1
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El Sahly HM, Yildirim I, Frey SE, Winokur P, Jackson LA, Bernstein DI, Creech CB, Chen WH, Rupp RE, Whitaker JA, Phadke V, Hoft DF, Ince D, Brady RC, Edwards KM, Ortiz JR, Berman MA, Weiss J, Wegel A. Safety and Immunogenicity of a Delayed Heterologous Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Vaccine Boost Following Different Priming Regimens: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:327-340. [PMID: 37466221 PMCID: PMC10873179 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A (H7N9) has caused multiple disease waves with evidence of strain diversification. Optimal influenza A (H7N9) prime-boost vaccine strategies are unknown. METHODS We recruited participants who had received monovalent inactivated A/Shanghai/2/2013 (H7N9) vaccine (MIV) approximately 5 years earlier, as follows: MIV with MF59 (MF59 × 2 group), MIV with AS03 (AS03 × 2 group), unadjuvanted MIV (No Adj group), MIV with MF59 or AS03 followed by unadjuvanted MIV (Adjx1 group), and A/H7-naive (unprimed group). Participants were randomized to receive 1 dose of AS03-adjuvanted or unadjuvanted A/Hong Kong/125/2017 (H7N9) MIV and were followed for safety and immunogenicity using hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and neutralizing antibody assays. RESULTS We enrolled 304 participants: 153 received the adjuvanted boost and 151 received the unadjuvanted boost. At 21 days postvaccination, the proportion of participants with HAI antibody titers against the boosting vaccine strain of ≥40 in the adjuvanted and unadjuvanted arms, respectively, were 88% and 49% in MF59 × 2 group, 89% and 75% in AS03 × 2 group, 59% and 20% in No Adj group, 94% and 55% in Adjx1group, and 9% and 11% in unprimed group. CONCLUSIONS Serologic responses to a heterologous A(H7N9) MIV boost were highest in participants primed and boosted with adjuvant-containing regimens. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT03738241.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana M El Sahly
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Inci Yildirim
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sharon E Frey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Patricia Winokur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Lisa A Jackson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David I Bernstein
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - C Buddy Creech
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Wilbur H Chen
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard E Rupp
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer A Whitaker
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Varun Phadke
- The Hope Clinic of Emory University, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel F Hoft
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Dilek Ince
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Rebecca C Brady
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kathryn M Edwards
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Justin R Ortiz
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Megan A Berman
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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2
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Liu Q, Zeng H, Wu X, Yang X, Wang G. Global Prevalence and Hemagglutinin Evolution of H7N9 Avian Influenza Viruses from 2013 to 2022. Viruses 2023; 15:2214. [PMID: 38005891 PMCID: PMC10674656 DOI: 10.3390/v15112214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
H7N9 avian influenza viruses have caused severe harm to the global aquaculture industry and human health. For further understanding of the characteristics of prevalence and hemagglutinin evolution of H7N9 avian influenza viruses, we generated the global epidemic map of H7N9 viruses from 2013 to 2022, constructed a phylogenetic tree, predicted the glycosylation sites and compared the selection pressure of the hemagglutinin. The results showed that although H7N9 avian influenza appeared sporadically in other regions worldwide, China had concentrated outbreaks from 2013 to 2017. The hemagglutinin genes were classified into six distinct lineages: A, B, C, D, E and F. After 2019, H7N9 viruses from the lineages B, E and F persisted, with the lineage B being the dominant. The hemagglutinin of highly pathogenic viruses in the B lineage has an additional predicted glycosylation site, which may account for their persistent pandemic, and is under more positive selection pressure. The most recent ancestor of the H7N9 avian influenza viruses originated in September 1991. The continuous evolution of hemagglutinin has led to an increase in virus pathogenicity in both poultry and humans, and sustained human-to-human transmission. This study provides a theoretical basis for better prediction and control of H7N9 avian influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianshuo Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (Q.L.); (H.Z.); (X.W.)
- Nanjing Advanced Academy of Life and Health, Nanjing 211135, China;
| | - Haowen Zeng
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (Q.L.); (H.Z.); (X.W.)
- Nanjing Advanced Academy of Life and Health, Nanjing 211135, China;
| | - Xinghui Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (Q.L.); (H.Z.); (X.W.)
- Nanjing Advanced Academy of Life and Health, Nanjing 211135, China;
| | - Xuelian Yang
- Nanjing Advanced Academy of Life and Health, Nanjing 211135, China;
| | - Guiqin Wang
- Nanjing Advanced Academy of Life and Health, Nanjing 211135, China;
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3
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Sun Y, Zhang T, Zhao X, Qian J, Jiang M, Jia M, Xu Y, Yang W, Feng L. High activity levels of avian influenza upwards 2018–2022: A global epidemiological overview of fowl and human infections. One Health 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
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4
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He J, Hou S, Xiong C, Hu L, Gong L, Yu J, Zhou X, Chen Q, Yuan Y, He L, Zhu M, Li W, Shi Y, Sun Y, Pan H, Su B, Lu Y, Wu J. Avian influenza A virus H7N9 in China, a role reversal from reassortment receptor to the donator. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28392. [PMID: 36484390 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reassortment can introduce one or more gene segments of influenza A viruses (IAVs) into another, resulting in novel subtypes. Since 2013, a new outbreak of human highly pathogenic avian influenza has emerged in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and South-Central regions of China. In this study, using Anhui province as an example, we discuss the possible impact of H7N9 IAVs on future influenza epidemics through a series of gene reassortment events. Sixty-one human H7N9 isolates were obtained from five outbreaks in Anhui province from 2013 to 2019. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that all of them were characterized by low pathogenicity and high human or mammalian tropism and had introduced novel avian influenza A virus (AIV) subtypes such as H7N2, H7N6, H9N9, H5N6, H6N6, and H10N6 through gene reassortment. In reassortment events, Anhui isolates may donate one or more segments of HA, NA, and the six internal protein-coding genes for the novel subtype AIVs. Our study revealed that H7N9, H9N2, and H5N1 can serve as stable and persistent gene pools for AIVs in the YRD and South-Central regions of China. Novel AIV subtypes might be generated continuously by reassortment. These AIVs may have obtained human-type receptor-binding abilities from their donors and prefer binding to them, which can cause human epidemics through accidental spillover infections. Facing the continual threat of emerging avian influenza, constant monitoring of AIVs should be conducted closely for agricultural and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China.,School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Sai Hou
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chenglong Xiong
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linjie Hu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Junling Yu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingqing Chen
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lan He
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Meng Zhu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yonglin Shi
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Haifeng Pan
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bin Su
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yihan Lu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiabing Wu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China.,Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China.,School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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5
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Survey of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in live poultry markets in Guangxi Province, Southern China, 2016-2019. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23223. [PMID: 34853356 PMCID: PMC8636610 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02639-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) have been widespread in poultry and wild birds throughout the world for many decades. LPAIV infections are usually asymptomatic or cause subclinical symptoms. However, the genetic reassortment of LPAIVs may generate novel viruses with increased virulence and cross-species transmission, posing potential risks to public health. To evaluate the epidemic potential and infection landscape of LPAIVs in Guangxi Province, China, we collected and analyzed throat and cloacal swab samples from chickens, ducks and geese from the live poultry markets on a regular basis from 2016 to 2019. Among the 7,567 samples, 974 (12.87%) were LPAIVs-positive, with 890 single and 84 mixed infections. Higher yearly isolation rates were observed in 2017 and 2018. Additionally, geese had the highest isolation rate, followed by ducks and chickens. Seasonally, spring had the highest isolation rate. Subtype H3, H4, H6 and H9 viruses were detected over prolonged periods, while H1 and H11 viruses were detected transiently. The predominant subtypes in chickens, ducks and geese were H9, H3, and H6, respectively. The 84 mixed infection samples contained 22 combinations. Most mixed infections involved two subtypes, with H3 + H4 as the most common combination. Our study provides important epidemiological data regarding the isolation rates, distributions of prevalent subtypes and mixed infections of LPAIVs. These results will improve our knowledge and ability to control epidemics, guide disease management strategies and provide early awareness of newly emerged AIV reassortants with pandemic potential.
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6
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Repkova M, Levina A, Ismagilov Z, Mazurkova N, Mazurkov O, Zarytova V. Effective Inhibition of Newly Emerged A/H7N9 Virus with Oligonucleotides Targeted to Conserved Regions of the Virus Genome. Nucleic Acid Ther 2021; 31:436-442. [PMID: 34665651 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2021.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly emerged highly pathogenic A/H7N9 viruses with pandemic potential are effectively transmitted from birds to humans and require the development of novel antiviral drugs. For the first time, we studied the in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity against A/H7N9 of oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs), which were delivered into the cells in the proposed TiO2-based nanocomposites (TiO2∼ODN). The highest inhibition of A/H7N9 in vitro (∼400-fold) and efficient, sequence-specific, and dose-dependent protection (up to 100%) of A/H7N9-infected mice was revealed when ODN was targeted to the conserved terminal 3'-noncoding region of viral (-)RNA. After the treatment with ODN, the virus titer values in the lungs of mice decreased by several orders of magnitude. The TiO2∼ODN nanocomposite did not show toxicity in mice under the treatment conditions. The proposed approach for effective inhibition of the A/H7N9 can be tested against other viruses, for example, new emerging influenza viruses and coronaviruses with pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Repkova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Asya Levina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Zinfer Ismagilov
- Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalia Mazurkova
- FBRI State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oleg Mazurkov
- FBRI State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valentina Zarytova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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7
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Hilderink M, de Winter I. No need to beat around the bushmeat-The role of wildlife trade and conservation initiatives in the emergence of zoonotic diseases. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07692. [PMID: 34386637 PMCID: PMC8342965 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildlife species constitute a vast and uncharted reservoir of zoonotic pathogens that can pose a severe threat to global human health. Zoonoses have become increasingly impactful over the past decades, and the expanding trade in wildlife is unarguably among the most significant risk factors for their emergence. Despite several warnings from the academic community about the spillover risks associated with wildlife trade, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic underlines that current policies on the wildlife industry are deficient. Conservation initiatives, rather than practices that attempt to eradicate zoonotic pathogens or the wild species that harbour them, could play a vital role in preventing the emergence of life-threatening zoonoses. This review explores how wildlife conservation initiatives could effectively reduce the risk of new zoonotic diseases emerging from the wildlife trade by integrating existing literature on zoonotic diseases and risk factors associated with wildlife trade. Conservation should mainly aim at reducing human-wildlife interactions in the wildlife trade by protecting wildlife habitats and providing local communities with alternative protein sources. In addition, conservation should focus on regulating the legal wildlife trade and education about disease transfer and safer hunting and butchering methods. By uniting efforts for wildlife protection and universal concern for preventing zoonotic epidemics, conservation initiatives have the potential to safeguard both biodiversity, animal welfare, and global human health security.
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8
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Huang D, Dong W, Wang Q. Spatial and temporal analysis of human infection with the avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in China and research on a risk assessment agent-based model. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 106:386-394. [PMID: 33857607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES From 2013 to 2017, the avian influenza A (H7N9) virus frequently infected people in China, which seriously affected the public health of society. This study aimed to analyze the spatial characteristics of human infection with the H7N9 virus in China and assess the risk areas of the epidemic. METHODS Using kernel density estimation, standard deviation ellipse analysis, spatial and temporal scanning cluster analysis, and Pearson correlation analysis, the spatial characteristics and possible risk factors of the epidemic were studied. Meteorological factors, time (month), and environmental factors were combined to establish an epidemic risk assessment proxy model to assess the risk range of an epidemic. RESULTS The epidemic situation was significantly correlated with atmospheric pressure, temperature, and daily precipitation (P < 0.05), and there were six temporal and spatial clusters. The fitting accuracy of the epidemic risk assessment agent-based model for lower-risk, low-risk, medium-risk, and high-risk was 0.795, 0.672, 0.853, 0.825, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This H7N9 epidemic was found to have more outbreaks in winter and spring. It gradually spread to the inland areas of China. This model reflects the risk areas of human infection with the H7N9 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Huang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China; GIS Technology Engineering Research Centre for West-China Resources and Environment of Educational Ministry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Wen Dong
- GIS Technology Engineering Research Centre for West-China Resources and Environment of Educational Ministry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China; Faculty Of Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China; GIS Technology Engineering Research Centre for West-China Resources and Environment of Educational Ministry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China
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9
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Dominant subtype switch in avian influenza viruses during 2016-2019 in China. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5909. [PMID: 33219213 PMCID: PMC7679419 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19671-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have surveyed avian influenza virus (AIV) genomes from live poultry markets within China since 2014. Here we present a total of 16,091 samples that were collected from May 2016 to February 2019 in 23 provinces and municipalities in China. We identify 2048 AIV-positive samples and perform next generation sequencing. AIV-positive rates (12.73%) from samples had decreased substantially since 2016, compared to that during 2014–2016 (26.90%). Additionally, H9N2 has replaced H5N6 and H7N9 as the dominant AIV subtype in both chickens and ducks. Notably, novel reassortants and variants continually emerged and disseminated in avian populations, including H7N3, H9N9, H9N6 and H5N6 variants. Importantly, almost all of the H9 AIVs and many H7N9 and H6N2 strains prefer human-type receptors, posing an increased risk for human infections. In summary, our nation-wide surveillance highlights substantial changes in the circulation of AIVs since 2016, which greatly impacts the prevention and control of AIVs in China and worldwide. In this study, the authors present a genomic surveillance of avian influenza genomes sampled from live poultry markets in China. They report that a number of variants have emerged since 2016 that pose an increased risk to humans. They highlight the importance of continuous genome surveillance of circulating influenza strains.
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10
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Shan X, Wang Y, Song R, Wei W, Liao H, Huang H, Xu C, Chen L, Li S. Spatial and temporal clusters of avian influenza a (H7N9) virus in humans across five epidemics in mainland China: an epidemiological study of laboratory-confirmed cases. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:630. [PMID: 32842978 PMCID: PMC7449057 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian influenza A (H7N9) virus was first reported in mainland China in 2013, and alarming in 2016–17 due to the surge across a wide geographic area. Our study aimed to identify and explore the spatial and temporal variation across five epidemics to reinforce the epidemic prevention and control. Methods We collected spatial and temporal information about all laboratory-confirmed human cases of A (H7N9) virus infection reported in mainland China covering 2013–17 from the open source. The autocorrelation analysis and intensity of cases were used to analyse the spatial cluster while circular distribution method was used to analyse the temporal cluster. Results Across the five epidemics, a total of 1553 laboratory-confirmed human cases with A (H7N9) virus were reported in mainland China. The global Moran’s I index values of five epidemic were 0.610, 0.132, 0.308, 0.306, 0.336 respectively, among which the differences were statistically significant. The highest intensity was present in the Yangtze River Delta region and the Pearl River Delta region, and the range enlarged from the east of China to inner provinces and even the west of China across the five epidemics. The temporal clusters of the five epidemics were statistically significant, and the peak period was from the end of January to April with the first and the fifth epidemic later than the mean peak period. Conclusions Spatial and temporal clusters of avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in humans are obvious, moreover the regions existing clusters may enlarge across the five epidemics. Yangtze River Delta region and the Pearl River Delta region have the spatial cluster and the peak period is from January to April. The government should facilitate the tangible improvement for the epidemic preparedness according to the characteristics of spatial and temporal clusters of patients with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzheng Shan
- Prevention and Health Section, Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongqin Wang
- Prevention and Health Section, Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruihong Song
- Prevention and Health Section, Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongxiu Liao
- Transaction Management and Information Department, Panzhihua City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Panzhihua, Sichuan, China
| | - Huang Huang
- Prevention and Health Section, Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunqiong Xu
- Prevention and Health Section, Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lvlin Chen
- Prevention and Health Section, Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shiyun Li
- Prevention and Health Section, Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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11
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Wang W, Artois J, Wang X, Kucharski AJ, Pei Y, Tong X, Virlogeux V, Wu P, Cowling BJ, Gilbert M, Yu H. Effectiveness of Live Poultry Market Interventions on Human Infection with Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:891-901. [PMID: 32141425 PMCID: PMC7181931 DOI: 10.3201/eid2605.190390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Various interventions for live poultry markets (LPMs) have emerged to control outbreaks of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in mainland China since March 2013. We assessed the effectiveness of various LPM interventions in reducing transmission of H7N9 virus across 5 annual waves during 2013-2018, especially in the final wave. With the exception of waves 1 and 4, various LPM interventions reduced daily incidence rates significantly across waves. Four LPM interventions led to a mean reduction of 34%-98% in the daily number of infections in wave 5. Of these, permanent closure provided the most effective reduction in human infection with H7N9 virus, followed by long-period, short-period, and recursive closures in wave 5. The effectiveness of various LPM interventions changed with the type of intervention across epidemics. Permanent LPM closure should be considered to maintain sufficient effectiveness of interventions and prevent the recurrence of H7N9 epidemics.
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12
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Zou S, Tang J, Zhang Y, Liu L, Li X, Meng Y, Zhao X, Yang L, Shu Y, Wang D. Molecular characterization of H3 subtype avian influenza viruses based on poultry-related environmental surveillance in China between 2014 and 2017. Virology 2020; 542:8-19. [PMID: 31957664 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The H3 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) poses a threat to both animal and human health. In this study, phylogenetic analysis showed that the H3 AIVs had various genomic constellations and extensive reassortments, increasing genetic diversity and the emergence of new pathogenic viruses that might infect human beings. Molecular analysis demonstrated that the major molecular markers linked to drug resistance were identified in M genes of three studied viruses, and there might be wide range of resistant virus infections in poultry in the future. Although all the H3 viruses preferentially bound to the avian-type receptor, the growth kinetics experiments showed that the selected H3 viruses were capable of efficient replication in mammalian cells, suggesting a potential cross-species transmission of H3 viruses. Overall, our results emphasize the need for continued surveillance of H3 outbreaks and may also help us improve knowledge on H3 AIVs prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Zou
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Tang
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ye Zhang
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lijun Liu
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiyan Li
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yao Meng
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Yang
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuelong Shu
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dayan Wang
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Biswas A, Chakrabarti AK, Dutta S. Current challenges: from the path of “original antigenic sin” towards the development of universal flu vaccines. Int Rev Immunol 2019; 39:21-36. [DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2019.1685990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Asim Biswas
- Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Alok K. Chakrabarti
- Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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14
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Wang WH, Erazo EM, Ishcol MRC, Lin CY, Assavalapsakul W, Thitithanyanont A, Wang SF. Virus-induced pathogenesis, vaccine development, and diagnosis of novel H7N9 avian influenza A virus in humans: a systemic literature review. J Int Med Res 2019; 48:300060519845488. [PMID: 31068040 PMCID: PMC7140199 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519845488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV) caused human infections in 2013 in China.
Phylogenetic analyses indicate that H7N9 AIV is a novel reassortant strain with
pandemic potential. We conducted a systemic review regarding virus-induced
pathogenesis, vaccine development, and diagnosis of H7N9 AIV infection in
humans. We followed PRISMA guidelines and searched PubMed, Web of Science, and
Google Scholar to identify relevant articles published between January 2013 and
December 2018. Pathogenesis data indicated that H7N9 AIV belongs to low
pathogenic avian influenza, which is mostly asymptomatic in avian species;
however, H7N9 induces high mortality in humans. Sporadic human infections have
recently been reported, caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses
detected in poultry. H7N9 AIVs resistant to adamantine and oseltamivir cause
severe human infection by rapidly inducing progressive acute community-acquired
pneumonia, multiorgan dysfunction, and cytokine dysregulation; however,
mechanisms via which the virus induces severe syndromes remain unclear. An H7N9
AIV vaccine is lacking; designs under evaluation include synthesized peptide,
baculovirus-insect system, and virus-like particle vaccines. Molecular diagnosis
of H7N9 AIVs is suggested over conventional assays, for biosafety reasons.
Several advanced or modified diagnostic assays are under investigation and
development. We summarized virus-induced pathogenesis, vaccine development, and
current diagnostic assays in H7N9 AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hung Wang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung.,Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung
| | - Esmeralda Merari Erazo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung
| | - Max R Chang Ishcol
- Program in Tropical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung
| | - Chih-Yen Lin
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung
| | - Wanchai Assavalapsakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Sheng-Fan Wang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung
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15
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Shan X, Lai S, Liao H, Li Z, Lan Y, Yang W. The epidemic potential of avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in humans in mainland China: A two-stage risk analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215857. [PMID: 31002703 PMCID: PMC6474630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background From 2013 to 2017, more than one thousand avian influenza A (H7N9) confirmed cases with hundreds of deaths were reported in mainland China. To identify priorities for epidemic prevention and control, a risk assessing framework for subnational variations is needed to define the epidemic potential of A (H7N9). Methods We established a consolidated two-stage framework that outlined the potential epidemic of H7N9 in humans: The Stage 1, index-case potential, used a Boosted Regression Trees model to assess population at risk due to spillover from poultry; the Stage 2, epidemic potential, synthesized the variables upon a framework of the Index for Risk Management to measure epidemic potential based on the probability of hazards and exposure, the vulnerability and coping capacity. Results Provinces in southern and eastern China, especially Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangzhou, have high index-case potential of human infected with A (H7N9), while northern coastal provinces and municipalities with low morbidity, i.e. Tianjin and Liaoning, have an increasing risk of A (H7N9) infection. Provinces in central China are likely to have high potential of epidemic due to the high vulnerability and the lack of coping capacity. Conclusions This study provides a unified risk assessment of A (H7N9) to detect the two-stage heterogeneity of epidemic potential among different provinces in mainland China, allowing proactively evaluate health preparedness at subnational levels to improve surveillance, diagnostic capabilities, and health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzheng Shan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Prevention and Health Section, Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shengjie Lai
- WorldPop, School of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Flowminder Foundation, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hongxiu Liao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhongjie Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yajia Lan
- Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- * E-mail: (WY); (YL)
| | - Weizhong Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WY); (YL)
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16
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Chen L, Ruan F, Sun Y, Chen H, Liu M, Zhou J, Qin K. Establishment of sandwich ELISA for detecting the H7 subtype influenza A virus. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1168-1171. [PMID: 30680746 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Avian H7N9 subtype influenza virus infects human with high case-fatality rate since it emerged in 2013. Although the vaccination has been rapidly used in poultry due to the emergence of highly pathogenic strain, this virus remains prevalent in this region. Thus, rapid diagnosis both in poultry and human clinic is critically important for the control and prevention of H7N9 infection. In this study, a batch of H7 subtype-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were developed and a pair of mAb, 2B6, and 5E9 were used to establish a double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantify H7 protein and detect influenza A virus baring H7 subtype HA. The lowest detection limit for the recombinant H7 protein was 10 ng/mL and 0.5 HAU/50 μL of A/Guangdong/17SF003/2016(H7N9), 2 HAU/50 μL of A/Netherlands/219/2003(H7N7) and A/Anhui/1/2013(H7N9) for live virus, respectively. The ELISA could not only detect the prevailing H7N9 virus, but also antigenic drift H7 subtype viruses, showing excellent sensitivity and high specificity. Hence, it could serve as a valuable approach to diagnose H7 subtype virus which showed great potential to cause pandemic, as well as antigen quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R. China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, P. R. China
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Feier Ruan
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R. China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, P. R. China
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Ying Sun
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Haiying Chen
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Mingbin Liu
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Jianfang Zhou
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Kun Qin
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, P. R. China
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17
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Guo L, Hou M, Ning R, Li W, Yang Z, Li H, Chu M, Yu L, Liu L. A family cluster of two fatal cases infected with influenza A (H7N9) virus in Kunming China, 2017. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 66:152-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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