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Hussein MT, Sayed RKA, Mokhtar DM. Neuron mapping in the Molly fish optic tectum: An emphasis on the adult neurogenesis process. Microsc Res Tech 2024. [PMID: 38778562 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Teleost fish exhibit the most pronounced and widespread adult neurogenesis. Recently, functional development and the fate of newborn neurons have been reported in the optic tectum (OT) of fish. To determine the role of neurogenesis in the OT, this study used histological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic investigations on 18 adult Molly fish specimens (Poecilia sphenops). The OT of the Molly fish was a bilateral lobed structure located in the dorsal part of the mesencephalon. It exhibited a laminated structure made up of alternating fiber and cellular layers, which were organized into six main layers. The stratum opticum (SO) was supplied by optic nerve fibers, in which the neuropil was the main component. Radial bipolar neurons that possessed bundles of microtubules were observed in the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale (SFGS). Furthermore, oligodendrocytes with their processes wrapped around the nerve fibers could be observed. The stratum album centrale (SAC) consisted mainly of the axons of the stratum griseum centrale (SGC) and the large tectal, pyriform, and horizontal neurons. The neuronal cells of the SO and large tectal cells of the SAC expressed autophagy-related protein-5 (APG5). Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was expressed in both neurons and glia cells of SGC. Additionally, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was expressed in the neuropil of the SAC synaptic layer and granule cells of the stratum periventriculare (SPV). Also, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), SRY-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9), and myostatin were clearly expressed in the proliferative neurons. In all strata, S100 protein and Oligodendrocyte Lineage Transcription Factor 2 (Olig2) were expressed by microglia, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. In conclusion, it was possible to identify different varieties of neurons in the optic tectum, each with a distinct role. The existence of astrocytes, proliferative neurons, and stem cells highlights the regenerative capacity of OT. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The OT of the Molly fish exhibited a laminated structure made up of alternating fiber and cellular layers, which were organized into six main layers. Radial bipolar neurons that possessed bundles of microtubules were observed in the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale (SFGS). The stratum album central (SAC) consisted mainly of the axons of the stratum griseum centrale (SGC) and the large tectal, pyriform, and horizontal neurons. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was expressed in the neuropil of the SAC synaptic layer and granule cells of the stratum periventricular (SPV). Also, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), SRY-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9), and myostatin were clearly expressed in the proliferative neurons. The existence of astrocytes, proliferative neurons, and stem cells highlights the regenerative capacity of OT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal T Hussein
- Department of Cell and Tissues, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ramy K A Sayed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Doaa M Mokhtar
- Department of Cell and Tissues, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Department of Histology and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Assiut, New Nasser City, Assiut, Egypt
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2
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Mariën V, Arckens L, Van Houcke J. A Robust and Reproducible Method to Study Neurorepair after Stab Injury in the African Turquoise Killifish Telencephalon. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2024; 2024:107809. [PMID: 36921997 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot107809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The aging population (people >60 yr old) is steadily increasing worldwide, resulting in an increased prevalence of age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Despite intensive research efforts in the past decades, there are still no therapies available to stop, cure, or prevent these diseases. Induction of successful neuroregeneration (i.e., the production of new neurons that can functionally integrate into the existing neural circuitry) could represent a therapy to replace neurons lost by injury or disease in the aged central nervous system. The African turquoise killifish, with its particularly short life span, has emerged as a useful model to study how aging influences neuroregeneration. Here, we describe a robust and reproducible stab-injury protocol to study regeneration in the telencephalon of the African turquoise killifish. After the injury, newborn cells are traced by conducting a BrdU pulse-chase experiment. To identify newborn neurons, a double immunohistochemical staining for BrdU and HuCD is carried out. Techniques such as bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling, intracardial perfusion, cryosectioning, and immunofluorescence staining are described as separate sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Mariën
- Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lutgarde Arckens
- Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jolien Van Houcke
- Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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3
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Santos C, Valentim AM, Félix L, Balça-Silva J, Pinto MLR. Longitudinal effects of ketamine on cell proliferation and death in the CNS of zebrafish. Neurotoxicology 2023; 97:78-88. [PMID: 37196828 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish is known for its widespread neurogenesis and regenerative capacity, as well as several biological advantages, which turned it into a relevant animal model in several areas of research, namely in toxicological studies. Ketamine is a well-known anesthetic used both in human as well as veterinary medicine, due to its safety, short duration and unique mode of action. However, ketamine administration is associated with neurotoxic effects and neuronal death, which renders its use on pediatric medicine problematic. Thus, the evaluation of ketamine effects administration at early stages of neurogenesis is of pivotal importance. The 1-4 somites stage of zebrafish embryo development corresponds to the beginning of segmentation and formation of neural tube. In this species, as well as in other vertebrates, longitudinal studies are scarce, and the evaluation of ketamine long-term effects in adults is poorly understood. This study aimed to assess the effects of ketamine administration at the 1-4 somites stage, both in subanesthetic and anesthetic concentrations, in brain cellular proliferation, pluripotency and death mechanisms in place during early and adult neurogenesis. For that purpose, embryos at the 1-4 somites stage (10,5hours post fertilization - hpf) were distributed into study groups and exposed for 20minutes to ketamine concentrations at 0.2/0.8mg/mL. Animals were grown until defined check points, namely 50 hpf, 144 hpf and 7 months adults. The assessment of the expression and distribution patterns of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), of sex-determining region Y-box 2 (Sox 2), apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) was performed by Western-blot and immunohistochemistry. The results evidenced the main alterations in 144 hpf larvae, namely in autophagy and in cellular proliferation at the highest concentration of ketamine (0.8mg/mL). Nonetheless, in adults no significant alterations were seen, pointing to a return to a homeostatic stage. This study allowed clarifying some of the aspects pertaining the longitudinal effects of ketamine administration regarding the CNS capacity to proliferate and activate the appropriate cell death and repair mechanisms leading to homeostasis in zebrafish. Moreover, the results indicate that ketamine administration at 1-4 somites stage in the subanesthetic and anesthetic concentrations despite some transitory detrimental effects at 144 hpf, is long-term safe for CNS, which are newly and promising results in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Santos
- Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama (EUVG), Centro de Investigação Vasco da Gama (CIVG), EUVG, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal; Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - A M Valentim
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - L Félix
- Centro de Investigação e de Tecnologias Agroambientais e Biológicas (CITAB), UTAD, Vila Real
| | - J Balça-Silva
- NOVA Medical School - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (FCM-UNL), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M L R Pinto
- Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.
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4
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Caron A, Trzuskot L, Lindsey BW. Uncovering the spectrum of adult zebrafish neural stem cell cycle regulators. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:941893. [PMID: 35846369 PMCID: PMC9277145 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.941893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neural stem and progenitor cells (aNSPCs) persist lifelong in teleost models in diverse stem cell niches of the brain and spinal cord. Fish maintain developmental stem cell populations throughout life, including both neuro-epithelial cells (NECs) and radial-glial cells (RGCs). Within stem cell domains of the brain, RGCs persist in a cycling or quiescent state, whereas NECs continuously divide. Heterogeneous populations of RGCs also sit adjacent the central canal of the spinal cord, showing infrequent proliferative activity under homeostasis. With the rise of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) model to study adult neurogenesis and neuroregeneration in the central nervous system (CNS), it has become evident that aNSPC proliferation is regulated by a wealth of stimuli that may be coupled with biological function. Growing evidence suggests that aNSPCs are sensitive to environmental cues, social interactions, nutrient availability, and neurotrauma for example, and that distinct stem and progenitor cell populations alter their cell cycle activity accordingly. Such stimuli appear to act as triggers to either turn on normally dormant aNSPCs or modulate constitutive rates of niche-specific cell cycle behaviour. Defining the various forms of stimuli that influence RGC and NEC proliferation, and identifying the molecular regulators responsible, will strengthen our understanding of the connection between aNSPC activity and their biological significance. In this review, we aim to bring together the current state of knowledge on aNSPCs from studies investigating the zebrafish CNS, while highlighting emerging cell cycle regulators and outstanding questions that will help to advance this fascinating field of stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Caron
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cell Plasticity and Regeneration, Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Lidia Trzuskot
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cell Plasticity and Regeneration, Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Benjamin W Lindsey
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cell Plasticity and Regeneration, Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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5
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Becker T, Becker CG. Regenerative neurogenesis: the integration of developmental, physiological and immune signals. Development 2022; 149:275248. [PMID: 35502778 PMCID: PMC9124576 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In fishes and salamanders, but not mammals, neural stem cells switch back to neurogenesis after injury. The signalling environment of neural stem cells is strongly altered by the presence of damaged cells and an influx of immune, as well as other, cells. Here, we summarise our recently expanded knowledge of developmental, physiological and immune signals that act on neural stem cells in the zebrafish central nervous system to directly, or indirectly, influence their neurogenic state. These signals act on several intracellular pathways, which leads to changes in chromatin accessibility and gene expression, ultimately resulting in regenerative neurogenesis. Translational approaches in non-regenerating mammals indicate that central nervous system stem cells can be reprogrammed for neurogenesis. Understanding signalling mechanisms in naturally regenerating species show the path to experimentally promoting neurogenesis in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Becker
- Center for Regenerative Therapies at the TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Science, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland
| | - Catherina G Becker
- Center for Regenerative Therapies at the TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Science, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland
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6
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Bi-allelic variants in neuronal cell adhesion molecule cause a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by developmental delay, hypotonia, neuropathy/spasticity. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:518-532. [PMID: 35108495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules are membrane-bound proteins predominantly expressed in the central nervous system along principal axonal pathways with key roles in nervous system development, neural cell differentiation and migration, axonal growth and guidance, myelination, and synapse formation. Here, we describe ten affected individuals with bi-allelic variants in the neuronal cell adhesion molecule NRCAM that lead to a neurodevelopmental syndrome of varying severity; the individuals are from eight families. This syndrome is characterized by developmental delay/intellectual disability, hypotonia, peripheral neuropathy, and/or spasticity. Computational analyses of NRCAM variants, many of which cluster in the third fibronectin type III (Fn-III) domain, strongly suggest a deleterious effect on NRCAM structure and function, including possible disruption of its interactions with other proteins. These findings are corroborated by previous in vitro studies of murine Nrcam-deficient cells, revealing abnormal neurite outgrowth, synaptogenesis, and formation of nodes of Ranvier on myelinated axons. Our studies on zebrafish nrcamaΔ mutants lacking the third Fn-III domain revealed that mutant larvae displayed significantly altered swimming behavior compared to wild-type larvae (p < 0.03). Moreover, nrcamaΔ mutants displayed a trend toward increased amounts of α-tubulin fibers in the dorsal telencephalon, demonstrating an alteration in white matter tracts and projections. Taken together, our study provides evidence that NRCAM disruption causes a variable form of a neurodevelopmental disorder and broadens the knowledge on the growing role of the cell adhesion molecule family in the nervous system.
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7
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Engelbrecht L, Ollewagen T, de Swardt D. Advances in fluorescence microscopy can reveal important new aspects of tissue regeneration. Biochimie 2022; 196:194-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Chowdhury K, Lin S, Lai SL. Comparative Study in Zebrafish and Medaka Unravels the Mechanisms of Tissue Regeneration. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.783818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue regeneration has been in the spotlight of research for its fascinating nature and potential applications in human diseases. The trait of regenerative capacity occurs diversely across species and tissue contexts, while it seems to decline over evolution. Organisms with variable regenerative capacity are usually distinct in phylogeny, anatomy, and physiology. This phenomenon hinders the feasibility of studying tissue regeneration by directly comparing regenerative with non-regenerative animals, such as zebrafish (Danio rerio) and mice (Mus musculus). Medaka (Oryzias latipes) is a fish model with a complete reference genome and shares a common ancestor with zebrafish approximately 110–200 million years ago (compared to 650 million years with mice). Medaka shares similar features with zebrafish, including size, diet, organ system, gross anatomy, and living environment. However, while zebrafish regenerate almost every organ upon experimental injury, medaka shows uneven regenerative capacity. Their common and distinct biological features make them a unique platform for reciprocal analyses to understand the mechanisms of tissue regeneration. Here we summarize current knowledge about tissue regeneration in these fish models in terms of injured tissues, repairing mechanisms, available materials, and established technologies. We further highlight the concept of inter-species and inter-organ comparisons, which may reveal mechanistic insights and hint at therapeutic strategies for human diseases.
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9
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Molecular Markers of Adult Neurogenesis in the Telencephalon and Tectum of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031188. [PMID: 35163116 PMCID: PMC8835435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In the brain of teleost fish, radial glial cells are the major type of astroglial cells. To answer the question as to how radial glia structures adapt to the continuous growth of the brain, which is characteristic of salmonids, it is necessary to study various types of cells (neuronal precursors, astroglial cells, and cells in a state of neuronal differentiation) in the major integrative centers of the salmon brain (telencephalon and tectum opticum), using rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, as a model. A study of the distribution of several molecular markers in the telencephalon and tectum with the identification of neural stem/progenitor cells, neuroblasts, and radial glia was carried out on juvenile (three-year-old) O. mykiss. The presence of all of these cell types provides specific conditions for the adult neurogenesis processes in the trout telencephalon and tectum. The distribution of glutamine synthetase, a molecular marker of neural stem cells, in the trout telencephalon revealed a large population of radial glia (RG) corresponding to adult-type neural stem cells (NSCs). RG dominated the pallial region of the telencephalon, while, in the subpallial region, RG was found in the lateral and ventral zones. In the optic tectum, RG fibers were widespread and localized both in the marginal layer and in the periventricular gray layer. Doublecortin (DC) immunolabeling revealed a large population of neuroblasts formed in the postembryonic period, which is indicative of intense adult neurogenesis in the trout brain. The pallial and subpallial regions of the telencephalon contained numerous DC+ cells and their clusters. In the tectum, DC+ cells were found not only in the stratum griseum periventriculare (SGP) and longitudinal torus (TL) containing proliferating cells, but also in the layers containing differentiated neurons: the central gray layer, the periventricular gray and white layers, and the superficial white layer. A study of the localization patterns of vimentin and nestin in the trout telencephalon and tectum showed the presence of neuroepithelial neural stem cells (eNSCs) and ependymoglial cells in the periventricular matrix zones of the brain. The presence of vimentin and nestin in the functionally heterogeneous cell types of adult trout indicates new functional properties of these proteins and their heterogeneous involvement in intracellular motility and adult neurogenesis. Investigation into the later stages of neuronal development in various regions of the fish brain can substantially elucidate the major mechanisms of adult neurogenesis, but it can also contribute to understanding the patterns of formation of certain brain regions and the involvement of RG in the construction of the definite brain structure.
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10
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Vanhunsel S, Bergmans S, Beckers A, Etienne I, Van Bergen T, De Groef L, Moons L. The age factor in optic nerve regeneration: Intrinsic and extrinsic barriers hinder successful recovery in the short-living killifish. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13537. [PMID: 34927348 PMCID: PMC8761009 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As the mammalian central nervous system matures, its regenerative ability decreases, leading to incomplete or non-recovery from the neurodegenerative diseases and central nervous system insults that we are increasingly facing in our aging world population. Current neuroregenerative research is largely directed toward identifying the molecular and cellular players that underlie central nervous system repair, yet it repeatedly ignores the aging context in which many of these diseases appear. Using an optic nerve crush model in a novel biogerontology model, that is, the short-living African turquoise killifish, the impact of aging on injury-induced optic nerve repair was investigated. This work reveals an age-related decline in axonal regeneration in female killifish, with different phases of the repair process being affected depending on the age. Interestingly, as in mammals, both a reduced intrinsic growth potential and a non-supportive cellular environment seem to lie at the basis of this impairment. Overall, we introduce the killifish visual system and its age-dependent regenerative ability as a model to identify new targets for neurorepair in non-regenerating individuals, thereby also considering the effects of aging on neurorepair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Vanhunsel
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research GroupAnimal Physiology and Neurobiology SectionDepartment of BiologyKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Steven Bergmans
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research GroupAnimal Physiology and Neurobiology SectionDepartment of BiologyKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - An Beckers
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research GroupAnimal Physiology and Neurobiology SectionDepartment of BiologyKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | | | | | - Lies De Groef
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research GroupAnimal Physiology and Neurobiology SectionDepartment of BiologyKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Leuven Brain InstituteLeuvenBelgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research GroupAnimal Physiology and Neurobiology SectionDepartment of BiologyKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Leuven Brain InstituteLeuvenBelgium
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11
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Berrosteguieta I, Rosillo JC, Herrera ML, Olivera-Bravo S, Casanova G, Herranz-Pérez V, García-Verdugo JM, Fernández AS. Plasticity of cell proliferation in the retina of Austrolebias charrua fish under light and darkness conditions. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 3:100042. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2022.100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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12
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Shimizu Y, Kawasaki T. Differential Regenerative Capacity of the Optic Tectum of Adult Medaka and Zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:686755. [PMID: 34268310 PMCID: PMC8276636 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.686755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish have superior regenerative capacity in the central nervous system (CNS) compared to mammals. In contrast, medaka were shown to have low regenerative capacity in the adult heart and larval retina, despite the well-documented high tissue regenerative ability of teleosts. Nevertheless, medaka and zebrafish share similar brain structures and biological features to those of mammals. Hence, this study aimed to compare the neural stem cell (NSC) responses and regenerative capacity in the optic tectum of adult medaka and zebrafish after stab wound injury. Limited neuronal differentiation was observed in the injured medaka, though the proliferation of radial glia (RG) was induced in response to tectum injury. Moreover, the expression of the pro-regenerative transcriptional factors ascl1a and oct4 was not enhanced in the injured medaka, unlike in zebrafish, whereas expression of sox2 and stat3 was upregulated in both fish models. Of note, glial scar-like structures composed of GFAP+ radial fibers were observed in the injured area of medaka at 14 days post injury (dpi). Altogether, these findings suggest that the adult medaka brain has low regenerative capacity with limited neuronal generation and scar formation. Hence, medaka represent an attractive model for investigating and evaluating critical factors for brain regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Shimizu
- Functional Biomolecular Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Osaka, Japan
- DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Kawasaki
- Functional Biomolecular Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Osaka, Japan
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13
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Douek AM, Amiri Khabooshan M, Henry J, Stamatis SA, Kreuder F, Ramm G, Änkö ML, Wlodkowic D, Kaslin J. An Engineered sgsh Mutant Zebrafish Recapitulates Molecular and Behavioural Pathobiology of Sanfilippo Syndrome A/MPS IIIA. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115948. [PMID: 34073041 PMCID: PMC8197930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIA (MPS IIIA, Sanfilippo syndrome type A), a paediatric neurological lysosomal storage disease, is caused by impaired function of the enzyme N-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolase (SGSH) resulting in impaired catabolism of heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan (HS GAG) and its accumulation in tissues. MPS IIIA represents a significant proportion of childhood dementias. This condition generally leads to patient death in the teenage years, yet no effective therapy exists for MPS IIIA and a complete understanding of the mechanisms of MPS IIIA pathogenesis is lacking. Here, we employ targeted CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis to generate a model of MPS IIIA in the zebrafish, a model organism with strong genetic tractability and amenity for high-throughput screening. The sgshΔex5-6 zebrafish mutant exhibits a complete absence of Sgsh enzymatic activity, leading to progressive accumulation of HS degradation products with age. sgshΔex5-6 zebrafish faithfully recapitulate diverse CNS-specific features of MPS IIIA, including neuronal lysosomal overabundance, complex behavioural phenotypes, and profound, lifelong neuroinflammation. We further demonstrate that neuroinflammation in sgshΔex5-6 zebrafish is largely dependent on interleukin-1β and can be attenuated via the pharmacological inhibition of Caspase-1, which partially rescues behavioural abnormalities in sgshΔex5-6 mutant larvae in a context-dependent manner. We expect the sgshΔex5-6 zebrafish mutant to be a valuable resource in gaining a better understanding of MPS IIIA pathobiology towards the development of timely and effective therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon M. Douek
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (A.M.D.); (M.A.K.); (S.-A.S.); (F.K.)
| | - Mitra Amiri Khabooshan
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (A.M.D.); (M.A.K.); (S.-A.S.); (F.K.)
| | - Jason Henry
- Neurotoxicology Lab, School of Science (Biosciences), RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (J.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Sebastian-Alexander Stamatis
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (A.M.D.); (M.A.K.); (S.-A.S.); (F.K.)
| | - Florian Kreuder
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (A.M.D.); (M.A.K.); (S.-A.S.); (F.K.)
| | - Georg Ramm
- Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Minna-Liisa Änkö
- Centre for Reproductive Health and Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia;
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Donald Wlodkowic
- Neurotoxicology Lab, School of Science (Biosciences), RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (J.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Jan Kaslin
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (A.M.D.); (M.A.K.); (S.-A.S.); (F.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-9902-9613; Fax: +61-3-9902-9729
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14
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Shimizu Y, Kawasaki T. Histone acetyltransferase EP300 regulates the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells during adult neurogenesis and regenerative neurogenesis in the zebrafish optic tectum. Neurosci Lett 2021; 756:135978. [PMID: 34023416 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish have a greater capacity for adult neurogenesis and brain regeneration than mammals. In the adult zebrafish optic tectum (OT), neuroepithelial-like stem cells (NE) contribute to adult neurogenesis, whereas radial glia (RG) contribute to neuronal regeneration after the stab wound injury. The molecular mechanisms regulated by acetylated histone play important roles in these events; however, the functions of histone acetyltransferase (HAT) require further elucidation. The aim of this study was to study the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) following treatment with C646, a HAT EP300 inhibitor, to identify the functions of HAT in adult neurogenesis and neuronal regeneration. C646 treatment decreased acetylation of histone 3 lysine 9 in the adult OT. Under physiological conditions, C646 promoted NE proliferation and generation of newborn neurons. EP300 inhibition promoted RG proliferation but suppressed the generation of newborn neurons after the injury. EP300 inhibition downregulated the Notch target genes her4 and her6, which was correlated with NE and RG proliferation in the adult OT. EP300 inhibition regulates the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs by inhibiting histone acetylation and Notch target genes expression, suggesting that the functions of HAT in neurogenesis are opposite to those of histone deacetylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Shimizu
- Functional Biomolecular Research Group and Biomedical Research Institute, AIST, 1-8-31, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan; DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), AIST, 1-8-31, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kawasaki
- Functional Biomolecular Research Group and Biomedical Research Institute, AIST, 1-8-31, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan
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15
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Shimizu Y, Kiyooka M, Ohshima T. Transcriptome Analyses Reveal IL6/Stat3 Signaling Involvement in Radial Glia Proliferation After Stab Wound Injury in the Adult Zebrafish Optic Tectum. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:668408. [PMID: 33996824 PMCID: PMC8119998 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.668408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult zebrafish have many neurogenic niches and a high capacity for central nervous system regeneration compared to mammals, including humans and rodents. The majority of radial glia (RG) in the zebrafish optic tectum are quiescent under physiological conditions; however, stab wound injury induces their proliferation and differentiation into newborn neurons. Although previous studies have functionally analyzed the molecular mechanisms of RG proliferation and differentiation and have performed single-cell transcriptomic analyses around the peak of RG proliferation, the cellular response and changes in global gene expression during the early stages of tectum regeneration remain poorly understood. In this study, we performed histological analyses which revealed an increase in isolectin B4+ macrophages prior to the induction of RG proliferation. Moreover, transcriptome and pathway analyses based on differentially expressed genes identified various enriched pathways, including apoptosis, the innate immune system, cell proliferation, cytokine signaling, p53 signaling, and IL6/Jak-Stat signaling. In particular, we found that Stat3 inhibition suppressed RG proliferation after stab wound injury and that IL6 administration into cerebroventricular fluid activates RG proliferation without causing injury. Together, the findings of these transcriptomic and functional analyses reveal that IL6/Stat3 signaling is an initial trigger of RG activation during optic tectum regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Shimizu
- Functional Biomolecular Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Osaka, Japan.,DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mariko Kiyooka
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bio-Science, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Ohshima
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bio-Science, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Institute for Advanced Research of Biosystem Dynamics, Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Oorschot V, Lindsey BW, Kaslin J, Ramm G. TEM, SEM, and STEM-based immuno-CLEM workflows offer complementary advantages. Sci Rep 2021; 11:899. [PMID: 33441723 PMCID: PMC7806999 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79637-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying endogenous tissue stem cells remains a key challenge in developmental and regenerative biology. To distinguish and molecularly characterise stem cell populations in large heterogeneous tissues, the combination of cytochemical cell markers with ultrastructural morphology is highly beneficial. Here, we realise this through workflows of multi-resolution immuno-correlative light and electron microscopy (iCLEM) methodologies. Taking advantage of the antigenicity preservation of the Tokuyasu technique, we have established robust protocols and workflows and provide a side-by-side comparison of iCLEM used in combination with scanning EM (SEM), scanning TEM (STEM), or transmission EM (TEM). Evaluation of the applications and advantages of each method highlights their practicality for the identification, quantification, and characterization of heterogeneous cell populations in small organisms, organs, or tissues in healthy and diseased states. The iCLEM techniques are broadly applicable and can use either genetically encoded or cytochemical markers on plant, animal and human tissues. We demonstrate how these protocols are particularly suited for investigating neural stem and progenitor cell populations of the vertebrate nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Oorschot
- Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo EM, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin W Lindsey
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Jan Kaslin
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Georg Ramm
- Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo EM, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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17
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Abstract
Tissue or organ regeneration is a complex process with successful outcomes depending on the type of tissue and organism. Upon damage, mammals can only efficiently restore a few tissues including the liver, skin, epithelia of the lung, kidney, and gut. In contrast, lower vertebrates such as zebrafish possess an extraordinary regeneration ability, which restores the normal function of a broad spectrum of tissues including heart, fin, brain, spinal cord, and retina. This regeneration process is either mediated by the proliferation of resident stem cells, or cells that dedifferentiate into a stem cell-like. In recent years, evidence has suggested that the innate immune system can modulate stem cell activity to initiate the regenerative response to damage. This review will explore some of the newer concepts of inflammation in zebrafish regeneration in different tissues. Understanding how inflammation regulates regeneration in zebrafish would provide important clues to improve the therapeutic strategies for repairing injured mammalian tissues that do not have an inherent regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Iribarne
- Center for Zebrafish Research, Department of Biological Sciences; Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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18
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Demirci Y, Cucun G, Poyraz YK, Mohammed S, Heger G, Papatheodorou I, Ozhan G. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of the Regenerating Zebrafish Telencephalon Unravels a Resource With Key Pathways During Two Early Stages and Activation of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling at the Early Wound Healing Stage. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:584604. [PMID: 33163496 PMCID: PMC7581945 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.584604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to its pronounced regenerative capacity in many tissues and organs, the zebrafish brain represents an ideal platform to understand the endogenous regeneration mechanisms that restore tissue integrity and function upon injury or disease. Although radial glial and neuronal cell populations have been characterized with respect to specific marker genes, comprehensive transcriptomic profiling of the regenerating telencephalon has not been conducted so far. Here, by processing the lesioned and unlesioned hemispheres of the telencephalon separately, we reveal the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at the early wound healing and early proliferative stages of regeneration, i.e., 20 h post-lesion (hpl) and 3 days post-lesion (dpl), respectively. At 20 hpl, we detect a far higher number of DEGs in the lesioned hemisphere than in the unlesioned half and only 7% of all DEGs in both halves. However, this difference disappears at 3 dpl, where the lesioned and unlesioned hemispheres share 40% of all DEGs. By performing an extensive comparison of the gene expression profiles in these stages, we unravel that the lesioned hemispheres at 20 hpl and 3 dpl exhibit distinct transcriptional profiles. We further unveil a prominent activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling at 20 hpl, returning to control level in the lesioned site at 3 dpl. Wnt/β-catenin signaling indeed appears to control a large number of genes associated primarily with the p53, apoptosis, forkhead box O (FoxO), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways specifically at 20 hpl. Based on these results, we propose that the lesioned and unlesioned hemispheres react to injury dynamically during telencephalon regeneration and that the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling at the early wound healing stage plays a key role in the regulation of cellular and molecular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeliz Demirci
- İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylül University Health Campus, İzmir, Turkey.,İzmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-İzmir), Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gokhan Cucun
- İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylül University Health Campus, İzmir, Turkey.,İzmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-İzmir), Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Kaan Poyraz
- İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylül University Health Campus, İzmir, Turkey.,İzmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-İzmir), Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Suhaib Mohammed
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Irene Papatheodorou
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gunes Ozhan
- İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylül University Health Campus, İzmir, Turkey.,İzmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-İzmir), Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
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19
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Zabegalov KN, Wang D, Yang L, Wang J, Hu G, Serikuly N, Alpyshov ET, Khatsko SL, Zhdanov A, Demin KA, Galstyan DS, Volgin AD, de Abreu MS, Strekalova T, Song C, Amstislavskaya TG, Sysoev Y, Musienko PE, Kalueff AV. Decoding the role of zebrafish neuroglia in CNS disease modeling. Brain Res Bull 2020; 166:44-53. [PMID: 33027679 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroglia, including microglia and astrocytes, is a critical component of the central nervous system (CNS) that interacts with neurons to modulate brain activity, development, metabolism and signaling pathways. Thus, a better understanding of the role of neuroglia in the brain is critical. Complementing clinical and rodent data, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is rapidly becoming an important model organism to probe the role of neuroglia in brain disorders. With high genetic and physiological similarity to humans and rodents, zebrafish possess some common (shared), as well as some specific molecular biomarkers and features of neuroglia development and functioning. Studying these common and zebrafish-specific aspects of neuroglia may generate important insights into key brain mechanisms, including neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, neuroregenerative and neurological processes. Here, we discuss the biology of neuroglia in humans, rodents and fish, its role in various CNS functions, and further directions of translational research into the role of neuroglia in CNS disorders using zebrafish models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin N Zabegalov
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Dongmei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - LongEn Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingtao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guojun Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nazar Serikuly
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | | | | | | | - Konstantin A Demin
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - David S Galstyan
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and Neurobiology, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey D Volgin
- Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia; Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and Neurobiology, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Murilo S de Abreu
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil; Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and Neurobiology, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Tatyana Strekalova
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Centre of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cai Song
- Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; Marine Medicine Development Center, Shenzhen Institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tamara G Amstislavskaya
- Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia; Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yury Sysoev
- Laboratory of Neuroprosthetics, Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, St. Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pavel E Musienko
- Laboratory of Neuroprosthetics, Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia; Russian Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
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20
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Lange C, Brand M. Vertebrate brain regeneration - a community effort of fate-restricted precursor cell types. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 64:101-108. [PMID: 32777722 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The process of regeneration describes the full restoration of tissue after destruction from injury or disease. Most mammals show very limited ability for regeneration of adult organs, while vertebrate models of regeneration such as fish and salamanders, allow to study regeneration mechanism of the brain, heart, limbs, retina, and other organs in adults. The regenerative abilities of teleost fish are well documented, but the cellular sources for regeneration, the specificity of source cells for restored cell types, as well as the extent and fidelity of cell replacement are only beginning to be revealed for many regeneration paradigms. Here, we highlight recent analyses of adult neurogenesis and regeneration after injury in teleost fish that address these issues, and we discuss how such analyses can help to evaluate the role of different cells in tissues in the regeneration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lange
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), CMCB, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Michael Brand
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), CMCB, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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21
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Chaube R, Sharma S, Senthilkumaran B, Bhat SG, Joy KP. Identification of kisspeptin2 cDNA in the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis: Expression profile, in situ localization and steroid modulation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 294:113472. [PMID: 32243956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Kisspeptin (Kiss) is considered an upstream regulator of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in mammals but its role in non-mammalian vertebrates is not unequivocally established. In the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis, a 605 bp long cDNA was identified from the brain by cloning as well as by retrieving from the catfish transcriptome database. The open reading frame (ORF, 93-405 bp) codes for a 113 amino acids long precursor protein. Homology and phylogenetic analyses showed that the predicted protein belongs to the vertebrate Kiss2 type with a high degree of conservation in the Kiss2-10 region (FNFNPFGLRF). The kiss2 transcripts were expressed highly in the brain and gonads in a dimorphic manner with a female bias. In the brain, kiss2 transcripts showed regional differences with higher expression in the medulla oblongata and forebrain regions. The kiss2 transcripts showed significant seasonal variations with the highest expression in the brain in spawning phase and in the gonads in prespawning phase. The kiss2 transcripts were localized in the brain (nucleus preopticus, habenular nucleus, nucleus recessus posterioris, nucleus recessus lateralis) and stratum periventriculare (radial glial cells) of optic tectum, pituitary and ovary (follicular layer and germinal vesicle). Ovariectomy (1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks) decreased brain kiss2 mRNA levels and a single injection of estradiol-17β (E2; 0.5 μg/g body weight) in 3- week ovariectomized (OVX) and sham operated fish resulted in an increase in the transcript levels after 24 h. The E2 receptor antagonist Tamoxifen (TMX) produced biphasic effects on the kiss2 expression in the dose- response study. TMX inhibited the expression in the OVX fish, but elicited a stimulatory effect in the OVX + E2-treated fish. Testosterone (T) decreased, and progesterone (P4) inhibited (resting phase) or stimulated (prespawning phase) the transcript level in 3-week OVX fish. In the 3-week sham groups, E2 increased, and TMX, T and P4 inhibited the kiss2 transcript levels. The results suggest that Kiss2 is an important regulator of the brain- pituitary- gonadal- endocrine axis, and in habenular and optic tectum functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chaube
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - S Sharma
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - B Senthilkumaran
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - S G Bhat
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682022, India
| | - K P Joy
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682022, India.
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22
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Kiyooka M, Shimizu Y, Ohshima T. Histone deacetylase inhibition promotes regenerative neurogenesis after stab wound injury in the adult zebrafish optic tectum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:366-371. [PMID: 32703437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) of adult zebrafish is capable of recovering from injury, unlike the CNS of mammals such as humans or rodents. Previously, we established a stab wound injury model of the optic tectum (OT) in the adult zebrafish and showed that the radial glial cells (RG) proliferation and neuronal differentiation contributes to OT regeneration. In the present study, we analyzed the function of histone deacetylases (HDACs) as potential regulators of OT regeneration. The expression of both hdac1 and hdac3 was found to be significantly decreased in the injured OT. In order to analyze the roles of HDACs in RG proliferation and differentiation after injury, we performed pharmacological experiments using the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A. We found that HDAC inhibition after stab wound injury suppressed RG proliferation but promoted neuronal differentiation. Moreover, HDAC inhibition suppressed the injury-induced decline in expression of Notch signaling target genes, her4.1 and her6 after OT injury. These results suggest that HDACs regulate regenerative neurogenesis through changes in Notch target gene expression by histone deacetylation. HDACs and histone acetylation are promising molecular targets for neuronal regeneration and further studies about the molecular mechanisms behind the regulation of regeneration by histone acetylation are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Kiyooka
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bio-Science, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Yuki Shimizu
- Functional Biomolecular Research Group and DAILAB, BMRI, AIST, 1-8-31, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan.
| | - Toshio Ohshima
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bio-Science, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
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23
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Cellular Localization of gdnf in Adult Zebrafish Brain. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10050286. [PMID: 32403347 PMCID: PMC7288084 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10050286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was initially described as important for dopaminergic neuronal survival and is involved in many other essential functions in the central nervous system. Characterization of GDNF phenotype in mammals is well described; however, studies in non-mammalian vertebrate models are scarce. Here, we characterized the anatomical distribution of gdnf-expressing cells in adult zebrafish brain by means of combined in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry. Our results revealed that gdnf was widely dispersed in the brain. gdnf transcripts were co-localized with radial glial cells along the ventricular area of the telencephalon and in the hypothalamus. Interestingly, Sox2 positive cells expressed gdnf in the neuronal layer but not in the ventricular zone of the telencephalon. A subset of GABAergic precursor cells labeled with dlx6a-1.4kbdlx5a/6a: green fluorescence protein (GFP) in the pallium, parvocellular preoptic nucleus, and the anterior and dorsal zones of the periventricular hypothalamus also showed expression with gdnf mRNA. In addition, gdnf signals were detected in subsets of dopaminergic neurons, including those in the ventral diencephalon, similar to what is seen in mammalian brain. Our work extends our knowledge of gdnf action sites and suggests a potential role for gdnf in adult brain neurogenesis and regeneration.
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24
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Quiescent Neural Stem Cells for Brain Repair and Regeneration: Lessons from Model Systems. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:213-226. [PMID: 32209453 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent progenitors that are responsible for producing all of the neurons and macroglia in the nervous system. In adult mammals, NSCs reside predominantly in a mitotically dormant, quiescent state, but they can proliferate in response to environmental inputs such as feeding or exercise. It is hoped that quiescent NSCs could be activated therapeutically to contribute towards repair in humans. This will require an understanding of quiescent NSC heterogeneities and regulation during normal physiology and following brain injury. Non-mammalian vertebrates (zebrafish and salamanders) and invertebrates (Drosophila) offer insights into brain repair and quiescence regulation that are difficult to obtain using rodent models alone. We review conceptual progress from these various models, a first step towards harnessing quiescent NSCs for therapeutic purposes.
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25
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Zupanc GKH, Monaghan JR, Stocum DL. Adult Neural Stem Cells in Development, Regeneration, and Aging. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 79:391-395. [PMID: 31219240 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James R Monaghan
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David L Stocum
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
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26
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Yu S, He J. Stochastic cell-cycle entry and cell-state-dependent fate outputs of injury-reactivated tectal radial glia in zebrafish. eLife 2019; 8:48660. [PMID: 31442201 PMCID: PMC6707787 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliosis defined as reactive changes of resident glia is the primary response of the central nervous system (CNS) to trauma. The proliferation and fate controls of injury-reactivated glia are essential but remain largely unexplored. In zebrafish optic tectum, we found that stab injury drove a subset of radial glia (RG) into the cell cycle, and surprisingly, proliferative RG responding to sequential injuries of the same site were distinct but overlapping, which was in agreement with stochastic cell-cycle entry. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis and functional assays further revealed the involvement of Notch/Delta lateral inhibition in this stochastic cell-cycle entry. Furthermore, the long-term clonal analysis showed that proliferative RG were largely gliogenic. Notch inhibition of reactive RG, not dormant and proliferative RG, resulted in an increased production of neurons, which were short-lived. Our findings gain new insights into the proliferation and fate controls of injury-reactivated CNS glia in zebrafish. The brain contains networks of cells known as neurons that rapidly relay information from one place to another. Other brain cells called glial cells perform several roles to support and protect the neurons including holding them in position and supplying them with oxygen and other nutrients. Damage to the brain as a result of physical injuries is one of the leading causes of death and disability in people worldwide. Brain injuries generally stimulate glial cells to enter a “reactive” state to help repair the damage. However, some glial cells may start to divide and produce more glial cells instead, leading to scar-like structures in the brain that hinder the repair process. To investigate why brain injuries trigger some glial cells to divide, Yu and He systematically examined glial cells in the part of the zebrafish brain that handles vision, known as the optic tectum. The experiments showed that a physical injury stimulated some of the glial cells to divide. Repeated injuries to the same part of the brain did not always stimulate the same glial cells to divide, suggesting that this process happens in random cells. Further experiments revealed that molecules involved in a signaling pathway known as Notch signaling were released from some brain cells and inhibited neighboring glial cells from dividing to make new glial cells. Unexpectedly, inhibiting Notch signaling after a brain injury caused some of the glial cells that were in the reactive state to divide to produce neurons instead of glial cells. Understanding how the brain responds to injury may help researchers develop new therapies that may benefit human patients in future. The next steps following on from this work will be to find out whether glial cells in humans and other mammals work in the same way as glial cells in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie He
- State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Lust K, Tanaka EM. A Comparative Perspective on Brain Regeneration in Amphibians and Teleost Fish. Dev Neurobiol 2019; 79:424-436. [PMID: 30600647 PMCID: PMC6618004 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration of lost cells in the central nervous system, especially the brain, is present to varying degrees in different species. In mammals, neuronal cell death often leads to glial cell hypertrophy, restricted proliferation, and formation of a gliotic scar, which prevents neuronal regeneration. Conversely, amphibians such as frogs and salamanders and teleost fish possess the astonishing capacity to regenerate lost cells in several regions of their brains. While frogs lose their regenerative abilities after metamorphosis, teleost fish and salamanders are known to possess regenerative competence even throughout adulthood. In the last decades, substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of brain regeneration in amphibians and fish. But how similar are the means of brain regeneration in these different species? In this review, we provide an overview of common and distinct aspects of brain regeneration in frog, salamander, and teleost fish species: from the origin of regenerated cells to the functional recovery of behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Lust
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Elly M Tanaka
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
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