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Nelson MJ, Soliman PS, Rhew R, Cassidy RN, Haass-Koffler CL. Disruption of circadian rhythms promotes alcohol use: a systematic review. Alcohol Alcohol 2024; 59:agad083. [PMID: 38123479 PMCID: PMC10794164 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agad083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This systematic review investigates the bidirectional relationship between alcohol consumption and disrupted circadian rhythms. The goal of this study was to identify (i) the types of circadian rhythm disruptors (i.e. social jet lag, extreme chronotypes, and night shift work) associated with altered alcohol use and (ii) whether sex differences in the consequences of circadian disruption exist. We conducted a search of PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO exclusively on human research. We identified 177 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Our analyses revealed that social jet lag and the extreme chronotype referred to as eveningness were consistently associated with increased alcohol consumption. Relationships between night shift work and alcohol consumption were variable; half of articles reported no effect of night shift work on alcohol consumption. Both sexes were included as participants in the majority of the chronotype and social jet lag papers, with no sex difference apparent in alcohol consumption. The night shift research, however, contained fewer studies that included both sexes. Not all forms of circadian disruption are associated with comparable patterns of alcohol use. The most at-risk individuals for increased alcohol consumption are those with social jet lag or those of an eveningness chronotype. Direct testing of the associations in this review should be conducted to evaluate the relationships among circadian disruption, alcohol intake, and sex differences to provide insight into temporal risk factors associated with development of alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan J Nelson
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Paul S Soliman
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Ryan Rhew
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Rachel N Cassidy
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Carolina L Haass-Koffler
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
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2
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Price E, Li X, Xu Y, Mansuri A, McCall WV, Su S, Wang X. Age, sex and race distribution of accelerometer-derived sleep variability in US school-aged children and adults. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22114. [PMID: 38092889 PMCID: PMC10719297 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49484-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep variability (e.g. intra-individual variabilities in sleep duration or sleep timing, social jetlag, and catch-up sleep) is an important factor impacting health and mortality. However, limited information is available on the distribution of these sleep parameters across the human life span. We aimed to provide distribution of sleep variability related parameters across lifespan by sex and race in a national representative sample from the U.S. population. The study included 9981 participants 6 years and older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014, who had 4-7 days of valid 24-h accelerometer recording with at least one day obtained during weekend (Friday or Saturday night). Of the study participants, 43% showed ≥ 60 min sleep duration standard deviation (SD), 51% experienced ≥ 60 min catch-up sleep, 20% showed ≥ 60 min sleep midpoint SD, and 43% experienced ≥ 60 min social jetlag. American youth and young adults averaged greater sleep variability compared to other age groups. Non-Hispanic Blacks showed greater sleep variability in all parameters compared to other racial groups. There was a main effect of sex on sleep midpoint SD and social jetlag with males averaging slightly more than females. Our study provides important observations on sleep variability parameters of residents of the United States by using objectively measured sleep patterns and will provide unique insights for personalized advice on sleep hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elexis Price
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Xinyue Li
- School of Data Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanyan Xu
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Building HS-1721, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Asifhusen Mansuri
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, Children's Hospital of Georgia, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - William V McCall
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Shaoyong Su
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Building HS-1721, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Building HS-1721, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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3
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McCarthy MJ, Brumback T, Thomas ML, Meruelo AD. The relations between chronotype, stressful life events, and impulsivity in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 167:119-124. [PMID: 37866325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm disturbances, especially circadian phase delays are associated with impulsive behaviors and have been implicated in psychiatric disorders. Chronotype is a developmentally regulated proxy measure of circadian phase. Past studies have investigated the relationship between chronotype and trauma and found that trauma is associated with evening chronotypes, suggesting the course of chronotype development may be affected by adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). However, the relationships among chronotype, impulsivity and ACEs have largely been studied in a pairwise manner using small, cross-sectional cohorts. We hypothesized that in a cohort of high-risk youth, childhood trauma would be associated with later chronotype, and later chronotype would be associated with higher rates of impulsivity. We analyzed a cross-sectional sample (n = 966) from Year 2 of adolescents at high risk for psychiatric disorders from the ABCD study who were characterized for chronotype, stressful life events, and impulsivity. We used a hierarchical regression model to examine the relationship between chronotype, stressful life events, and impulsivity using the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ), the Life Events Scale, Urgency, Premeditation, Perseverance and Sensation Seeking (UPPS) Impulsive Behavior scale. We found associations between eveningness, stressful life events, and all dimensions of impulsivity. Increased eveningness was associated with a higher number of stressful life events and increased impulsivity. Understanding the role of stressful life events and impulsivity in those predisposed towards eveningness is useful because it may improve our understanding of the biological mechanisms that contribute to psychiatric disorders, and lead to better prevention and treatment efforts using interventions such as increased lifestyle regularity and daytime light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McCarthy
- University of California, San Diego, VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.
| | - Ty Brumback
- Northern Kentucky University, 1 Louie B Nunn Dr, Highland Heights, KY, 41099, USA.
| | - Michael L Thomas
- Colorado State University, 1876 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1876, USA.
| | - Alejandro D Meruelo
- University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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4
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Grant AD, Kriegsfeld LJ. Neural substrates underlying rhythmic coupling of female reproductive and thermoregulatory circuits. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1254287. [PMID: 37753455 PMCID: PMC10518419 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1254287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordinated fluctuations in female reproductive physiology and thermoregulatory output have been reported for over a century. These changes occur rhythmically at the hourly (ultradian), daily (circadian), and multi-day (ovulatory) timescales, are critical for reproductive function, and have led to the use of temperature patterns as a proxy for female reproductive state. The mechanisms underlying coupling between reproductive and thermoregulatory systems are not fully established, hindering the expansion of inferences that body temperature can provide about female reproductive status. At present, numerous digital tools rely on temperature to infer the timing of ovulation and additional applications (e.g., monitoring ovulatory irregularities and progression of puberty, pregnancy, and menopause are developed based on the assumption that reproductive-thermoregulatory coupling occurs across timescales and life stages. However, without clear understanding of the mechanisms and degree of coupling among the neural substrates regulating temperature and the reproductive axis, whether such approaches will bear fruit in particular domains is uncertain. In this overview, we present evidence supporting broad coupling among the central circuits governing reproduction, thermoregulation, and broader systemic physiology, focusing on timing at ultradian frequencies. Future work characterizing the dynamics of reproductive-thermoregulatory coupling across the lifespan, and of conditions that may decouple these circuits (e.g., circadian disruption, metabolic disease) and compromise female reproductive health, will aid in the development of strategies for early detection of reproductive irregularities and monitoring the efficacy of fertility treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lance J. Kriegsfeld
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
- The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Graduate Group in Endocrinology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
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5
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Rice A, Sather O, Wright KP, Vetter C, Martin MA, de la Iglesia HO. COVID-19 stay-at-home restrictions increase the alignment in sleep and light exposure between school days and weekends in university students. Sleep 2023; 46:zsad059. [PMID: 36883614 PMCID: PMC10334482 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsad059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Younger adults have a biological disposition to sleep and wake at later times that conflict with early morning obligations like work and school; this conflict leads to inadequate sleep duration and a difference in sleep timing between school days and weekends. The COVID-19 pandemic forced universities and workplaces to shut down in person attendance and implement remote learning and meetings that decreased/removed commute times and gave students more flexibility with their sleep timing. To determine the impact of remote learning on the daily sleep-wake cycle we conducted a natural experiment using wrist actimetry monitors to compare activity patterns and light exposure in three cohorts of students: pre-shutdown in-person learning (2019), during-shutdown remote learning (2020), and post-shutdown in-person learning (2021). Our results show that during-shutdown the difference between school day and weekend sleep onset, duration, and midsleep timing was diminished. For instance, midsleep during school days pre-shutdown occurred 50 min later on weekends (5:14 ± 12 min) than school days (4:24 ± 14 min) but it did not differ under COVID restrictions. Additionally, we found that while the interindividual variance in sleep parameters increased under COVID restrictions the intraindividual variance did not change, indicating that the schedule flexibility did not cause more irregular sleep patterns. In line with our sleep timing results, school day vs. weekend differences in the timing of light exposure present pre- and post-shutdown were absent under COVID restrictions. Our results provide further evidence that increased freedom in class scheduling allows university students to better and consistently align sleep behavior between school days and weekends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Rice
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Olivia Sather
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kenneth P Wright
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Céline Vetter
- Circadian and Sleep Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Melanie A Martin
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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6
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Futenma K, Takaesu Y, Komada Y, Shimura A, Okajima I, Matsui K, Tanioka K, Inoue Y. Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder and its related sleep behaviors in the young generation. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1174719. [PMID: 37275982 PMCID: PMC10235460 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1174719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder (DSWPD) is a sleep disorder in which the habitual sleep-wake timing is delayed, resulting in difficulty in falling asleep and waking up at the desired time. Patients with DSWPD frequently experience fatigue, impaired concentration, sleep deprivation during weekdays, and problems of absenteeism, which may be further complicated by depressive symptoms. DSWPD is typically prevalent during adolescence and young adulthood. Although there are no studies comparing internationally, the prevalence of DSWPD is estimated to be approximately 3% with little racial differences between Caucasians and Asians. The presence of this disorder is associated with various physiological, genetic and psychological as well as behavioral factors. Furthermore, social factors are also involved in the mechanism of DSWPD. Recently, delayed sleep phase and prolonged sleep duration in the young generation have been reported during the period of COVID-19 pandemic-related behavioral restrictions. This phenomenon raises a concern about the risk of a mismatch between their sleep-wake phase and social life that may lead to the development of DSWPD after the removal of these restrictions. Although the typical feature of DSWPD is a delay in circadian rhythms, individuals with DSWPD without having misalignment of objectively measured circadian rhythm markers account for approximately 40% of the cases, wherein the psychological and behavioral characteristics of young people, such as truancy and academic or social troubles, are largely involved in the mechanism of this disorder. Recent studies have shown that DSWPD is frequently comorbid with psychiatric disorders, particularly mood and neurodevelopmental disorders, both of which have a bidirectional association with the pathophysiology of DSWPD. Additionally, patients with DSWPD have a strong tendency toward neuroticism and anxiety, which may result in the aggravation of insomnia symptoms. Therefore, future studies should address the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral approaches in addition to chronobiological approaches in the treatment of DSWPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiro Futenma
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
- Japan Somnology Center, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Takaesu
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
- Japan Somnology Center, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Komada
- Institute for Liberal Arts, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Shimura
- Japan Somnology Center, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isa Okajima
- Department of Psychological Counseling, Faculty of Humanities, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Matsui
- Japan Somnology Center, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tanioka
- Japan Somnology Center, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Somnology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Inoue
- Japan Somnology Center, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Somnology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Grant AD, Kriegsfeld LJ. Continuous body temperature as a window into adolescent development. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2023; 60:101221. [PMID: 36821877 PMCID: PMC9981811 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous body temperature is a rich source of information on hormonal status, biological rhythms, and metabolism, all of which undergo stereotyped change across adolescence. Due to the direct actions of these dynamic systems on body temperature regulation, continuous temperature may be uniquely suited to monitoring adolescent development and the impacts of exogenous reproductive hormones or peptides (e.g., hormonal contraception, puberty blockers, gender affirming hormone treatment). This mini-review outlines how traditional methods for monitoring the timing and tempo of puberty may be augmented by markers derived from continuous body temperature. These features may provide greater temporal precision, scalability, and reduce reliance on self-report, particularly in females. Continuous body temperature data can now be gathered with ease across a variety of wearable form factors, providing the opportunity to develop tools that aid in individual, parental, clinical, and researcher awareness and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azure D Grant
- Levels Health, Inc., New York City, NY 10003, United States
| | - Lance J Kriegsfeld
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Graduate Group in Endocrinology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States.
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8
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Early morning university classes are associated with impaired sleep and academic performance. Nat Hum Behav 2023; 7:502-514. [PMID: 36806401 PMCID: PMC10129866 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01531-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Attending classes and sleeping well are important for students' academic success. Here, we tested whether early morning classes are associated with lower attendance, shorter sleep and poorer academic achievement by analysing university students' digital traces. Wi-Fi connection logs in 23,391 students revealed that lecture attendance was about ten percentage points lower for classes at 08:00 compared with later start times. Diurnal patterns of Learning Management System logins in 39,458 students and actigraphy data in 181 students demonstrated that nocturnal sleep was an hour shorter for early classes because students woke up earlier than usual. Analyses of grades in 33,818 students showed that the number of days per week they had morning classes was negatively correlated with grade point average. These findings suggest concerning associations between early morning classes and learning outcomes.
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9
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Abstract
The restorative function of sleep is shaped by its duration, timing, continuity, subjective quality, and efficiency. Current sleep recommendations specify only nocturnal duration and have been largely derived from sleep self-reports that can be imprecise and miss relevant details. Sleep duration, preferred timing, and ability to withstand sleep deprivation are heritable traits whose expression may change with age and affect the optimal sleep prescription for an individual. Prevailing societal norms and circumstances related to work and relationships interact to influence sleep opportunity and quality. The value of allocating time for sleep is revealed by the impact of its restriction on behavior, functional brain imaging, sleep macrostructure, and late-life cognition. Augmentation of sleep slow oscillations and spindles have been proposed for enhancing sleep quality, but they inconsistently achieve their goal. Crafting bespoke sleep recommendations could benefit from large-scale, longitudinal collection of objective sleep data integrated with behavioral and self-reported data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth L F Leong
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; ,
| | - Michael W L Chee
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; ,
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10
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Yokotani K, Takano M. Avatars' Social Rhythms in Online Games Indicate Their Players' Depression. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR, AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2022; 25:718-732. [DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2022.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yokotani
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masanori Takano
- Multi-disciplinary Information Science Center (MISC), CyberAgent, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Grant AD, Wilbrecht L, Kriegsfeld LJ. Sex Differences in Pubertal Circadian and Ultradian Rhythmic Development Under Semi-naturalistic Conditions. J Biol Rhythms 2022; 37:442-454. [PMID: 35502708 PMCID: PMC9329191 DOI: 10.1177/07487304221092715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Biological rhythms in core body temperature (CBT) provide informative markers of adolescent development under controlled laboratory conditions. However, it is unknown whether these markers are preserved under more variable, semi-naturalistic conditions, and whether CBT may therefore prove useful in a real-world setting. To evaluate this possibility, we examined fecal steroid concentrations and CBT rhythms from pre-adolescence (p26) through early adulthood (p76) in intact male and female Wistar rats under natural light and climate at the Stephen Glickman Field Station for the Study of Behavior, Ecology and Reproduction. Despite greater environmental variability, CBT markers of pubertal onset and its rhythmic progression were comparable with those previously reported in laboratory conditions in female rats and extend actigraphy-based findings in males. Specifically, sex differences emerged in CBT circadian rhythm (CR) power and amplitude prior to pubertal onset and persisted into early adulthood, with females exhibiting elevated CBT and decreased CR power compared with males. Within-day (ultradian rhythm [UR]) patterns also exhibited a pronounced sex difference associated with estrous cyclicity. Pubertal onset, defined by vaginal opening, preputial separation, and sex steroid concentrations, occurred later than previously reported under lab conditions for both sexes. Vaginal opening and increased fecal estradiol concentrations were closely tied to the commencement of 4-day oscillations in CBT and UR power. By contrast, preputial separation and the first rise in testosterone concentration were not associated with adolescent changes to CBT rhythms in male rats. Together, males and females exhibited unique temporal patterning of CBT and sex steroids across pubertal development, with tractable associations between hormonal concentrations, external development, and temporal structure in females. The preservation of these features outside the laboratory supports CBT as a strong candidate for translational pubertal monitoring under semi-naturalistic conditions in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azure D. Grant
- The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States
| | - Linda Wilbrecht
- The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States;,Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States
| | - Lance J. Kriegsfeld
- The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States;,Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States;,Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States;,Graduate Group in Endocrinology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States
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12
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Shimura A, Sakai H, Inoue T. Paradoxical association between chronotype and academic achievement: eveningness reduces academic achievement through sleep disturbance and daytime sleepiness. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2022; 20:353-359. [PMID: 38469415 PMCID: PMC10900005 DOI: 10.1007/s41105-022-00375-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There are conflicting reports about the association between chronotype and academic achievement. Eveningness persons tend to have lower academic achievement, but have higher cognitive abilities. We hypothesized that sleep disturbance and daytime sleepiness, which are known to affect academic achievement, will interact with this association. To investigate the association, a sleep survey and covariance structure analysis was performed on high-school students. Among a total of 344 first-year high-school students, 294 students validly completed the questionnaire. The association between the recent change in their academic achievement, chronotype, daytime sleepiness, and sleep disturbance were analyzed. A simple comparison demonstrated that not chronotype but sleep disturbance and excessive daytime sleepiness were significant associated factors. Chronotype affects academic achievement through sleep disturbance and daytime sleepiness. Chronotype did not have a significant total effect on the reduction in academic achievement, whereas morningness had a significant direct effect and a significant indirect inverse effect through better sleep and less daytime sleepiness. This model accounted for 13.0% of the variance of the reduction in academic achievement. When discussing the association between chronotype and academic achievement, the effect of sleep disturbance and daytime sleepiness should be considered. Reducing sleep disturbance and daytime sleepiness with consideration to the chronotype of each person would be beneficial for the improvement of academic achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyoshi Shimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023 Japan
| | - Hideo Sakai
- Tokyo Gakugei University International Secondary School, 5-22-1 Higashi-Oizumi, Nerima-ku, Tokyo, 178-0063 Japan
- Tokyo Gakugei University Senior High School, 4-1-5 Shimouma, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 154-0002 Japan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023 Japan
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13
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Women in gig economy work less in the evenings. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8502. [PMID: 35589933 PMCID: PMC9119571 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12558-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Women have been systematically disadvantaged in the labour market. This could be explained by a complex association of factors, such as the lower speed of women’s professional growth within companies, their under-representation in management positions, and the unequal distribution of caregiving and housework between men and women. The rise of the gig economy—a market system that is based on hiring independent contractors and freelance workers as opposed to creating full-time contracts—has brought researchers and policymakers into a discussion on the effects of online platforms and flexible work arrangements on labour market gender parity. In this study, we examine the case of the largest online English-language school in Eastern Europe, Skyeng. Data on 6,461,404 lessons given by 13,571 teachers demonstrate that women had fewer working hours than men in most age categories, but especially for ages 30–35. The workload deficit for the women could be partly attributed to the fact that they worked less often than the men did in the evenings (7–10 p.m.). We conclude that, despite the flexible work arrangements the gig economy has offered, the women taught fewer classes than the men (i.e., having fewer paid working hours), which in turn led to a gender pay gap. The rapid growth of the gig economy makes it important to monitor gender-gap dynamics as well as discuss potential mechanisms eliminating gender inequality in the labour market.
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14
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Montagnese S, Zarantonello L, Formentin C, Giusti G, Mangini C, Isherwood CM, Ferrari P, Paoli A, Mapelli D, Rizzuto R, Toppo S, Skene DJ, Vettor R, Costa R. A Circadian Hygiene Education Initiative Covering the Pre-pandemic and Pandemic Period Resulted in Earlier Get-Up Times in Italian University Students: An Ecological Study. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:848602. [PMID: 35495039 PMCID: PMC9047178 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.848602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to obtain sleep quality and sleep timing information in a group of university students and to evaluate the effects of a circadian hygiene education initiative. All students of the University of Padova (approximately 64,000) were contacted by e-mail (major campaigns in October 2019 and October 2020) and directed to an ad hoc website for collection of demographics and sleep quality/timing information. Participants (n = 5,740) received one of two sets of circadian hygiene advice (“A regular life” or “Bright days and dark nights”). Every month, they were then asked how easy it had been to comply and provided with the advice again. At any even month from joining, they completed the sleep quality/timing questionnaires again. Information on academic performance was obtained post hoc, together with representative samples of lecture (n = 5,972) and examination (n = 1,800) timings, plus lecture attendances (n = 25,302). Fifty-two percent of students had poor sleep quality, and 82% showed signs of social jetlag. Those who joined in October 2020, after several months of lockdown and distance learning, had better sleep quality, less social jetlag, and later sleep habits. Over approximately a year, the “Bright days and dark nights” advice resulted in significantly earlier get-up times compared with the “A regular life” advice. Similarly, it also resulted in a trend toward earlier midsleep (i.e., the midpoint, expressed as clock time, between sleep onset and sleep offset) and toward a decrease in the latency between wake-up and get-up time, with no impact on sleep duration. Significant changes in most sleep quality and sleep timing variables (i.e., fewer night awakenings, less social jetlag, and delayed sleep timing during lock-down) were observed in both advice groups over approximately a year, mostly in association with pandemic-related events characterizing 2020. Early chronotype students had better academic performances compared with their later chronotype counterparts. In a multivariate model, sleep quality, chronotype and study subject (science and technology, health and medical, or social and humanities) were independent predictors of academic performance. Taken together, these results underlie the importance of designing circadian-friendly university timetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Montagnese
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- *Correspondence: Sara Montagnese,
| | | | | | | | - Chiara Mangini
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Cheryl M. Isherwood
- Chronobiology Section, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Daniela Mapelli
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Rosario Rizzuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Stefano Toppo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Debra J. Skene
- Chronobiology Section, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Vettor
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Costa
- Chronobiology Section, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), Padua, Italy
- Rodolfo Costa,
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Shimura A, Yokoi K, Sugiura K, Higashi S, Inoue T. On workdays, earlier sleep for morningness and later wakeup for eveningness are associated with better work productivity. Sleep Med 2022; 92:73-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Ziporyn TD, Owens JA, Wahlstrom KL, Wolfson AR, Troxel WM, Saletin JM, Rubens SL, Pelayo R, Payne PA, Hale L, Keller I, Carskadon MA. Adolescent sleep health and school start times: Setting the research agenda for California and beyond: A research summit summary: A research summit summary. Sleep Health 2021; 8:11-22. [PMID: 34991996 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In fall 2019, California passed and signed into law SB328, the first US statewide legislation explicitly designed to protect adolescent sleep health by requiring most California public school districts to start no earlier than 8:00 AM for middle schools and 8:30 AM for high schools. Recognizing the unique opportunity presented by the bill's 3-year implementation period, a group of experts in adolescent sleep and school start times held a virtual summit on January 22-23, 2021 to (1) summarize the research on adolescent sleep and school start time change; (2) develop recommendations for relevant, refined, and innovative research areas and research questions; (3) provide input regarding research design, methodology, and implementation; and (4) offer a forum for networking, exchanging ideas, and establishing interdisciplinary research collaborations. Participants represented a multidisciplinary range of academic backgrounds including sleep and circadian biology, neuroscience, education, medicine, public health, mental health, safety, public policy, economics, implementation science, criminology, diversity studies, and science communication. This paper summarizes summit presentations regarding current knowledge on adolescent sleep health and school start times and key research recommendations from small group workshops on topics including research design and tools, methodological issues, sleep health disparities, logistical challenges in conducting school-based research, public-health impact, and novel and expanded approaches to research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kyla L Wahlstrom
- Department of Organizational Leadership, Policy and Development, College of Education and Human Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amy R Wolfson
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wendy M Troxel
- Behavior and Policy Sciences, RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jared M Saletin
- EP Bradley Hospital Sleep Research Laboratory, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Sonia L Rubens
- Department of Counseling Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California, USA
| | - Rafael Pelayo
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Lauren Hale
- Program in Public Health, Department of Family, Population, and Preventive Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Irena Keller
- Department of Psychology, Las Positas College, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Mary A Carskadon
- EP Bradley Hospital Sleep Research Laboratory, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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17
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Tamura N, Komada Y, Inoue Y, Tanaka H. Social jetlag among Japanese adolescents: Association with irritable mood, daytime sleepiness, fatigue, and poor academic performance. Chronobiol Int 2021; 39:311-322. [PMID: 34732101 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1996388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Social jetlag, a form of circadian misalignment, has been suggested to induce several clinical symptoms such as mental/physical health problems. However, evidence on the association of social jetlag with general daytime functioning (e.g., school life) is limited. This cross-sectional study aimed to 1) estimate the distribution of social jetlag exceeding one hour and 2) comprehensively explore the associations between social jetlag and irritable mood, daytime sleepiness, and poor academic performance among Japanese adolescents. The study included 4,782 students aged 12-15 years, from 13 junior high schools, who completed a self-administered questionnaire. Social jetlag was calculated as the difference in the midpoint of sleep between weekdays and weekends and was categorized as follow: negative, <1 h, 1-2 h, or ≥2 h. Outcomes were irritable mood, daytime sleepiness, and academic performance, which were analyzed with generalized linear mixed models to examine the relations with social jetlag, with adjustments for potential confounders like sleep quality. The distribution of social jetlag of ≥1 h was 51.1%, including 1-2 h (35.8%) and ≥2 h (15.3%). Its most frequently observed duration was 0 to <1 h (41.0%), followed by negative social jetlag (7.9%). The full adjusted model revealed that social jetlag of ≥1 h was associated with elevated risk of irritable mood, daytime sleepiness, and poor academic performance, while negative social jetlag was associated only with poor academic performance. Social jetlag was highly prevalent among Japanese adolescents and could be a major risk factor for irritable mood, daytime sleepiness, and poor academic performance.Abbreviations: BMI, Body mass index; DLMO, Dim light melatonin onset; CIs, Confidence intervals; MSF, The midpoints of sleep on free days; MSFsc, Sleep-corrected MSF; MSW, The midpoints of sleep on weekdays; PDSS, The Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihisa Tamura
- Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoko Komada
- Faculty of Liberal Arts, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Inoue
- Department of Somnology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Somnology Center, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Tanaka
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Fernandes P, Pereira LDM, Horta NAC, Cardoso TSR, Coimbra CC, Szawka RE, Pereira GS, Poletini MO. Social interaction masking contributes to changes in the activity of the suprachiasmatic nucleus and impacts on circadian rhythms. Physiol Behav 2021; 237:113420. [PMID: 33878315 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Light is the most powerful temporal cue that entrains physiology and behavior through modulation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. However, on a daily basis, individuals face a combination of light and several non-photic cues, such as social interaction. In order to investigate whether SCN activity and SCN-driven rhythms are altered by social interaction, adult male C57BLJ/6 mice were maintained in groups of 3-4 animals per cage or 1 animal per cage (socially isolated) under 12:12 h / light:dark (LD) cycles or constant darkness (DD). Analysis of the two anatomical subdivisions (ventral, v and dorsal, d) of the medial SCN revealed an effect of housing conditions on the d-SCN but not on the v-SCN on the number of c-Fos immunoreactive (ir) neurons. As such, 2 h after the light-phase onset d-SCN c-Fos-ir number was lower in single-housed mice under LD. Importantly, under DD there were no effect of housing conditions in the number of c-Fos-ir SCN neurons. Social isolation increased the amplitude and strength of SCN-driven rhythm of body temperature (Tc) entrained to LD and it advanced its onset, uncoupling with spontaneous locomotor activity (SLA) rhythm, without altering endogenous Tc and SLA rhythms expressed under DD. Associated with reduced Tc in the light phase, single-housed mice showed reduced body weight. However, these phenotypes were not accompanied by changes in the number of c-Fos-ir neurons in the preoptic area (POA), which are known to regulate energy metabolism and Tc. Altogether, these results imply that the social interaction masking effect on the d-SCN is added to that of light stimulus, in order to achieve full c-Fos expression in the SCN, which, in turn seems to be required to maintain daily-phase coherence between the photo-entrained rhythms of Tc and SLA. There might be an inter-relationship between masking (social interaction) and entrainment stimulus (light) that impacts the circadian parameters of the photo-entrained Tc rhythm. As such, in the absence of social interactions a more robust Tc rhythm is shown. This inter-relationship seems to occur in the dorsal subdivision of the SCN but not in the POA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Fernandes
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luciana de Melo Pereira
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nayara Abreu Coelho Horta
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thaís Santana Rocha Cardoso
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cândido Celso Coimbra
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Raphael Escorsim Szawka
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Grace Schenatto Pereira
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maristela Oliveira Poletini
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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Smarr BL, Ishami AL, Schirmer AE. Lower variability in female students than male students at multiple timescales supports the use of sex as a biological variable in human studies. Biol Sex Differ 2021; 12:32. [PMID: 33888158 PMCID: PMC8061019 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-021-00375-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Men have been, and still are, included in more studies than women, in large part because of the lingering belief that ovulatory cycles result in women showing too much variability to be economically viable subjects. This belief has scientific and social consequences, and yet, it remains largely untested. Recent work in rodents has shown either that there is no appreciable difference in overall variability across a wealth of traits, or that in fact males may show more variability than females. METHODS We analyzed learning management system logins associated to gender records spanning 2 years from 13,777 students at Northeastern Illinois University. These data were used to assess variability in daily rhythms in a heterogeneous human population. RESULTS At the population level, men are more likely than women to show extreme chronotypes (very early or very late phases of activity). Men were also found to be more variable than women across and within individuals. Variance correlated negatively with academic performance, which also showed a gender difference. Whereas a complaint against using female subjects is that their variance is the driver of statistical sex differences, only 6% of the gender performance difference is potentially accounted for by variance, suggesting that variability is not the driver of sex differences here. CONCLUSIONS Our findings do not support the idea that women are more behaviorally variable than men and may support the opposite. Our findings support including sex as a biological variable and do not support variance-based arguments for the exclusion of women as research subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Smarr
- Department of Bioengineering and the Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Annick Laure Ishami
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 N. St. Louis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60625, USA
| | - Aaron E Schirmer
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 N. St. Louis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60625, USA
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20
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DeepLMS: a deep learning predictive model for supporting online learning in the Covid-19 era. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19888. [PMID: 33199801 PMCID: PMC7669866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76740-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic has imposed a complete shut-down of face-to-face teaching to universities and schools, forcing a crash course for online learning plans and technology for students and faculty. In the midst of this unprecedented crisis, video conferencing platforms (e.g., Zoom, WebEx, MS Teams) and learning management systems (LMSs), like Moodle, Blackboard and Google Classroom, are being adopted and heavily used as online learning environments (OLEs). However, as such media solely provide the platform for e-interaction, effective methods that can be used to predict the learner’s behavior in the OLEs, which should be available as supportive tools to educators and metacognitive triggers to learners. Here we show, for the first time, that Deep Learning techniques can be used to handle LMS users’ interaction data and form a novel predictive model, namely DeepLMS, that can forecast the quality of interaction (QoI) with LMS. Using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, DeepLMS results in average testing Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$(p<0.05)$$\end{document}(p<0.05), when tested on QoI data from one database pre- and two ones during-Covid-19 pandemic. DeepLMS personalized QoI forecasting scaffolds user’s online learning engagement and provides educators with an evaluation path, additionally to the content-related assessment, enriching the overall view on the learners’ motivation and participation in the learning process.
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21
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Kohyama J. Pupils with negative social jetlag in Japan are hypothesised to constitute a discrete population. Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:110249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Greco CM, Sassone-Corsi P. Personalized medicine and circadian rhythms: Opportunities for modern society. J Exp Med 2020; 217:e20200702. [PMID: 32433754 PMCID: PMC7971139 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms govern physiology and metabolism, leading to controlled homeostasis. We discuss the impact of circadian rhythms on society and the challenges for the imminent future of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Sassone-Corsi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA
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23
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Walker WH, Walton JC, DeVries AC, Nelson RJ. Circadian rhythm disruption and mental health. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:28. [PMID: 32066704 PMCID: PMC7026420 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0694-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are internal manifestations of the solar day that permit adaptations to predictable environmental temporal changes. These ~24-h rhythms are controlled by molecular clockworks within the brain that are reset daily to precisely 24 h by exposure to the light-dark cycle. Information from the master clock in the mammalian hypothalamus conveys temporal information to the entire body via humoral and neural communication. A bidirectional relationship exists between mood disorders and circadian rhythms. Mood disorders are often associated with disrupted circadian clock-controlled responses, such as sleep and cortisol secretion, whereas disruption of circadian rhythms via jet lag, night-shift work, or exposure to artificial light at night, can precipitate or exacerbate affective symptoms in susceptible individuals. Evidence suggests strong associations between circadian rhythms and mental health, but only recently have studies begun to discover the direct interactions between the circadian system and mood regulation. This review provides an overview of disrupted circadian rhythms and the relationship to behavioral health and psychiatry. The focus of this review is delineating the role of disruption of circadian rhythms on mood disorders using human night shift studies, as well as jet lag studies to identify links. We also review animal models of disrupted circadian rhythms on affective responses. Lastly, we propose low-cost behavioral and lifestyle changes to improve circadian rhythms and presumably behavioral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Walker
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
| | - James C Walton
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - A Courtney DeVries
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
- Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Randy J Nelson
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
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24
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Harrison EM, Walbeek TJ, Maggio DG, Herring AA, Gorman MR. Circadian Profile of an Emergency Medicine Department: Scheduling Practices and Their Effects on Sleep and Performance. J Emerg Med 2020; 58:130-140. [PMID: 31761463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shiftwork causes circadian disruption and is the primary reason for attrition from Emergency Medicine. OBJECTIVES We aimed to develop concrete recommendations to mitigate negative effects of shiftwork based on measures of work, sleep, alertness, and performance in emergency physicians. METHODS Thirty-one Emergency Medicine residents were surveyed retrospectively about sleep and alertness on different shifts. Additionally, the sleep, performance, and alertness of 22 Emergency Medicine resident and attending physicians was tracked continuously over 4 weeks via sleep logs, actigraphy, real-time reported sleepiness, and performance on a vigilance task. Schedules were analyzed for circadian disruption. Physicians also predicted their sleep schedules, which were compared with actual schedules; participants tracked extensions of shifts, schedule changes, and shifts in other hospitals. RESULTS Daily rhythms were apparent in real-time performance and alertness data, with peaks at around 4 pm. Sleep difficulty was highest, sleep shortest, and alertness and performance lowest for night shifts. Emergency Medicine residents tended to cluster multiple night shifts in a row, despite evidence of accumulating sleep debt over consecutive shifts. There were many shifts that caused high circadian disruption, which could be avoided by simple amendments to scheduling practices. CONCLUSIONS Circadian principles should be applied as suggested by the American College of Emergency Physicians. Chronotype should be considered in scheduling. Night shifts, particularly, should not be extended. Clustering all night shifts in a row should probably be discouraged. The additional vulnerabilities for night shift could be mitigated by adopting napping mid- or post night shift and by providing pay differentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Harrison
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Thijs J Walbeek
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Dominick G Maggio
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alameda Health System-Highland Hospital, Oakland, California
| | - Andrew A Herring
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alameda Health System-Highland Hospital, Oakland, California; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael R Gorman
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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25
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Carissimi A, A. B. Oliveira M, Frey BN, Navarro JF, Hidalgo MP, Adan A. Validation and psychometric properties of the Spanish Mood Rhythm Instrument. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2019.1675023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Carissimi
- Laboratório de Cronobiologia e Sono do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento – Faculdade de Medicina, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Melissa A. B. Oliveira
- Laboratório de Cronobiologia e Sono do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento – Faculdade de Medicina, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Benicio N. Frey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Mood Disorders Program and Women’s Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Maria Paz Hidalgo
- Laboratório de Cronobiologia e Sono do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento – Faculdade de Medicina, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Ana Adan
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Núñez P, Perillan C, Arguelles J, Diaz E. Comparison of sleep and chronotype between senior and undergraduate university students. Chronobiol Int 2019; 36:1626-1637. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2019.1660359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Núñez
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - C Perillan
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - J Arguelles
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - E Diaz
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Abstract
The human stress response has evolved to maintain homeostasis under conditions of real or perceived stress. This objective is achieved through autoregulatory neural and hormonal systems in close association with central and peripheral clocks. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is a key regulatory pathway in the maintenance of these homeostatic processes. The end product of this pathway - cortisol - is secreted in a pulsatile pattern, with changes in pulse amplitude creating a circadian pattern. During acute stress, cortisol levels rise and pulsatility is maintained. Although the initial rise in cortisol follows a large surge in adrenocorticotropic hormone levels, if long-term inflammatory stress occurs, adrenocorticotropic hormone levels return to near basal levels while cortisol levels remain raised as a result of increased adrenal sensitivity. In chronic stress, hypothalamic activation of the pituitary changes from corticotropin-releasing hormone-dominant to arginine vasopressin-dominant, and cortisol levels remain raised due at least in part to decreased cortisol metabolism. Acute elevations in cortisol levels are beneficial to promoting survival of the fittest as part of the fight-or-flight response. However, chronic exposure to stress results in reversal of the beneficial effects, with long-term cortisol exposure becoming maladaptive, which can lead to a broad range of problems including the metabolic syndrome, obesity, cancer, mental health disorders, cardiovascular disease and increased susceptibility to infections. Neuroimmunoendocrine modulation in disease states and glucocorticoid-based therapeutics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Russell
- Translational Health Sciences, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Stafford Lightman
- Translational Health Sciences, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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Association between snoring and heart rate variability in adolescents: effects of gender and insufficient sleep. Sleep Breath 2019; 24:561-570. [PMID: 31332620 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-019-01883-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We explored the association between subjective snoring frequency and heart rate variability (HRV) in a healthy adolescent population. METHODS A total of 102 healthy adolescents were recruited from high schools in South Korea, and reported their sleep habits and snoring frequency. HRV was assessed to indirectly measure autonomic function. We assessed correlations between snoring frequency and HRV indices. We also investigated the effects of sex and behaviorally induced insufficient sleep syndrome (BISS) on the associations between HRV parameters and snoring frequency. RESULTS Overall, significant correlations were apparent between snoring frequency and HRV indices including the standard deviation of the normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN) and the low-frequency/high-frequency (LF/HF) ratio. Associations were more evident in males and those with BISS compared to females and those without BISS. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that snoring changes autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity in adolescents; the changes are more dramatic in males and those with insufficient sleep.
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Social Jet-Lag in Tertiary Students Following a Modern Curriculum with Few Time-Tabled Contact Hours: A Pilot Study. Clocks Sleep 2019; 1:306-318. [PMID: 33089171 PMCID: PMC7445812 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep1030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Social jet-lag (SJL) impairs academic performance, specifically for late chronotypes faced with early start times. Most modern tertiary educational systems have fewer time-tabled contact hours and consequently fewer early starts, which may limit SJL. We performed a pilot study of SJL in a convenience sample of students from Maastricht University, where problem-based learning (PBL) is implemented throughout the curricula. PBL is a modern curriculum, with only few contact hours and student-driven learning, comprising substantial amounts of self-study. Fifty-two students kept a detailed sleep diary for one week, and completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Participants were divided into early and late sleepers based on a ranking of their reported sleeping times, combined with a single question on their self-reported chronotype. Late sleepers (for brevity: “Owls”; n = 22) had later midpoint-sleep (5:14 ± 0:11 on weekdays; 5:50 ± 0:07 on weekend days) than early sleepers (for brevity: “Larks”; n = 11, 3:21 ± 0:05 on weekdays; 3:41 ± 0:06 on weekend days, F = 10.8, p = 0.003). The difference between the midpoint of sleep on weekdays and weekend days was comparable for Larks and Owls (F = 1.5; p = 0.22). SJL (0:53 ± 0:06, T = 1.4; p = 0.16), total sleep duration (7:58 ± 0:08; p = 0.07), and PSQI score (4.7 ± 0.3, U = 137; p = 0.56) were comparable for Larks and Owls. Average ESS score was higher in Larks (10.7 ± 0.96) than in Owls (7.0 ± 0.72; U = 52; p = 0.007). Within this pilot study of students engaged in a problem-based learning curriculum, Owls have no selective disadvantage compared to Larks concerning sleep.
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Leypunskiy E, Kıcıman E, Shah M, Walch OJ, Rzhetsky A, Dinner AR, Rust MJ. Geographically Resolved Rhythms in Twitter Use Reveal Social Pressures on Daily Activity Patterns. Curr Biol 2018; 28:3763-3775.e5. [PMID: 30449672 PMCID: PMC6590897 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Daily rhythms in human physiology and behavior are driven by the interplay of circadian rhythms, environmental cycles, and social schedules. Much research has focused on the mechanism and function of circadian rhythms in constant conditions or in idealized light-dark environments. There have been comparatively few studies into how social pressures, such as work and school schedules, affect human activity rhythms day to day and season to season. To address this issue, we analyzed activity on Twitter in >1,500 US counties throughout the 2012-2013 calendar years in 15-min intervals using geographically tagged tweets representing ≈0.1% of the total population each day. We find that sustained periods of low Twitter activity are correlated with sufficient sleep as measured by conventional surveys. We show that this nighttime lull in Twitter activity is shifted to later times on weekends relative to weekdays, a phenomenon we term "Twitter social jet lag." The magnitude of this social jet lag varies seasonally and geographically-with the West Coast experiencing less Twitter social jet lag compared to the Central and Eastern US-and is correlated with average commuting schedules and disease risk factors such as obesity. Most counties experience the largest amount of Twitter social jet lag in February and the lowest in June or July. We present evidence that these shifts in weekday activity coincide with relaxed social pressures due to local K-12 school holidays and that the direct seasonal effect of altered day length is comparatively weaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Leypunskiy
- Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Emre Kıcıman
- Information and Data Science Group, Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, 98052, USA
| | - Mili Shah
- The University of Chicago Laboratory Schools, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Olivia J Walch
- Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Andrey Rzhetsky
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Aaron R Dinner
- Department of Chemistry and the James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael J Rust
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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An update on adolescent sleep: New evidence informing the perfect storm model. J Adolesc 2018; 67:55-65. [PMID: 29908393 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The maturation of sleep regulatory systems during adolescence in combination with psychosocial and societal pressures culminate in a "Perfect Storm" of short and ill-timed sleep and the associated consequences for many youngsters. This model, first described by Carskadon in 2011, guides our current thinking of adolescent sleep behavior. Since the original description, the field has moved forward with remarkable pace, and this review aims to summarize recent progress and describe how this new work informs our understanding of sleep regulation and sleep behavior during this developmental time frame.
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Stanojlović O, Šutulović N. Cirkadijalni sistem - mreža neurona sa suprahijazmatičnim jedrom na vrhu hijerarhijske organizacije. MEDICINSKI PODMLADAK 2018. [DOI: 10.5937/mp69-18063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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