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Badioli M, Degni LAE, Dalbagno D, Danti C, Starita F, di Pellegrino G, Benassi M, Garofalo S. Unraveling the influence of Pavlovian cues on decision-making: A pre-registered meta-analysis on Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 164:105829. [PMID: 39074674 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Amidst the replicability crisis, promoting transparency and rigor in research becomes imperative. The Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer (PIT) paradigm is increasingly used in human studies to offer insights into how Pavlovian cues, by anticipating rewards or punishments, influence decision-making and potentially contribute to the development of clinical conditions. However, research on this topic faces challenges, including methodological variability and the need for standardized approaches, which can undermine the quality and robustness of experimental findings. Hence, we conducted a meta-analysis to unravel the methodological, task-related, individual, training, and learning factors that can modulate PIT. By scrutinizing these factors, the present meta-analysis reviews the current literature on human PIT, provides practical guidelines for future research to enhance study outcomes and refine methodologies, and identifies knowledge gaps that can serve as a direction for future studies aiming to advance the comprehension of how Pavlovian cues shape decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Badioli
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Claudio Danti
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Sara Garofalo
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Italy.
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2
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Marzuki AA, Banca P, Garofalo S, Degni LAE, Dalbagno D, Badioli M, Sule A, Kaser M, Conway-Morris A, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW. Compulsive avoidance in youths and adults with OCD: an aversive pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer study. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:308. [PMID: 39060253 PMCID: PMC11282188 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-03028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Compulsive behaviour may often be triggered by Pavlovian cues. Assessing how Pavlovian cues drive instrumental behaviour in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is therefore crucial to understand how compulsions develop and are maintained. An aversive Pavlovian-to-Instrumental transfer (PIT) paradigm, particularly one involving avoidance/cancellation of negative outcomes, can enable such investigation and has not previously been studied in clinical-OCD. Forty-one participants diagnosed with OCD (21 adults; 20 youths) and 44 controls (21 adults; 23 youths) completed an aversive PIT task. Participants had to prevent the delivery of unpleasant noises by moving a joystick in the correct direction. They could infer these correct responses by learning appropriate response-outcome (instrumental) and stimulus-outcome (Pavlovian) associations. We then assessed whether Pavlovian cues elicited specific instrumental avoidance responses (specific PIT) and induced general instrumental avoidance (general PIT). We investigated whether task learning and confidence indices influenced PIT strength differentially between groups. There was no overall group difference in PIT performance, although youths with OCD showed weaker specific PIT than youth controls. However, urge to avoid unpleasant noises and preference for safe over unsafe stimuli influenced specific and general PIT respectively in OCD, while PIT in controls was more influenced by confidence in instrumental and Pavlovian learning. Thus, in OCD, implicit motivational factors, but not learnt knowledge, may contribute to the successful integration of aversive Pavlovian and instrumental cues. This implies that compulsive avoidance may be driven by these automatic processes. Youths with OCD show deficits in specific PIT, suggesting cue integration impairments are only apparent in adolescence. These findings may be clinically relevant as they emphasise the importance of targeting such implicit motivational processes when treating OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleya A Marzuki
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Psychology, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Paula Banca
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sara Garofalo
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi A E Degni
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Marco Badioli
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Akeem Sule
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Muzaffer Kaser
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Barbara J Sahakian
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Tanaka M, Chen C. Editorial: Towards a mechanistic understanding of depression, anxiety, and their comorbidity: perspectives from cognitive neuroscience. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1268156. [PMID: 37654442 PMCID: PMC10466044 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1268156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Tanaka
- Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, ELKH-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, University of Szeged (ELKH-SZTE), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Chong Chen
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
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Magnúsdóttir BB, Gylfason HF, Jóhannsdóttir KR. Blunted Cardiovascular Reactivity Predicts Worse Performance in Working Memory Tasks. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13040649. [PMID: 37190615 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13040649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
When we experience psychological challenges in the environment, our heart rate usually rises to make us more able to solve the task, but there is an individual difference in cardiovascular reactivity (CVR). Extreme CVR to environmental demands has been associated with worse health outcomes, with blunted CVR (little or no rise in heart rate) related to maladaptive behavior, including depression. The blunted CVR has been explained by motivational disengagement, which involves giving up on a task when facing obstacles. Disengagement is thought to be a habitual response that people might not be aware of, and, therefore, objective measures such as test performance might serve as a good measure of engagement. In this study, 66 participants solved different cognitive tasks while their CVR was measured. The aim was to test the association between test performance and reactivity, measured with the difference in heart rate at baseline and the mean heart rate while solving the tasks. Our results show a significant association between reactivity scores and performance in all tests, of various difficulty, indicating that blunted cardiovascular reactivity predicts poorer cognitive performance. Furthermore, we find an association between reactivity in one test and the performance in the other tests, suggesting that disengagement from environmental demands can be more general and not depend on the task at hand. The results, therefore, support earlier research suggesting that blunted CVR is associated with worse cognitive performance, and extends the literature by indicating that disengagement could be a more general maladaptive response to the environment.
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Baboli R, Cao M, Halperin JM, Li X. Distinct Thalamic and Frontal Neuroanatomical Substrates in Children with Familial vs. Non-Familial Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Brain Sci 2022; 13:46. [PMID: 36672028 PMCID: PMC9856951 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent, inheritable, and heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder. Children with a family history of ADHD are at elevated risk of having ADHD and persisting its symptoms into adulthood. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of having or not having positive family risk factor in the neuroanatomy of the brain in children with ADHD. Cortical thickness-, surface area-, and volume-based measures were extracted and compared in a total of 606 participants, including 132, 165, and 309 in groups of familial ADHD (ADHD-F), non-familial ADHD (ADHD-NF), and typically developed children, respectively. Compared to controls, ADHD probands showed significantly reduced gray matter surface area in the left cuneus. Among the ADHD subgroups, ADHD-F showed significantly increased gray matter volume in the right thalamus and significantly thinner cortical thickness in the right pars orbitalis. Among ADHD-F, an increased volume of the right thalamus was significantly correlated with a reduced DSM-oriented t-score for ADHD problems. The findings of this study may suggest that a positive family history of ADHD is associated with the structural abnormalities in the thalamus and inferior frontal gyrus; these anatomical abnormalities may significantly contribute to the emergence of ADHD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahman Baboli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07039, USA
| | - Meng Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07039, USA
| | - Jeffery M. Halperin
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York, New York, NY 11367, USA
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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6
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Stussi Y, Pool ER. Multicomponential affective processes modulating food-seeking behaviors. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2022.101226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Patil V, Madgi M, Kiran A. Early prediction of Alzheimer's disease using convolutional neural network: a review. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSURGERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s41983-022-00571-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn this paper, a comprehensive review on Alzheimer's disease (AD) is carried out, and an exploration of the two machine learning (ML) methods that help to identify the disease in its initial stages. Alzheimer's disease is a neurocognitive disorder occurring in people in their early onset. This disease causes the person to suffer from memory loss, unusual behavior, and language problems. Early detection is essential for developing more advanced treatments for AD. Machine learning (ML), a subfield of Artificial Intelligence (AI), uses various probabilistic and optimization techniques to help computers learn from huge and complicated data sets. To diagnose AD in its early stages, researchers generally use machine learning. The survey provides a broad overview of current research in this field and analyses the classification methods used by researchers working with ADNI data sets. It discusses essential research topics such as the data sets used, the evaluation measures employed, and the machine learning methods used. Our presentation suggests a model that helps better understand current work and highlights the challenges and opportunities for innovative and useful research. The study shows which machine learning method holds best for the ADNI data set. Therefore, the focus is given to two methods: the 18-layer convolutional network and the 3D convolutional network. Hence, CNNs with multi-layered fetch more accurate results as compared to 3D CNN. The work also contributes to the use of the ADNI data set, where the classification of training and testing samples is divided with such a number that brings the highest accuracy achieved with 18-layer CNN. The work concentrates on the early prediction of Alzheimer's disease with machine learning methods. Thus, the accuracy achieved is 98% for 18-layer CNN.
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Starita F, Garofalo S, Dalbagno D, Degni LAE, di Pellegrino G. Pavlovian threat learning shapes the kinematics of action. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1005656. [PMID: 36304859 PMCID: PMC9592852 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1005656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prompt response to environmental threats is critical to survival. Previous research has revealed mechanisms underlying threat-conditioned physiological responses, but little is known about how threats shape action. Here we tested if threat learning shapes the kinematics of reaching in human adults. In two different experiments conducted on independent samples of participants, after Pavlovian threat learning, in which a stimulus anticipated the delivery of an aversive shock, whereas another did not, the peak velocity and acceleration of reaching increased for the shocked-paired stimulus, relative to the unpaired one. These kinematic changes appeared as a direct consequence of learning, emerging even in absence of an actual threat to body integrity, as no shock occurred during reaching. Additionally, they correlated with the strength of sympathetic response during threat learning, establishing a direct relationship between previous learning and subsequent changes in action. The increase in velocity and acceleration of action following threat learning may be adaptive to facilitate the implementation of defensive responses. Enhanced action invigoration may be maladaptive, however, when defensive responses are inappropriately enacted in safe contexts, as exemplified in a number of anxiety-related disorders.
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Peng Z, He L, Wen R, Verguts T, Seger CA, Chen Q. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterized by decreased Pavlovian influence on instrumental behavior. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009945. [PMID: 36215326 PMCID: PMC9584381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by uncontrollable repetitive actions thought to rely on abnormalities within fundamental instrumental learning systems. We investigated cognitive and computational mechanisms underlying Pavlovian biases on instrumental behavior in both clinical OCD patients and healthy controls using a Pavlovian-Instrumental Transfer (PIT) task. PIT is typically evidenced by increased responding in the presence of a positive (previously rewarded) Pavlovian cue, and reduced responding in the presence of a negative cue. Thirty OCD patients and thirty-one healthy controls completed the Pavlovian Instrumental Transfer test, which included instrumental training, Pavlovian training for positive, negative and neutral cues, and a PIT phase in which participants performed the instrumental task in the presence of the Pavlovian cues. Modified Rescorla-Wagner models were fitted to trial-by-trial data of participants to estimate underlying computational mechanism and quantify individual differences during training and transfer stages. Bayesian hierarchical methods were used to estimate free parameters and compare the models. Behavioral and computational results indicated a weaker Pavlovian influence on instrumental behavior in OCD patients than in HC, especially for negative Pavlovian cues. Our results contrast with the increased PIT effects reported for another set of disorders characterized by compulsivity, substance use disorders, in which PIT is enhanced. A possible reason for the reduced PIT in OCD may be impairment in using the contextual information provided by the cues to appropriately adjust behavior, especially when inhibiting responding when a negative cue is present. This study provides deeper insight into our understanding of deficits in OCD from the perspective of Pavlovian influences on instrumental behavior and may have implications for OCD treatment modalities focused on reducing compulsive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Peng
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Luning He
- School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongzhen Wen
- School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tom Verguts
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carol A. Seger
- School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CS); (QC)
| | - Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (CS); (QC)
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Degni LAE, Dalbagno D, Starita F, Benassi M, di Pellegrino G, Garofalo S. General Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer in humans: Evidence from Bayesian inference. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:945503. [PMID: 36051636 PMCID: PMC9426756 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.945503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When repeatedly paired with rewarding outcomes (i.e., Pavlovian conditioning), environmental cues may acquire predictive and motivational significance and later enhance instrumental responding for the same (i.e., outcome-specific transfer) or motivationally similar (i.e., general transfer) outcomes. Although outcome-specific and general Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer (PIT) are characterized by different neural substrates and behavioral mechanisms, general transfer has never been studied in isolation from outcome-specific transfer in humans. The first aim of the present study was to test whether the general transfer effect could emerge in isolation and independently of outcome-specific transfer. Our results showed that general transfer can be elicited without the concurrent presence of outcome-specific transfer, supporting the idea that outcome-specific and general transfer can be studied independently of each other. The second aim of the present study was to clarify whether the affordance-like properties of the outcomes can affect the general transfer. In fact, a critical difference in current studies on general transfer concerns the use of cues associated with outcomes for which an action was previously learned (or not) during the instrumental training. This apparently minor difference affects the affordance-like properties of the outcome and may also be transferred to the cue, in turn impacting general transfer. Results revealed a general transfer of the same magnitude regardless of whether cues were associated with reward earned or not during instrumental conditioning. These findings increase the current knowledge on the incentive motivational mechanism behind general transfer, indicating that it is independent of the motor features of the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi A. E. Degni
- Center for studies and research in Cognitive Neuroscience (CsrNC), Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | - Daniela Dalbagno
- Center for studies and research in Cognitive Neuroscience (CsrNC), Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | - Francesca Starita
- Center for studies and research in Cognitive Neuroscience (CsrNC), Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Benassi
- Psychometrics and Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe di Pellegrino
- Center for studies and research in Cognitive Neuroscience (CsrNC), Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | - Sara Garofalo
- Center for studies and research in Cognitive Neuroscience (CsrNC), Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
- Psychometrics and Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
- *Correspondence: Sara Garofalo,
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11
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Xie T, Wang L. EXPRESS: Encoding Arm and Leg Movements in the Same or Opposite Direction. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2022; 76:1368-1378. [PMID: 35771090 DOI: 10.1177/17470218221113427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether working memory performance for arm and leg movements differed when encoding in the same or opposite direction (relative to the observed direction) and which direction was better for encoding these two kinds of movements. The results showed that encoding direction regulated the comparison between arm and leg movements in working memory performance. In the same-direction encoding condition, arm movements performed better than leg movements, whereas in the opposite-direction encoding condition, arm movements performed worse. Additionally, arm movements performed better when they were encoded in the same direction, while encoding leg movements in the same direction did not differ from encoding them in the opposite direction. Therefore, we should move appropriate body parts for the same and opposite learning directions. The same direction is suitable for learning arm movements but not leg movements; the opposite direction is suitable for learning leg movements but not arm movements. We should also consider the appropriate learning direction for arm movements rather than leg movements. Arm movements are encoded more effectively in the same direction than in the opposite direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xie
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China 47821
| | - Lijuan Wang
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China 47821
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12
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Tanaka M, Vécsei L. Editorial of Special Issue ‘Dissecting Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Diseases: Neurodegeneration and Neuroprotection’. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136991. [PMID: 35805990 PMCID: PMC9266548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Tanaka
- ELKH-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, University of Szeged (ELKH-SZTE), Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- ELKH-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, University of Szeged (ELKH-SZTE), Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
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Tanaka M, Spekker E, Szabó Á, Polyák H, Vécsei L. Modelling the neurodevelopmental pathogenesis in neuropsychiatric disorders. Bioactive kynurenines and their analogues as neuroprotective agents-in celebration of 80th birthday of Professor Peter Riederer. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:627-642. [PMID: 35624406 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02513-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Following introduction of the monoamine oxidase type B inhibitor selegiline for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), discovery of the action mechanism of Alzheimer's disease-modifying agent memantine, the role of iron in PD, and the loss of electron transport chain complex I in PD, and development of the concept of clinical neuroprotection, Peter Riederer launched one of the most challenging research project neurodevelopmental aspects of neuropsychiatric disorders. The neurodevelopmental theory holds that a disruption of normal brain development in utero or during early life underlies the subsequent emergence of neuropsychiatric symptoms during later life. Indeed, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition and the International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision categorize autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). More and more evidence, especially from preclinical studies, is revealing that neurodevelopmental pathology is not limited to the diagnostic class above, but also contributes to the development of other psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder as well as neurodegenerative diseases such as PD and Huntington's disease. Preclinical animal research is taking a lead in understanding the pathomechanisms of NDDs, searching for novel targets, and developing new neuroprotective agents against NDDs. This narrative review discusses emerging evidence of the neurodevelopmental etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders, recent advances in modelling neurodevelopmental pathogenesis, potential strategies of clinical neuroprotection using novel kynurenine metabolites and analogues, and future research direction for NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Tanaka
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged (MTA-SZTE), Semmelweis u. 6, 6725, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eleonóra Spekker
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged (MTA-SZTE), Semmelweis u. 6, 6725, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Szabó
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-György Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, 6725, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Helga Polyák
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-György Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, 6725, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged (MTA-SZTE), Semmelweis u. 6, 6725, Szeged, Hungary. .,Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-György Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, 6725, Szeged, Hungary.
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Sellitto M, Terenzi D, Starita F, di Pellegrino G, Battaglia S. The Cost of Imagined Actions in a Reward-Valuation Task. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12050582. [PMID: 35624971 PMCID: PMC9139426 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that humans and other animals assign value to a stimulus based not only on its inherent rewarding properties, but also on the costs of the action required to obtain it, such as the cost of time. Here, we examined whether such cost also occurs for mentally simulated actions. Healthy volunteers indicated their subjective value for snack foods while the time to imagine performing the action to obtain the different stimuli was manipulated. In each trial, the picture of one food item and a home position connected through a path were displayed on a computer screen. The path could be either large or thin. Participants first rated the stimulus, and then imagined moving the mouse cursor along the path from the starting position to the food location. They reported the onset and offset of the imagined movements with a button press. Two main results emerged. First, imagery times were significantly longer for the thin than the large path. Second, participants liked significantly less the snack foods associated with the thin path (i.e., with longer imagery time), possibly because the passage of time strictly associated with action imagery discounts the value of the reward. Importantly, such effects were absent in a control group of participants who performed an identical valuation task, except that no action imagery was required. Our findings hint at the idea that imagined actions, like real actions, carry a cost that affects deeply how people assign value to the stimuli in their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Sellitto
- Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.S.); (F.S.)
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2AS, UK
| | - Damiano Terenzi
- Department of Decision Neuroscience and Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), 14558 Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany;
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Neuroscience Research Center, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesca Starita
- Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.S.); (F.S.)
| | - Giuseppe di Pellegrino
- Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.S.); (F.S.)
- Correspondence: (G.d.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Simone Battaglia
- Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.S.); (F.S.)
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2AS, UK
- Correspondence: (G.d.P.); (S.B.)
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15
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Wang L, Xie T, Ma H, Xu M, Xie X. Subject-performed task effect on working memory performance in children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res 2022; 15:1698-1709. [PMID: 35298088 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A previous study found that children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have better recall when they perform instructions (subject-performed task [SPT]) than when they passively hear instructions (verbal task [VT]) in a working memory task for instructions, an effect that is called the SPT effect. This study explored whether the SPT effect exhibited by ASD children is caused by the movement component or by processing materials twice. More importantly, this study explored whether intelligence influences the SPT effect exhibited by ASD children. ASD children with three levels of intelligence (N = 56) and a control group, children with intellectual disability (ID) who had low intelligence but did not have ASD (N = 21), were asked to perform working memory tasks for instructions under VT, SPT and repeated (hearing the instruction twice) conditions. No significant difference in performance was observed between the VT and repeated conditions, regardless of the child's level of intelligence. ASD children with lower-middle intelligence exhibited a smaller SPT effect than ASD children with upper-middle intelligence. Critically, while ASD children with low intelligence did not exhibit the SPT effect, an ID group with equivalent low intelligence did show this effect. Therefore, these results show that the SPT effect for ASD children is caused by the movement component and is uniquely associated with a certain level of intelligence, namely, lower middle and higher levels of intelligence. LAY SUMMARY: In ASD children, the benefit of physically performing instructions for working memory performance is uniquely associated with a certain level of intelligence. Only ASD children with lower-middle intelligence (and higher) benefit from physically performing instructions, and higher intelligence increases this benefit; ASD children with low intelligence do not show this benefit. This benefit in ASD children is attributed to the additional motoric code generated by physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wang
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Tingting Xie
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Huan Ma
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Miao Xu
- No. 6 Hospital of Changchun, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaochun Xie
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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16
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The Functional Interactions between Cortical Regions through Theta-Gamma Coupling during Resting-State and a Visual Working Memory Task. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020274. [PMID: 35204038 PMCID: PMC8869925 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Theta phase-gamma amplitude coupling (TGC) plays an important role in several different cognitive processes. Although spontaneous brain activity at the resting state is crucial in preparing for cognitive performance, the functional role of resting-state TGC remains unclear. To investigate the role of resting-state TGC, electroencephalogram recordings were obtained for 56 healthy volunteers while they were in the resting state, with their eyes closed, and then when they were engaged in a retention interval period in the visual memory task. The TGCs of the two different conditions were calculated and compared. The results indicated that the modulation index of TGC during the retention interval of the visual working memory (VWM) task was not higher than that during the resting state; however, the topographical distribution of TGC during the resting state was negatively correlated with TGC during VWM task at the local level. The topographical distribution of TGC during the resting state was negatively correlated with TGC coordinates’ engagement of brain areas in local and large-scale networks and during task performance at the local level. These findings support the view that TGC reflects information-processing and signal interaction across distant brain areas. These results demonstrate that TGC could explain the efficiency of competing brain networks.
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17
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Grandinetti P, Gooney M, Scheibein F, Testa R, Ruggieri G, Tondo P, Corona A, Boi G, Floris L, Profeta VF, Wells JSG, De Berardis D. Stress and Maladaptive Coping of Italians Health Care Professionals during the First Wave of the Pandemic. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11121586. [PMID: 34942888 PMCID: PMC8699311 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11121586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress during the pandemic has had an impact on the mental health of healthcare professionals (HCPs). However, little is known about coping and “maladaptive” coping behaviours of this population. This study investigates “maladaptive” coping behaviours and their correlation with stress, anxiety and insomnia of Italian HCPs during the pandemic. It reports on a cross-sectional, descriptive and correlational study based on a survey of 1955 Italian HCPs. Overall participants reported increases in cigarette smoking, time spent online and video playing. Overall reported alcohol consumption decreased but increased in those reporting drinking more than once a week. Those reporting starting smoking during the pandemic were found to have higher SAS and PSS scores. Those reporting being online for 3 or more hours were found to have higher ISS scores. Doctors who reported playing video games were found to have higher PSS, ISS and SAS scores whilst nurses who reported playing video games were found to have higher ISS scores. Doctors who reported playing for longer than one hour had higher PSS scores. Online behaviours may be a coping behaviour of HCPs affected by the pandemic. However, this is an underexplored area for the wellbeing of HCPs. These deficits need to be addressed going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Grandinetti
- Department of Territorial Assistance, ASL Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (P.G.); (G.R.); (P.T.)
| | - Martina Gooney
- School of Health Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (M.G.); (F.S.); (J.S.G.W.)
| | - Florian Scheibein
- School of Health Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (M.G.); (F.S.); (J.S.G.W.)
| | - Roberta Testa
- Department of Mental Health, ASL Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (R.T.); (V.F.P.)
| | - Gaetano Ruggieri
- Department of Territorial Assistance, ASL Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (P.G.); (G.R.); (P.T.)
| | - Paolo Tondo
- Department of Territorial Assistance, ASL Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (P.G.); (G.R.); (P.T.)
| | - Anastasia Corona
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, ATTS Sardegna-Zona Sud, 09100 Cagliari, Italy; (A.C.); (G.B.); (L.F.)
| | - Graziella Boi
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, ATTS Sardegna-Zona Sud, 09100 Cagliari, Italy; (A.C.); (G.B.); (L.F.)
| | - Luca Floris
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, ATTS Sardegna-Zona Sud, 09100 Cagliari, Italy; (A.C.); (G.B.); (L.F.)
| | - Valerio F. Profeta
- Department of Mental Health, ASL Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (R.T.); (V.F.P.)
| | - John S. G. Wells
- School of Health Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (M.G.); (F.S.); (J.S.G.W.)
| | - Domenico De Berardis
- Department of Territorial Assistance, ASL Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (P.G.); (G.R.); (P.T.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Saeidi M, Karwowski W, Farahani FV, Fiok K, Taiar R, Hancock PA, Al-Juaid A. Neural Decoding of EEG Signals with Machine Learning: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1525. [PMID: 34827524 PMCID: PMC8615531 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroencephalography (EEG) is a non-invasive technique used to record the brain's evoked and induced electrical activity from the scalp. Artificial intelligence, particularly machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms, are increasingly being applied to EEG data for pattern analysis, group membership classification, and brain-computer interface purposes. This study aimed to systematically review recent advances in ML and DL supervised models for decoding and classifying EEG signals. Moreover, this article provides a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art techniques used for EEG signal preprocessing and feature extraction. To this end, several academic databases were searched to explore relevant studies from the year 2000 to the present. Our results showed that the application of ML and DL in both mental workload and motor imagery tasks has received substantial attention in recent years. A total of 75% of DL studies applied convolutional neural networks with various learning algorithms, and 36% of ML studies achieved competitive accuracy by using a support vector machine algorithm. Wavelet transform was found to be the most common feature extraction method used for all types of tasks. We further examined the specific feature extraction methods and end classifier recommendations discovered in this systematic review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maham Saeidi
- Computational Neuroergonomics Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (F.V.F.); (K.F.)
| | - Waldemar Karwowski
- Computational Neuroergonomics Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (F.V.F.); (K.F.)
| | - Farzad V. Farahani
- Computational Neuroergonomics Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (F.V.F.); (K.F.)
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Krzysztof Fiok
- Computational Neuroergonomics Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (F.V.F.); (K.F.)
| | - Redha Taiar
- MATIM, Moulin de la Housse, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, CEDEX 02, 51687 Reims, France;
| | - P. A. Hancock
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
| | - Awad Al-Juaid
- Industrial Engineering Department, Taif University, Taif 26571, Saudi Arabia;
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19
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Zhang B, Shi Y, Hou L, Yin Z, Chai C. TSMG: A Deep Learning Framework for Recognizing Human Learning Style Using EEG Signals. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11111397. [PMID: 34827396 PMCID: PMC8615788 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Educational theory claims that integrating learning style into learning-related activities can improve academic performance. Traditional methods to recognize learning styles are mostly based on questionnaires and online behavior analyses. These methods are highly subjective and inaccurate in terms of recognition. Electroencephalography (EEG) signals have significant potential for use in the measurement of learning style. This study uses EEG signals to design a deep-learning-based model of recognition to recognize people's learning styles with EEG features by using a non-overlapping sliding window, one-dimensional spatio-temporal convolutions, multi-scale feature extraction, global average pooling, and the group voting mechanism; this model is named the TSMG model (Temporal-Spatial-Multiscale-Global model). It solves the problem of processing EEG data of variable length, and improves the accuracy of recognition of the learning style by nearly 5% compared with prevalent methods, while reducing the cost of calculation by 41.93%. The proposed TSMG model can also recognize variable-length data in other fields. The authors also formulated a dataset of EEG signals (called the LSEEG dataset) containing features of the learning style processing dimension that can be used to test and compare models of recognition. This dataset is also conducive to the application and further development of EEG technology to recognize people's learning styles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxue Zhang
- Department of Optical-Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (B.Z.); (Y.S.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Optical-Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (B.Z.); (Y.S.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Longfeng Hou
- Department of Energy & Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China;
| | - Zhong Yin
- Department of Optical-Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (B.Z.); (Y.S.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Chengliang Chai
- Department of Optical-Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (B.Z.); (Y.S.); (Z.Y.)
- Correspondence:
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20
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Wang A, Nikolin S, Moffa AH, Loo CK, Martin DM. A novel approach for targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for transcranial magnetic stimulation using a cognitive task. Exp Brain Res 2021; 240:71-80. [PMID: 34625838 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has the potential to be developed as a novel treatment for cognitive dysfunction. However, current methods of targeting rTMS for cognition fail to consider inter-individual functional variability. This study explored the use of a cognitive task to individualise the target site for rTMS administered to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (L-DLPFC). Twenty-five healthy participants were enrolled in a sham-controlled, crossover study. Participants performed a random letter generation task under the following conditions: no stimulation, sham and active 'online' rTMS applied to F3 (International 10-20 System) and four standardised surrounding sites. Across all sites combined, active 'online' rTMS was associated with significantly reduced performance compared to sham rTMS for unique trigrams (p = 0.012), but not for unique digrams (p > 0.05). Using a novel localisation methodology based on performance outcomes from both measures, a single optimal individualised site was identified for 92% [n = 23] of participants. At the individualised site, performance was significantly poorer compared to a common standard site (F3) and both control conditions (ps < 0.01). The current results suggest that this localisation methodology using a cognitive task could be used to individualise the rTMS target site at the L-DLPFC for modulating and potentially enhancing cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Wang
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stevan Nikolin
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Black Dog Institute, Hospital Road, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Adriano H Moffa
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Colleen K Loo
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Black Dog Institute, Hospital Road, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia.,St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Donel M Martin
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Black Dog Institute, Hospital Road, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia.
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21
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Jo NG, Kim GW, Won YH, Park SH, Seo JH, Ko MH. Timing-Dependent Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Hand Motor Function in Healthy Individuals: A Randomized Controlled Study. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11101325. [PMID: 34679390 PMCID: PMC8534210 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The timing of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is essential for enhancing motor skill learning. Previously, tDCS, before or concurrently, with motor training was evaluated in healthy volunteers or elderly patients, but the optimal timing of stimulation has not been determined. In this study, we aimed to optimize the existing tDCS protocols by exploring the timing-dependent stimulation effects on finger movements in healthy individuals. We conducted a single-center, prospective, randomized controlled trial. The study participants (n = 39) were randomly assigned into three groups: tDCS concurrently with finger tapping training (CON), tDCS prior to finger tapping training (PRI), and SHAM-tDCS simultaneously with finger tapping training (SHAM). In all groups, the subjects participated in five 40-min training sessions for one week. Motor performance was measured before and after treatment using the finger-tapping task (FTT), the grooved pegboard test (GPT), and hand strength tests. tDCS treatment prior to finger tapping training significantly improved motor skill learning, as indicated by the GPT and hand strength measurements. In all groups, the treatment improved the FTT performance. Our results indicate that applying tDCS before training could be optimal for enhancing motor skill learning. Further research is required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Gyu Jo
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Geonjiro 20, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54097, Korea; (N.-G.J.); (G.-W.K.); (Y.H.W.); (S.-H.P.); (J.-H.S.)
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Geonjiro 20, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54907, Korea
| | - Gi-Wook Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Geonjiro 20, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54097, Korea; (N.-G.J.); (G.-W.K.); (Y.H.W.); (S.-H.P.); (J.-H.S.)
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Geonjiro 20, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54907, Korea
| | - Yu Hui Won
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Geonjiro 20, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54097, Korea; (N.-G.J.); (G.-W.K.); (Y.H.W.); (S.-H.P.); (J.-H.S.)
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Geonjiro 20, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54907, Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Park
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Geonjiro 20, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54097, Korea; (N.-G.J.); (G.-W.K.); (Y.H.W.); (S.-H.P.); (J.-H.S.)
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Geonjiro 20, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54907, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Seo
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Geonjiro 20, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54097, Korea; (N.-G.J.); (G.-W.K.); (Y.H.W.); (S.-H.P.); (J.-H.S.)
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Geonjiro 20, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54907, Korea
| | - Myoung-Hwan Ko
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Geonjiro 20, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54097, Korea; (N.-G.J.); (G.-W.K.); (Y.H.W.); (S.-H.P.); (J.-H.S.)
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Geonjiro 20, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54907, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-250-1795; Fax: +82-63-254-4145
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22
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Dehelean L, Papava I, Musat MI, Bondrescu M, Bratosin F, Bucatos BO, Bortun AMC, Mager DV, Romosan RS, Romosan AM, Paczeyka R, Cut TG, Pescariu SA, Laza R. Coping Strategies and Stress Related Disorders in Patients with COVID-19. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11101287. [PMID: 34679351 PMCID: PMC8533929 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with severe COVID-19 experience high-stress levels and thus are at risk for developing acute stress disorder (ASD) and/or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The present study aims to search for correlations between psychiatric response to stress and coping strategies among individuals with acute vs. remitted COVID-19. Ninety subjects with COVID-19 were included in the study, divided into two samples by disease category. Our focus was analysing the perceived stress intensity according to NSESSS and PCL-C-17 scales, and coping strategies with COPE-60. High NSESSS scores were found in 40% of acute patients, and 15.6% of remitted patients had high PCL-C-17 scores fulfilling the criteria for PTSD. We found a negative correlation between stress level and disease category. Acute patients used significantly more engagement and emotion-focused coping methods, but less disengagement types of coping than patients in the remitted phase. Remitted patients under high stress levels are prone to use disengagement and emotion-focused coping strategies. In conclusion, remitted COVID-19 patients experience lower levels of stress and use less emotion-focused strategies, except among those who developed PTSD post-COVID-19 infection, presenting with high-stress levels and using more disengagement and emotion-focused types of coping strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Dehelean
- Department of Neurosciences-Psychiatry, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (L.D.); (M.B.); (B.O.B.); (A.-M.C.B.); (R.S.R.); (A.-M.R.)
- Center for Cognitive Research in Neuropsychiatric Pathology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Timis County Emergency Clinical Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Liviu Rebreanu, Nr. 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Ion Papava
- Department of Neurosciences-Psychiatry, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (L.D.); (M.B.); (B.O.B.); (A.-M.C.B.); (R.S.R.); (A.-M.R.)
- Center for Cognitive Research in Neuropsychiatric Pathology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Timis County Emergency Clinical Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Liviu Rebreanu, Nr. 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania;
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (M.I.M.)
| | - Madalina Iuliana Musat
- Neuropsychiatry Hospital Craiova—Psychiatry Clinic I, Aleea Potelu 24, 200317 Craiova, Romania
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (M.I.M.)
| | - Mariana Bondrescu
- Department of Neurosciences-Psychiatry, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (L.D.); (M.B.); (B.O.B.); (A.-M.C.B.); (R.S.R.); (A.-M.R.)
- Timis County Emergency Clinical Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Liviu Rebreanu, Nr. 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania;
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘’Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Felix Bratosin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘’Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (F.B.); (R.L.)
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Pneumophtisiology ‘’Doctor Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, Gheorghe Adam, Nr. 13, 300310 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Bianca Oana Bucatos
- Department of Neurosciences-Psychiatry, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (L.D.); (M.B.); (B.O.B.); (A.-M.C.B.); (R.S.R.); (A.-M.R.)
- Timis County Emergency Clinical Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Liviu Rebreanu, Nr. 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania;
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘’Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Ana-Maria Cristina Bortun
- Department of Neurosciences-Psychiatry, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (L.D.); (M.B.); (B.O.B.); (A.-M.C.B.); (R.S.R.); (A.-M.R.)
- Timis County Emergency Clinical Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Liviu Rebreanu, Nr. 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania;
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘’Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Daniela Violeta Mager
- Timis County Emergency Clinical Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Liviu Rebreanu, Nr. 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Radu Stefan Romosan
- Department of Neurosciences-Psychiatry, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (L.D.); (M.B.); (B.O.B.); (A.-M.C.B.); (R.S.R.); (A.-M.R.)
- Center for Cognitive Research in Neuropsychiatric Pathology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Timis County Emergency Clinical Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Liviu Rebreanu, Nr. 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Ana-Maria Romosan
- Department of Neurosciences-Psychiatry, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (L.D.); (M.B.); (B.O.B.); (A.-M.C.B.); (R.S.R.); (A.-M.R.)
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘’Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Roxana Paczeyka
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Pneumophtisiology ‘’Doctor Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, Gheorghe Adam, Nr. 13, 300310 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Talida Georgiana Cut
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘’Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘’Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (F.B.); (R.L.)
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Pneumophtisiology ‘’Doctor Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, Gheorghe Adam, Nr. 13, 300310 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Silvius Alexandru Pescariu
- Department VI, Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes” Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Ruxandra Laza
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘’Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, E. Murgu Square, Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (F.B.); (R.L.)
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Pneumophtisiology ‘’Doctor Victor Babes’’ Timisoara, Gheorghe Adam, Nr. 13, 300310 Timisoara, Romania;
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23
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Battaglia S, Serio G, Scarpazza C, D'Ausilio A, Borgomaneri S. Frozen in (e)motion: How reactive motor inhibition is influenced by the emotional content of stimuli in healthy and psychiatric populations. Behav Res Ther 2021; 146:103963. [PMID: 34530318 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2021.103963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Efficient inhibitory control is vital. However, environmental cues can influence motor control especially in an emotional context. One common task to measure inhibitory control is the stop-signal task (SST), which asks participants to respond to go stimuli knowing that on some trials a stop signal will be presented, requiring them to inhibit their response. This paradigm estimates the ability to inhibit already-initiated responses by calculating participants' stop-signal reaction times (SSRT), an index of inhibitory control. Here, we aim to review the existing, often contradictory, evidence on the influence of emotional stimuli on the inhibitory process. We aim to discuss which factors may reveal an interference as well as an advantage of emotional stimuli on action inhibition performance. Finally, we review the existing evidence that has investigated the effect of such stimuli on action inhibition in the psychiatric population. Important factors are the relevance, the intensity and the valence of the emotional stimulus, as well as the affected component of the motor control. From all this evidence, it is clear that understand precisely how emotion is integrated into core executive functions, such as inhibitory control, is essential not only for cognitive neuroscience, but also for refining neurocognitive models of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Battaglia
- Centro Studi e Ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Bologna, Campus di Cesena, 47521, Cesena, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Serio
- Centro Studi e Ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Bologna, Campus di Cesena, 47521, Cesena, Italy
| | - Cristina Scarpazza
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy; Padova Neuroscience Centre (PNC), 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro D'Ausilio
- Università di Ferrara, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze e Riabilitazione, Ferrara, Italy; Italian Institute of Technology, Center for Translational Neurophysiology, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sara Borgomaneri
- Centro Studi e Ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Bologna, Campus di Cesena, 47521, Cesena, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179, Rome, Italy.
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24
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Garofalo S, Battaglia S, Starita F, di Pellegrino G. Modulation of cue-guided choices by transcranial direct current stimulation. Cortex 2021; 137:124-137. [PMID: 33609898 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Environmental cues may anticipate the availability of rewards, thus acting as a guide towards a specific choice (i.e., cue-guided choices). Despite the lateral prefrontal cortex having a critical role in using past learning and flexibly selecting relevant information to guide behavior, the literature on the neural basis of human cue-guided choice mainly focused on the subcortical brain structures implicated, while the specific role of cortical areas remained unclear. The present study aimed to provide causal evidence for the involvement of the lateral prefrontal cortex in two forms of human cue-guided choice, namely outcome-specific and general. To do this, 2 mA cathodal, anodal or sham transcranial direct current stimulation was applied over the lateral prefrontal cortex (with the posterior parietal cortex serving as control region) in three separate groups performing a Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer task. Results showed, for the first time, a dissociation in the cortical structures involved in human cue-guided choice. Cathodal stimulation of the lateral prefrontal cortex reduced the outcome-specific transfer. In striking contrast, there was no influence on the general transfer. These results argue in favor of the presence of at least two possible neural pathways underlying cue-guided choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Garofalo
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy.
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25
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Abstract
By anticipating potential rewards, external cues can guide behavior to achieve a goal. Whether the conscious elaboration of these cues is necessary to elicit cue-guided choices is still unknown. The goal of the present study is to test whether the subliminal presentation of a visual cue previously paired with a reward is sufficient to bias responses that can lead to the same or a similar reward. To this aim, three experiments compared the subliminal and supraliminal presentation of reward-associated cues during a Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer task. In line with previous evidence, results showed that the supraliminal presentation of reward-associated Pavlovian cues biased participant’s choice towards motivationally similar rewards (general transfer) as well as towards rewards sharing the precise sensory-specific properties of the cue (outcome-specific transfer). In striking contrast, subliminal cues biased choice only towards motivationally similar rewards (general transfer). Taken together, these findings suggest that cue-guided choices are modulated by the level of perceptual threshold (i.e., subliminal vs supraliminal) of reward-associated cues. Although conscious elaboration of the cue is necessary to guide choice towards a specific reward, subliminal processing is still sufficient to push towards choices sharing the motivational properties of the cue. Implications for everyday life, clinical conditions, and theoretical accounts of cue-guided choices are discussed.
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26
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da Costa RQM, Furukawa E, Hoefle S, Moll J, Tripp G, Mattos P. An Adaptation of Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer (PIT) Methodology to Examine the Energizing Effects of Reward-Predicting Cues on Behavior in Young Adults. Front Psychol 2020; 11:195. [PMID: 32116971 PMCID: PMC7034436 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing recognition that much of human behavior is governed by the presence of classically conditioned cues. The Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer (PIT) paradigm offers a way to measure the effects of classically conditioned stimuli on behavior. In the current study, a novel behavioral task, an adaptation of the PIT framework, was developed for use in conjunction with an fMRI classical conditioning task. Twenty-four healthy young adults completed (1) instrumental training, (2) Pavlovian conditioning, and (3) a Transfer test. During instrumental training, participants learned to apply force to a handgrip to win money from slot machines pictured on a computer screen. During Pavlovian conditioning, slot machines appeared with one of two abstract symbols (cues), one symbol was predictive of monetary reward. During the Transfer test, participants again applied force to a handgrip to win money. This time, the slot machines were presented with the Pavlovian cues, but with the outcomes hidden. The results indicated increased effort on the instrumental task, i.e. higher response frequency and greater force, in the presence of the reward-predicting cue. Our findings add to the growing number of studies demonstrating PIT effects in humans. This new paradigm is effective in measuring the effects of a conditioned stimulus on behavioral activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Quimas Molina da Costa
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Neurology Department, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emi Furukawa
- Human Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Sebastian Hoefle
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jorge Moll
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gail Tripp
- Human Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Paulo Mattos
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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