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Sequeira L, Benfeito S, Fernandes C, Lima I, Peixoto J, Alves C, Machado CS, Gaspar A, Borges F, Chavarria D. Drug Development for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease: Where Do We Go Now? Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:708. [PMID: 38931832 PMCID: PMC11206728 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are a set of progressive, chronic, and incurable diseases characterized by the gradual loss of neurons, culminating in the decline of cognitive and/or motor functions. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common NDs and represent an enormous burden both in terms of human suffering and economic cost. The available therapies for AD and PD only provide symptomatic and palliative relief for a limited period and are unable to modify the diseases' progression. Over the last decades, research efforts have been focused on developing new pharmacological treatments for these NDs. However, to date, no breakthrough treatment has been discovered. Hence, the development of disease-modifying drugs able to halt or reverse the progression of NDs remains an unmet clinical need. This review summarizes the major hallmarks of AD and PD and the drugs available for pharmacological treatment. It also sheds light on potential directions that can be pursued to develop new, disease-modifying drugs to treat AD and PD, describing as representative examples some advances in the development of drug candidates targeting oxidative stress and adenosine A2A receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP-IMS—Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel Chavarria
- CIQUP-IMS—Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Durgun M, Akocak S, Lolak N, Topal F, Koçyiğit ÜM, Türkeş C, Işık M, Beydemir Ş. Design and Synthesis of Pyrazole Carboxamide Derivatives as Selective Cholinesterase and Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors: Molecular Docking and Biological Evaluation. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301824. [PMID: 38149720 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study focused on the synthesis and characterization of novel pyrazole carboxamide derivatives (SA1-12). The inhibitory effect of the compounds on cholinesterases (ChEs; AChE and BChE) and carbonic anhydrases (hCAs; hCA I and hCA II) isoenzymes were screened as in vitro. These series compounds have been identified as potential inhibitors with a KI values in the range of 10.69±1.27-70.87±8.11 nM for hCA I, 20.01±3.48-56.63±6.41 nM for hCA II, 6.60±0.62-14.15±1.09 nM for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and 54.87±7.76-137.20 ±9.61 nM for butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). These compounds have a more effective inhibition effect when compared to the reference compounds. In addition, the potential binding positions of the compounds with high affinity for ChE and hCAs were demonstrated by in silico methods. The results of in silico and in vitro studies support each other. As a result of the present study, the compounds with high inhibitory activity for metabolic enzymes, such as ChE and hCA were designed. The compounds may be potential alternative agents used as selective ChE and hCA inhibitors in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Durgun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harran University, 63290, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Akocak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Adıyaman University, 02040, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Nebih Lolak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Adıyaman University, 02040, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Fevzi Topal
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Gümüşhane University, 29100, Gümüşhane, Turkey
- Department of Chemical and Chemical Processing Technologies, Gümüşhane Vocational School, Gümüşhane University, 29100, Gümüşhane, Turkey
| | - Ümit Muhammet Koçyiğit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Cüneyt Türkeş
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, 24002, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Mesut Işık
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, 11230, Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Şükrü Beydemir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470, Eskişehir, Turkey
- Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, 11230, Bilecik, Turkey
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Mouawad L, Istamboulie G, Catanante G, Noguer T. Acetylcholinesterase- and Butyrylcholinesterase-Based Biosensors for the Detection of Quaternary Ammonium Biocides in Food Industry. Foods 2023; 13:133. [PMID: 38201162 PMCID: PMC10779051 DOI: 10.3390/foods13010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A sensitive and robust electrochemical cholinesterase-based sensor was developed to detect the quaternary ammonium (QAs) biocides most frequently found in agri-food industry wash waters: benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC). To reach the maximum residue limit of 28 nM imposed by the European Union (EU), two types of cholinesterases were tested, acetylcholinesterase (AChE, from Drosophila melanogaster) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, from horse serum). The sensors were designed by entrapping AChE or BChE on cobalt phthalocyanine-modified screen-printed carbon electrodes. The limits of detection (LOD) of the resulting biosensors were 38 nM for DDAC and 320 nM for BAC, using, respectively, AChE and BChE. A simple solid-phase extraction step was used to concentrate the samples before biosensor analysis, allowing for the accurate determination of DDAC and BAC in tap water with limits of quantification (LOQ) as low as 2.7 nM and 5.3 nM, respectively. Additional assays demonstrated that the use of a phosphotriesterase enzyme allows for the total removal of interferences due to the possible presence of organophosphate insecticides in the sample. The developed biosensors were shown to be stable during 3 months storage at 4 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Mouawad
- Biosensors Analysis Environment Group (BAE-LBBM), Université de Perpignan, Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, Cedex, F-66860 Perpignan, France; (L.M.); (G.I.); (G.C.)
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Microbienne (LBBM), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UAR 3579, Observatoire Océanologique, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Georges Istamboulie
- Biosensors Analysis Environment Group (BAE-LBBM), Université de Perpignan, Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, Cedex, F-66860 Perpignan, France; (L.M.); (G.I.); (G.C.)
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Microbienne (LBBM), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UAR 3579, Observatoire Océanologique, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Gaëlle Catanante
- Biosensors Analysis Environment Group (BAE-LBBM), Université de Perpignan, Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, Cedex, F-66860 Perpignan, France; (L.M.); (G.I.); (G.C.)
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Microbienne (LBBM), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UAR 3579, Observatoire Océanologique, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Thierry Noguer
- Biosensors Analysis Environment Group (BAE-LBBM), Université de Perpignan, Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, Cedex, F-66860 Perpignan, France; (L.M.); (G.I.); (G.C.)
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Microbienne (LBBM), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UAR 3579, Observatoire Océanologique, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
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Karoglu-Eravsar ET, Tuz-Sasik MU, Karaduman A, Keskus AG, Arslan-Ergul A, Konu O, Kafaligonul H, Adams MM. Long-Term Acetylcholinesterase Depletion Alters the Levels of Key Synaptic Proteins while Maintaining Neuronal Markers in the Aging Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Brain. Gerontology 2023; 69:1424-1436. [PMID: 37793352 DOI: 10.1159/000534343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interventions targeting cholinergic neurotransmission like acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition distinguish potential mechanisms to delay age-related impairments and attenuate deficits related to neurodegenerative diseases. However, the chronic effects of these interventions are not well described. METHODS In the current study, global levels of cholinergic, cellular, synaptic, and inflammation-mediating proteins were assessed within the context of aging and chronic reduction of AChE activity. Long-term depletion of AChE activity was induced by using a mutant zebrafish line, and they were compared with the wildtype group at young and old ages. RESULTS Results demonstrated that AChE activity was lower in both young and old mutants, and this decrease coincided with a reduction in ACh content. Additionally, an overall age-related reduction in AChE activity and the AChE/ACh ratio was observed, and this decline was more prominent in wildtype groups. The levels of an immature neuronal marker were upregulated in mutants, while a glial marker showed an overall reduction. Mutants had preserved levels of inhibitory and presynaptic elements with aging, whereas glutamate receptor subunit levels declined. CONCLUSION Long-term AChE activity depletion induces synaptic and cellular alterations. These data provide further insights into molecular targets and adaptive responses following the long-term reduction of AChE activity that was also targeted pharmacologically to treat neurodegenerative diseases in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Tugce Karoglu-Eravsar
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Aysel Sabuncu Brain Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- National Nanotechnology Research Center and Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Zebrafish Facility, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Psychology, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Melek Umay Tuz-Sasik
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Aysel Sabuncu Brain Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- National Nanotechnology Research Center and Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Zebrafish Facility, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aysenur Karaduman
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Aysel Sabuncu Brain Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Zebrafish Facility, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayse Gokce Keskus
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Aysel Sabuncu Brain Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- National Nanotechnology Research Center and Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Zebrafish Facility, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayca Arslan-Ergul
- National Nanotechnology Research Center and Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozlen Konu
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Aysel Sabuncu Brain Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- National Nanotechnology Research Center and Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Zebrafish Facility, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hulusi Kafaligonul
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Aysel Sabuncu Brain Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- National Nanotechnology Research Center and Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Zebrafish Facility, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Michelle M Adams
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Aysel Sabuncu Brain Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- National Nanotechnology Research Center and Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Zebrafish Facility, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Psychology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
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Bibi S, Habib R, Shafiq S, Abbas SS, Khan S, Eqani SAMAS, Nepovimova E, Khan MS, Kuca K, Nurulain SM. Influence of the chronic groundwater fluoride consumption on cholinergic enzymes, ACHE and BCHE gene SNPs and pro-inflammatory cytokines: A study with Pakistani population groups. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 880:163359. [PMID: 37030382 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride is one of the abundant elements found in the Earth's crust and is a global environmental issue. The present work aimed to find the impact of chronic consumption of fluoride contained groundwater on human subjects. Five hundred and twelve volunteers from different areas of Pakistan were recruited. Cholinergic status, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase gene SNPs and pro-inflammatory cytokines were examined. Association analysis, regression and other standard statistical analyses were performed. Physical examination of the fluoride endemic areas' participants revealed the symptoms of dental and skeletal fluorosis. Cholinergic enzymes (AChE and BChE) were significantly increased among different exposure groups. ACHE gene 3'-UTR variant and BCHE K-variant showed a significant association with risk of fluorosis. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) were found to be increased and have a significant correlation in response to fluoride exposure and cholinergic enzymes. The study concludes that chronic consumption of high fluoride-contained water is a risk factor for developing low-grade systemic inflammation through the cholinergic pathway and the studied cholinergic gene SNPs were identified to be associated with the risk of flurosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bibi
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road Tarlai, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Habib
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road Tarlai, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Sania Shafiq
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road Tarlai, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Syed Sayyam Abbas
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road Tarlai, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Shaiza Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road Tarlai, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | | | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Mansoor Shaukat Khan
- Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road Tarlai, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Syed Muhammad Nurulain
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road Tarlai, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
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Li W, Berlinicke C, Huang Y, Giera S, McGrath AG, Fang W, Chen C, Takaesu F, Chang X, Duan Y, Kumar D, Chang C, Mao HQ, Sheng G, Dodge JC, Ji H, Madden S, Zack DJ, Chamling X. High-throughput screening for myelination promoting compounds using human stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. iScience 2023; 26:106156. [PMID: 36852281 PMCID: PMC9958491 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Promoting myelination capacity of endogenous oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) is a promising therapeutic approach for CNS demyelinating disorders such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS). To aid in the discovery of myelination-promoting compounds, we generated a genome-engineered human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) line that consists of three reporters: identification-and-purification tag, GFP, and secreted-NanoLuc, driven by the endogenous PDGFRA, PLP1, and MBP genes, respectively. Using this cell line, we established a high-throughput drug screening platform and performed a small-molecule screen, which identified at least two myelination-promoting small-molecule (Ro1138452 and SR2211) that target prostacyclin (IP) receptor and retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γ (RORγ), respectively. Single-cell-transcriptomic analysis of differentiating OPCs treated with these molecules further confirmed that they promote oligodendrocyte differentiation and revealed several pathways that are potentially modulated by them. The molecules and their target pathways provide promising targets for the possible development of remyelination-based therapy for MS and other demyelinating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Li
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Cynthia Berlinicke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Yinyin Huang
- Sanofi Inc., Translational Science, 350 Water Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Stefanie Giera
- Sanofi Inc., Rare and Neurologic Diseases Therapeutic Area, 350 Water Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Anna G. McGrath
- Sanofi Inc., Rare and Neurologic Diseases Therapeutic Area, 350 Water Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Weixiang Fang
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Chaoran Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Felipe Takaesu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine & Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiaoli Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Yukan Duan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Sanofi Inc., Translational Science, 350 Water Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Calvin Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hai-Quan Mao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Whiting School of Engineering Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Guoqing Sheng
- Sanofi Inc., Rare and Neurologic Diseases Therapeutic Area, 350 Water Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - James C. Dodge
- Sanofi Inc., Rare and Neurologic Diseases Therapeutic Area, 350 Water Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Hongkai Ji
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Stephen Madden
- Sanofi Inc., Translational Science, 350 Water Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Donald J. Zack
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Xitiz Chamling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Khan SA, Leonel Javeres MN, Abbas Shah ST, Bibi N, Muneer Z, Hussain S, Nepovimova E, Kuca K, Nurulain SM. Dysregulation of butyrylcholinesterase, BCHE gene SNP rs1803274, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in occupational workers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 220:115195. [PMID: 36592809 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People in different occupations are exposed to a variety of xenobiotics which affect the health and physiological processes of the body. Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), has been reported to play neuronal and non-neuronal roles, though its exact function is yet to be established. This study aimed to find the status and role of BChE in seven different occupational groups; gasoline fillers, auto-mechanics, carpenters, textile shop workers, furniture shop workers, electricians, and office workers. METHODS A total of 400 samples were screened. BChE activity was determined by Worek et al. method based on Ellman's principle. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were determined by ELISA. Genotypic analysis of the K-variant of BCHE gene SNP was carried out by standard molecular methods. Among seven groups, office workers were taken as a control to compare the results with all other occupational groups. RESULTS The results revealed a significant decrease in BChE activity in gasoline fillers (79.52%) followed by carpenters (73.49%), auto mechanics (39.76%), textile shop workers (18.07%), electricians (10.84%), and furniture shop workers (7.23%). TNF-α, IL-6, and IL1-β were elevated in all groups. IL-6 and IL1-β in gasoline fillers, and electricians were not statistically significantly increased. Binomial regression to determine the odd ratio was found to be significant (p < 0.05) in all groups. However, correlation (Pearson) did not reveal significance between different biochemical parameters. Genotypic analysis of the K-variant SNP of the BCHE gene showed a significant association with occupational groups when compared with control which indicates a possible association with xenobiotics exposure and the physiological role of K-variant in understudied occupational groups. CONCLUSION The study concluded that BChE and its gene SNP rs 1803274 and proinflammatory cytokines significantly dysregulates under the exposure to cumulative multiple xenobiotics in different occupational groups which may lead to pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sosan Andleeb Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad Campus, Park Road Tarlai, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | | | - Syed Tahir Abbas Shah
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad Campus, Park Road Tarlai, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Nazia Bibi
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad Campus, Park Road Tarlai, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Muneer
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad Campus, Park Road Tarlai, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Sabir Hussain
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad Campus, Park Road Tarlai, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain; Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Syed Muhammad Nurulain
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad Campus, Park Road Tarlai, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan.
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An Investigation of the Prognostic Role of Genes Related to Lipid Metabolism in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Genomics 2023; 2023:9708282. [PMID: 36818393 PMCID: PMC9937776 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9708282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has become a prevalent malignancy, and its incidence and mortality rate are increasing worldwide. Accumulating evidence has indicated that lipid metabolism-related genes (LMRGs) are involved in the occurrence and development of HNSCC. This study investigated the latent association of lipid metabolism with HNSCC and established a prognostic signature based on LMRGs. A prognostic risk model composed of eight differentially expressed LMRGs (PHYH, CYP4F8, INMT, ELOVL6, PLPP3, BCHE, TPTE, and STAR) was constructed through The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Then, ELOVL6 expression was validated in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which is a common type of HNSCC, by immunohistochemical analysis. ELOVL6 expression in the OSCC II/III group was significantly higher than that in the other three groups (normal, dysplasia, and OSCC I), and OSCC patients with high ELOVL6 expression had poorer survival than those with low ELOVL6 expression. In summary, the LMRG-based prognostic feature had prognostic predictive capacity. ELOVL6 may be a potential prognostic factor for HNSCC patients.
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Costantini E, Masciarelli E, Casorri L, Di Luigi M, Reale M. Medicinal herbs and multiple sclerosis: Overview on the hard balance between new therapeutic strategy and occupational health risk. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:985943. [PMID: 36439198 PMCID: PMC9688751 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.985943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by demyelination and axonal loss of the central nervous system (CNS). Despite its spread throughout the world, the mechanisms that determine its onset are still to be defined. Immunological, genetic, viral, and environmental factors and exposure to chemicals may trigger MS. Many studies have highlighted the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of medicinal herbs, which make them a natural and complementary treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. A severe reduction of several MS symptoms occurs with herbal therapy. Thus, the request for medicinal plants with potential beneficial effects, for MS patients, is constantly increasing. Consequently, a production increase needs. Unfortunately, many medicinal herbs were untested and their action mechanism, possible adverse effects, contraindications, or interactions with other drugs, are poorly or not investigated. Keeping in mind the pathological mechanisms of MS and the oxidative damages and mitochondrial dysfunctions induced by pesticides, it is important to understand if pesticides used to increase agricultural productivity and their residues in medicinal plants, may increase the risk of developing MS in both workers and consumers. Studies providing some indication about the relationship between environmental exposure to pesticides and MS disease incidence are few, fragmentary, and discordant. The aim of this article is to provide a glance at the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants and at the risk for MS onset of pesticides used by medicinal plant growers and present in medicinal herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Costantini
- Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti–Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Eva Masciarelli
- Department of Technological Innovations and Safety of Plants, Products and Anthropic Settlements, National Institute for Insurance Against Accidents at Work, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Casorri
- Department of Technological Innovations and Safety of Plants, Products and Anthropic Settlements, National Institute for Insurance Against Accidents at Work, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Di Luigi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL Research Center, National Institute for Insurance Against Accidents at Work, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcella Reale
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti–Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- *Correspondence: Marcella Reale,
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10
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Bosancic Z, Spies CD, Müller A, Winterer G, Piper SK, Heinrich M. Association of cholinesterase activities and POD in older adult abdominal surgical patients. BMC Anesthesiol 2022; 22:293. [PMID: 36114455 PMCID: PMC9479414 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-022-01826-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Postoperative delirium (POD) is a frequent complication after surgery. Older adult patients undergoing abdominal surgery are at higher risk for developing POD. Studies on the association of cholinesterase activities and POD are rare, but leading hypotheses implicate that the cholinergic pathway might play an important role in neuroinflammation and development of POD. The objective of this study was to figure out if there is an association between the development of POD and acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (AChE and BuChE) activities in older adult patients undergoing abdominal surgery. Methods The investigation was performed with a subpopulation of BioCog study patients. The BioCog project (http://www.biocog.eu) is a prospective multicenter observational study in older adult surgical patients. Patients ≥ 65 years undergoing elective surgery of at least 60 minutes who scored more than 23 points in the Mini-Mental-State-Examination were included. POD was assessed twice a day on seven consecutive days after the surgery, using the test instruments Nursing Delirium Screening Scale (Nu-Desc) and Confusion Assessment Method (CAM and CAM-ICU) and a patient chart review. Pre- and postoperative blood cholinesterase activities were measured with a photometric rapid-point-of-care-testing. The association between cholinesterase activities and POD was analyzed in a subpopulation of abdominal surgical patients using multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusting for confounders. Results One hundred twenty-seven patients were included for analysis (mean age 73 years, 59% female). Fifty-two patients (41%) fulfilled the criteria of POD. These patients were significantly older, had a longer time of surgery and anesthesia and achieved higher comorbidity scores compared to patients without POD. After adjusting for age, duration of surgery and charlson comorbity index, we found an association between pre- and postoperative AChE activity (U/gHb) and the development of POD (Odds ratio (OR), [95% confidence interval (CI)], preoperative 0.95 [0.89–1.00], postoperative 0.94 [0.89–1.00]). Conclusions We found an association between POD and AChE activity and provided new information considering patients with abdominal surgery. Future analyses should examine course dynamics of postoperative cholinesterase activities in order to clarify interactions between the cholinergic system and pathophysiological mechanisms leading to POD. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02265263. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12871-022-01826-y.
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11
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Matthews E. Refocusing SIDS research: Is butylcholinesterase a predictive biomarker? EBioMedicine 2022; 81:104104. [PMID: 35728487 PMCID: PMC9218167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Matthews
- Atkinson Morley Neuromuscular Centre, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, UK.
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12
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Chang X, Tan YM, Allen DG, Bell S, Brown PC, Browning L, Ceger P, Gearhart J, Hakkinen PJ, Kabadi SV, Kleinstreuer NC, Lumen A, Matheson J, Paini A, Pangburn HA, Petersen EJ, Reinke EN, Ribeiro AJS, Sipes N, Sweeney LM, Wambaugh JF, Wange R, Wetmore BA, Mumtaz M. IVIVE: Facilitating the Use of In Vitro Toxicity Data in Risk Assessment and Decision Making. TOXICS 2022; 10:232. [PMID: 35622645 PMCID: PMC9143724 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10050232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
During the past few decades, the science of toxicology has been undergoing a transformation from observational to predictive science. New approach methodologies (NAMs), including in vitro assays, in silico models, read-across, and in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE), are being developed to reduce, refine, or replace whole animal testing, encouraging the judicious use of time and resources. Some of these methods have advanced past the exploratory research stage and are beginning to gain acceptance for the risk assessment of chemicals. A review of the recent literature reveals a burst of IVIVE publications over the past decade. In this review, we propose operational definitions for IVIVE, present literature examples for several common toxicity endpoints, and highlight their implications in decision-making processes across various federal agencies, as well as international organizations, including those in the European Union (EU). The current challenges and future needs are also summarized for IVIVE. In addition to refining and reducing the number of animals in traditional toxicity testing protocols and being used for prioritizing chemical testing, the goal to use IVIVE to facilitate the replacement of animal models can be achieved through their continued evolution and development, including a strategic plan to qualify IVIVE methods for regulatory acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Chang
- Inotiv-RTP, 601 Keystone Park Drive, Suite 200, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA; (X.C.); (D.G.A.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Yu-Mei Tan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Durham, NC 27709, USA;
| | - David G. Allen
- Inotiv-RTP, 601 Keystone Park Drive, Suite 200, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA; (X.C.); (D.G.A.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Shannon Bell
- Inotiv-RTP, 601 Keystone Park Drive, Suite 200, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA; (X.C.); (D.G.A.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Paul C. Brown
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA; (P.C.B.); (A.J.S.R.); (R.W.)
| | - Lauren Browning
- Inotiv-RTP, 601 Keystone Park Drive, Suite 200, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA; (X.C.); (D.G.A.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Patricia Ceger
- Inotiv-RTP, 601 Keystone Park Drive, Suite 200, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA; (X.C.); (D.G.A.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Jeffery Gearhart
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA;
| | - Pertti J. Hakkinen
- National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA;
| | - Shruti V. Kabadi
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Additive Safety, 5001 Campus Drive, HFS-275, College Park, MD 20740, USA;
| | - Nicole C. Kleinstreuer
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;
| | - Annie Lumen
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA;
| | - Joanna Matheson
- U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, 5 Research Place, Rockville, MD 20850, USA;
| | - Alicia Paini
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy;
| | - Heather A. Pangburn
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, 2729 R Street, Area B, Building 837, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA;
| | - Elijah J. Petersen
- U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA;
| | - Emily N. Reinke
- U.S. Army Public Health Center, 8252 Blackhawk Rd., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA;
| | - Alexandre J. S. Ribeiro
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA; (P.C.B.); (A.J.S.R.); (R.W.)
| | - Nisha Sipes
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; (N.S.); (J.F.W.); (B.A.W.)
| | - Lisa M. Sweeney
- UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton-Xenia Road, Beavercreek, OH 45432, Assigned to Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA;
| | - John F. Wambaugh
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; (N.S.); (J.F.W.); (B.A.W.)
| | - Ronald Wange
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA; (P.C.B.); (A.J.S.R.); (R.W.)
| | - Barbara A. Wetmore
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; (N.S.); (J.F.W.); (B.A.W.)
| | - Moiz Mumtaz
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Office of the Associate Director for Science, 1600 Clifton Road, S102-2, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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13
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Ramos-Martínez IE, Rodríguez MC, Cerbón M, Ramos-Martínez JC, Ramos-Martínez EG. Role of the Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Reflex in Central Nervous System Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413427. [PMID: 34948222 PMCID: PMC8705572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In several central nervous system diseases, it has been reported that inflammation may be related to the etiologic process, therefore, therapeutic strategies are being implemented to control inflammation. As the nervous system and the immune system maintain close bidirectional communication in physiological and pathological conditions, the modulation of inflammation through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory reflex has been proposed. In this review, we summarized the evidence supporting chemical stimulation with cholinergic agonists and vagus nerve stimulation as therapeutic strategies in the treatment of various central nervous system pathologies, and their effect on inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Emmanuel Ramos-Martínez
- Glycobiology, Cell Growth and Tissue Repair Research Unit (Gly-CRRET), Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), 94010 Créteil, France;
| | - María Carmen Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, SSA, Morelos 62100, Mexico;
| | - Marco Cerbón
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (E.G.R.-M.)
| | - Juan Carlos Ramos-Martínez
- Cardiology Department, Hospital General Regional Lic. Ignacio Garcia Tellez IMSS, Yucatán 97150, Mexico;
| | - Edgar Gustavo Ramos-Martínez
- Escuela de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68120, Mexico
- Instituto de Cómputo Aplicado en Ciencias, Oaxaca 68044, Mexico
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (E.G.R.-M.)
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14
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Hildesheim FE, Benedict RHB, Zivadinov R, Dwyer MG, Fuchs T, Jakimovski D, Weinstock-Guttman B, Bergsland N. Nucleus basalis of Meynert damage and cognition in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2021; 268:4796-4808. [PMID: 33997915 PMCID: PMC8568637 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10594-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM), representing the major source of cerebral cholinergic innervations, is vulnerable to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. OBJECTIVE To determine associations between NBM properties and cognitive outcomes in patients with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). METHODS 84 PwMS and 19 controls underwent 3T MRI, the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) and subtests of the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for MS (BICAMS). NBM volume, fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity and radial diffusivity (D⊥) were calculated. Analyses assessed relationships between cognition and NBM measures. Linear regressions evaluated the prognostic value of baseline measures in predicting cognitive change over 3 years of follow-up (n = 67). RESULTS Cognitive tests correlated with NBM diffusivity in PwMS (range r = - 0.29 to r = - 0.40, p < 0.05). After accounting for NBM volume, NBM MD and D⊥ explained additional variance (adjusted R2 range 0.08-0.20, p < 0.05). Correlations between NBM imaging metrics and cognitive tests remained significant when including imaging parameters of other cognitive key brain regions in the models. After controlling for age, education, and baseline cognitive test score, NBM measures predicted change in cognition over follow-up in 5 of 10 and 2 of 10 assessments in the relapsing-remitting sample (n = 43) (adjusted R2 range from 0.23 to 0.38, p < 0.05) and secondary progressive sample (adjusted R2 of 0.280 and 0.183), respectively. CONCLUSIONS NBM damage is linked to cognitive impairment in PwMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska E Hildesheim
- Department of Neurology, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 100 High St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Ralph H B Benedict
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Jacobs Comprehensive MS Treatment and Research Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Robert Zivadinov
- Department of Neurology, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 100 High St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
- Center for Biomedical Imaging at Clinical Translational Science Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael G Dwyer
- Department of Neurology, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 100 High St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
- Center for Biomedical Imaging at Clinical Translational Science Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Tom Fuchs
- Department of Neurology, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 100 High St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Dejan Jakimovski
- Department of Neurology, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 100 High St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Bianca Weinstock-Guttman
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Jacobs Comprehensive MS Treatment and Research Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Niels Bergsland
- Department of Neurology, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 100 High St., Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
- IRCCS, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy.
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15
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Possible Role of Butyrylcholinesterase in Fat Loss and Decreases in Inflammatory Levels in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis after Treatment with Epigallocatechin Gallate and Coconut Oil: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093230. [PMID: 34579104 PMCID: PMC8465111 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterised by the loss of muscle throughout the course of the disease, which in many cases is accompanied by obesity and related to inflammation. Nonetheless, consuming epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and ketone bodies (especially β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB)) produced after metabolising coconut oil, have exhibited anti-inflammatory effects and a decrease in body fat. In addition, butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), seems to be related to the pathogenesis of the disease associated with inflammation, and serum concentrations have been related to lipid metabolism. Objective. The aim of the study was to determine the role of BuChE in the changes caused after treatment with EGCG and ketone bodies on the levels of body fat and inflammation state in MS patients. (2) Methods. A pilot study was conducted for 4 months with 51 MS patients who were randomly divided into an intervention group and a control group. The intervention group received 800 mg of EGCG and 60 mL of coconut oil, and the control group was prescribed a placebo. Fat percentage and concentrations of the butyrylcholinesterase enzyme (BuChE), paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity, triglycerides, interleukin 6 (IL-6), albumin and βHB in serum were measured. (3) Results. The intervention group exhibited significant decreases in IL-6 and fat percentage and significant increases in BuChE, βHB, PON1, albumin and functional capacity (determined by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS)). On the other hand, the control group only exhibited a decrease in IL-6. After the intervention, BuChE was positively correlated with the activity of PON1, fat percentage and triglycerides in the intervention group, whereas these correlations were not observed in the control group (4). Conclusions. BuChE seems to have an important role in lipolytic activity and the inflammation state in MS patients, evidenced after administering EGCG and coconut oil as a βHB source.
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16
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Walczak-Nowicka ŁJ, Herbet M. Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Role of Acetylcholinesterase in their Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9290. [PMID: 34502198 PMCID: PMC8430571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases by influencing the inflammatory response, apoptosis, oxidative stress and aggregation of pathological proteins. There is a search for new compounds that can prevent the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases and slow down their course. The aim of this review is to present the role of AChE in the pathomechanism of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, this review aims to reveal the benefits of using AChE inhibitors to treat these diseases. The selected new AChE inhibitors were also assessed in terms of their potential use in the described disease entities. Designing and searching for new drugs targeting AChE may in the future allow the discovery of therapies that will be effective in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariola Herbet
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8bStreet, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
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17
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D'Angelo C, Costantini E, Salvador N, Marchioni M, Di Nicola M, Greig NH, Reale M. nAChRs gene expression and neuroinflammation in APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mouse. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9711. [PMID: 33958667 PMCID: PMC8102527 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An evaluation of the APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic AD mouse, presenting with the toxic Aβ1-42 deposition found in human AD, allowed us to characterize time-dependent changes in inflammatory and cholinergic markers present in AD. Astrogliosis was observed in cortex and hippocampus, with cellular loss occurring in the same areas in which Aβ plaques were present. In this setting, we found early significantly elevated levels of IL-1β and TNFα gene expression; with the hippocampus showing the highest IL-1β expression. To investigate the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, the expression of nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) and cholinesterase enzymes also was evaluated. The anti-inflammatory nAChRα7, α4, and β2 were particularly increased at 6 months of age in the hippocampus, potentially as a strategy to counteract Aβ deposition and the ensuing inflammatory state. A time-dependent subunit switch to the α3β4 type occurred. Whether α3, β4 subunits have a pro-inflammatory or an inhibitory effect on ACh stimulation remains speculative. Aβ1-42 deposition, neuronal loss and increased astrocytes were detected, and a time-dependent change in components of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway were observed. A greater understanding of time-dependent Aβ/nAChRs interactions may aid in defining new therapeutic strategies and novel molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara D'Angelo
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Erica Costantini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Nieves Salvador
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michele Marchioni
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marta Di Nicola
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design and Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Marcella Reale
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy.
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18
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Piovesana R, Salazar Intriago MS, Dini L, Tata AM. Cholinergic Modulation of Neuroinflammation: Focus on α7 Nicotinic Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094912. [PMID: 34066354 PMCID: PMC8125157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
All nervous system pathologies (e.g., neurodegenerative/demyelinating diseases and brain tumours) develop neuroinflammation, a beneficial process during pathological events, aimed at removing damaged cells, toxic agents, and/or pathogens. Unfortunately, excessive inflammation frequently occurs during nervous system disorders, becoming a detrimental event capable of enhancing neurons and myelinating glial cell impairment, rather than improving their survival and activity. Consequently, targeting the neuroinflammation could be relevant for reducing brain injury and rescuing neuronal and glial cell functions. Several studies have highlighted the role of acetylcholine and its receptors in the regulation of central and peripheral inflammation. In particular, α7 nicotinic receptor has been described as one of the main regulators of the “brain cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway”. Its expression in astrocytes and microglial cells and the ability to modulate anti-inflammatory cytokines make this receptor a new interesting therapeutic target for neuroinflammation regulation. In this review, we summarize the distribution and physiological functions of the α7 nicotinic receptor in glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) and its role in the modulation of neuroinflammation. Moreover, we explore how its altered expression and function contribute to the development of different neurological pathologies and exacerbate neuroinflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Piovesana
- Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada;
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | | | - Luciana Dini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza, University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.S.S.I.); (L.D.)
| | - Ada Maria Tata
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza, University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.S.S.I.); (L.D.)
- Research Centre of Neurobiology “Daniel Bovet”, Sapienza, University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-4991-2822
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Türkeş C, Akocak S, Işık M, Lolak N, Taslimi P, Durgun M, Gülçin İ, Budak Y, Beydemir Ş. Novel inhibitors with sulfamethazine backbone: synthesis and biological study of multi-target cholinesterases and α-glucosidase inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:8752-8764. [PMID: 33950796 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1916599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The underlying cause of many metabolic diseases is abnormal changes in enzyme activity in metabolism. Inhibition of metabolic enzymes such as cholinesterases (ChEs; acetylcholinesterase, AChE and butyrylcholinesterase, BChE) and α-glucosidase (α-GLY) is one of the accepted approaches in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and diabetes mellitus (DM). Here we reported an investigation of a new series of novel ureido-substituted derivatives with sulfamethazine backbone (2a-f) for the inhibition of AChE, BChE, and α-GLY. All the derivatives demonstrated activity in nanomolar levels as AChE, BChE, and α-GLY inhibitors with KI values in the range of 56.07-204.95 nM, 38.05-147.04 nM, and 12.80-79.22 nM, respectively. Among the many strong N-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)-4-(3-substitutedphenylureido) benzenesulfonamide derivatives (2a-f) detected against ChEs, compound 2c, the 4-fluorophenylureido derivative, demonstrated the most potent inhibition profile towards AChE and BChE. A comprehensive ligand/receptor interaction prediction was performed in silico for the three metabolic enzymes providing molecular docking investigation using Glide XP, MM-GBSA, and ADME-Tox modules. The present research reinforces the rationale behind utilizing inhibitors with sulfamethazine backbone as innovative anticholinergic and antidiabetic agents with a new mechanism of action, submitting propositions for the rational design and synthesis of novel strong inhibitors targeting ChEs and α-GLY.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cüneyt Türkeş
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Akocak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Mesut Işık
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Nebih Lolak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Parham Taslimi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Bartın University, Bartın, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Durgun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - İlhami Gülçin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Yakup Budak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Şükrü Beydemir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey.,The Rectorate of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
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20
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Reale M, Costantini E. Cholinergic Modulation of the Immune System in Neuroinflammatory Diseases. Diseases 2021; 9:diseases9020029. [PMID: 33921376 PMCID: PMC8167596 DOI: 10.3390/diseases9020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Frequent diseases of the CNS, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and psychiatric disorders (e.g., schizophrenia), elicit a neuroinflammatory response that contributes to the neurodegenerative disease process itself. The immune and nervous systems use the same mediators, receptors, and cells to regulate the immune and nervous systems as well as neuro-immune interactions. In various neurodegenerative diseases, peripheral inflammatory mediators and infiltrating immune cells from the periphery cause exacerbation to current injury in the brain. Acetylcholine (ACh) plays a crucial role in the peripheral and central nervous systems, in fact, other than cells of the CNS, the peripheral immune cells also possess a cholinergic system. The findings on peripheral cholinergic signaling, and the activation of the “cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway” mediated by ACh binding to α7 nAChR as one of the possible mechanisms for controlling inflammation, have restarted interest in cholinergic-mediated pathological processes and in the new potential therapeutic target for neuro-inflammatory-degenerative diseases. Herein, we focus on recent progress in the modulatory mechanisms of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Reale
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University “G.d’Annunzio”, 65122 Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Erica Costantini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Science, University “G.d’Annunzio”, 65122 Chieti-Pescara, Italy;
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21
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Mooney-Leber SM, Zeid D, Garcia-Trevizo P, Seemiller LR, Bogue MA, Grubb SC, Peltz G, Gould TJ. Genetic Differences in Dorsal Hippocampus Acetylcholinesterase Activity Predict Contextual Fear Learning Across Inbred Mouse Strains. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:737897. [PMID: 34733190 PMCID: PMC8558262 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.737897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning is a critical behavioral process that is influenced by many neurobiological systems. We and others have reported that acetylcholinergic signaling plays a vital role in learning capabilities, and it is especially important for contextual fear learning. Since cholinergic signaling is affected by genetic background, we examined the genetic relationship between activity levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the primary enzyme involved in the acetylcholine metabolism, and learning using a panel of 20 inbred mouse strains. We measured conditioned fear behavior and AChE activity in the dorsal hippocampus, ventral hippocampus, and cerebellum. Acetylcholinesterase activity varied among inbred mouse strains in all three brain regions, and there were significant inter-strain differences in contextual and cued fear conditioning. There was an inverse correlation between fear conditioning outcomes and AChE levels in the dorsal hippocampus. In contrast, the ventral hippocampus and cerebellum AChE levels were not correlated with fear conditioning outcomes. These findings strengthen the link between acetylcholine activity in the dorsal hippocampus and learning, and they also support the premise that the dorsal hippocampus and ventral hippocampus are functionally discrete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Mooney-Leber
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Stevens Point, WI, United States
| | - Dana Zeid
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Prescilla Garcia-Trevizo
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Laurel R Seemiller
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Molly A Bogue
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | | | - Gary Peltz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Thomas J Gould
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
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22
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Boy S, Türkan F, Beytur M, Aras A, Akyıldırım O, Karaman HS, Yüksek H. Synthesis, design, and assessment of novel morpholine-derived Mannich bases as multifunctional agents for the potential enzyme inhibitory properties including docking study. Bioorg Chem 2020; 107:104524. [PMID: 33317836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The synthesized Schiff Bases were reacted with formaldehyde and secondary amine such as 2,6-dimethylmorpholine to afford N-Mannich bases through the Mannich reaction. 3-Substitued-4-(4-hydroxybenzylidenamino)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ones (4) were treated with 2,6-dimethylmorpholine in the presence of formaldehyde to synthesize eight new 1-(2,6-dimethylmorpholino-4-yl-methyl)-3-substitued-4-(4-hydroxybenzylidenamino)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ones (4a-h). The structures of the synthesized eight new compounds were characterized using IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HR-MS spectroscopic methods. Synthesized compounds inhibitory activity determined against the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes with Ki values in the range 25.23-42.19 µM for AChE, 19.37-34.22 µM for BChE, and 21.84-41.14 µM for GST, respectively. Binding scores of most active inhibitors against AChE, BChE, and GST enzymes were detected as -10.294 kcal/mol, -9.562 kcal/mol, and -7.112 kcal/mol, respectively. The hydroxybenzylidene moiety of the most active inhibitors caused to inhibition of the enzymes through hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songül Boy
- Atatürk Vocational College of Health Service, Kafkas University, Kars 36100, Turkey
| | - Fikret Türkan
- Health Services Vocational School, Iğdır University, Iğdır 76000, Turkey
| | - Murat Beytur
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Kafkas University, Kars 36100, Turkey
| | - Abdülmelik Aras
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Iğdır University, Iğdır 76100, Turkey.
| | - Onur Akyıldırım
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kafkas University, Kars 36000, Turkey
| | - Halide Sedef Karaman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Haydar Yüksek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Kafkas University, Kars 36100, Turkey
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23
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Kothari D, Lee WD, Kim SK. Allium Flavonols: Health Benefits, Molecular Targets, and Bioavailability. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E888. [PMID: 32961762 PMCID: PMC7555649 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Allium species are revered worldwide as vegetables, condiments, and spices as well as the therapeutic agents in traditional medicine. The bioactive compounds in alliums mainly include organosulfur compounds, polyphenols, dietary fibers, and saponins. Flavonoids, particularly flavonols from alliums, have been demonstrated to have the antioxidant, anticancer, hypolipidemic, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and antimicrobial activities. However, flavonols are mostly characterized from onions and have not been comprehensively reviewed across different species. This article therefore focuses on flavonol profiles from different Allium species, their health effects, underlying molecular mechanisms, and bioavailability. Intriguingly, the functional health effects of flavonols were mainly ascribed to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities involving a cascade of multiple signaling pathways. Although the Allium-derived flavonols offer tremendous potential in preventing chronic disease risks, in-depth studies are needed to translate their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Soo-Ki Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (D.K.); (W.-D.L.)
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24
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Thorne MWD, Cash MK, Reid GA, Burley DE, Luke D, Pottie IR, Darvesh S. Imaging Butyrylcholinesterase in Multiple Sclerosis. Mol Imaging Biol 2020; 23:127-138. [PMID: 32926288 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-020-01540-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Molecular imaging agents targeting butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) have shown promise in other neurodegenerative disorders and may have utility in detecting changes to normal appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis (MS). BChE activity is present in white matter and localizes to activated microglia associated with MS lesions. The purpose of this study was to further characterize changes in the cholinergic system in MS pathology, and to explore the utility of BChE radioligands as potential diagnostic and treatment monitoring agents in MS. PROCEDURE Cortical and white matter lesions were identified using myelin staining, and lesions were classified based on microglial activation patterns. Adjacent brain sections were used for cholinesterase histochemistry and in vitro autoradiography using phenyl 4-[123I]-iodophenylcarbamate (123I-PIP), a previously described small-molecule cholinesterase-binding radioligand. RESULTS BChE activity is positively correlated with microglial activation in white matter MS lesions. There is no alteration in cholinesterase activity in cortical MS lesions. 123I-PIP autoradiography revealed uptake of radioactivity in normal white matter, absence of radioactivity within demyelinated MS lesions, and variable uptake of radioactivity in adjacent normal-appearing white matter. CONCLUSIONS BChE imaging agents have the potential to detect MS lesions and subtle pathology in normal-appearing white matter in postmortem MS brain tissue. The possibility of BChE imaging agents serving to supplement current diagnostic and treatment monitoring strategies should be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W D Thorne
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Medicine (Neurology), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - M K Cash
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - G A Reid
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - D E Burley
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - D Luke
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - I R Pottie
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - S Darvesh
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada. .,Department of Medicine (Neurology), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada. .,Department of Chemistry and Physics, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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25
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Brimer L, Cottrill B, Dusemund B, Mulder P, Vollmer G, Binaglia M, Ramos Bordajandi L, Riolo F, Roldán‐Torres R, Grasl‐Kraupp B. Risk assessment of glycoalkaloids in feed and food, in particular in potatoes and potato-derived products. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06222. [PMID: 32788943 PMCID: PMC7417869 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of glycoalkaloids (GAs) in feed and food. This risk assessment covers edible parts of potato plants and other food plants containing GAs, in particular, tomato and aubergine. In humans, acute toxic effects of potato GAs (α-solanine and α-chaconine) include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. For these effects, the CONTAM Panel identified a lowest-observed-adverse-effect level of 1 mg total potato GAs/kg body weight (bw) per day as a reference point for the risk characterisation following acute exposure. In humans, no evidence of health problems associated with repeated or long-term intake of GAs via potatoes has been identified. No reference point for chronic exposure could be identified from the experimental animal studies. Occurrence data were available only for α-solanine and α-chaconine, mostly for potatoes. The acute dietary exposure to potato GAs was estimated using a probabilistic approach and applying processing factors for food. Due to the limited data available, a margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied. The MOEs for the younger age groups indicate a health concern for the food consumption surveys with the highest mean exposure, as well as for the P95 exposure in all surveys. For adult age groups, the MOEs indicate a health concern only for the food consumption surveys with the highest P95 exposures. For tomato and aubergine GAs, the risk to human health could not be characterised due to the lack of occurrence data and the limited toxicity data. For horses, farm and companion animals, no risk characterisation for potato GAs could be performed due to insufficient data on occurrence in feed and on potential adverse effects of GAs in these species.
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26
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Ramos VP, da Silva PG, Oliveira PS, Bona NP, Soares MSP, Cardoso JDS, Hoffmann JF, Chaves FC, Schneider A, Spanevello RM, Lencina CL, Stefanello FM, Tavares RG. Hypolipidemic and anti-inflammatory properties of phenolic rich Butia odoratafruit extract: potential involvement of paraoxonase activity. Biomarkers 2020; 25:417-424. [DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2020.1781261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Plasse Ramos
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Pamela Gonçalves da Silva
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Pathise Souto Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Natália Pontes Bona
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Mayara Sandrielly Pereira Soares
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Inflamação e Câncer, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Juliane de Souza Cardoso
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Jessica Fernanda Hoffmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Fábio Clasen Chaves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Augusto Schneider
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Roselia Maria Spanevello
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Inflamação e Câncer, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Claiton Leoneti Lencina
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Francieli Moro Stefanello
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Rejane Giacomelli Tavares
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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27
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Gatta V, Mengod G, Reale M, Tata AM. Possible Correlation between Cholinergic System Alterations and Neuro/Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E153. [PMID: 32521719 PMCID: PMC7345633 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8060153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Although the etiology of MS is still unknown, both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. Acetylcholine participates in the modulation of central and peripheral inflammation. The cells of the immune system, as well as microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes express cholinergic markers and receptors of muscarinic and nicotinic type. The role played by acetylcholine in MS has been recently investigated. In the present review, we summarize the evidence indicating the cholinergic dysfunction in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of relapsing-remitting (RR)-MS patients and in the brains of the MS animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The correlation between the increased activity of the cholinergic hydrolyzing enzymes acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, the reduced levels of acetylcholine and the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines production were recently described in immune cells of MS patients. Moreover, the genetic polymorphisms for both hydrolyzing enzymes and the possible correlation with the altered levels of their enzymatic activity have been also reported. Finally, the changes in cholinergic markers expression in the central nervous system of EAE mice in peak and chronic phases suggest the involvement of the acetylcholine also in neuro-inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gatta
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | | | - Marcella Reale
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Science, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Ada Maria Tata
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies C. Darwin, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Research Center of Neurobiology Daniel Bovet, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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28
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In Vitro Enzyme Inhibitory Properties, Secondary Metabolite Profiles and Multivariate Analysis of Five Seaweeds. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18040198. [PMID: 32276531 PMCID: PMC7230894 DOI: 10.3390/md18040198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Seaweeds have been exploited as both food products and therapeutics to manage human ailments for centuries. This study investigated the metabolite profile of five seaweeds (Halimeda spp., Spyridia hypnoides (Bory de Saint-Vincent) Papenfuss, Valoniopsis pachynema (G. Martens) Børgesen, Gracilaria fergusonii J. Agardh and Amphiroa anceps (Lamarck) Decaisne using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Furthermore, these seaweeds were assessed for antioxidant and inhibitory effects against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, acetyl-cholinesterase (AChE), butyryl-cholinesterase (BChE) and tyrosinase. Valoniopsis pachynema and A. anceps yielded the highest flavonoid (4.30 ± 0.29 mg RE/g) and phenolic content (7.83 ± 0.08 mg RE/g), respectively. Additionally, A. anceps exhibited significant antioxidant properties with all assays and significantly depressed BChE (IC50 = 6.68 ± 0.83 mg/mL) and α-amylase activities (IC50 = 5.34 ± 0.14 mg/mL). Interestingly, the five seaweeds revealed potent inhibitory effects against tyrosinase activity. In conclusion, A. anceps might be considered as a key source of phytoantioxidants and a potential candidate to develop nutritional supplements. Besides, the five tested seaweeds warrant further study and may be exploited as promising natural sources for managing hyperpigmentation.
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29
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Baranowska-Wójcik E, Szwajgier D, Winiarska-Mieczan A. Regardless of the Brewing Conditions, Various Types of Tea are a Source of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030709. [PMID: 32155927 PMCID: PMC7146204 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized, among others, by abnormally low levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the brain. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plays a significant role in the process through hydrolysis of the acetylcholine neurotransmitter. Currently, the main method for treatment of AD at a symptomatic stage entails administration of AChE inhibitors to patients diagnosed with the disease. However, it is also possible to take certain steps to treat AD by delivering inhibitors with food. There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that tea (Camellia sinensis) shows numerous beneficial properties, including improving cognitive abilities. This is particularly important in the case of AD patients. The study assessed the impact of brewing conditions on the inhibition of AChE activity observed in tea extracts (black, white, or fruit). Our study revealed that neither temperature nor time of brewing influenced the respective infusions’ ability to inhibit the activity of AChE. Anticholinesterase activity was observed in most of the different types of tea that were analyzed, with the highest rate of inhibition (30.46%–48.54%) evidenced in the Biofix Tea Wild Strawberry brand. The results of our research show that tea may be used as a rich source of cholinesterase inhibitors which play a significant role in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Baranowska-Wójcik
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 8 Skromna Street, 20-704 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: (E.B.-W.); (D.S.); Tel.: +48-81-462-33-94 (E.B.-W.); +48-81-462-33-68 (D.S.)
| | - Dominik Szwajgier
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 8 Skromna Street, 20-704 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: (E.B.-W.); (D.S.); Tel.: +48-81-462-33-94 (E.B.-W.); +48-81-462-33-68 (D.S.)
| | - Anna Winiarska-Mieczan
- Department of Bromatology and Food Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
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30
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Di Pinto G, Di Bari M, Martin-Alvarez R, Sperduti S, Serrano-Acedo S, Gatta V, Tata AM, Mengod G. Comparative study of the expression of cholinergic system components in the CNS of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice: Acute vs remitting phase. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 48:2165-2181. [PMID: 30144326 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) is involved in the modulation of the inflammatory response. ACh levels are regulated by its synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and by its hydrolyzing enzymes, mainly acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). A more comprehensive understanding of the cholinergic system in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) disease progression could pave the path for the development of therapies to ameliorate multiple sclerosis (MS). In this work, we analyzed possible alterations of the CNS cholinergic system in the neuroinflammation process by using a MOG-induced EAE mice model. MOG- and vehicle-treated animals were studied at acute and remitting phases. We examined neuropathology and analyzed mRNA expression of ChAT, AChE and the α7 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR), as well as AChE and BuChE enzyme activities, in brain and spinal cord sections during disease progression. The mRNA expression and enzyme activities of these cholinergic markers were up- or down-regulated in many cholinergic areas and other brain areas of EAE mice in the acute and remitting phases of the disease. BuChE was present in a higher proportion of astroglia and microglia/macrophage cells in the EAE remitting group. The observed changes in cholinergic markers expression and cellular localization in the CNS during EAE disease progression suggests their potential involvement in the development of the neuroinflammatory process and may lay the ground to consider cholinergic system components as putative anti-inflammatory therapeutic targets for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Di Pinto
- IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biology and Biotechnologies C. Darwin, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Di Bari
- IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biology and Biotechnologies C. Darwin, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Samantha Sperduti
- IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, "G.d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy.,Molecular Genetics Unit, CeSI-Met, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Gatta
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, "G.d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy.,Molecular Genetics Unit, CeSI-Met, Chieti, Italy
| | - Ada M Tata
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies C. Darwin, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Research Center of Neurobiology Daniel Bovet, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Goncharov NV, Terpilowski MA, Shmurak VI, Belinskaya DA, Avdonin PV. The Rat (Rattus norvegicus) as a Model Object for Acute Organophosphate Poisoning. 1. Biochemical Aspects. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093019020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Apatzidou DA, Iskas A, Konstantinidis A, Alghamdi AM, Tumelty M, Lappin DF, Nile CJ. Clinical associations between acetylcholine levels and cholinesterase activity in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid and periodontal diseases. J Clin Periodontol 2018; 45:1173-1183. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Danae A. Apatzidou
- Lab of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and implant Biology; School of Dentistry; Aristotle University; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Achilleas Iskas
- Lab of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and implant Biology; School of Dentistry; Aristotle University; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Antonis Konstantinidis
- Lab of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and implant Biology; School of Dentistry; Aristotle University; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Abeer M. Alghamdi
- Oral Sciences Research Group; University of Glasgow Dental School; School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing; College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - Maria Tumelty
- Oral Sciences Research Group; University of Glasgow Dental School; School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing; College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - David F. Lappin
- Oral Sciences Research Group; University of Glasgow Dental School; School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing; College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - Christopher J. Nile
- Oral Sciences Research Group; University of Glasgow Dental School; School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing; College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
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D'Angelo C, Reale M, Costantini E, Di Nicola M, Porfilio I, de Andrés C, Fernández-Paredes L, Sánchez-Ramón S, Pasquali L. Profiling of Canonical and Non-Traditional Cytokine Levels in Interferon-β-Treated Relapsing-Remitting-Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1240. [PMID: 29915590 PMCID: PMC5994428 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, progressive autoimmune disease of the central nervous system in which inflammation plays a key role in the induction, development, and progression. Most of the MS patients present with relapsing–remitting (RR) form, characterized by flare-ups followed by periods of recovery. Many inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines have been proposed as backers in MS pathogenesis, and the balance between these differing cytokines can regulate MS severity. Interferon (IFN)-β, a current disease-modifying therapy for MS, has demonstrated beneficial effects in reducing disease severity in MS patients. However, its immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory actions in MS are not wholly understood. The aim of the study was to define, in clinically stable patients with RR-MS, the serum concentration of several cytokines, canonical or not, and their modulation by IFN-β therapy. Methods Relapsing–remitting-MS patients were enrolled and diagnosed according to revised Mc Donald Diagnostic Criteria. A set of cytokines [including non-canonical neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) and adipokines] and B-cell differentiation molecules, as potential biomarkers, were evaluated in 30 non-treated RR-MS patients compared to 30 IFN-β-treated MS patients and 30 age, gender, and body mass index-matched healthy controls (HC). Results Naïve MS patients showed significantly higher levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-18, high-mobility group box protein-1, and IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) than MS-treated patients (p < 0.001 for all) and HC (p < 0.01). IFN-β therapy has significantly downmodulated IL-1β, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-18 to normal levels (p < 0.001), whereas it has decreased IL-18BP (p < 0.001). ACh was significantly higher in the IFN-β-treated than HC and non-treated MS patients (p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed either in adipokines concentration or in B-cell-associated molecules among the three study groups. Conclusion Although more experimental evidence are required, we speculate that the efficacy of treatment of MS with IFN-β is mediated, at least in part, by its ability to work on several levels to slow down the disease progression. Proposed actions include the modulation of IL-1–inflammasome axis and modulation of ACh, B-cell activating factor/a proliferation-inducing ligand system, and several adipokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara D'Angelo
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University "G.d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marcella Reale
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University "G.d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Erica Costantini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University "G.d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marta Di Nicola
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University "G.d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Italo Porfilio
- Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University "G.d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Clara de Andrés
- Department of Neurology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Fernández-Paredes
- Department of Clinical Immunology and IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Immunology, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Sánchez-Ramón
- Department of Clinical Immunology and IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Immunology, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Livia Pasquali
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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