkmoth, Antheraea pernyi, for its active expression with N- or C-terminus fused to the yeast cell surface, and the antimicrobial activities of the corresponding expressed lysozymes were evaluated. The bactericidal activity of C-terminal fusion of ApLyz surpassed that of the N-terminal fusion, which revealed the implication of an N-terminal stretch of ApLyz in the bactericidal function based on the structural mobility of this region. Two N-terminal peptides of ApLyz (residues 1-15 and 1-32), which primarily consist of amphiphilic α-helices, exerted similar bactericidal efficacy and had a strong preference for the Gram-negative strains. Further investigation revealed that the N-terminal peptides are membrane-targeting peptides causing cell permeabilization and also possess nonmembrane disturbing bactericidal mechanism. Overall, in addition to the key findings of novel bactericidal peptides from silkmoth lysozyme, this work laid the foundation for future improvement of ApLyz by protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Wen
- Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, School of Food and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing 100048 , China
| | - Tong-Xin Mao
- Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, School of Food and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing 100048 , China
| | - Dong-Mei Yao
- Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, School of Food and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing 100048 , China
| | - Tian Li
- Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, School of Food and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing 100048 , China
| | - Feng-Huan Wang
- Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, School of Food and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing 100048 , China
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Shyam R, Charbonnel N, Job A, Blavignac C, Forestier C, Taillefumier C, Faure S. 1,2,3‐Triazolium‐Based Cationic Amphipathic Peptoid Oligomers Mimicking Antimicrobial Helical Peptides. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1513-1516. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Radhe Shyam
- Université Clermont Auvergne CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, ICCF 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | | | - Aurélie Job
- Université Clermont Auvergne CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, ICCF 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Christelle Blavignac
- Université Clermont Auvergne Centre Imagerie Cellulaire Santé 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | | | - Claude Taillefumier
- Université Clermont Auvergne CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, ICCF 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Sophie Faure
- Université Clermont Auvergne CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, ICCF 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
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