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Vélez-Ixta JM, Juárez-Castelán CJ, Ramírez-Sánchez D, Lázaro-Pérez NDS, Castro-Arellano JJ, Romero-Maldonado S, Rico-Arzate E, Hoyo-Vadillo C, Salgado-Mancilla M, Gómez-Cruz CY, Krishnakumar A, Piña-Escobedo A, Benitez-Guerrero T, Pizano-Zárate ML, Cruz-Narváez Y, García-Mena J. Post Natal Microbial and Metabolite Transmission: The Path from Mother to Infant. Nutrients 2024; 16:1990. [PMID: 38999737 PMCID: PMC11243545 DOI: 10.3390/nu16131990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The entero-mammary pathway is a specialized route that selectively translocates bacteria to the newborn's gut, playing a crucial role in neonatal development. Previous studies report shared bacterial and archaeal taxa between human milk and neonatal intestine. However, the functional implications for neonatal development are not fully understood due to limited evidence. This study aimed to identify and characterize the microbiota and metabolome of human milk, mother, and infant stool samples using high-throughput DNA sequencing and FT-ICR MS methodology at delivery and 4 months post-partum. Twenty-one mothers and twenty-five infants were included in this study. Our results on bacterial composition suggest vertical transmission of bacteria through breastfeeding, with major changes occurring during the first 4 months of life. Metabolite chemical characterization sheds light on the growing complexity of the metabolites. Further data integration and network analysis disclosed the interactions between different bacteria and metabolites in the biological system as well as possible unknown pathways. Our findings suggest a shared bacteriome in breastfed mother-neonate pairs, influenced by maternal lifestyle and delivery conditions, serving as probiotic agents in infants for their healthy development. Also, the presence of food biomarkers in infants suggests their origin from breast milk, implying selective vertical transmission of these features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Vélez-Ixta
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Cinvestav, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Carmen Josefina Juárez-Castelán
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Cinvestav, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Daniela Ramírez-Sánchez
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Cinvestav, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Noemí Del Socorro Lázaro-Pérez
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Cinvestav, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - José Javier Castro-Arellano
- Laboratorio de Posgrado e Investigación de Operaciones Unitarias, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico
| | - Silvia Romero-Maldonado
- Unidad de Cuidados Intermedios al Recién Nacido, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | - Enrique Rico-Arzate
- Laboratorio de Posgrado e Investigación de Operaciones Unitarias, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico
| | - Carlos Hoyo-Vadillo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Cinvestav, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Marisol Salgado-Mancilla
- Laboratorio de Posgrado e Investigación de Operaciones Unitarias, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico
| | - Carlos Yamel Gómez-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Posgrado e Investigación de Operaciones Unitarias, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico
| | - Aparna Krishnakumar
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Cinvestav, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Alberto Piña-Escobedo
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Cinvestav, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Tizziani Benitez-Guerrero
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Cinvestav, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - María Luisa Pizano-Zárate
- Coordinación de Nutrición y Bioprogramación, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
- Unidad de Medicina Familiar No. 4, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Yair Cruz-Narváez
- Laboratorio de Posgrado e Investigación de Operaciones Unitarias, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico
| | - Jaime García-Mena
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Cinvestav, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
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Liu X, Zhang B, Zhang Y, Li W, Yin J, Shi A, Wang J, Wang S. 2'-Fucosyllactose Promotes Colonization of Akkermansia muciniphila and Prevents Colitis In Vitro and in Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:4765-4776. [PMID: 38393978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Akkermansia muciniphila is a potential candidate for ulcerative colitis prevention. Considering that it utilizes 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL) for growth, 2'FL can be used to enrich the abundance of A. muciniphila in feces. However, whether the crosswalk between 2'FL and A. muciniphila can promote the intestinal colonization of A. muciniphila remains unclear. In this study, we explored the effect and the underlying mechanism of 2'FL on the colonization of A. muciniphila in vitro and in vivo as well as its alleviating effect on colitis. Our results revealed that 2'FL can serve as a carbon source of A. muciniphila to support the growth and increase cell-surface hydrophobicity and the expression of the genes coding fibronectin-binding autotransporter adhesin to promote the adhesion to Caco2/HT29 methotrexate (MTX) cells but not of galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and glucose. Moreover, 2'FL could increase the host mucin formation to promote the adhesion of A. muciniphila to Caco2/HT29 MTX cells but not of GOS and glucose. Furthermore, 2'FL could significantly increase the colonization of A. muciniphila in the gut to alleviate colitis in mice. Overall, the interplay between A. muciniphila and 2'FL is expected to provide an advantageous ecological niche for A. muciniphila so as to confer further health benefits against colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bowei Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wanhua Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jia Yin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Aiying Shi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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3
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You R, Wang L, Hu M, Tao Y. Efficient production of 2'-fucosyllactose from fructose through metabolically engineered recombinant Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:38. [PMID: 38303005 PMCID: PMC10835893 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02312-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biosynthesis of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) using several microbial systems has garnered considerable interest for their value in pharmaceutics and food industries. 2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL), the most abundant oligosaccharide in HMOs, is usually produced using chemical synthesis with a complex and toxic process. Recombinant E. coli strains have been constructed by metabolic engineering strategies to produce 2'-FL, but the low stoichiometric yields (2'-FL/glucose or glycerol) are still far from meeting the requirements of industrial production. The sufficient carbon flux for 2'-FL biosynthesis is a major challenge. As such, it is of great significance for the construction of recombinant strains with a high stoichiometric yield. RESULTS In the present study, we designed a 2'-FL biosynthesis pathway from fructose with a theoretical stoichiometric yield of 0.5 mol 2'-FL/mol fructose. The biosynthesis of 2'-FL involves five key enzymes: phosphomannomutase (ManB), mannose-1-phosphate guanylytransferase (ManC), GDP-D-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (Gmd), and GDP-L-fucose synthase (WcaG), and α-1,2-fucosyltransferase (FucT). Based on starting strain SG104, we constructed a series of metabolically engineered E. coli strains by deleting the key genes pfkA, pfkB and pgi, and replacing the original promoter of lacY. The co-expression systems for ManB, ManC, Gmd, WcaG, and FucT were optimized, and nine FucT enzymes were screened to improve the stoichiometric yields of 2'-FL. Furthermore, the gene gapA was regulated to further enhance 2'-FL production, and the highest stoichiometric yield (0.498 mol 2'-FL/mol fructose) was achieved by using recombinant strain RFL38 (SG104ΔpfkAΔpfkBΔpgi119-lacYΔwcaF::119-gmd-wcaG-manC-manB, 119-AGGAGGAGG-gapA, harboring plasmid P30). In the scaled-up reaction, 41.6 g/L (85.2 mM) 2'-FL was produced by a fed-batch bioconversion, corresponding to a stoichiometric yield of 0.482 mol 2'-FL/mol fructose and 0.986 mol 2'-FL/mol lactose. CONCLUSIONS The biosynthesis of 2'-FL using recombinant E. coli from fructose was optimized by metabolic engineering strategies. This is the first time to realize the biological production of 2'-FL production from fructose with high stoichiometric yields. This study also provides an important reference to obtain a suitable distribution of carbon flux between 2'-FL synthesis and glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran You
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Microcyto Biotechnology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102200, China.
| | - Meirong Hu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yong Tao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Microcyto Biotechnology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102200, China.
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Yu P, Pan Y, Pei Z, Guo M, Yang B, Lee YK, Liu X, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W. Influence of Lactose Supplementation on Regulation of Streptococcus thermophilus on Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2023; 15:4767. [PMID: 38004159 PMCID: PMC10675825 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been found that Streptococcus thermophilus (S. thermophilus) influenced the gut microbiota and host metabolism with strain specificity in C57BL/6J mice in the previous study, though it remains unclear whether lactose as a dietary factor associated with dairy consumption is involved as the mediator in the interaction. In the present study, integrated analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomics by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of fecal samples in C57BL/6J mice was applied to evaluate the effect of lactose on the regulation of gut microbiota by two S. thermophilus strains (4M6 and DYNDL13-4). The results showed that the influence of lactose supplementation on gut microbiota induced by S. thermophilus ingestion was strain-specific. Although two S. thermophilus strains ingestion introduced similar perturbations in the fecal microbiota and gut microbial metabolism, the regulation of DYNDL13-4 on the gut microbiota and metabolism was more affected by lactose than 4M6. More specifically, lactose and 4M6 supplementation mainly enriched pathways of d-glutamine and d-glutamate metabolism, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, and tryptophan and phenylalanine metabolism in the gut, whereas 4M6 only enriched tryptophan and phenylalanine metabolism. DYNDL13-4-L (DYNDL13-4 with lactose) had significant effects on sulfur, taurine, and hypotaurine metabolism in the gut and on phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan biosynthesis, and linoleic acid metabolism in serum relative to the DYNDL13-4. Our study demonstrated the strain-specific effect of lactose and S. thermophilus supplementation on gut microbiota and host metabolism. However, considering the complexity of the gut microbiota, further research is necessary to provide insights to facilitate the design of personalized fermented milk products as a dietary therapeutic strategy for improving host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China (Z.P.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Yuqi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China (Z.P.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Zhiwen Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China (Z.P.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Min Guo
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China (Z.P.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Pharmabiotics & Antibiotic Resistance, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Yuan-Kun Lee
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Pharmabiotics & Antibiotic Resistance, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Pharmabiotics & Antibiotic Resistance, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China (Z.P.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China (Z.P.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute, Wuxi Branch, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China (Z.P.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
- National Engineering Research Centre for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Zhang S, Chen L, Hu M, Zhu J. 2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) changes infants gut microbiota composition and their metabolism in a host-free human colonic model. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113293. [PMID: 37803605 PMCID: PMC10560763 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast milk is critical for neonates, providing the necessary energy, nutrients, and bioactive compounds for growth and development. Research indicated that human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have been shown to shape a beneficial gut microbiota, as well as their metabolism (e.g. short-chain fatty acids). 2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) is one major HMO that composed of 30% of total HMOs. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to understand the impact of 2'-FL on the composition and metabolism of infant gut microbiota. METHODS Our study utilized an in-vitro human colonic model (HCM) to investigate the host-free interactions between 2'-FL and infant gut microbiota. To simulate the infant gut microbiota, we inoculated the HCM system with eight representative bacterial species from infant gut microbiota. The effects of 2'-FL on the gut microbial composition and their metabolism were determined through real-time quantitative PCR and liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS). The obtained data were analyzed using Compound Discoverer 3.1 and MetaboAnalyst 4.0. RESULTS Our study findings suggest that the intervention of 2'-FL in HCM resulted in a significant change in the abundance of representative bacterial species. PCR analysis showed a consistent increase in the abundance of Parabacteroides. distasonis in all three colon sections. Furthermore, analysis of free fatty acids revealed a significant increase in their levels in the ascending, transverse, and descending colons, except for caproic acid, which was significantly reduced to a non-detectable level. The identification of significant extracellular polar metabolites, such as glutathione and serotonin, enabled us to distinguish between the metabolomes before and after 2'-FL intervention. Moreover, correlation analysis revealed a significant association between the altered microbes and microbial metabolites. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our study demonstrated the impact of 2'-FL intervention on the defined composition of infant gut microbiota and their metabolic pathways in an in vitro setting. Our findings provide valuable insights for future follow-up investigations into the role of 2'-FL in regulating the growth and development of infant gut microbiota in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Zhang
- Human Nutrition Program, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Human Nutrition Program, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ming Hu
- Human Nutrition Program, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jiangjiang Zhu
- Human Nutrition Program, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Nogacka AM, Cuesta I, Gueimonde M, de los Reyes-Gavilán CG. 2-Fucosyllactose Metabolism by Bifidobacteria Promotes Lactobacilli Growth in Co-Culture. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2659. [PMID: 38004671 PMCID: PMC10673426 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is recognized as the gold standard in infant nutrition, not only because of breastmilk's intrinsic nutritional benefits but also due to the high content of different bioactive components such as 2-fucosyllactose (2'FL) in the mother's milk. It promotes the growth of its two major consumers, Bifidobacterium longum ssp. infantis and Bifidobacterium bifidum, but the effect on other intestinal microorganisms of infant microbiota remains incompletely understood. pH-uncontrolled fecal cultures from infants donors identified as "fast 2'FL -degrader" microbiota phenotype were used for the isolation of 2'FL-associated microorganisms. The use of specific selective agents allowed the successful isolation of B. bifidum IPLA20048 and of Lactobacillus gasseri IPLA20136. The characterization of 2'FL consumption and its moieties has revealed more pronounced growth, pH drop, and lactic acid production after 2'FL consumption when both microorganisms were grown together. The results point to an association between B. bifidum IPLA20048 and L. gasseri IPLA20136 in which L. gasseri is able to use the galactose from the lactose moiety after the hydrolysis of 2'FL by B. bifidum. The additional screening of two groups of bifidobacteria (n = 38), fast and slow degraders of 2'FL, in co-culture with lactobacilli confirmed a potential cross-feeding mechanism based on degradation products released from bifidobacterial 2'FL break-down. Our work suggests that this phenomenon may be widespread among lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in the infant gut. More investigation is needed to decipher how the ability to degrade 2'FL and other human milk oligosaccharides could influence the microbiota establishment in neonates and the evolution of the microbiota in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja M. Nogacka
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain; (I.C.); (M.G.); (C.G.d.l.R.-G.)
- Institute of Health Research of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Isabel Cuesta
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain; (I.C.); (M.G.); (C.G.d.l.R.-G.)
| | - Miguel Gueimonde
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain; (I.C.); (M.G.); (C.G.d.l.R.-G.)
- Institute of Health Research of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Clara G. de los Reyes-Gavilán
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain; (I.C.); (M.G.); (C.G.d.l.R.-G.)
- Institute of Health Research of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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Selvamani S, Kapoor N, Ajmera A, El Enshasy HA, Dailin DJ, Sukmawati D, Abomoelak M, Nurjayadi M, Abomoelak B. Prebiotics in New-Born and Children's Health. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2453. [PMID: 37894112 PMCID: PMC10608801 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, prebiotics, like probiotics, are receiving more attention as a promising tool for health maintenance. Many studies have recognized the role of prebiotics in preventing and treating various illnesses including metabolic disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, and allergies. Naturally, prebiotics are introduced to the human body in the first few hours of life as the mother breastfeeds the newborn. Prebiotic human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are the third largest constituent of human breastmilk. Studies have proven that HMOs modulate an infant's microbial composition and assist in the development of the immune system. Due to some health conditions of the mother or beyond the recommended age for breastfeeding, infants are fed with formula. Few types of prebiotics have been incorporated into formula to yield similar beneficial impacts similar to breastfeeding. Synthetic HMOs have successfully mimicked the bifidogenic effects of breastmilk. However, studies on the effectiveness and safety of consumption of these synthetic HMOs are highly needed before massive commercial production. With the introduction of solid foods after breastfeeding or formula feeding, children are exposed to a range of prebiotics that contribute to further shaping and maturing their gut microbiomes and gastrointestinal function. Therefore, this review evaluates the functional role of prebiotic interventions in improving microbial compositions, allergies, and functional gastrointestinal disorders in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugaprakasham Selvamani
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru 80000, Malaysia; (S.S.); (H.A.E.E.); (D.J.D.)
- Nutrition Technologies SDN. BHD., No 1 & No 3, Jalan SiLC 2, Kawasan Perindustrian SiLC, Iskandar Puteri, Johor Bahru 80150, Malaysia
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru 80000, Malaysia
| | - Nidhi Kapoor
- Center for Digestive Health and Nutrition, Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL 32806, USA (A.A.)
| | - Arun Ajmera
- Center for Digestive Health and Nutrition, Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL 32806, USA (A.A.)
| | - Hesham Ali El Enshasy
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru 80000, Malaysia; (S.S.); (H.A.E.E.); (D.J.D.)
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru 80000, Malaysia
- City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Burg Al Arab, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Daniel Joe Dailin
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru 80000, Malaysia; (S.S.); (H.A.E.E.); (D.J.D.)
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru 80000, Malaysia
| | - Dalia Sukmawati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Rawamangun, Jakarta Timur 13530, Indonesia; (D.S.); (M.N.)
| | | | - Muktiningsih Nurjayadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Rawamangun, Jakarta Timur 13530, Indonesia; (D.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Bassam Abomoelak
- Center for Digestive Health and Nutrition, Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL 32806, USA (A.A.)
- Specialty Diagnostic Laboratory, Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL 32806, USA
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8
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Jacobs JP, Lee ML, Rechtman DJ, Sun AK, Autran C, Niklas V. Human milk oligosaccharides modulate the intestinal microbiome of healthy adults. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14308. [PMID: 37652940 PMCID: PMC10471580 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk contains over 200 distinct oligosaccharides, which are critical to shaping the developing neonatal gut microbiome. To investigate whether a complex mixture of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) would similarly modulate the adult gut microbiome, HMO-Concentrate derived from pooled donor breast milk was administered orally to 32 healthy adults for 7 days followed by 21 days of monitoring. Fecal samples were collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing, shotgun metagenomics, and metabolomics analyses. HMO-Concentrate induced dose-dependent Bifidobacterium expansion, reduced microbial diversity, and altered microbial gene content. Following HMO cessation, a microbial succession occurred with diverse taxonomic changes-including Bacteroides expansion-that persisted through day 28. This was associated with altered microbial gene content, shifts in serum metabolite levels, and increased circulating TGFβ and IL-10. Incubation of cultured adult microbiota with HMO-Concentrate induced dose-dependent compositional shifts that were not recapitulated by individual HMOs or defined mixtures of the 10 most abundant HMOs in HMO-Concentrate at their measured concentrations. These findings support that pooled donor HMOs can exert direct effects on adult gut microbiota and that complex mixtures including low abundance HMOs present in donor milk may be required for maximum effect.Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05516225.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Jacobs
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Martin L Lee
- Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Prolacta Bioscience, Duarte, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Victoria Niklas
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Oak Hill Bio Ltd, Altrincham, Cheshire WA14 2DT, United Kingdom
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9
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Subramaniam S, Kamath S, Ariaee A, Prestidge C, Joyce P. The impact of common pharmaceutical excipients on the gut microbiota. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1297-1314. [PMID: 37307224 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2223937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increasing attention is being afforded to understanding the bidirectional relationships that exist between oral medications and the gut microbiota, in an attempt to optimize pharmacokinetic performance and mitigate unwanted side effects. While a wealth of research has investigated the direct impact of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) on the gut microbiota, the interactions between inactive pharmaceutical ingredients (i.e. excipients) and the gut microbiota are commonly overlooked, despite excipients typically representing over 90% of the final dosage form. AREAS COVERED Known excipient-gut microbiota interactions for various classes of inactive pharmaceutical ingredients, including solubilizing agents, binders, fillers, sweeteners, and color additives, are reviewed in detail. EXPERT OPINION Clear evidence indicates that orally administered pharmaceutical excipients directly interact with gut microbes and can either positively or negatively impact gut microbiota diversity and composition. However, these relationships and mechanisms are commonly overlooked during drug formulation, despite the potential for excipient-microbiota interactions to alter drug pharmacokinetics and interfere with host metabolic health. The insights derived from this review will inform pharmaceutical scientists with the necessary design considerations for mitigating potential adverse pharmacomicrobiomic interactions when formulating oral dosage forms, ultimately providing clear avenues for improving therapeutic safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhni Subramaniam
- UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Srinivas Kamath
- UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Amin Ariaee
- UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Clive Prestidge
- UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paul Joyce
- UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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10
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Cho S, Samuel TM, Li T, Howell BR, Baluyot K, Hazlett HC, Elison JT, Zhu H, Hauser J, Sprenger N, Lin W. Interactions between Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides and human milk oligosaccharides and their associations with infant cognition. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1216327. [PMID: 37457984 PMCID: PMC10345227 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1216327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
While ample research on independent associations between infant cognition and gut microbiota composition and human milk (HM) oligosaccharides (HMOs) has been reported, studies on how the interactions between gut microbiota and HMOs may yield associations with cognitive development in infancy are lacking. We aimed to determine how HMOs and species of Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium genera interact with each other and their associations with cognitive development in typically developing infants. A total of 105 mother-infant dyads were included in this study. The enrolled infants [2.9-12 months old (8.09 ± 2.48)] were at least predominantly breastfed at 4 months old. A total of 170 HM samples from the mothers and fecal samples of the children were collected longitudinally. Using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning to assess cognition and the scores as the outcomes, linear mixed effects models including both the levels of eight HMOs and relative abundance of Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium species as main associations and their interactions were employed with adjusting covariates; infant sex, delivery mode, maternal education, site, and batch effects of HMOs. Additionally, regression models stratifying infants based on the A-tetrasaccharide (A-tetra) status of the HM they received were also employed to determine if the associations depend on the A-tetra status. With Bacteroides species, we observed significant associations with motor functions, while Bif. catenulatum showed a negative association with visual reception in the detectable A-tetra group both as main effect (value of p = 0.012) and in interaction with LNFP-I (value of p = 0.007). Additionally, 3-FL showed a positive association with gross motor (p = 0.027) and visual reception (p = 0.041). Furthermore, significant associations were observed with the interaction terms mainly in the undetectable A-tetra group. Specifically, we observed negative associations for Bifidobacterium species and LNT [breve (p = 0.011) and longum (p = 0.022)], and positive associations for expressive language with 3'-SL and Bif. bifidum (p = 0.01), 6'-SL and B. fragilis (p = 0.019), and LNFP-I and Bif. kashiwanohense (p = 0.048), respectively. Our findings suggest that gut microbiota and HMOs are both independently and interactively associated with early cognitive development. In particular, the diverse interactions between HMOs and Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium species reveal different candidate pathways through which HMOs, Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides species potentially interact to impact cognitive development in infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoyoon Cho
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Tinu M. Samuel
- Nestle Product Technology Center-Nutrition, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Tengfei Li
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Brittany R. Howell
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Department of Human Development and Family Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Kristine Baluyot
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Heather C. Hazlett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jed T. Elison
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Hongtu Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jonas Hauser
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Sprenger
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Weili Lin
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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11
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Salli K, Hirvonen J, Anglenius H, Hibberd AA, Ahonen I, Saarinen MT, Maukonen J, Ouwehand AC. The Effect of Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis Bi-26 on Simulated Infant Gut Microbiome and Metabolites. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1553. [PMID: 37375055 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) shape the developing infant gut microbiota. In this study, a semi-continuous colon simulator was used to evaluate the effect of 2 HMOs-2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) and 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL)-on the composition of infant faecal microbiota and microbial metabolites. The simulations were performed with and without a probiotic Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis Bi-26 (Bi-26) and compared with a control that lacked an additional carbon source. The treatments with HMOs decreased α-diversity and increased Bifidobacterium species versus the control, but the Bifidobacterium species differed between simulations. The levels of acetic acid and the sum of all short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) trended toward an increase with 2'-FL, as did lactic acid with 2'-FL and 3-FL, compared with control. A clear correlation was seen between the consumption of HMOs and the increase in SCFAs (-0.72) and SCFAs + lactic acid (-0.77), whereas the correlation between HMO consumption and higher total bifidobacterial numbers was moderate (-0.46). Bi-26 decreased propionic acid levels with 2'-FL. In conclusion, whereas infant faecal microbiota varied between infant donors, the addition of 2'-FL and 3-FL, alone or in combination, increased the relative abundance and numbers Bifidobacterium species in the semi-continuous colon simulation model, correlating with the production of microbial metabolites. These findings may suggest that HMOs and probiotics benefit the developing infant gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Salli
- Global Health & Nutrition Science, IFF Health, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Johanna Hirvonen
- Global Health & Nutrition Science, IFF Health, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Heli Anglenius
- Global Health & Nutrition Science, IFF Health, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Ashley A Hibberd
- Genomics & Microbiome Science, IFF Health, Madison, WI 53716, USA
| | | | - Markku T Saarinen
- Global Health & Nutrition Science, IFF Health, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Johanna Maukonen
- Global Health & Nutrition Science, IFF Health, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Arthur C Ouwehand
- Global Health & Nutrition Science, IFF Health, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
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12
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Endika MF, Barnett DJM, Klostermann CE, Schols HA, Arts ICW, Penders J, Nauta A, Smidt H, Venema K. Microbiota-dependent influence of prebiotics on the resilience of infant gut microbiota to amoxicillin/clavulanate perturbation in an in vitro colon model. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1131953. [PMID: 37275167 PMCID: PMC10232780 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1131953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic exposure disturbs the developing infant gut microbiota. The capacity of the gut microbiota to recover from this disturbance (resilience) depends on the type of antibiotic. In this study, infant gut microbiota was exposed to a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanate (amoxicillin/clavulanate) in an in vitro colon model (TIM-2) with fecal-derived microbiota from 1-month-old (1-M; a mixed-taxa community type) as well as 3-month-old (3-M; Bifidobacterium dominated community type) breastfed infants. We investigated the effect of two common infant prebiotics, 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) or galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), on the resilience of infant gut microbiota to amoxicillin/clavulanate-induced changes in microbiota composition and activity. Amoxicillin/clavulanate treatment decreased alpha diversity and induced a temporary shift of microbiota to a community dominated by enterobacteria. Moreover, antibiotic treatment increased succinate and lactate in both 1- and 3-M colon models, while decreasing the production of short-chain (SCFA) and branched-chain fatty acids (BFCA). The prebiotic effect on the microbiota recovery depended on the fermenting capacity of antibiotic-exposed microbiota. In the 1-M colon model, the supplementation of 2'-FL supported the recovery of microbiota and restored the production of propionate and butyrate. In the 3-M colon model, GOS supplementation supported the recovery of microbiota and increased the production of acetate and butyrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha F. Endika
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - David J. M. Barnett
- Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Cynthia E. Klostermann
- Biobased Chemistry and Technology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Henk A. Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ilja C. W. Arts
- Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - John Penders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Koen Venema
- Centre for Healthy Eating and Food Innovation (HEFI), Maastricht University—Campus Venlo, Venlo, Netherlands
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13
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Xiao M, Ren X, Cheng J, Fu X, Li R, Zhu C, Kong Q, Mou H. Structural characterization of a novel fucosylated trisaccharide prepared from bacterial exopolysaccharides and evaluation of its prebiotic activity. Food Chem 2023; 420:136144. [PMID: 37060669 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Fucosylated oligosaccharides have promising prospects in various fields. In this study, a fucosylated trisaccharide (GFG) was separated from the acidolysis products of exopolysaccharides from Clavibacter michiganensis M1. Structural characterization demonstrated that GFG consists of glucose, galactose, and fucose, with a molecular weight of 488 Da. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that it has a different structure than that of 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), even though they have the same monosaccharide composition. In vitro prebiotic experiments were conducted to evaluate the differences in the utilization of three selected carbohydrates by fourteen bacterial strains. In comparison with 2'-FL, GFG could be utilized by more beneficial bacteria, leading to generate more short-chain fatty acids. Moreover, GFG could not promote the proliferation of Escherichia coli. This work describes a novel fucosylated oligosaccharide and its preparation method, and the obtained trisaccharide may serve as a promising candidate for fucosylated human milk oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshi Xiao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xinmiao Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jiaying Cheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaodan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Rong Li
- Qingdao Women and Children Hospital, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Changliang Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qing Kong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Haijin Mou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
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14
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Infant Fecal Fermentations with Galacto-Oligosaccharides and 2′-Fucosyllactose Show Differential Bifidobacterium longum Stimulation at Subspecies Level. CHILDREN 2023; 10:children10030430. [PMID: 36979988 PMCID: PMC10047592 DOI: 10.3390/children10030430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to evaluate the potential of 2′-FL and GOS, individually and combined, in beneficially modulating the microbial composition of infant and toddler (12–18 months) feces using the micro-Matrix bioreactor. In addition, the impacts of GOS and 2′-FL, individually and combined, on the outgrowth of fecal bifidobacteria at (sub)species level was investigated using the baby M-SHIME® model. For young toddlers, significant increases in the genera Bifidobacterium, Veillonella, and Streptococcus, and decreases in Enterobacteriaceae, Clostridium XIVa, and Roseburia were observed in all supplemented fermentations. In addition, GOS, and combinations of GOS and 2′-FL, increased Collinsella and decreased Salmonella, whereas 2′-FL, and combined GOS and 2′-FL, decreased Dorea. Alpha diversity increased significantly in infants with GOS and/or 2′-FL, as well as the relative abundances of the genera Veillonella and Akkermansia with 2′-FL, and Lactobacillus with GOS. Combinations of GOS and 2′-FL significantly stimulated Veillonella, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Streptococcus. In all supplemented fermentations, Proteobacteria decreased, with the most profound decreases accomplished by the combination of GOS and 2′-FL. When zooming in on the different (sub)species of Bifidobacterium, GOS and 2’-FL were shown to be complementary in stimulating breast-fed infant-associated subspecies of Bifidobacterium longum in a dose-dependent manner: GOS stimulated Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum, whereas 2′-FL supported outgrowth of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis.
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15
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Firrman J, Liu L, Mahalak K, Hu W, Bittinger K, Moustafa A, Jones SM, Narrowe A, Tomasula P. An in vitro analysis of how lactose modifies the gut microbiota structure and function of adults in a donor-independent manner. Front Nutr 2023; 9:1040744. [PMID: 36778971 PMCID: PMC9908759 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1040744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Following consumption of milk, lactose, a disaccharide of glucose and galactose, is hydrolyzed and absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract. However, hydrolysis and absorption are not always absolute, and some lactose will enter the colon where the gut microbiota is able to hydrolyze lactose and produce metabolic byproducts. Methods Here, the impact of lactose on the gut microbiota of healthy adults was examined, using a short-term, in vitro strategy where fecal samples harvested from 18 donors were cultured anaerobically with and without lactose. The data were compiled to identify donor-independent responses to lactose treatment. Results and discussion Metagenomic sequencing found that the addition of lactose decreased richness and evenness, while enhancing prevalence of the β-galactosidase gene. Taxonomically, lactose treatment decreased relative abundance of Bacteroidaceae and increased lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillaceae, Enterococcaceae, and Streptococcaceae, and the probiotic Bifidobacterium. This corresponded with an increased abundance of the lactate utilizers, Veillonellaceae. These structural changes coincided with increased total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), specifically acetate, and lactate. These results demonstrated that lactose could mediate the gut microbiota of healthy adults in a donor-independent manner, consistent with other described prebiotics, and provided insight into how dietary milk consumption may promote human health through modifications of the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Firrman
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Jenni Firrman,
| | - LinShu Liu
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA, United States
| | - Karley Mahalak
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA, United States
| | - Weiming Hu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ahmed Moustafa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Steven M. Jones
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Adrienne Narrowe
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA, United States
| | - Peggy Tomasula
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA, United States
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Ewin D, Birch WD, Moura IB. In vitro models to study Clostridioides difficile infection: current systems and future advances. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2023; 39:23-30. [PMID: 36504033 PMCID: PMC9799034 DOI: 10.1097/mog.0000000000000893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the most common cause of healthcare-associated diarrhoea in western countries, being categorized as an urgent healthcare threat. Historically, researchers have relied on the use of in vivo animal models to study CDI pathogenesis; however, differences in physiology and disease prognosis compared with humans limit their suitability to model CDI. In vitro models are increasingly being used as an alternative as they offer excellent process control, and some are able to use human ex-vivo prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic cells. RECENT FINDINGS Simulating the colonic environment in vitro is particularly challenging. Bacterial fermentation models have been used to evaluate novel therapeutics, explore the re-modelling of the gut microbiota, and simulate disease progression. However, they lack the scalability to become more widespread. Models that co-culture human and bacterial cells are of particular interest, but the different conditions required by each cell type make these models challenging to run. Recent advancements in model design have allowed for longer culture times with more representative bacterial populations. SUMMARY As in vitro models continue to evolve, they become more physiologically relevant, offering improved simulations of CDI, and extending their applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan Ewin
- Healthcare-Associated Infections Group, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health
| | | | - Ines B. Moura
- Healthcare-Associated Infections Group, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health
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17
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Fluhr JW, Tfayli A, Darlenski R, Darvin ME, Joly-Tonetti N, Lachmann N. Glycerol and natural sugar-derived complex modulate differentially stratum corneum water-binding properties and structural parameters in an in vitro Raman-desorption model. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023; 16:e202200201. [PMID: 36153668 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal protective functions are closely associated with skin hydration homeostasis. The understanding of different states of water binding is a rising concept in assessing topically applied formulations and their interaction within the stratum corneum (SC). In addition to global water content, primary bound water, partially bound water, and unbound water and barrier-related lipid lateral packing and protein secondary structure can be measured by Raman spectroscopy. This study aimed to establish an in vitro SC model to evaluate differences in the efficacy of a natural sugar-derived complex in combination with glycerol and a botanical extract in modulating SC water binding and structural proteins and barrier lipids. These compounds were selected due to their water-binding and soothing properties. The SC water profiles were assessed at the surface and in 8 μm SC depth. After a 12-hour hyperhydration and subsequent product incubation the measurements were performed during a 6 hours desiccation phase. The maximal water caption and the time until reaching a steady state are measured as well as water retention and resistance against water loss. Global water content, partially bound, and unbound water, as well as lipid and protein structures were assessed with confocal Raman microspectroscopy. Both the natural sugar-derived mixture and more pronounced, the same mixture with additional glycerol increased all three water-binding parameters at the surface and in 8 μm SC depth at the beginning and during the desiccation phase. Further addition of botanical extract did not result in an additional increase of the water-binding. All three formulations showed an increase in the lipid lateral packing values prevented the protein alteration as measured by β-sheets signal compared to blank. The present model is suited for screening studies comparing the specific effects of different compounds on hydration states. The natural sugar-derived mixture Aquaxyl showed evidence for an improvement of all SC hydration states, lipid and protein structure which was further enhanced by the addition of glycerol 5%. This improvement was evidenced at the surface and within the SC for all hydration-related parameters, and the lipid as well the protein structures. The addition of botanical extract phytoessence blue daisy did not show further improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim W Fluhr
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Allergology, Berlin, Germany
- Allergology and Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ali Tfayli
- Lipides: Systèmes Analytiques et Biologiques, Lip(Sys)2, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris-Saclay University, Orsay, France
| | - Razvigor Darlenski
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital-Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical Faculty, Trakia University-Stara Zagora, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Maxim E Darvin
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology (CCP), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Nadège Lachmann
- Scientific and Claims Development, Galderma SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Tonon KM, Salgaço MK, Mesa V, Bento Mosquera EM, Tomé TM, Freitas PV, Machado Alencar NM, Sartoratto A, Lazarini T, Sivieri K. Infant formula with 2’-FL + LNnT positively modulates the infant gut microbiome: an in vitro study using Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem model. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2022.105558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Efficient Purification of 2′-Fucosyllactose by Membrane Filtration and Activated Carbon Adsorption. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8110655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid development of synthetic biology, the production of 2′-fucosyllactose by biological fermentation gradually has the basis for industrialization. However, the lack of efficient downstream technology of biological fermentation, especially purification technology, has become the main factor limiting its commercialization. In this study, based on the general E. coli biosynthesis of 2′-fucosyllactose fermentation broth, most of the impurities were removed and concentrated using membrane filtration technology after simple flocculation. The target 2′-fucosyllactose was eluted in a targeted manner using activated carbon adsorption and ethanol gradient elution technology. The 2′-fucosyllactose product with 90% or even higher purity could be prepared efficiently. This study explored a new direction for the industrial production of 2′-fucosyllactose.
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20
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Sánchez-Pérez S, Comas-Basté O, Duelo A, Veciana-Nogués MT, Berlanga M, Vidal-Carou MC, Latorre-Moratalla ML. The dietary treatment of histamine intolerance reduces the abundance of some histamine-secreting bacteria of the gut microbiota in histamine intolerant women. A pilot study. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1018463. [PMID: 36337620 PMCID: PMC9633985 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1018463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Restrictive diets for the treatment of different gastrointestinal disorders are reported to change the composition of intestinal microbiota. Recently, it has been proposed that individuals with histamine intolerance suffer from intestinal dysbiosis, having an overabundance of histamine-secreting bacteria, but how it is still unknown this state is affected by the usual dietary treatment of histamine intolerance [i.e., low-histamine diet and the supplementation with diamine oxidase (DAO) enzyme]. Thus, a preliminary study was carried out aiming to evaluate the potential changes on the composition of the intestinal microbiota in a group of five women diagnosed with histamine intolerance undergoing 9 months of the dietary treatment of histamine intolerance. After sequencing bacterial 16S rRNA genes (V3-V4 region) and analyzing the data using the EzBioCloud Database, we observed a reduction in certain histamine-secreting bacteria, including the genera Proteus and Raoultella and the specie Proteus mirabilis. Moreover, it was also observed an increase in Roseburia spp., a bacterial group frequently related to gut health. These changes could help to explain the clinical improvement experienced by histamine intolerant women underwent a dietary treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sònia Sánchez-Pérez
- Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l’Alimentació i Gastronomia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Campus de l’Alimentació de Torribera, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA⋅UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Xarxa d’Innovació Alimentària (XIA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Comas-Basté
- Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l’Alimentació i Gastronomia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Campus de l’Alimentació de Torribera, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA⋅UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Xarxa d’Innovació Alimentària (XIA), Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Oriol Comas-Basté,
| | - Adriana Duelo
- Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l’Alimentació i Gastronomia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Campus de l’Alimentació de Torribera, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA⋅UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Xarxa d’Innovació Alimentària (XIA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Teresa Veciana-Nogués
- Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l’Alimentació i Gastronomia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Campus de l’Alimentació de Torribera, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA⋅UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Xarxa d’Innovació Alimentària (XIA), Barcelona, Spain
- M. Teresa Veciana-Nogués,
| | - Mercedes Berlanga
- Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Mediambient, Secció de Microbiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Carmen Vidal-Carou
- Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l’Alimentació i Gastronomia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Campus de l’Alimentació de Torribera, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA⋅UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Xarxa d’Innovació Alimentària (XIA), Barcelona, Spain
- M. Carmen Vidal-Carou,
| | - M. Luz Latorre-Moratalla
- Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l’Alimentació i Gastronomia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Campus de l’Alimentació de Torribera, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA⋅UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Xarxa d’Innovació Alimentària (XIA), Barcelona, Spain
- M. Luz Latorre-Moratalla,
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21
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A child is not an adult: development of a new in vitro model of the toddler colon. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:7315-7336. [PMID: 36202936 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12199-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Early life is a critical period where gut ecosystem and functions are being established with significant impact on health. For regulatory, technical, and cost reasons, in vitro gut models can be used as a relevant alternative to in vivo assays. An exhaustive literature review was conducted to adapt the Mucosal Artificial Colon (M-ARCOL) to specific physicochemical (pH, transit time, and nutritional composition of ileal effluents) and microbial parameters from toddlers in the age range of 6 months-3 years, resulting in the Tm-ARCOL. In vitro fermentations were performed to validate this newly developed colonic model compared to in vivo toddler data. Results were also compared to those obtained with the classical adult configuration. Fecal samples from 5 toddlers and 4 adults were used to inoculate bioreactors, and continuous fermentations were performed for 8 days. Gut microbiota structure (lumen and mucus-associated microbiota) and functions (gas and short-chain fatty acids) were monitored. Clearly distinct microbial signatures were obtained between the two in vitro conditions, with lower α-diversity indices and higher abundances of infant-related microbial populations (e.g., Bifidobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae) in toddler versus adult conditions. In accordance with in vivo data, methane was found only in adult bioreactors, while higher percentage of acetate but lower proportions of propionate and butyrate was measured in toddlers compared to adults. This new in vitro model will provide a powerful platform for gut microbiome mechanistic studies in a pediatric context, both in nutritional- (e.g., nutrients, probiotics, prebiotics) and health-related (e.g., drugs, enteric pathogens) studies. KEY POINTS: • Development of a novel in vitro colonic model recapitulating the toddler environment. • Specific toddler versus adult digestive conditions are preserved in vitro. • The new model provides a powerful platform for microbiome mechanistic studies.
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22
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Exploring the Potential of Human Milk and Formula Milk on Infants’ Gut and Health. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173554. [PMID: 36079814 PMCID: PMC9460722 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life gut microbiota plays a role in determining the health and risk of developing diseases in later life. Various perinatal factors have been shown to contribute to the development and establishment of infant gut microbiota. One of the important factors influencing the infant gut microbial colonization and composition is the mode of infant feeding. While infant formula milk has been designed to resemble human milk as much as possible, the gut microbiome of infants who receive formula milk differs from that of infants who are fed human milk. A diverse microbial population in human milk and the microbes seed the infant gut microbiome. Human milk contains nutritional components that promote infant growth and bioactive components, such as human milk oligosaccharides, lactoferrin, and immunoglobulins, which contribute to immunological development. In an attempt to encourage the formation of a healthy gut microbiome comparable to that of a breastfed infant, manufacturers often supplement infant formula with prebiotics or probiotics, which are known to have a bifidogenic effect and can modulate the immune system. This review aims to elucidate the roles of human milk and formula milk on infants’ gut and health.
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23
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Singh V, Son H, Lee G, Lee S, Unno T, Shin JH. Role, Relevance, and Possibilities of In vitro fermentation models in human dietary, and gut-microbial studies. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:3044-3061. [PMID: 35941765 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dietary studies play a crucial role in determining the health-benefiting effects of most food substances, including prebiotics, probiotics, functional foods, and bioactive compounds. Such studies involve gastrointestinal digestion and colonic fermentation of dietary substances. In colonic fermentation, any digested food is further metabolized in the gut by the residing colonic microbiota, causing a shift in the gut microenvironment and production of various metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). These diet-induced shifts in the microbial community and metabolite production, which can be assessed through in vitro fermentation models using a donor's fecal microbiota, are well known to impact the health of the host. Although in vivo or animal experiments are the gold standard in dietary studies, recent advancements using different in vitro systems, like artificial colon (ARCOL), mini bioreactor array (MBRA), TNO in vitro model of the colon (TIM), Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME), M-SHIME, CoMiniGut, and Dynamic Gastrointestinal Simulator (SIMGI) make it easy to study the dietary impact in terms of the gut microbiota and metabolites. Such a continuous in vitro system can have multiple compartments corresponding to different parts of the colon, i.e., proximal, transverse, and distal colon, making the findings physiologically more significant. Further, post-fermentation samples can be analyzed using metagenomic, metabolomic, qPCR and flow cytometry approaches. Moreover, studies have shown that in vitro results are in accordance with the in vivo findings, supporting their relevance in dietary studies and giving confidence that shifts in metabolites are only due to microbes. This review meticulously describes the recent advancements in various fermentation models and their relevance in dietary studies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Singh
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - HyunWoo Son
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - GyuDae Lee
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sunwoo Lee
- Department of Biotechnology,, School of Life Sciences, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Tatsuya Unno
- Department of Biotechnology,, School of Life Sciences, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Shin
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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24
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Gościniak A, Eder P, Walkowiak J, Cielecka-Piontek J. Artificial Gastrointestinal Models for Nutraceuticals Research—Achievements and Challenges: A Practical Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132560. [PMID: 35807741 PMCID: PMC9268564 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Imitating the human digestive system as closely as possible is the goal of modern science. The main reason is to find an alternative to expensive, risky and time-consuming clinical trials. Of particular interest are models that simulate the gut microbiome. This paper aims to characterize the human gut microbiome, highlight the importance of its contribution to disease, and present in vitro models that allow studying the microbiome outside the human body but under near-natural conditions. A review of studies using models SHIME, SIMGI, TIM-2, ECSIM, EnteroMix, and PolyfermS will provide an overview of the options available and the choice of a model that suits the researcher’s expectations with advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gościniak
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Piotr Eder
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-355 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Jarosław Walkowiak
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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25
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Akkerman R, Logtenberg MJ, Beukema M, de Haan BJ, Faas MM, Zoetendal EG, Schols HA, de Vos P. Combining galacto-oligosaccharides and 2'-fucosyllactose alters their fermentation kinetics by infant fecal microbiota and influences AhR-receptor dependent cytokine responses in immature dendritic cells. Food Funct 2022; 13:6510-6521. [PMID: 35642586 PMCID: PMC9208271 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00550f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) and 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) are non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs) that are often added to infant formula to replace the functionalities of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). It is not known if combining GOS and 2′-FL will affect their fermentation kinetics and subsequent immune-modulatory effects such as AhR-receptor stimulation. Here, we used an in vitro set-up for the fermentation of 2′-FL and GOS, either individually or combined, by fecal microbiota of 8-week-old infants. We found that GOS was fermented two times faster by the infant fecal microbiota when combined with 2′-FL, while the combination of GOS and 2′-FL did not result in a complete degradation of 2′-FL. Fermentation of both GOS and 2′-FL increased the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium, which coincided with the production of acetate and lactate. Digesta of the fermentations influenced dendritic cell cytokine secretion differently under normal conditions and in the presence of the AhR-receptor blocker CH223191. We show that, combining GOS and 2′-FL accelerates GOS fermentation by the infant fecal microbiota of 8-week-old infants. In addition, we show that the fermentation digesta of GOS and 2′-FL, either fermented individually or combined, can attenuate DC cytokine responses in a similar and in an AhR-receptor dependent way. Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) and 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) are non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs) that are often added to infant formula to replace the functionalities of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Akkerman
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Madelon J Logtenberg
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Beukema
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Bart J de Haan
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marijke M Faas
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Erwin G Zoetendal
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk A Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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26
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Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Lactose Differentially Affect Infant Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Barrier In Vitro. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122546. [PMID: 35745275 PMCID: PMC9227761 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The infant gut microbiota establishes during a critical window of opportunity when metabolic and immune functions are highly susceptible to environmental changes, such as diet. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) for instance are suggested to be beneficial for infant health and gut microbiota. Infant formulas supplemented with the HMOs 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) reduce infant morbidity and medication use and promote beneficial bacteria in the infant gut ecosystem. To further improve infant formula and achieve closer proximity to human milk composition, more complex HMO mixtures could be added. However, we currently lack knowledge about their effects on infants’ gut ecosystems. Method: We assessed the effect of lactose, 2′-FL, 2′-FL + LNnT, and a mixture of six HMOs (HMO6: consisting of 2′-FL, LNnT, difucosyllactose, lacto-N-tetraose, 3′- and 6′-sialyllactose) on infant gut microbiota and intestinal barrier integrity using a combination of in vitro models to mimic the microbial ecosystem (baby M-SHIME®) and the intestinal epithelium (Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-culture). Results: All the tested products had bifidogenic potential and increased SCFA levels; however, only the HMOs’ fermented media protected against inflammatory intestinal barrier disruption. 2′-FL/LNnT and HMO6 promoted the highest diversification of OTUs within the Bifidobactericeae family, whereas beneficial butyrate-producers were specifically enriched by HMO6. Conclusion: These results suggest that increased complexity in HMO mixture composition may benefit the infant gut ecosystem, promoting different bifidobacterial communities and protecting the gut barrier against pro-inflammatory imbalances.
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27
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Rastall RA, Diez-Municio M, Forssten SD, Hamaker B, Meynier A, Moreno FJ, Respondek F, Stah B, Venema K, Wiese M. Structure and function of non-digestible carbohydrates in the gut microbiome. Benef Microbes 2022; 13:95-168. [PMID: 35729770 DOI: 10.3920/bm2021.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Together with proteins and fats, carbohydrates are one of the macronutrients in the human diet. Digestible carbohydrates, such as starch, starch-based products, sucrose, lactose, glucose and some sugar alcohols and unusual (and fairly rare) α-linked glucans, directly provide us with energy while other carbohydrates including high molecular weight polysaccharides, mainly from plant cell walls, provide us with dietary fibre. Carbohydrates which are efficiently digested in the small intestine are not available in appreciable quantities to act as substrates for gut bacteria. Some oligo- and polysaccharides, many of which are also dietary fibres, are resistant to digestion in the small intestines and enter the colon where they provide substrates for the complex bacterial ecosystem that resides there. This review will focus on these non-digestible carbohydrates (NDC) and examine their impact on the gut microbiota and their physiological impact. Of particular focus will be the potential of non-digestible carbohydrates to act as prebiotics, but the review will also evaluate direct effects of NDC on human cells and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Rastall
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, P.O. Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - M Diez-Municio
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - S D Forssten
- IFF Health & Biosciences, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - B Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2009, USA
| | - A Meynier
- Nutrition Research, Mondelez France R&D SAS, 6 rue René Razel, 91400 Saclay, France
| | - F Javier Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - F Respondek
- Tereos, Zoning Industriel Portuaire, 67390 Marckolsheim, France
| | - B Stah
- Human Milk Research & Analytical Science, Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - K Venema
- Centre for Healthy Eating & Food Innovation (HEFI), Maastricht University - campus Venlo, St. Jansweg 20, 5928 RC Venlo, the Netherlands
| | - M Wiese
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE, Zeist, the Netherlands
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28
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Wang J, Chen MS, Wang RS, Hu JQ, Liu S, Wang YYF, Xing XL, Zhang BW, Liu JM, Wang S. Current Advances in Structure-Function Relationships and Dose-Dependent Effects of Human Milk Oligosaccharides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:6328-6353. [PMID: 35593935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
HMOs (human milk oligosaccharides) are the third most important nutrient in breast milk. As complex glycans, HMOs play an important role in regulating neonatal intestinal immunity, resisting viral and bacterial infections, displaying anti-inflammatory characteristics, and promoting brain development. Although there have been some previous reports of HMOs, a detailed literature review summarizing the structure-activity relationships and dose-dependent effects of HMOs is lacking. Hence, after introducing the structures and synthetic pathways of HMOs, this review summarizes and categorizes identified structure-function relationships of HMOs. Differential mechanisms of different structural HMOs utilization by microorganisms are summarized. This review also emphasizes the recent advances in the interactions between different health benefits and the variance of dosage effect based on in vitro cell tests, animal experiments, and human intervention studies. The potential relationships between the chemical structure, the dosage selection, and the physiological properties of HMOs as functional foods are vital for further understanding of HMOs and their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Meng-Shan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Rui-Shan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jia-Qiang Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuan-Yi-Fei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiao-Long Xing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bo-Wei Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jing-Min Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
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29
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Maráz A, Kovács Z, Benjamins E, Pázmándi M. Recent developments in microbial production of high-purity galacto-oligosaccharides. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:95. [PMID: 35441950 PMCID: PMC9021073 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are used as prebiotic ingredients in various food and pharmaceutical formulations. Currently, production of GOS involves the enzymatic conversion of lactose by transgalactosylation using β-galactosidase. The purity of the resulting product is low, typically limited to up to 55% GOS on total carbohydrate basis due to the presence of non-reacted lactose, and the formation of by-products glucose and galactose. In industrial practice high-purity GOS is manufactured by removing the unwanted mono- and disaccharides from raw GOS with simulated moving bed (SMB) chromatography. This purification step is associated with high processing cost that increases the price of pure GOS and limits its marketability. The last decades have witnessed a growing interest in developing competitive biotechnological processes that could replace chromatography. This paper presents a comprehensive review on the recent advancements of microbial GOS purification, a process commonly referred to as selective fermentation or selective metabolism. Purification strategies include: (i) removal of glucose alone or together with galactose by lactose negative yeast species, that typically results in purity values below 60% due to remaining lactose; (ii) removal of both mono- and disaccharides by combining the fast monosaccharide metabolizing capacity of some yeast species with efficient lactose consumption by certain lactose positive microbes, reaching GOS purity in the range of 60–95%; and (iii) the application of selected strains of Kluyveromyces species with high lactose metabolizing activity to achieve high-purity GOS that is practically free from lactose and monosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maráz
- Department of Food Microbiology, Hygiene and Safety, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-1118, Somlói út 14-16, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Kovács
- Department of Food Process Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Melinda Pázmándi
- Department of Food Microbiology, Hygiene and Safety, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-1118, Somlói út 14-16, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Food Process Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Zhang B, Li LQ, Liu F, Wu JY. Human milk oligosaccharides and infant gut microbiota: Molecular structures, utilization strategies and immune function. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 276:118738. [PMID: 34823774 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a unique class of non-digestible carbohydrates present in the mother milk, which play a key role in the development of infant gut microbiota, epithelial barrier and immune function. The deficiency of HMOs in the bovine milk-based infant formula has been widely recognized as a major culprit for the much higher incidence of immune disorders of formula-fed infants. This report was to give an up-to-date review on the structure characteristics of HMOs and the possible mechanisms, and strategies for their cellular uptake, and metabolism by the gut bacteria and the associated effects on the infant gut microbiome, and immune function. Most previous studies have been carried out in animals or in vitro model systems on the utilization strategies for HMOs in infant bacteria and their roles in infant microbiome, and gut immune function. A few HMO molecules have been synthesized artificially and applied in infant formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- SCUT-Zhuhai Institute of Modern Industrial Innovation, School of Food Science and Engineering, Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Research Institute for Future Food, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Long-Qing Li
- Research Institute for Future Food, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Feitong Liu
- H&H Group Global Research and Technology Center, Guangzhou 510700, China.
| | - Jian-Yong Wu
- Research Institute for Future Food, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Wang J, Hu JQ, Song YJ, Yin J, Wang YYF, Peng B, Zhang BW, Liu JM, Dong L, Wang S. 2'-Fucosyllactose Ameliorates Oxidative Stress Damage in d-Galactose-Induced Aging Mice by Regulating Gut Microbiota and AMPK/SIRT1/FOXO1 Pathway. Foods 2022; 11:foods11020151. [PMID: 35053883 PMCID: PMC8774504 DOI: 10.3390/foods11020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The imbalance of reactive oxygen species is the main cause in aging, accompanied by oxidative stress. As the most abundant in human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), 2′-Fucosyllactose (2′-FL) has been confirmed to have great properties in immunity regulation and anti-inflammatory. The research on 2′-FL is focused on infants currently, while there is no related report of 2′-FL for the elderly. A d-galactose-induced accelerated aging model was established to explore the protective effect of 2′-FL on the intestines and brain in mice. In this study, 2′-FL significantly reduced oxidative stress damage and inflammation in the intestines of aging mice, potentially by regulating the sirtuin1 (SIRT1)-related and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathways. In addition, 2′-FL significantly improved the gut mucosal barrier function and increased the content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the intestine. The gut microbiota analysis indicated that 2′-FL mainly increased the abundance of probiotics like Akkermansia in aging mice. Moreover, 2′-FL significantly inhibited apoptosis in the brains of aging mice, also increasing the expression of SIRT1. These findings provided a basis for learning the benefits of 2′-FL in the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shuo Wang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-22-8535-8445
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Human Milk Oligosaccharides Reduce Murine Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization with Minimal Impact on the Vaginal Microbiota. mSphere 2022; 7:e0088521. [PMID: 34986315 PMCID: PMC8730812 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00885-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) colonizes the vaginal mucosa of a significant percentage of healthy women and is a leading cause of neonatal bacterial infections. Currently, pregnant women are screened in the last month of pregnancy, and GBS-positive women are given antibiotics during parturition to prevent bacterial transmission to the neonate. Recently, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) isolated from breastmilk were found to inhibit GBS growth and biofilm formation in vitro, and women that make certain HMOs are less likely to be vaginally colonized with GBS. Using in vitro human vaginal epithelial cells and a murine vaginal colonization model, we tested the impact of HMO treatment on GBS burdens and the composition of the endogenous microbiota by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. HMO treatment reduced GBS vaginal burdens in vivo with minimal alterations to the vaginal microbiota. HMOs displayed potent inhibitory activity against GBS in vitro, but HMO pretreatment did not alter adherence of GBS or the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus to human vaginal epithelial cells. In addition, disruption of a putative GBS glycosyltransferase (Δsan_0913) rendered the bacterium largely resistant to HMO inhibition in vitro and in vivo but did not compromise its adherence, colonization, or biofilm formation in the absence of HMOs. We conclude that HMOs are a promising therapeutic bioactive to limit GBS vaginal colonization with minimal impacts on the vaginal microenvironment. IMPORTANCE During pregnancy, GBS ascension into the uterus can cause fetal infection or preterm birth. In addition, GBS exposure during labor creates a risk of serious disease in the vulnerable newborn and mother postpartum. Current recommended prophylaxis consists of administering broad-spectrum antibiotics to GBS-positive mothers during labor. Although antibiotics have significantly reduced GBS neonatal disease, there are several unintended consequences, including altered neonatal gut bacteria and increased risk for other types of infection. Innovative preventions displaying more targeted antimicrobial activity, while leaving the maternal microbiota intact, are thus appealing. Using a mouse model, we found that human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) reduce GBS burdens without perturbing the vaginal microbiota. We conclude that HMOs are a promising alternative to antibiotics to reduce GBS neonatal disease.
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Kong C, Akkerman R, Klostermann CE, Beukema M, Oerlemans MMP, Schols HA, de Vos P. Distinct fermentation of human milk oligosaccharides 3-FL and LNT2 and GOS/inulin by infant gut microbiota and impact on adhesion of Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 to gut epithelial cells. Food Funct 2021; 12:12513-12525. [PMID: 34811557 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02563e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (hMOs) are unique bioactive components in human milk. 3-Fucosyllactose (3-FL) is an abundantly present hMO that can be produced in sufficient amounts to allow application in infant formula. Lacto-N-triaose II (LNT2) can be obtained by acid hydrolysis of lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT). Both 3-FL and LNT2 have been shown to have health benefits, but their impact on infant microbiota composition and microbial metabolic products such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) is unknown. To gain more insight in fermentability, we performed in vitro fermentation studies of 3-FL and LNT2 using pooled fecal microbiota from 12-week-old infants. The commonly investigated galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS)/inulin (9 : 1) served as control. Compared to GOS/inulin, we observed a delayed utilization of 3-FL, which was utilized at 60.3% after 36 h of fermentation, and induced the gradual production of acetic acid and lactic acid. 3-FL specifically enriched bacteria of Bacteroides and Enterococcus genus. LNT2 was fermented much faster. After 14 h of fermentation, 90.1% was already utilized, and production of acetic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid and butyric acid was observed. LNT2 specifically increased the abundance of Collinsella, as well as Bifidobacterium. The GOS present in the GOS/inulin mixture was completely fermented after 14 h, while for inulin, only low DP was rapidly utilized after 14 h. To determine whether the fermentation might lead to enhanced colonization of commensal bacteria to gut epithelial cells, we investigated adhesion of the commensal Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 to Caco-2 cells. The fermentation digesta of LNT2 collected after 14 h, 24 h, and 36 h, and GOS/inulin after 24 h of fermentation significantly increased the adhesion of L. plantarum WCFS1 to Caco-2 cells, while 3-FL had no such effect. Our findings illustrate that fermentation of hMOs is very structure-dependent and different from the commonly applied GOS/inulin, which might lead to differential potencies to stimulate adhesion of commensal cells to gut epithelium and consequent microbial colonization. This knowledge might contribute to the design of tailored infant formulas containing specific hMO molecules to meet the need of infants during the transition from breastfeeding to formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Kong
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China. .,Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renate Akkerman
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cynthia E Klostermann
- Biobased Chemistry and Technology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Beukema
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein M P Oerlemans
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk A Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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34
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O'Farrell C, Stamatopoulos K, Simmons M, Batchelor H. In vitro models to evaluate ingestible devices: Present status and current trends. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113924. [PMID: 34390774 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Orally ingestible medical devices offer significant opportunity in the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal conditions. Their development necessitates the use of models that simulate the gastrointestinal environment on both a macro and micro scale. An evolution in scientific technology has enabled a wide range of in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models to be developed that replicate the gastrointestinal tract. This review describes the landscape of the existing range of in vitro tools that are available to characterize ingestible devices. Models are presented with details on their benefits and limitations with regards to the evaluation of ingestible devices and examples of their use in the evaluation of such devices is presented where available. The multitude of models available provides a suite of tools that can be used in the evaluation of ingestible devices that should be selected on the functionality of the device and the mechanism of its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor O'Farrell
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Konstantinos Stamatopoulos
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Biopharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Development, PDS, MST, RD Platform Technology & Science, GSK, David Jack Centre, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 0DP, UK
| | - Mark Simmons
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hannah Batchelor
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
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35
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An R, Wilms E, Logtenberg MJ, van Trijp MPH, Schols HA, Masclee AAM, Smidt H, Jonkers DMAE, Zoetendal EG. In vitro metabolic capacity of carbohydrate degradation by intestinal microbiota of adults and pre-frail elderly. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 1:61. [PMID: 36750618 PMCID: PMC9723549 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-021-00065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Globally increased life expectancy strongly triggered interest to delay the onset of frailty, which has been associated with alterations in compositional and functional characteristics of intestinal microbiota. In the current study, we used an in vitro batch incubation model to compare the metabolic capacity of the faecal microbiota of adults (n = 6) versus pre-frail elderly (n = 6) to degrade various glycosidic carbohydrates, including galacto-oligosaccharides, 2'-fucosyllactose, chicory fructo-oligosaccharides and inulin, and isomalto/malto-polysaccharides. The in vitro metabolic capacity was also compared with an in vivo GOS intervention study based on the same subjects. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences and metabolites revealed distinct portions of variation in overall microbiota and metabolite composition during incubation being explained by individuality of the subjects and carbon source. In addition, the age group of the subjects also had significant impact on microbiota variation, carbohydrate degradation and metabolite production. This was accompanied by elevated increase in the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium in the microbiota of adults compared to that of pre-frail elderly and significantly decreased effectiveness to degrade galacto-oligosaccharides by the latter group. Altogether, the carbohydrate degradation in elderly was different compared to adults, with some carbohydrates showing decreased degradation rates. Longer interventions periods may be required to enhance bifidobacterial abundance in the microbiota of pre-frail elderly and thereby to obtain associated prebiotic health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran An
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ellen Wilms
- Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Madelon J Logtenberg
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mara P H van Trijp
- Nutrition, Metabolism & Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk A Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ad A M Masclee
- Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daisy M A E Jonkers
- Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin G Zoetendal
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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36
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Akkerman R, Logtenberg MJ, Beukema M, de Haan BJ, Faas MM, Zoetendal EG, Schols HA, de Vos P. Chicory inulin enhances fermentation of 2'-fucosyllactose by infant fecal microbiota and differentially influences immature dendritic cell and T-cell cytokine responses under normal and Th2-polarizing conditions. Food Funct 2021; 12:9018-9029. [PMID: 34382992 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00893e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Scope: Non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs) such as native chicory inulin and 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) are added to infant formula to mimic some of the human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) functions. It is unknown whether combining inulin and 2'-FL influences their fermentation kinetics and whether the immune-modulatory effects of these NDCs are different under normal and inflammatory-prone Th2-polarizing conditions. Methods and results: We investigated the in vitro fermentation of 2'-FL and native chicory inulin, fermented individually and combined, using fecal inocula of 8-week-old infants. Native inulin was fermented in a size-dependent fashion and expedited the fermentation of 2'-FL. Fermentation of both native inulin and 2'FL increased the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium, which coincided with the production of acetate and lactate. The fermentation digesta of all fermentations differentially influenced both dendritic cell and T-cell cytokine responses under normal culture conditions or in presence of the Th2-polarizing cytokines IL-33 and TSLP, with the most pronounced effect for IL-1β in the presence of TSLP. Conclusions: Our findings show that native inulin can expedite the fermentation of 2'-FL by infant fecal microbiota and that these NDC fermentation digesta have different effects under normal and Th2-polarizing conditions, indicating that infants with different immune backgrounds might benefit from tailored NDC formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Akkerman
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Madelon J Logtenberg
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Martin Beukema
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Bart J de Haan
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marijke M Faas
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Erwin G Zoetendal
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk A Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Fournier E, Roussel C, Dominicis A, Ley D, Peyron MA, Collado V, Mercier-Bonin M, Lacroix C, Alric M, Van de Wiele T, Chassard C, Etienne-Mesmin L, Blanquet-Diot S. In vitro models of gut digestion across childhood: current developments, challenges and future trends. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107796. [PMID: 34252564 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The human digestion is a multi-step and multi-compartment process essential for human health, at the heart of many issues raised by academics, the medical world and industrials from the food, nutrition and pharma fields. In the first years of life, major dietary changes occur and are concomitant with an evolution of the whole child digestive tract anatomy and physiology, including colonization of gut microbiota. All these phenomena are influenced by child exposure to environmental compounds, such as drugs (especially antibiotics) and food pollutants, but also childhood infections. Due to obvious ethical, regulatory and technical limitations, in vivo approaches in animal and human are more and more restricted to favor complementary in vitro approaches. This review summarizes current knowledge on the evolution of child gut physiology from birth to 3 years old regarding physicochemical, mechanical and microbial parameters. Then, all the available in vitro models of the child digestive tract are described, ranging from the simplest static mono-compartmental systems to the most sophisticated dynamic and multi-compartmental models, and mimicking from the oral phase to the colon compartment. Lastly, we detail the main applications of child gut models in nutritional, pharmaceutical and microbiological studies and discuss the limitations and challenges facing this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elora Fournier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, Microbiologie Environnement Digestif et Santé, CRNH Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Charlène Roussel
- Laval University, INAF Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, G1V 0A6 Quebec, Canada
| | - Alessandra Dominicis
- European Reference Laboratory for E. coli, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Delphine Ley
- Université Lille 2, Faculté de Médecine, Inserm U995 Nutritional Modulation of Infection and Inflammation, 59045 Lille, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Peyron
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Valérie Collado
- Université Clermont Auvergne, EA 4847, CROC, Centre de Recherche en Odontologie Clinique, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Muriel Mercier-Bonin
- Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Lacroix
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Monique Alric
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, Microbiologie Environnement Digestif et Santé, CRNH Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Ghent University, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Chassard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMRF, 15000 Aurillac, France
| | - Lucie Etienne-Mesmin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, Microbiologie Environnement Digestif et Santé, CRNH Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphanie Blanquet-Diot
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, Microbiologie Environnement Digestif et Santé, CRNH Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Influence of 2'-Fucosyllactose on the Microbiota Composition and Metabolic Activity of Fecal Cultures from Breastfed and Formula-Fed Infants at Two Months of Age. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071478. [PMID: 34361914 PMCID: PMC8304384 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although breast milk is considered the gold standard of nutrition for infant feeding, some circumstances may make breastfeeding difficult. Several commercial milk preparations include synthetic human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) in their composition. However, the effect of HMOs on the establishment of the intestinal microbiota remains incompletely understood. Independent batch fermentations were performed with feces from six full-term infant donors of two months of age (three breastfed and three formula-fed, exclusively) in the presence of 2′fucosyllactose (2′FL), one of the most abundant HMOs in human milk. Microbiota composition was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing at baseline and at 24 h of incubation. The 2′FL consumption, gas accumulation, and levels of different metabolites were determined by chromatography. Microbiota profiles at baseline were clearly influenced by the mode of feeding and by the intrinsic ability of microbiotas to degrade 2′FL. The 2′FL degradation rate clustered fecal cultures into slow and fast degraders, regardless of feeding type, this being a determinant factor influencing the evolution of the microbiota during incubation, although the low number of donors precludes drawing sound conclusions. More studies are needed to decipher the extent to which the early intervention with HMOs could influence the microbiota as a function of its ability to utilize 2′FL.
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Belzer C. Nutritional strategies for mucosal health: the interplay between microbes and mucin glycans. Trends Microbiol 2021; 30:13-21. [PMID: 34217596 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many aspects of the mechanisms underlying the symbiosis between humans and gut microbes remain unknown and encompass some of the most intriguing questions in microbiome research. An important factor in this symbiosis is the interplay between microbes and human-produced glycans in mucin and breast milk. In this Opinion paper, I propose a synergy between the structural diversity of human mucin glycans and the enzymatic repertoire of the gut microbiome. The contribution of microbes to mucosal health is discussed, and the role of breast milk glycans in mucosal colonization by microbes is explained. The use of prebiotic mucin glycans in general, and specialized infant and medical nutrition in particular, should be considered as the field of interest to modulate the microbiota and improve mucosal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Belzer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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40
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The Modification of the Gut Microbiota via Selected Specific Diets in Patients with Crohn's Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072125. [PMID: 34206152 PMCID: PMC8308385 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal symptoms in Crohn’s disease (CD) are common and affect the quality of life of patients; consequently, a growing number of studies have been published on diet interventions in this group. The role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and the progression of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including CD, has been widely discussed. Mainly, a decreased abundance of Firmicutes, species of the Bifidobacterium genus, and the Faecalibacterium prausnitzii species as well as a reduced general diversity have been described. In this review article, we summarize available data on the influence of reduction diets on the microbiome of patients with CD. One of the most frequently used elimination diets in CD patients is the low-FODMAP (Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides, and Polyols) diet. Although many papers show it may reduce abdominal pain, diarrhea, or bloating, it also reduces the intake of prebiotic substances, which can negatively affect the gut microbiota composition, decreasing the abundance of Bifidobacterium species and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Other elimination diets used by IBD patients, such as lactose-free or gluten-free diets, have also been shown to disturb the microbial diversity. On the other hand, CDED (Crohn’s disease exclusion diet) with partial enteral nutrition not only induces the remission of CD but also has a positive influence on the microbiota. The impact of diet interventions on the microbiota and, potentially, on the future course of the disease should be considered when nutritional guidelines for IBD patients are designed. Dietetic recommendations should be based not only on the regulation of the symptoms but also on the long-term development of the disease.
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41
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Roupar D, Berni P, Martins JT, Caetano AC, Teixeira JA, Nobre C. Bioengineering approaches to simulate human colon microbiome ecosystem. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Rousseaux A, Brosseau C, Le Gall S, Piloquet H, Barbarot S, Bodinier M. Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Their Effects on the Host and Their Potential as Therapeutic Agents. Front Immunol 2021; 12:680911. [PMID: 34108974 PMCID: PMC8180913 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.680911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastmilk is known to be very important for infants because it provides nutrients and immunological compounds. Among these compounds, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) represent the third most important component of breastmilk after lipids and lactose. Several experiments demonstrated the beneficial effects of these components on the microbiota, the immune system and epithelial barriers, which are three major biological systems. Indeed, HMOs induce bacterial colonization in the intestinal tract, which is beneficial for health. The gut bacteria can act directly and indirectly on the immune system by stimulating innate immunity and controlling inflammatory reactions and by inducing an adaptive immune response and a tolerogenic environment. In parallel, HMOs directly strengthen the intestinal epithelial barrier, protecting the host against pathogens. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of HMOs in these different compartments and highlight their potential use as new therapeutic agents, especially in allergy prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Rousseaux
- INRAE, Biopolyméres Interactions Assemblages, Nantes, France
| | - Carole Brosseau
- INRAE, Biopolyméres Interactions Assemblages, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Le Gall
- INRAE, Biopolyméres Interactions Assemblages, Nantes, France.,INRAE, Bioressources: Imagerie, Biochimie & Structure, Nantes, France
| | - Hugues Piloquet
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, UMR1280 PhAN, Nantes, France
| | | | - Marie Bodinier
- INRAE, Biopolyméres Interactions Assemblages, Nantes, France
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43
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Kong C, Faas MM, de Vos P, Akkerman R. Impact of dietary fibers in infant formulas on gut microbiota and the intestinal immune barrier. Food Funct 2021; 11:9445-9467. [PMID: 33150902 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01700k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human milk (HM) is the gold standard for the nutrition of infants. An important component of HM is human milk oligosaccharides (hMOs), which play an important role in gut microbiota colonization and gut immune barrier establishment, and thereby contribute to the maturation of the immune system in early life. Guiding these processes is important as disturbances have life-long health effects and can lead to the development of allergic diseases. Unfortunately, not all infants can be exclusively fed with HM. These infants are routinely fed with infant formulas that contain hMO analogs and other non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs) to mimic the effects of hMOs. Currently, the hMO analogs 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), and pectins are added to infant formulas; however, these NDCs cannot mimic all hMO functions and therefore new NDCs and NDC mixtures need to become available for specific groups of neonates like preterm and disease-prone neonates. In this review, we discuss human data on the beneficial effects of infant formula supplements such as the specific hMO analog 2'-FL and NDCs as well as their mechanism of effects like stimulation of microbiota development, maturation of different parts of the gut immune barrier and anti-pathogenic effects. Insights into the structure-specific mechanisms by which hMOs and NDCs exert their beneficial functions might contribute to the development of new tailored NDCs and NDC mixtures. We also describe the needs for new in vitro systems that can be used for research on hMOs and NDCs. The current data suggest that "tailored infant formulas" for infants of different ages and healthy statuses are needed to ensure a healthy development of the microbiota and the gut immune system of infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Kong
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Van den Abbeele P, Sprenger N, Ghyselinck J, Marsaux B, Marzorati M, Rochat F. A Comparison of the In Vitro Effects of 2'Fucosyllactose and Lactose on the Composition and Activity of Gut Microbiota from Infants and Toddlers. Nutrients 2021; 13:726. [PMID: 33668823 PMCID: PMC7996240 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the recognized health benefits of breast milk, it is recommended as the sole nutrition source during the first 6 months of life. Among the bioactive components are human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) that exert part of their activity via the gut microbiota. Here, we investigated the gut microbiota fermentation of HMO 2'fucosyllactose (2'-FL), using two in vitro models (48 h fecal incubations and the long-term mucosal simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem [M-SHIME®]) with fecal samples from 3-month-old breastfed (BF) infants as well as 2-3 year old toddlers. The short-term model allowed the screening of five donors for each group and provided supportive data for the M-SHIME® study. A key finding was the strong and immediate increase in the relative abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae following 2'-FL fermentation by both the BF infant and toddler microbiota in the M-SHIME®. At the metabolic level, while decreasing branched-chain fatty acids, 2'-FL strongly increased acetate production together with increases in the health-related propionate and butyrate whilst gas production only mildly increased. Notably, consistently lower gas production was observed with 2'-FL fermentation as compared to lactose, suggesting that reduced discomfort during the dynamic microbiome establishment in early life may be an advantage along with the bifidogenic effect observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norbert Sprenger
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Jonas Ghyselinck
- ProDigest, Technologiepark 82, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (P.V.d.A.); (J.G.); (B.M.)
| | - Benoît Marsaux
- ProDigest, Technologiepark 82, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (P.V.d.A.); (J.G.); (B.M.)
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Massimo Marzorati
- ProDigest, Technologiepark 82, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (P.V.d.A.); (J.G.); (B.M.)
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Florence Rochat
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne, Switzerland;
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45
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Lee AH, Vidal S, Oba PM, Wyss R, Miao Y, Adesokan Y, Swanson KS. Evaluation of a novel animal milk oligosaccharide biosimilar: macronutrient digestibility and gastrointestinal tolerance, fecal metabolites, and fecal microbiota of healthy adult dogs and in vitro genotoxicity assays. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6102879. [PMID: 33454743 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk oligosaccharides (MO) are bioactive compounds in mammalian milk that provide health benefits to neonates beyond essential nutrients. GNU100, a novel animal MO biosimilar, was recently tested in vitro, with results showing beneficial shifts in microbiota and increased short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, but other effects of GNU100 were unknown. Three studies were conducted to evaluate the safety, palatability, and gastrointestinal (GI) tolerance of GNU100. In study 1, the mutagenic potential of GNU100 was tested using a bacterial reverse mutation assay and a mammalian cell micronucleus test. In study 2, palatability was assessed by comparing diets containing 0% vs. 1% GNU100 in 20 adult dogs. In study 3, 32 adult dogs were used in a completely randomized design to assess the safety and GI tolerance of GNU100 and explore utility. Following a 2-wk baseline, dogs were assigned to one of four treatments and fed for 26 wk: 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% GNU100. On weeks 2, 4, and 26, fresh fecal samples were collected to measure stool quality, immunoglobulin A, and calprotectin, and blood samples were collected to measure serum chemistry, inflammatory markers, and hematology. On weeks 2 and 4, fresh fecal samples were collected to measure metabolites and microbiota. On week 4, total feces were collected to assess apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility. Although revertant numbers were greater compared with the solvent control in tester strain WP2uvrA(pKM101) in the presence of metabolic activation (S9) in the initial experiment, they remained below the threshold for a positive mutagenic response in follow-up confirmatory tests, supporting that GNU100 is not mutagenic. Similarly, no cytotoxicity or chromosome damage was observed in the cell micronucleus test. The palatability test showed that 1% GNU100 was strongly preferred (P < 0.05; 3.6:1 consumption ratio) over the control. In study 3, all dogs were healthy and had no signs of GI intolerance or illness. All diets were well accepted, and food intake, fecal characteristics, metabolite concentrations, and macronutrient digestibilities were not altered. GNU100 modulated fecal microbiota, increasing evenness and Catenibacterium, Megamonas, and Prevotella (SCFA producers) and reducing Collinsella. Overall, the results suggest that GNU100 is palatable and well-tolerated, causes no genotoxicity or adverse effects on health, and beneficially shifts the fecal microbiota, supporting the safety of GNU100 for the inclusion in canine diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Sara Vidal
- Gnubiotics Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Patrícia M Oba
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Romain Wyss
- Gnubiotics Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Yong Miao
- Gnubiotics Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
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46
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Choi JY, Hong H, Seo H, Pan JG, Kim EJ, Maeng PJ, Yang TH, Kim KJ. High Galacto-Oligosaccharide Production and a Structural Model for Transgalactosylation of β-Galactosidase II from Bacillus circulans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:13806-13814. [PMID: 33169609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The transgalactosylase activity of β-galactosidase produces galacto-oligosaccharides (GOSs) with prebiotic effects similar to those of major oligosaccharides in human milk. β-Galactosidases from Bacillus circulans ATCC 31382 are important enzymes in industrial-scale GOS production. Here, we show the high GOS yield of β-galactosidase II from B. circulans (β-Gal-II, Lactazyme-B), compared to other commercial enzymes. We also determine the crystal structure of the five conserved domains of β-Gal-II in an apo-form and complexed with galactose and an acceptor sugar, showing the heterogeneous mode of transgalactosylation by the enzyme. Truncation studies of the five conserved domains reveal that all five domains are essential for enzyme catalysis, while some truncated constructs were still expressed as soluble proteins. Structural comparison of β-Gal-II with other β-galactosidase homologues suggests that the GOS linkage preference of the enzyme might be quite different from other enzymes. The structural information on β-Gal-II might provide molecular insights into the transgalactosylation process of the β-galactosidases in GOS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Youl Choi
- R&D Center, GenoFocus Inc., 65 Techno 1-ro, Yusung-gu, Daejeon 34014, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwaseok Hong
- School of Life Sciences, KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hogyun Seo
- School of Life Sciences, KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gu Pan
- R&D Center, GenoFocus Inc., 65 Techno 1-ro, Yusung-gu, Daejeon 34014, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Joong Kim
- R&D Center, GenoFocus Inc., 65 Techno 1-ro, Yusung-gu, Daejeon 34014, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil Jae Maeng
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Ho Yang
- R&D Center, GenoFocus Inc., 65 Techno 1-ro, Yusung-gu, Daejeon 34014, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Kim
- School of Life Sciences, KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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47
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In Love with Shaping You-Influential Factors on the Breast Milk Content of Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Their Decisive Roles for Neonatal Development. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113568. [PMID: 33233832 PMCID: PMC7699834 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are structurally versatile sugar molecules constituting the third major group of soluble components in human breast milk. Based on the disaccharide lactose, the mammary glands of future and lactating mothers produce a few hundreds of different HMOs implicating that their overall anabolism utilizes rather high amounts of energy. At first sight, it therefore seems contradictory that these sugars are indigestible for infants raising the question of why such an energy-intensive molecular class evolved. However, in-depth analysis of their molecular modes of action reveals that Mother Nature created HMOs for neonatal development, protection and promotion of health. This is not solely facilitated by HMOs in their indigestible form but also by catabolites that are generated by microbial metabolism in the neonatal gut additionally qualifying HMOs as natural prebiotics. This narrative review elucidates factors influencing the HMO composition as well as physiological roles of HMOs on their way through the infant body and within the gut, where a major portion of HMOs faces microbial catabolism. Concurrently, this work summarizes in vitro, preclinical and observational as well as interventional clinical studies that analyzed potential health effects that have been demonstrated by or were related to either human milk-derived or synthetic HMOs or HMO fractions.
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48
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Li N, Li B, Guan J, Shi J, Evivie SE, Zhao L, Huo G, Wang S. Distinct Effects of Milks From Various Animal Types on Infant Fecal Microbiota Through in vitro Fermentations. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:580931. [PMID: 33072051 PMCID: PMC7533598 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.580931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk is compatible with infant intestinal microbiota and is vital for infant health. However, most infants do not receive sufficient exclusive breastfeeding, and the effects of including other types of animal milk on the gut microbiota of infants are unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to elucidate the impact of milk from various animal sources on infant fecal microbiota through in vitro fermentation. The types of milk assessed include cow milk, goat milk, camel milk, mare milk, human milk, and infant formula milk. Here we determined the gas pressure, pH, and microbiota after 24 h fermentation. Results showed that mare milk had the lowest gas pressure rating, with levels similar to human milk. More so, pH analysis demonstrated that other milk types were identical to human milk. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that all milk types increased the abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, which was proportional to the lactose content of milk. Moreover, mare milk also significantly increased the relative abundance of Akkermansia. Collectively, results from mare milk (gas pressure, pH, and microbiota) were comparable to that of human milk, and thus support the theoretical basis for exploring the development of a mare milk-based infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Bailiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiaqi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jialu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Smith Etareri Evivie
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Guicheng Huo
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Song Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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49
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Walsh C, Lane JA, van Sinderen D, Hickey RM. Human milk oligosaccharides: Shaping the infant gut microbiota and supporting health. J Funct Foods 2020; 72:104074. [PMID: 32834834 PMCID: PMC7332462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are complex sugars which are found in breast milk at significant concentrations and with unique structural diversity. These sugars are the fourth most abundant component of human milk after water, lipids, and lactose and yet provide no direct nutritional value to the infant. Recent research has highlighted that HMOs have various functional roles to play in infant development. These sugars act as prebiotics by promoting growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria thereby generating short-chain fatty acids which are critical for gut health. HMOs also directly modulate host-epithelial immune responses and can selectively reduce binding of pathogenic bacteria and viruses to the gut epithelium preventing the emergence of a disease. This review covers current knowledge related to the functional biology of HMOs and their associated impact on infant gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clodagh Walsh
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
- H&H Group, Global Research and Technology Centre, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jonathan A. Lane
- H&H Group, Global Research and Technology Centre, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rita M. Hickey
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
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50
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Wang Y, Zou Y, Wang J, Ma H, Zhang B, Wang S. The Protective Effects of 2'-Fucosyllactose against E. Coli O157 Infection Are Mediated by the Regulation of Gut Microbiota and the Inhibition of Pathogen Adhesion. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051284. [PMID: 32369957 PMCID: PMC7282266 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As the richest component in human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), 2’-fucosyllactose (2’-FL) can reduce the colonization of harmful microbiota in vivo, thus lowering the risk of infection; however, the mechanism for this is still unclear. In this study, a model of Escherichia coli O157 infection in healthy adult mice was established to explore the effect of 2’-FL intervention on E. coli O157 colonization and its protective effects on mice. The results showed that 2’-FL intake reduced E. coli O157 colonization in mice intestine by more than 90% (p < 0.001), and it also reduced intestinal inflammation, increased the content of fecal short-chain fatty acids, and enhanced intestinal barrier function. These beneficial effects were attributed to the increased expression of mucins such as MUC2 (increased by more than 20%, p < 0.001), and inhibition of E. coli O157 cell adhesion (about 30% reduction, p < 0.001), and were associated with the modulation of gut microbiota composition. 2’-FL significantly increased the abundance of Akkermansia, a potential probiotic, which may represent the fundamental means by which 2’-FL enhances the expression of mucin and reduces the colonization of harmful bacteria. The current study may support the use of 2’-FL in the prevention of foodborne pathogen infections in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyifei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China;
| | - Yan Zou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (Y.Z.); (J.W.); (H.M.); (B.Z.)
| | - Jin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (Y.Z.); (J.W.); (H.M.); (B.Z.)
| | - Hui Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (Y.Z.); (J.W.); (H.M.); (B.Z.)
| | - Bowei Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (Y.Z.); (J.W.); (H.M.); (B.Z.)
| | - Shuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China;
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (Y.Z.); (J.W.); (H.M.); (B.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-22-85358445
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