1
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Rutherford D, Kolářová K, Čech J, Haušild P, Kuliček J, Ukraintsev E, Stehlík Š, Dao R, Neuman J, Rezek B. Correlative atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of bacteria-diamond-metal nanocomposites. Ultramicroscopy 2024; 258:113909. [PMID: 38157689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2023.113909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Research investigating the interface between biological organisms and nanomaterials nowadays requires multi-faceted microscopic methods to elucidate the interaction mechanisms and effects. Here we describe a novel approach and methodology correlating data from an atomic force microscope inside a scanning electron microscope (AFM-in-SEM). This approach is demonstrated on bacteria-diamond-metal nanocomposite samples relevant in current life science research. We describe a procedure for preparing such multi-component test samples containing E. coli bacteria and chitosan-coated hydrogenated nanodiamonds decorated with silver nanoparticles on a carbon-coated gold grid. Microscopic topography information (AFM) is combined with chemical, material, and morphological information (SEM using SE and BSE at varied acceleration voltages) from the same region of interest and processed to create 3D correlative probe-electron microscopy (CPEM) images. We also establish a novel 3D RGB color image algorithm for merging multiple SE/BSE data from SEM with the AFM surface topography data which provides additional information about microscopic interaction of the diamond-metal nanocomposite with bacteria, not achievable by individual analyses. The methodology of CPEM data interpretation is independently corroborated by further in-situ (EDS) and ex-situ (micro-Raman) chemical characterization as well as by force volume AFM analysis. We also discuss the broader applicability and benefits of the methodology for life science research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rutherford
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Kateřina Kolářová
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Čech
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Haušild
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kuliček
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Egor Ukraintsev
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpán Stehlík
- New Technologies Research Centre, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Dao
- NenoVision s. r. o., Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Neuman
- NenoVision s. r. o., Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Bohuslav Rezek
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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2
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Ozdil B, Calik-Kocaturk D, Altunayar-Unsalan C, Acikgoz E, Oltulu F, Gorgulu V, Uysal A, Oktem G, Unsalan O, Guler G, Aktug H. Differences and similarities in biophysical and biological characteristics between U87 MG glioblastoma and astrocyte cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2024; 161:43-57. [PMID: 37700206 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Current cancer studies focus on molecular-targeting diagnostics and interactions with surroundings; however, there are still gaps in characterization based on topological differences and elemental composition. Glioblastoma (GBM cells; GBMCs) is an astrocytic aggressive brain tumor. At the molecular level, GBMCs and astrocytes may differ, and cell elemental/topological analysis is critical for identifying potential new cancer targets. Here, we used U87 MG cells for GBMCS. U87 MG cell lines, which are frequently used in glioblastoma research, are an important tool for studying the various features and underlying mechanisms of this aggressive brain tumor. For the first time, atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) accompanied by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are used to report the topology and chemistry of cancer (U87 MG) and healthy (SVG p12) cells. In addition, F-actin staining and cytoskeleton-based gene expression analyses were performed. The degree of gene expression for genes related to the cytoskeleton was similar; however, the intensity of F-actin, anisotropy values, and invasion-related genes were different. Morphologically, GBMCs were longer and narrower while astrocytes were shorter and more disseminated based on AFM. Furthermore, the roughness values of these cells differed slightly between the two call types. In contrast to the rougher astrocyte surfaces in the lamellipodial area, SEM-EDS analysis showed that elongated GBMCs displayed filopodial protrusions. Our investigation provides considerable further insight into rapid cancer cell characterization in terms of a combinatorial spectroscopic and microscopic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berrin Ozdil
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260, Isparta, Turkey
| | | | - Cisem Altunayar-Unsalan
- Central Research Testing and Analysis Laboratory Research and Application Center, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Eda Acikgoz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, 65080, Van, Turkey
| | - Fatih Oltulu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Volkan Gorgulu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Uysal
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gulperi Oktem
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ozan Unsalan
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gunnur Guler
- Department of Physics, Biophysics Laboratory, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Aktug
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
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3
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Escobar J, Molina J, Gil-Santos E, Ruz JJ, Malvar Ó, Kosaka PM, Tamayo J, San Paulo Á, Calleja M. Nanomechanical Sensing for Mass Flow Control in Nanowire-Based Open Nanofluidic Systems. ACS NANO 2023; 17:21044-21055. [PMID: 37903505 PMCID: PMC10655260 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Open nanofluidic systems, where liquids flow along the outer surface of nanoscale structures, provide otherwise unfeasible capabilities for extremely miniaturized liquid handling applications. A critical step toward fully functional applications is to obtain quantitative mass flow control. We demonstrate the application of nanomechanical sensing for this purpose by integrating voltage-driven liquid flow along nanowire open channels with mass detection based on flexural resonators. This approach is validated by assembling the nanowires with microcantilever resonators, enabling high-precision control of larger flows, and by using the nanowires as resonators themselves, allowing extremely small liquid volume handling. Both implementations are demonstrated by characterizing voltage-driven flow of ionic liquids along the surface of the nanowires. We find a voltage range where mass flow rate follows a nonlinear monotonic increase, establishing a steady flow regime for which we show mass flow control at rates from below 1 ag/s to above 100 fg/s and precise liquid handling down to the zeptoliter scale. The observed behavior of mass flow rate is consistent with a voltage-induced transition from static wetting to dynamic spreading as the mechanism underlying liquid transport along the nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier
E. Escobar
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Molina
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Gil-Santos
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - José J. Ruz
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar Malvar
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Priscila M. Kosaka
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Tamayo
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro San Paulo
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Calleja
- Instituto
de Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
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4
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Kovalev M, Nastulyavichus A, Podlesnykh I, Stsepuro N, Pryakhina V, Greshnyakov E, Serdobintsev A, Gritsenko I, Khmelnitskii R, Kudryashov S. Au-Hyperdoped Si Nanolayer: Laser Processing Techniques and Corresponding Material Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4439. [PMID: 37374622 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The absorption of light in the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum by Au-hyperdoped Si has been observed. While silicon photodetectors in this range are currently being produced, their efficiency is low. Here, using the nanosecond and picosecond laser hyperdoping of thin amorphous Si films, their compositional (energy-dispersion X-ray spectroscopy), chemical (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), structural (Raman spectroscopy) and IR spectroscopic characterization, we comparatively demonstrated a few promising regimes of laser-based silicon hyperdoping with gold. Our results indicate that the optimal efficiency of impurity-hyperdoped Si materials has yet to be achieved, and we discuss these opportunities in light of our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kovalev
- Lebedev Physical Institute, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | | | - Ivan Podlesnykh
- Lebedev Physical Institute, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Laser and Optoelectronic Systems Department, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya St. 5/1, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Victoria Pryakhina
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Evgeny Greshnyakov
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Sergey Kudryashov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russia
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5
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Marcuello C, Chabbert B, Berzin F, Bercu NB, Molinari M, Aguié-Béghin V. Influence of Surface Chemistry of Fiber and Lignocellulosic Materials on Adhesion Properties with Polybutylene Succinate at Nanoscale. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16062440. [PMID: 36984320 PMCID: PMC10056059 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The production of bio-based composites with enhanced characteristics constitutes a strategic action to minimize the use of fossil fuel resources. The mechanical performances of these materials are related to the specific properties of their components, as well as to the quality of the interface between the matrix and the fibers. In a previous research study, it was shown that the polarity of the matrix played a key role in the mechanisms of fiber breakage during processing, as well as on the final properties of the composite. However, some key questions remained unanswered, and new investigations were necessary to improve the knowledge of the interactions between a lignocellulosic material and a polar matrix. In this work, for the first time, atomic force microscopy based on force spectroscopy measurements was carried out using functionalized tips to characterize the intermolecular interactions at the single molecule level, taking place between poly(butylene succinate) and four different plant fibers. The efficiency of the tip functionalization was checked out by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, whereas the fibers chemistry was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Larger interactions at the nanoscale level were found between the matrix and hypolignified fibers compared to lignified ones, as in control experiments on single lignocellulosic polymer films. These results could significantly aid in the design of the most appropriate composite composition depending on its final use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Marcuello
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, FARE, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Brigitte Chabbert
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, FARE, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Françoise Berzin
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, FARE, 51097 Reims, France
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6
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Buckingham MA, Norton K, McNaughter PD, Whitehead G, Vitorica-Yrezabal I, Alam F, Laws K, Lewis DJ. Investigating the Effect of Steric Hindrance within CdS Single-Source Precursors on the Material Properties of AACVD and Spin-Coat-Deposited CdS Thin Films. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:8206-8216. [PMID: 35583220 PMCID: PMC9157504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Cadmium sulfide (CdS)
is an important semiconductor for electronic
and photovoltaic applications, particularly when utilized as a thin
film for window layers in CdTe solar cells. Deposition of thin-film
CdS through the decomposition of single-source precursors is an attractive
approach due to the facile, low-temperature, and rapid nature of this
approach. Tailoring the precursor to affect the decomposition properties
is commonly employed to tune desirable temperatures of decomposition.
However, altering the precursor structure and the effect this has
on the nature of the deposited material is an area far less commonly
investigated. Here, we seek to investigate this by altering the ligands
around the Cd metal center to increase the steric hindrance of the
precursor and investigate the effect this has on the decomposition
properties and the properties of deposited thin-film CdS from these
precursors. For this, we report the synthesis of four CdS precursors
with xanthate and pyridyl ligands ([Cd(n-ethyl xanthate)2(3-methyl pyridine)2] [1], [Cd(n-ethyl xanthate)2(3,5-lutidine)2] [2], [(Cd2(isopropyl xanthate)4(3-methyl
pyridine)2)n] [3], and [Cd(isopropyl xanthate)2(3,5-lutidine)2] [4]). These single-source precursors for CdS were
fully characterized by elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy, single-crystal
X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis. It was found
that even with subtle alterations in the xanthate (n-ethyl to isopropyl) and pyridine (3-methyl and 3,5-dimethyl) ligands,
a range of hexa-coordinate precursors were formed (two with cis configuration, one with trans configuration, and one
as a one-dimensional (1D) polymer). These four precursors were then
used in aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition (AACVD) and spin-coating
experiments to deposit eight thin films of CdS, which were characterized
by Raman spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron
microscopy. Comparative quantitative information concerning film thickness
and surface roughness was also determined by atomic force microscopy.
Finally, the optical properties of all thin films were characterized
by ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) absorption spectroscopy,
from which the band gap of each deposited film was determined to be
commensurate with that of bulk CdS (ca. 2.4 eV). Four single-source CdS precursors were
synthesized based
on a combination of xanthate- and pyridyl-derived ligands to investigate
increasing the steric hindrance of the precursor. Two cis, one trans, and one 1D polymer complexes were developed.
These precursors were then deposited as thin films through both spin
coating and aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition techniques,
and the morphology, film thickness, film surface roughness, particle
size distribution, and band gap energy were assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Buckingham
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Kane Norton
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Paul D McNaughter
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - George Whitehead
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | | | - Firoz Alam
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Kristine Laws
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London SE1 1DB, U.K
| | - David J Lewis
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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Huang SY, Hsieh PY, Chung CJ, Chou CM, He JL. Nanoarchitectonics for Ultrathin Gold Films Deposited on Collagen Fabric by High-Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12101627. [PMID: 35630849 PMCID: PMC9143808 DOI: 10.3390/nano12101627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles conjugated with collagen molecules and fibers have been proven to improve structure strength, water and enzyme degradation resistance, cell attachment, cell proliferation, and skin wound healing. In this study, high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) was used to deposit ultrathin gold films (UTGF) and discontinuous island structures on type I collagen substrates. A long turn-off time of duty cycle and low chamber temperature of HiPIMS maintained substrate morphology. Increasing the deposition time from 6 s to 30 s elevated the substrate surface coverage by UTGF up to 91.79%, as observed by a field emission scanning electron microscope. X-ray diffractometry analysis revealed signature low and wide peaks for Au (111). The important surface functional groups and signature peaks of collagen substrate remained unchanged according to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results. Multi-peak curve fitting of the Amide I spectrum revealed the non-changed protein secondary structure of type I collagen, which mainly consists of α-helix. Atomic force microscopy observation showed that the roughness average value shifted from 1.74 to 4.17 nm by increasing the deposition time from 13 s to 77 s. The uneven surface of collagen substrate made quantification of thin film thickness by AFM difficult. Instead, UTGF thickness was measured using simultaneously deposited glass specimens placed in an HiPIMS chamber with collagen substrates. Film thickness was 3.99 and 10.37 nm at deposition times of 13 and 77 s, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed preserved substrate elements on the surface. Surface water contact angle measurement revealed the same temporary hydrophobic behavior before water absorption via exposed collagen substrates, regardless of deposition time. In conclusion, HiPIMS is an effective method to deposit UTGF on biomedical materials such as collagen without damaging valuable substrates. The composition of two materials could be further used for biomedical purposes with preserved functions of UTGF and collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yang Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Feng Chia University, 100, Wenhwa Rd., Seatwen District, Taichung 40724, Taiwan; (S.-Y.H.); (P.-Y.H.)
- Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 1650, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Seatwen District, Taichung 40705, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, 155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Beitou District, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Yen Hsieh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Feng Chia University, 100, Wenhwa Rd., Seatwen District, Taichung 40724, Taiwan; (S.-Y.H.); (P.-Y.H.)
| | - Chi-Jen Chung
- Department of Dental Technology and Materials Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 666, Buzih Rd., Beitun District, Taichung 40601, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Man Chou
- Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 1650, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Seatwen District, Taichung 40705, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, 155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Beitou District, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-23592525 (ext. 5182)
| | - Ju-Liang He
- Institute of Plasma, Feng Chia University, 100, Wenhwa Rd., Seatwen District, Taichung 40724, Taiwan;
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8
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Nohl JF, Farr NT, Sun Y, Hughes GM, Cussen SA, Rodenburg C. Low-voltage SEM of air-sensitive powders: from sample preparation to micro/nano analysis with Secondary Electron Hyperspectral Imaging. Micron 2022; 156:103234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2022.103234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Lee J, Wijesinghe RE, Jeon M, Kim J. Non-destructive morphological observation of anatomical growth process in Haemaphysalis Longicornis tick specimens using optical coherence tomography. Technol Health Care 2022; 30:61-70. [PMID: 35124584 PMCID: PMC9028609 DOI: 10.3233/thc-228006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Ticks are known as the representatives of hematophagous arachnids. They cause various tick-borne diseases, such as severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) and Lyme disease. To understand the mechanism of virus infection caused by ticks, morphology for the anatomical characteristics of crucial organs has been widely studied in acarological fields. The conventional methods used for tick observation have inevitable limitations. Dissection is the standard method to obtain the morphological information, and complex microscopy methods were utilized alternatively. OBJECTIVE: The study goal is to obtain the morphological information of ticks in different growth stages non-invasively. METHODS: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is employed to acquire structural images of various internal organs without damage for observing the growth process of larva, nymph, and adult in Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks in real-time. RESULTS: Various internal organs, such as salivary glands, rectal sac, genital aperture, and anus, were well-visualized by the OCT enface and cross-sectional images, and the variation in size of these organs in each growth stage was compared quantitatively. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the obtained results, we confirmed the potential feasibility of OCT as a non-destructive real-time tool for morphological studies in acarology. Further research using OCT for acarological applications can include monitoring the growth process of ticks in terms of structural changes and investigating morphological differences between normal and virus-infected tick specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsoo Lee
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ruchire Eranga Wijesinghe
- Department of Materials and Mechanical Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Pitipana, Homagama, Sri Lanka
| | - Mansik Jeon
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jeehyun Kim
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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10
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Jo YS, Park HM, Jin GH, Swain BS, Min SH, Kim YK, Yang SM. Pure copper nanoparticles prepared by coating-assisted vapor phase synthesis without agglomeration. RSC Adv 2022; 12:27820-27825. [PMID: 36320232 PMCID: PMC9520393 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05281d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern electronic devices, such as smartphones and electric vehicles, require multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs), which comprise highly pure Cu terminations and Ni electrodes. Vapor-phase synthesis (VPS) is a promising method for synthesizing nanoparticles (NPs) with high purity and crystallinity. However, the agglomeration of the NPs occurs during their synthesis, which degrades the performance of the MLCC electrodes owing to several factors, including electrical shorts and low packing density. This paper proposes a coating-assisted VPS to inhibit agglomeration using potassium chloride (KCl) as the coating agent. The agglomeration ratio of the Cu NPs synthesized by in-flight coating with KCl at 950 °C significantly decreased from 48.20% to 3.80%, compared to without KCl coating. Furthermore, X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction analyses confirmed that the KCl coating agent and residual copper chloride were removed by washing with ammonium hydroxide. Modern electronic devices, such as smartphones and electric vehicles, require multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs), which comprise highly pure Cu terminations and Ni electrodes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Su Jo
- Functional Materials and Components R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Gangneung 25440, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Min Park
- Functional Materials and Components R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Gangneung 25440, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Hwa Jin
- Functional Materials and Components R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Gangneung 25440, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Bhabani Sankar Swain
- Functional Materials and Components R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Gangneung 25440, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hong Min
- Korea Institute of Industrial Technology Interdisciplinary Program, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Keun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Min Yang
- Functional Materials and Components R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Gangneung 25440, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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11
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Chuah J, Khursheed A. The Design of a Reflection Electron Energy Loss Spectrometer Attachment for Low Voltage Scanning Electron Microscopy. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:7511. [PMID: 34947108 PMCID: PMC8706004 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the design of a reflection electron energy spectrometer (REELS) attachment for low voltage scanning electron microscopy (LVSEM) applications. The design is made by carrying out a scattered electron trajectory ray paths simulation. The spectrometer attachment is small enough to fit on the specimen stage of an SEM, and aims to acquire nanoscale spatially resolved REELS information. It uses a retarding field electrostatic toroidal sector energy analyzer design, which is able to lower the kinetic energies of elastically backscattered electrons to pass energies of 10 eV or less. For the capture of 1 keV BSEs emitted in the polar angular range between 40 to 50°, direct ray-tracing simulations predict that the spectrometer attachment will have an energy resolution of around 0.4 eV at a pass energy of 10 eV, and 0.2 eV at a pass energy of 5 eV. This predicted performance will make it a suitable REELS attachment for SEMs that use field emission electron sources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anjam Khursheed
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore;
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12
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Coelho SC, Benaut P, Laget S, Estevinho BN, Rocha F. Optimization of electrospinning parameters for the production of zein microstructures for food and biomedical applications. Micron 2021; 152:103164. [PMID: 34717181 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2021.103164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Electrohydrodynamic techniques have been focus for the development of structures for encapsulation purposes. Their physico-chemical characteristics confer them significant benefits for food and nutraceutical applications. The study reports the optimization of zein microstructures (electrosprayed beads/electrospun fibers/films). The effect of zein polymer properties (viscosity and conductivity), flow rate, applied voltage and distance tip-collector were investigated. Results by scanning electron microscopy revealed the morphology observed with zein. The importance of chain entanglement for fibers/beads/films formation in the optimum conditions system was evaluated. Compact electrosprayed microbeads with diameters ranging from 0.9 μm to 2.0 μm were obtained for 5 wt.% zein solution. For 30 wt.% zein, uniform smooth electrospun fibers with diameters of approximately 0.60 to 0.75 μm were produced. Films with different characteristics (with more or less homogeneous matrix and more or less bubbles) were also obtained. The developed zein microstructures are potential vectors that might encapsulate bioactive ingredients for functional food, nutraceutical and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Castro Coelho
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Philomène Benaut
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; ENSCM - Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296, Montpellier cedex 5, France.
| | - Sebastien Laget
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; ENSCM - Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296, Montpellier cedex 5, France.
| | - Berta N Estevinho
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Fernando Rocha
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
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13
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Jo YS, Lee HJ, Park HM, Na TW, Jung JS, Min SH, Kim YK, Yang SM. Chemical Vapor Synthesis of Nonagglomerated Nickel Nanoparticles by In-Flight Coating. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:27842-27850. [PMID: 34722984 PMCID: PMC8552332 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Nickel (Ni) nanoparticles (NPs) prepared through vapor-phase synthesis (VPS) are preferred for multilayer ceramic capacitor electrodes due to their high purity and crystallinity advantages. Agglomerated Ni NPs are usually generated using VPS but are undesirable because they cause various problems such as low packing density and electrical shorts. This study proposes the use of coating-assisted chemical vapor synthesis (CVS) for agglomerate inhibition using NaCl or KCl as a coating agent. We have found that the agglomeration ratio, 34.40%, for conventional CVS, can be reduced to 4.80% in the proposed method by in-flight coating with KCl at 900 °C by image analysis using field-emission scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence analyses confirm that the NaCl and KCl coating agent can be removed by washing with distilled water. We believe that this coating process can be used to inhibit the formation of agglomerates during the CVS of Ni NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Su Jo
- Functional
Materials and Components R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Gangneung, Gangwon-do 25440, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea
University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui-Jung Lee
- Functional
Materials and Components R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Gangneung, Gangwon-do 25440, Republic of Korea
- Korea
Institute of Industrial Technology Interdisciplinary Program, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Min Park
- Functional
Materials and Components R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Gangneung, Gangwon-do 25440, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kyonggi
University, Suwon, Kyonggi-do 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Wook Na
- Functional
Materials and Components R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Gangneung, Gangwon-do 25440, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Seung Jung
- Korea
Institute of Industrial Technology Interdisciplinary Program, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hong Min
- Korea
Institute of Industrial Technology Interdisciplinary Program, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Keun Kim
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea
University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Min Yang
- Functional
Materials and Components R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Gangneung, Gangwon-do 25440, Republic of Korea
- . Phone: +82-10-7122-3201
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14
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Casares-Arias J, Alonso MA, San Paulo Á, González MU. Correlative confocal and scanning electron microscopy of cultured cells without using dedicated equipment. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100727. [PMID: 34409307 PMCID: PMC8361273 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This protocol enables correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) imaging of cell surface features without using dedicated equipment. Cells are cultured and fixed on transparent substrates for confocal microscopy imaging. No conductive coating is employed in the scanning electron microscopy workflow, providing a clean cell surface observation, with fiducial markers assisting alignment of optical and topographical images. This protocol describes CLEM imaging for midbody remnants in MDCK cells but can also be applied to different cell types and surface features. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Casares-Arias et al. (2020). A CLEM protocol without dedicated equipment requirements Confocal and SEM data sets are acquired on independent setups Large-scale sample features are used for initial correlation and navigation Gold nanobeads are used as fiducial markers during final image alignment
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Casares-Arias
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Corresponding author
| | - Miguel A. Alonso
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro San Paulo
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC), Tres Cantos, Madrid 28760, Spain
| | - María Ujué González
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC), Tres Cantos, Madrid 28760, Spain
- Corresponding author
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15
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de León AS, de la Mata M, Molina SI. Hybrid hierarchically structured materials combining breath figures and thermal decomposition of KAuCl4. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Molina J, Escobar JE, Ramos D, Gil-Santos E, Ruz JJ, Tamayo J, San Paulo Á, Calleja M. High Dynamic Range Nanowire Resonators. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:6617-6624. [PMID: 34288677 PMCID: PMC8361434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic range quantifies the linear operation regime available in nanomechanical resonators. Nonlinearities dominate the response of flexural beams in the limit of very high aspect ratio and very small diameter, which leads to expectation of low dynamic range for nanowire resonators in general. However, the highest achievable dynamic range for nanowire resonators with practical dimensions remains to be determined. We report dynamic range measurements on singly clamped silicon nanowire resonators reaching remarkably high values of up to 90 dB obtained with a simple harmonic actuation scheme. We explain these measurements by a comprehensive theoretical examination of dynamic range in singly clamped flexural beams including the effect of tapering, a usual feature of semiconductor nanowires. Our analysis reveals the nanowire characteristics required for broad linear operation, and given the relationship between dynamic range and mass sensing performance, it also enables analytical determination of mass detection limits, reaching atomic-scale resolution for feasible nanowires.
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17
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Abe S, Skinner C, Bykov I, Yeh Y, Lasa A, Coburn J, Rudakov D, Lasnier C, Wang H, McLean A, Abrams T, Koel B. Experimental verification of ion impact angle distribution at divertor surfaces using micro-engineered targets on DiMES at DIII-D. NUCLEAR MATERIALS AND ENERGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2021.100965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Ag@ Fe-TiO2 catalysts for catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde indoor: a further improvement of Fe-TiO2. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-021-04442-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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19
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Kim NS, Numan M, Nam SC, Park SE, Jo C. Dynamic adsorption/desorption of p-xylene on nanomorphic MFI zeolites: Effect of zeolite crystal thickness and mesopore architecture. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123659. [PMID: 32829228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Zeolites have attracted great interest as an adsorbent for the removal of volatile organic compounds. However, they suffer from low adsorption capacities due to severe diffusion limitations. Here, the effects of zeolite thickness and mesopore architecture on dynamic adsorption of p-xylene have been examined with a number of MFI-type zeolites with different crystal thicknesses and mesopore openings (i.e. open mesopore, constricted mesopore), which were prepared via hydrothermal synthesis with various organic structure-directing agents and post-synthetic desilication. The results showed that the breakthrough time of MFI zeolite could be improved by more than 2.3 times by reducing the crystal thickness of zeolite to a single-unit-cell dimension (∼2 nm). The time improvement can be attributed to the short diffusion path length that results in easy access of p-xylene to intracrystalline micropores and a large external crystal surface area. In the case of mesopore openings, the presence of constricted mesopores caused the mass transfer of p-xylene into zeolite adsorbents to slow down while open mesopores did not. Furthermore, mesopore opening is an important factor for the desorption behavior of p-xylene. Adsorbed p-xylene by mesoporous zeolites could be desorbed at lower temperatures only when facile diffusion to the exterior through mesoporous channels was possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Sun Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Numan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Chan Nam
- Greenhouse Gas Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Eon Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Changbum Jo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Han W, Zheng M, Banerjee A, Luo YZ, Shen L, Khursheed A. Quantitative material analysis using secondary electron energy spectromicroscopy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22144. [PMID: 33335154 PMCID: PMC7746715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78973-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper demonstrates how secondary electron energy spectroscopy (SEES) performed inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM) can be used to map sample atomic number and acquire bulk valence band density of states (DOS) information at low primary beam voltages. The technique uses an electron energy analyser attachment to detect small changes in the shape of the scattered secondary electron (SE) spectrum and extract out fine structure features from it. Close agreement between experimental and theoretical bulk valance band DOS distributions was obtained for six different test samples, where the normalised root mean square deviation ranged from 2.7 to 6.7%. High accuracy levels of this kind do not appear to have been reported before. The results presented in this paper point towards SEES becoming a quantitative material analysis companion tool for low voltage scanning electron microscopy (LVSEM) and providing new applications for Scanning Auger Microscopy (SAM) instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Han
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - M Zheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - A Banerjee
- Physics Department, Bidhan Chandra College, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, 713303, India
| | - Y Z Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - L Shen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - A Khursheed
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore.
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21
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Podor R, Mendonça J, Lautru J, Brau HP, Nogues D, Candeias A, Horodysky P, Kolouch A, Barreau M, Carrier X, Ramenatte N, Mathieu S, Vilasi M. Evaluation and application of a new scintillator-based heat-resistant back-scattered electron detector during heat treatment in the scanning electron microscope. J Microsc 2020; 282:45-59. [PMID: 33216353 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new high-temperature detector dedicated to the collection of backscattered electrons is used in combination with heating stages up to 1050°C, in high-vacuum and low-vacuum modes in order to evaluate its possibilities through signal-to-noise ration measurements and different applications. Four examples of material transformations occurring at high temperature are herein reported: grain growth during annealing of a rolled platinum foil, recrystallisation of a multiphased alloy, oxidation of a Ni-based alloy and complex phase transformations occurring during the annealing of an Al-Si coated boron steel. The detector could be potentially adapted to any type of SEM and it offers good opportunities to perform high-temperature experiments in various atmospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Podor
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, CEA, Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - J Mendonça
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, CEA, Bagnols sur Cèze, France.,NewTEC Scientific, Nîmes, France
| | - J Lautru
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, CEA, Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - H P Brau
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, CEA, Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - D Nogues
- NewTEC Scientific, Nîmes, France
| | | | | | - A Kolouch
- CRYTUR, spol. s.r.o., Czech Republic
| | - M Barreau
- Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - X Carrier
- Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - N Ramenatte
- CNRS, IJL, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - S Mathieu
- CNRS, IJL, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - M Vilasi
- CNRS, IJL, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
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22
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Molina J, Ramos D, Gil-Santos E, Escobar JE, Ruz JJ, Tamayo J, San Paulo Á, Calleja M. Optical Transduction for Vertical Nanowire Resonators. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:2359-2369. [PMID: 32191041 PMCID: PMC7146857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We describe an optical transduction mechanism to measure the flexural mode vibrations of vertically aligned nanowires on a flat substrate with high sensitivity, linearity, and ease of implementation. We demonstrate that the light reflected from the substrate when a laser beam strikes it parallel to the nanowires is modulated proportionally to their vibration, so that measuring such modulation provides a highly efficient resonance readout. This mechanism is applicable to single nanowires or arrays without specific requirements regarding their geometry or array pattern, and no fabrication process besides the nanowire generation is required. We show how to optimize the performance of this mechanism by characterizing the split flexural modes of vertical silicon nanowires in their full dynamic range and up to the fifth mode order. The presented transduction approach is relevant for any application of nanowire resonators, particularly for integrating nanomechanical sensing in functional substrates based on vertical nanowires for biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Molina
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología
(IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Ramos
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología
(IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Gil-Santos
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología
(IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier E. Escobar
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología
(IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - José J. Ruz
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología
(IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Tamayo
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología
(IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro San Paulo
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología
(IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Calleja
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología
(IMN-CNM, CSIC), Isaac Newton 8, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
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