1
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Evans AD, Pournoori N, Saksala E, Oommen OP. Glycosaminoglycans' for brain health: Harnessing glycosaminoglycan based biomaterials for treating central nervous system diseases and in-vitro modeling. Biomaterials 2024; 309:122629. [PMID: 38797120 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the central nervous system (CNS) following traumatic brain injuries (TBI), spinal cord injuries (SCI), or strokes remains challenging to address using existing medications and cell-based therapies. Although therapeutic cell administration, such as stem cells and neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs), have shown promise in regenerative properties, they have failed to provide substantial benefits. However, the development of living cortical tissue engineered grafts, created by encapsulating these cells within an extracellular matrix (ECM) mimetic hydrogel scaffold, presents a promising functional replacement for damaged cortex in cases of stroke, SCI, and TBI. These grafts facilitate neural network repair and regeneration following CNS injuries. Given that natural glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a major constituent of the CNS, GAG-based hydrogels hold potential for the next generation of CNS healing therapies and in vitro modeling of CNS diseases. Brain-specific GAGs not only offer structural and biochemical signaling support to encapsulated neural cells but also modulate the inflammatory response in lesioned brain tissue, facilitating host integration and regeneration. This review briefly discusses different roles of GAGs and their related proteoglycan counterparts in healthy and diseases brain and explores current trends and advancements in GAG-based biomaterials for treating CNS injuries and modeling diseases. Additionally, it examines injectable, 3D bioprintable, and conductive GAG-based scaffolds, highlighting their clinical potential for in vitro modeling of patient-specific neural dysfunction and their ability to enhance CNS regeneration and repair following CNS injury in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin D Evans
- Bioengineering and Nanomedicine Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technologies, Tampere University, 33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Negin Pournoori
- Bioengineering and Nanomedicine Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technologies, Tampere University, 33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Emmi Saksala
- Bioengineering and Nanomedicine Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technologies, Tampere University, 33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Oommen P Oommen
- Bioengineering and Nanomedicine Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technologies, Tampere University, 33720, Tampere, Finland; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK.
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2
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Chapman MA, Sorg BA. A Systematic Review of Extracellular Matrix-Related Alterations in Parkinson's Disease. Brain Sci 2024; 14:522. [PMID: 38928523 PMCID: PMC11201521 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14060522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in Parkinson's disease (PD) is not well understood, even though it is critical for neuronal structure and signaling. This systematic review identified the top deregulated ECM-related pathways in studies that used gene set enrichment analyses (GSEA) to document transcriptomic, proteomic, or genomic alterations in PD. PubMed and Google scholar were searched for transcriptomics, proteomics, or genomics studies that employed GSEA on data from PD tissues or cells and reported ECM-related pathways among the top-10 most enriched versus controls. Twenty-seven studies were included, two of which used multiple omics analyses. Transcriptomics and proteomics studies were conducted on a variety of tissue and cell types. Of the 17 transcriptomics studies (16 data sets), 13 identified one or more adhesion pathways in the top-10 deregulated gene sets or pathways, primarily related to cell adhesion and focal adhesion. Among the 8 proteomics studies, 5 identified altered overarching ECM gene sets or pathways among the top 10. Among the 4 genomics studies, 3 identified focal adhesion pathways among the top 10. The findings summarized here suggest that ECM organization/structure and cell adhesion (particularly focal adhesion) are altered in PD and should be the focus of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara A. Sorg
- R.S. Dow Neurobiology, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR 97232, USA;
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3
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Fowowe M, Yu A, Wang J, Onigbinde S, Nwaiwu J, Bennett AI, Mechref Y. Suppressing the background of LC-ESI-MS analysis of permethylated glycans using the active background ion reduction device. Electrophoresis 2024. [PMID: 38573014 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has revolutionized analytical chemistry, enabling precise identification and quantification of chemical species, which is pivotal for biomarker discovery and understanding complex biological systems. Despite its versatility, the presence of background ions in MS analysis hinders the sensitive detection of low-abundance analytes. Therefore, studies aimed at lowering background ion levels have become increasingly important. Here, we utilized the commercially available Active Background Ion Reduction Device (ABIRD) to suppress background ions and assess its effect on the liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization (LC-ESI)-MS analyses of N-glycans on the Q Exactive HF mass spectrometer. We also investigated the effect of different solvent vapors in the ESI source on N-glycan analysis by MS. ABIRD generally had no effect on high-mannose and neutral structures but reduced the intensity of some structures that contained sialic acid, fucose, or both when methanol vapor filled the ESI source. Based on our findings on the highest number of identified N-glycans from human serum, methanol vapor in the ion source compartment may enhance N-glycan LC-ESI-MS analyses by improving the desolvation of droplets formed during the ESI process due to its high volatility. This protocol may be further validated and extended to advanced bottom-up proteomic/glycoproteomic studies for the analysis of peptide/glycopeptide ions by MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojibola Fowowe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Aiying Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Junyao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Sherifdeen Onigbinde
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Judith Nwaiwu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew I Bennett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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4
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Blumenreich S, Nehushtan T, Kupervaser M, Shalit T, Gabashvili A, Joseph T, Milenkovic I, Hardy J, Futerman AH. Large-scale proteomics analysis of five brain regions from Parkinson's disease patients with a GBA1 mutation. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:33. [PMID: 38331996 PMCID: PMC10853186 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00645-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite being the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, little is known about Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. A number of genetic factors predispose towards PD, among them mutations in GBA1, which encodes the lysosomal enzyme acid-β-glucosidase. We now perform non-targeted, mass spectrometry based quantitative proteomics on five brain regions from PD patients with a GBA1 mutation (PD-GBA) and compare to age- and sex-matched idiopathic PD patients (IPD) and controls. Two proteins were differentially-expressed in all five brain regions whereas significant differences were detected between the brain regions, with changes consistent with loss of dopaminergic signaling in the substantia nigra, and activation of a number of pathways in the cingulate gyrus, including ceramide synthesis. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation was inactivated in PD samples in most brain regions and to a larger extent in PD-GBA. This study provides a comprehensive large-scale proteomics dataset for the study of PD-GBA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Meital Kupervaser
- Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Tali Shalit
- Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Alexandra Gabashvili
- Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Tammar Joseph
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Ivan Milenkovic
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Neurogenerative Disease, UCL Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
- The Joseph Meyerhof Professor of Biochemistry at the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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5
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Rebelo AL, Drake RR, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Saldova R, Pandit A. Changes in tissue protein N-glycosylation and associated molecular signature occur in the human Parkinsonian brain in a region-specific manner. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgad439. [PMID: 38178977 PMCID: PMC10766401 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) associated state of neuroinflammation due to the aggregation of aberrant proteins is widely reported. One type of post-translational modification involved in protein stability is glycosylation. Here, we aimed to characterize the human Parkinsonian nigro-striatal N-glycome, and related transcriptome/proteome, and its correlation with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR), providing a comprehensive characterization of the PD molecular signature. Significant changes were seen upon a PD: a 3% increase in sialylation and 5% increase in fucosylation in both regions, and a 2% increase in oligomannosylated N-glycans in the substantia nigra. In the latter, a decrease in the mRNA expression of sialidases and an upregulation in the UPR pathway were also seen. To show the correlation between these, we also describe a small in vitro study where changes in specific glycosylation trait enzymes (inhibition of sialyltransferases) led to impairments in cell mitochondrial activity, changes in glyco-profile, and upregulation in UPR pathways. This complete characterization of the human nigro-striatal N-glycome provides an insight into the glycomic profile of PD through a transversal approach while combining the other PD "omics" pieces, which can potentially assist in the development of glyco-focused therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lúcia Rebelo
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, H91 TK33, Galway, Ireland
| | - Richard R Drake
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, SC 29425, Charleston, USA
| | | | - Radka Saldova
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, H91 TK33, Galway, Ireland
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training (NIBRT), University College Dublin, A94 X099, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, College of Health and Agricultural Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, H91 TK33, Galway, Ireland
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6
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Dong Y, Zhao K, Qin X, Du G, Gao L. The mechanisms of perineuronal net abnormalities in contributing aging and neurological diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 92:102092. [PMID: 37839757 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The perineuronal net (PNN) is a highly latticed extracellular matrix in the central nervous system, which is composed of hyaluronic acid, proteoglycan, hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein (Hapln), and tenascin. PNN is predominantly distributed in GABAergic interneurons expressing Parvalbumin (PV) and plays a critical role in synaptic function, learning and memory, oxidative stress, and inflammation. In addition, PNN's structure and function are also modulated by a variety of factors, including protein tyrosine phosphatase σ (PTPσ), orthodenticle homeo-box 2 (Otx2), and erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 4 (ErbB4). Glycosaminoglycan (GAG), a component of proteoglycan, also influences PNN through its sulfate mode. PNN undergoes abnormal changes during aging and in various neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, and multiple sclerosis. Nevertheless, there is limited report on the relationship between PNN and aging or age-related neurological diseases. This review elaborates on the mechanisms governing PNN regulation and summarizes how PNN abnormalities contribute to aging and neurological diseases, offering insights for potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiao Dong
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China; Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, China
| | - Kunkun Zhao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China; Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xuemei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China; Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, China
| | - Guanhua Du
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Li Gao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China; Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, China.
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7
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Downs M, Curran J, Zaia J, Sethi MK. Analysis of complex proteoglycans using serial proteolysis and EThcD provides deep N- and O-glycoproteomic coverage. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:6995-7009. [PMID: 37728749 PMCID: PMC10865727 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04934-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans are a small but diverse family of proteins that play a wide variety of roles at the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. In addition to their glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, they are N- and O-glycosylated. All of these types of glycosylation are crucial to their function but present a considerable analytical challenge. We describe the combination of serial proteolysis followed by the application of higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) and electron transfer/higher-energy collisional dissociation (EThcD) to optimize protein sequence coverage and glycopeptide identification from proteoglycans. In many cases, the use of HCD alone allows the identification of more glycopeptides. However, the localization of glycoforms on multiply glycosylated peptides has remained elusive. We demonstrate the use of EThcD for the confident assignment of glycan compositions on multiply glycosylated peptides. Dense glycosylation on proteoglycans is key to their biological function; thus, developing tools to identify and quantify doubly glycosylated peptides is of interest. Additionally, glycoproteomics searches identify glycopeptides in otherwise poorly covered regions of proteoglycans. The development of these and other analytical tools may permit glycoproteomic similarity comparisons in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Downs
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jillian Curran
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manveen K Sethi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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8
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Liu Y, Han Y, Zhu W, Luo Q, Yuan J, Liu X. Characterization of N-glycome profile in mouse brain tissue regions by MALDI-TOF/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5575-5588. [PMID: 37452841 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04848-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most common types of post-translational modifications in mammals. It is well known that N-glycans play a key role in cell adhesion, differentiation, synapsis, and myelination during the development of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Neuropathological symptoms (such as epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease) are usually accompanied by N-glycosylation changes. In this study, we extracted N-glycan chains from eight regions of the mouse brain, and combined high-throughput, high-resolution matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) with the Fmoc N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (Fmoc-OSU) derivatization method to improve the sensitivity of glycan detection to characterize the total N-glycans in the mouse brain. A total of 96 N-glycan moieties were detected. An exhaustive examination of the relative abundance of N-glycans, coupled with a comparative analysis of differences, has uncovered discernible variations of statistical significance, including high mannose, fucosylated, sialylated, and galactosylated N-glycans. According to our investigations, a thorough and regionally specific cartography of glycans within the brain can facilitate the investigation of glycan-mediated mechanisms related to both the developmental trajectory and functional output of the brain. Additionally, this approach may serve as a basis for identifying potential biomarkers that are relevant to various brain-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yutong Han
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Innovation Institute, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wenjie Zhu
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Qingming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Innovation Institute, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Xin Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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9
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Awuson-David B, Williams AC, Wright B, Hill LJ, Di Pietro V. Common microRNA regulated pathways in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1228927. [PMID: 37719162 PMCID: PMC10502311 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1228927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs involved in gene regulation. Recently, miRNA dysregulation has been found in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The diagnosis of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's is currently challenging, mainly occurring when pathology is already present, and although treatments are available for both diseases, the role of treatment is primarily to prevent or delay the progress of the diseases instead of fully overcoming the diseases. Therefore, the challenge in the near future will be to determine effective drugs to tackle the dysregulated biological pathways in neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, we describe the dysregulation of miRNAs in blood of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's patients with the aim to identify common mechanisms between the 2 pathologies and potentially to identify common therapeutic targets which can stop or delay the progression of two most frequent neuropathologies. Two independent systematic reviews, bioinformatic analysis, and experiment validation were performed to identify whether AD and PD share common pathways. A total of 15 common miRNAs were found in the literature and 13 common KEGG pathways. Among the common miRNAs, two were selected for validation in a small cohort of AD and PD patients. Let-7f-5p and miR-29b-3p showed to be good predictors in blood of PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betina Awuson-David
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian C. Williams
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Wright
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa J. Hill
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Di Pietro
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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10
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Downs M, Zaia J, Sethi MK. Mass spectrometry methods for analysis of extracellular matrix components in neurological diseases. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:1848-1875. [PMID: 35719114 PMCID: PMC9763553 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The brain extracellular matrix (ECM) is a highly glycosylated environment and plays important roles in many processes including cell communication, growth factor binding, and scaffolding. The formation of structures such as perineuronal nets (PNNs) is critical in neuroprotection and neural plasticity, and the formation of molecular networks is dependent in part on glycans. The ECM is also implicated in the neuropathophysiology of disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Schizophrenia (SZ). As such, it is of interest to understand both the proteomic and glycomic makeup of healthy and diseased brain ECM. Further, there is a growing need for site-specific glycoproteomic information. Over the past decade, sample preparation, mass spectrometry, and bioinformatic methods have been developed and refined to provide comprehensive information about the glycoproteome. Core ECM molecules including versican, hyaluronan and proteoglycan link proteins, and tenascin are dysregulated in AD, PD, and SZ. Glycomic changes such as differential sialylation, sulfation, and branching are also associated with neurodegeneration. A more thorough understanding of the ECM and its proteomic, glycomic, and glycoproteomic changes in brain diseases may provide pathways to new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Downs
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Manveen K Sethi
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Samal J, Palomino TV, Chen J, Muddiman DC, Segura T. Enhanced Detection of Charged N-Glycans in the Brain by Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometric Imaging. Anal Chem 2023; 95:10913-10920. [PMID: 37427925 PMCID: PMC10640919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation represents a structurally diverse, complex, co- and posttranslational protein modification that bridges metabolism and cellular signaling. Consequently, aberrant protein glycosylation is a hallmark of most pathological scenarios. Due to their complex nature and non-template-driven synthesis, the analysis of glycans is faced with several challenges, underlining the need for new and improved analytical technologies. Spatial profiling of N-glycans through direct imaging on tissue sections reveals the regio-specific and/or disease pathology correlating tissue N-glycans that serve as a disease glycoprint for diagnosis. Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) is a soft hybrid ionization technique that has been used for diverse mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications. Here, we report the first spatial analysis of the brain N-linked glycans by IR-MALDESI MSI, leading to a significant increase in the detection of the brain N-sialoglycans. A formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded mouse brain tissue was analyzed in negative ionization mode after tissue washing, antigen retrieval, and pneumatic application of PNGase F for enzymatic digestion of N-linked glycans. We report a comparative analysis of section thickness on the N-glycan detection using IR-MALDESI. One hundred thirty-six unique N-linked glycans were confidently identified in the brain tissue (with an additional 132 unique N-glycans, not reported in GlyConnect), where more than 50% contained sialic acid residues, which is approximately 3-fold higher than the previous reports. This work demonstrates the first application of IR-MALDESI in N-linked glycan imaging of the brain tissue, leading to a 2.5-fold increase in the in situ total brain N-glycan detection compared to the current gold standard of positive-mode matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging. This is also the first report of the application of the MSI toward the identification of sulfoglycans in the rodent brain. Overall, IR-MALDESI-MSI presents a sensitive glycan detection platform to identify tissue-specific and/or disease-specific glycosignature in the brain while preserving the sialoglycans without any chemical derivatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Samal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0274, United States
| | - Tana V Palomino
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7001, United States
| | - Judy Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0274, United States
| | - David C Muddiman
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7001, United States
| | - Tatiana Segura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0274, United States
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12
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Conroy LR, Clarke HA, Allison DB, Valenca SS, Sun Q, Hawkinson TR, Young LEA, Ferreira JE, Hammonds AV, Dunne JB, McDonald RJ, Absher KJ, Dong BE, Bruntz RC, Markussen KH, Juras JA, Alilain WJ, Liu J, Gentry MS, Angel PM, Waters CM, Sun RC. Spatial metabolomics reveals glycogen as an actionable target for pulmonary fibrosis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2759. [PMID: 37179348 PMCID: PMC10182559 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38437-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging has greatly improved our understanding of spatial biology, however a robust bioinformatic pipeline for data analysis is lacking. Here, we demonstrate the application of high-dimensionality reduction/spatial clustering and histopathological annotation of matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging datasets to assess tissue metabolic heterogeneity in human lung diseases. Using metabolic features identified from this pipeline, we hypothesize that metabolic channeling between glycogen and N-linked glycans is a critical metabolic process favoring pulmonary fibrosis progression. To test our hypothesis, we induced pulmonary fibrosis in two different mouse models with lysosomal glycogen utilization deficiency. Both mouse models displayed blunted N-linked glycan levels and nearly 90% reduction in endpoint fibrosis when compared to WT animals. Collectively, we provide conclusive evidence that lysosomal utilization of glycogen is required for pulmonary fibrosis progression. In summary, our study provides a roadmap to leverage spatial metabolomics to understand foundational biology in pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey R Conroy
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Harrison A Clarke
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Derek B Allison
- Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Samuel Santos Valenca
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Tara R Hawkinson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Lyndsay E A Young
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Juanita E Ferreira
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Autumn V Hammonds
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Jaclyn B Dunne
- Department of Cell & Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics at the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Robert J McDonald
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Kimberly J Absher
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Brittany E Dong
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Ronald C Bruntz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Kia H Markussen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Jelena A Juras
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Warren J Alilain
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Jinze Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Matthew S Gentry
- Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Center for Advanced Spatial Biomolecule Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Peggi M Angel
- Department of Cell & Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics at the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Christopher M Waters
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
| | - Ramon C Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
- Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Center for Advanced Spatial Biomolecule Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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13
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Rike WA, Stern S. Proteins and Transcriptional Dysregulation of the Brain Extracellular Matrix in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087435. [PMID: 37108598 PMCID: PMC10138539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the brain is a dynamic structure made up of a vast network of bioactive macromolecules that modulate cellular events. Structural, organizational, and functional changes in these macromolecules due to genetic variation or environmental stressors are thought to affect cellular functions and may result in disease. However, most mechanistic studies to date usually focus on the cellular aspects of diseases and pay less attention to the relevance of the processes governing the dynamic nature of the extracellular matrix in disease pathogenesis. Thus, due to the ECM's diversified biological roles, increasing interest in its involvement in disease, and the lack of sufficient compiled evidence regarding its relationship with Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology, we aimed to compile the existing evidence to boost the current knowledge on the area and provide refined guidance for the future research. Here, in this review, we gathered postmortem brain tissue and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-related studies from PubMed and Google Scholar to identify, summarize and describe common macromolecular alterations in the expression of brain ECM components in Parkinson's disease (PD). A literature search was conducted up until 10 February 2023. The overall hits from the database and manual search for proteomic and transcriptome studies were 1243 and 1041 articles, respectively. Following a full-text review, 10 articles from proteomic and 24 from transcriptomic studies were found to be eligible for inclusion. According to proteomic studies, proteins such as collagens, fibronectin, annexins, and tenascins were recognized to be differentially expressed in Parkinson's disease. Transcriptomic studies displayed dysregulated pathways including ECM-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, and cell adhesion molecules in Parkinson's disease. A limited number of relevant studies were accessed from our search, indicating that much work remains to be carried out to better understand the roles of the ECM in neurodegeneration and Parkinson's disease. However, we believe that our review will elicit focused primary studies and thus support the ongoing efforts of the discovery and development of diagnostic biomarkers as well as therapeutic agents for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wote Amelo Rike
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Shani Stern
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
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14
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Ha BG, Jang YJ, Lee E, Kim BG, Myung K, Sun W, Jeong SJ. Isolation and identification of extracellular matrix proteins from oil-based CASPERized mouse brains for matrisomal analysis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14777. [PMID: 37025807 PMCID: PMC10070542 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) components present within all tissues and organs help to maintain the cytoskeletal architecture and tissue morphology. Although the ECM plays a role in cellular events and signaling pathways, it has not been well studied due its insolubility and complexity. Brain tissue has a higher cell density and weaker mechanical strength than other tissues in the body. When removing cells using a general decellularization method to produce scaffolds and obtain ECM proteins, various problems must be considered because tissues are easily damaged. To retain the brain shape and ECM components, we performed decellularization in combination with polymerization. We immersed mouse brains in oil for polymerization and decellularization via O-CASPER (Oil-based Clinically and Experimentally Applicable Acellular Tissue Scaffold Production for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine) and then isolated ECM components using sequential matrisome preparation reagents (SMPRs), namely, RIPA, PNGase F, and concanavalin A. Adult mouse brains were preserved with our decellularization method. Western blot and LC-MS/MS analyses revealed that ECM components, including collagen and laminin, were isolated efficiently from decellularized mouse brains using SMPRs. Our method will be useful to obtain matrisomal data and perform functional studies using adult mouse brains and other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Geun Ha
- Research Group of Developmental Disorders and Rare Diseases, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jang
- Research Group of Developmental Disorders and Rare Diseases, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - EunSoo Lee
- Fluorescence Core Imaging Center, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Gyu Kim
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjae Myung
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Jeong
- Research Group of Developmental Disorders and Rare Diseases, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author.Research Group of Developmental Disorders and Rare Diseases, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Peng W, Kobeissy F, Mondello S, Barsa C, Mechref Y. MS-based glycomics: An analytical tool to assess nervous system diseases. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1000179. [PMID: 36408389 PMCID: PMC9671362 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1000179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases affect millions of peopleochemistryorldwide and are continuously increasing due to the globe's aging population. Such diseases affect the nervous system and are characterized by a progressive decline in brain function and progressive cognitive impairment, decreasing the quality of life for those with the disease as well as for their families and loved ones. The increased burden of nervous system diseases demands a deeper insight into the biomolecular mechanisms at work during disease development in order to improve clinical diagnosis and drug design. Recently, evidence has related glycosylation to nervous system diseases. Glycosylation is a vital post-translational modification that mediates many biological functions, and aberrant glycosylation has been associated with a variety of diseases. Thus, the investigation of glycosylation in neurological diseases could provide novel biomarkers and information for disease pathology. During the last decades, many techniques have been developed for facilitation of reliable and efficient glycomic analysis. Among these, mass spectrometry (MS) is considered the most powerful tool for glycan analysis due to its high resolution, high sensitivity, and the ability to acquire adequate structural information for glycan identification. Along with MS, a variety of approaches and strategies are employed to enhance the MS-based identification and quantitation of glycans in neurological samples. Here, we review the advanced glycomic tools used in nervous system disease studies, including separation techniques prior to MS, fragmentation techniques in MS, and corresponding strategies. The glycan markers in common clinical nervous system diseases discovered by utilizing such MS-based glycomic tools are also summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Chloe Barsa
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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16
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Chang D, Zaia J. Methods to improve quantitative glycoprotein coverage from bottom-up LC-MS data. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:922-937. [PMID: 33764573 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Advances in mass spectrometry instrumentation, methods development, and bioinformatics have greatly improved the ease and accuracy of site-specific, quantitative glycoproteomics analysis. Data-dependent acquisition is the most popular method for identification and quantification of glycopeptides; however, complete coverage of glycosylation site glycoforms remains elusive with this method. Targeted acquisition methods improve the precision and accuracy of quantification, but at the cost of throughput and discoverability. Data-independent acquisition (DIA) holds great promise for more complete and highly quantitative site-specific glycoproteomics analysis, while maintaining the ability to discover novel glycopeptides without prior knowledge. We review additional features that can be used to increase selectivity and coverage to the DIA workflow: retention time modeling, which would simplify the interpretation of complex tandem mass spectra, and ion mobility separation, which would maximize the sampling of all precursors at a giving chromatographic retention time. The instrumentation and bioinformatics to incorporate these features into glycoproteomics analysis exist. These improvements in quantitative, site-specific analysis will enable researchers to assess glycosylation similarity in related biological systems, answering new questions about the interplay between glycosylation state and biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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17
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van den Hurk M, Lau S, Marchetto MC, Mertens J, Stern S, Corti O, Brice A, Winner B, Winkler J, Gage FH, Bardy C. Druggable transcriptomic pathways revealed in Parkinson's patient-derived midbrain neurons. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:134. [PMID: 36258029 PMCID: PMC9579158 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex genetic predispositions accelerate the chronic degeneration of midbrain substantia nigra neurons in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Deciphering the human molecular makeup of PD pathophysiology can guide the discovery of therapeutics to slow the disease progression. However, insights from human postmortem brain studies only portray the latter stages of PD, and there is a lack of data surrounding molecular events preceding the neuronal loss in patients. We address this gap by identifying the gene dysregulation of live midbrain neurons reprogrammed in vitro from the skin cells of 42 individuals, including sporadic and familial PD patients and matched healthy controls. To minimize bias resulting from neuronal reprogramming and RNA-seq methods, we developed an analysis pipeline integrating PD transcriptomes from different RNA-seq datasets (unsorted and sorted bulk vs. single-cell and Patch-seq) and reprogramming strategies (induced pluripotency vs. direct conversion). This PD cohort’s transcriptome is enriched for human genes associated with known clinical phenotypes of PD, regulation of locomotion, bradykinesia and rigidity. Dysregulated gene expression emerges strongest in pathways underlying synaptic transmission, metabolism, intracellular trafficking, neural morphogenesis and cellular stress/immune responses. We confirmed a synaptic impairment with patch-clamping and identified pesticides and endoplasmic reticulum stressors as the most significant gene-chemical interactions in PD. Subsequently, we associated the PD transcriptomic profile with candidate pharmaceuticals in a large database and a registry of current clinical trials. This study highlights human transcriptomic pathways that can be targeted therapeutically before the irreversible neuronal loss. Furthermore, it demonstrates the preclinical relevance of unbiased large transcriptomic assays of reprogrammed patient neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark van den Hurk
- grid.430453.50000 0004 0565 2606South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Laboratory for Human Neurophysiology and Genetics, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - Shong Lau
- grid.250671.70000 0001 0662 7144Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Maria C. Marchetto
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Anthropology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Jerome Mertens
- grid.250671.70000 0001 0662 7144Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.5771.40000 0001 2151 8122Neural Aging Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biology, CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tyrol Austria
| | - Shani Stern
- grid.250671.70000 0001 0662 7144Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.18098.380000 0004 1937 0562Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Olga Corti
- grid.425274.20000 0004 0620 5939Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, DMU BioGeM, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- grid.425274.20000 0004 0620 5939Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, DMU BioGeM, Paris, France
| | - Beate Winner
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany ,grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Center of Rare Diseases Erlangen (ZSEER), University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany ,grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Winkler
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany ,grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Center of Rare Diseases Erlangen (ZSEER), University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany ,grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fred H. Gage
- grid.250671.70000 0001 0662 7144Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Cedric Bardy
- grid.430453.50000 0004 0565 2606South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Laboratory for Human Neurophysiology and Genetics, Adelaide, SA Australia ,grid.1014.40000 0004 0367 2697Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA Australia
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18
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Tena J, Maezawa I, Barboza M, Wong M, Zhu C, Alvarez MR, Jin LW, Zivkovic AM, Lebrilla CB. Regio-Specific N-Glycome and N-Glycoproteome Map of the Elderly Human Brain With and Without Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Cell Proteomics 2022; 21:100427. [PMID: 36252735 PMCID: PMC9674923 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2022.100427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteins in the cell membrane of the brain are modified by glycans in highly interactive regions. The glycans and glycoproteins are involved in cell-cell interactions that are of fundamental importance to the brain. In this study, the comprehensive N-glycome and N-glycoproteome of the brain were determined in 11 functional brain regions, some of them known to be affected with the progression of Alzheimer's disease. N-glycans throughout the regions were generally highly branched and highly sialofucosylated. Regional variations were also found with regard to the glycan types including high mannose and complex-type structures. Glycoproteomic analysis identified the proteins that differed in glycosylation in the various regions. To obtain the broader representation of glycan compositions, four subjects with two in their 70s and two in their 90s representing two Alzheimer's disease subjects, one hippocampal sclerosis subject, and one subject with no cognitive impairment were analyzed. The four subjects were all glycomically mapped across 11 brain regions. Marked differences in the glycomic and glycoproteomic profiles were observed between the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennyfer Tena
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Izumi Maezawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA,UC Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Mariana Barboza
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California, USA,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Maurice Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Chenghao Zhu
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Lee-Way Jin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA,UC Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Angela M. Zivkovic
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Carlito B. Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California, USA,For correspondence: Carlito B. Lebrilla
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19
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Raghunathan R, Turajane K, Wong LC. Biomarkers in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Proteomics Spotlight on ALS and Parkinson’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169299. [PMID: 36012563 PMCID: PMC9409485 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are both characterized by pathogenic protein aggregates that correlate with the progressive degeneration of neurons and the loss of behavioral functions. Both diseases lack biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment efficacy. Proteomics is an unbiased quantitative tool capable of the high throughput quantitation of thousands of proteins from minimal sample volumes. We review recent proteomic studies in human tissues, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and exosomes in ALS and PD that identify proteins with potential utility as biomarkers. Further, we review disease-related post-translational modifications in key proteins TDP43 in ALS and α-synuclein in PD studies, which may serve as biomarkers. We compare relative and absolute quantitative proteomic approaches in key biomarker studies in ALS and PD and discuss recent technological advancements which may identify suitable biomarkers for the early-diagnosis treatment efficacy of these diseases.
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20
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Zheng R, Yan Y, Pu J, Zhang B. Physiological and Pathological Functions of Neuronal Hemoglobin: A Key Underappreciated Protein in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169088. [PMID: 36012351 PMCID: PMC9408843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of Hemoglobin (Hb) is not restricted to erythrocytes but is also present in neurons. Hb is selectively enriched in vulnerable mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons of Parkinson's disease (PD) instead of resistant neurons. Controversial results of neuronal Hb levels have been reported in postmortem brains of PD patients: although neuronal Hb levels may decline in PD patients, elderly men with higher Hb levels have an increased risk of developing PD. α-synuclein, a key protein involved in PD pathology, interacts directly with Hb protein and forms complexes in erythrocytes and brains of monkeys and humans. These complexes increase in erythrocytes and striatal cytoplasm, while they decrease in striatal mitochondria with aging. Besides, the colocalization of serine 129-phosphorylated (Pser129) α-synuclein and Hb β chains have been found in the brains of PD patients. Several underlying molecular mechanisms involving mitochondrial homeostasis, α-synuclein accumulation, iron metabolism, and hormone-regulated signaling pathways have been investigated to assess the relationship between neuronal Hb and PD development. The formation of fibrils with neuronal Hb in various neurodegenerative diseases may indicate a common fibrillization pathway and a widespread target that could be applied in neurodegeneration therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jiali Pu
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (B.Z.); Fax: +86-571-8778-4752 (J.P. & B.Z.)
| | - Baorong Zhang
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (B.Z.); Fax: +86-571-8778-4752 (J.P. & B.Z.)
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21
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Porell RN, Follmar JL, Purcell SC, Timm B, Laubach LK, Kozirovskiy D, Thacker BE, Glass CA, Gordts PLSM, Godula K. Biologically Derived Neoproteoglycans for Profiling Protein-Glycosaminoglycan Interactions. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1534-1542. [PMID: 35574759 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a class of highly negatively charged membrane-associated and extracellular matrix polysaccharides involved in the regulation of myriad biological functions, including cell adhesion, migration, signaling, and differentiation, among others. GAGs are typically attached to core proteins, termed proteoglycans (PGs), and can engage >500 binding proteins, making them prominent relays for sensing external stimuli and transducing cellular responses. However, their unique substructural protein-recognition domains that confer their binding specificity remain elusive. While the emergence of glycan arrays has rapidly enabled the profiling of ligand specificities of a range of glycan-binding proteins, their adaptation for the analysis of GAG-binding proteins has been considerably more challenging. Current GAG microarrays primarily employ synthetically defined oligosaccharides, which capture only a fraction of the structural diversity of native GAG polysaccharides. Augmenting existing array platforms to include GAG structures purified from tissues or produced in cells with engineered glycan biosynthetic pathways may significantly advance the understanding of structure-activity relationships in GAG-protein interactions. Here, we demonstrate an efficient and tunable strategy to mimic cellular proteoglycan architectures by conjugating biologically derived GAG chains to a protein scaffold, defined as neoproteoglycans (neoPGs). The use of a reactive fluorogenic linker enabled real-time monitoring of the conjugation reaction efficiency and tuning of the neoPG valency. Immobilization of the reagents on a 96-well array platform allowed for efficient probing of ligand binding and enzyme-substrate specificity, including growth factors and the human sulfatase 1. The neoPGs can also be used directly as soluble probes to evaluate GAG-dependent growth factor signaling in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bryan E. Thacker
- TEGA Therapeutics, Inc., 3550 General Atomics Court, G02-102, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Charles A. Glass
- TEGA Therapeutics, Inc., 3550 General Atomics Court, G02-102, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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22
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Downs M, Sethi MK, Raghunathan R, Layne MD, Zaia J. Matrisome changes in Parkinson's disease. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:3005-3015. [PMID: 35112150 PMCID: PMC8944212 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03929-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, collectively known as the matrisome, include collagens, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans. Alterations in the matrisome have been implicated in the neurodegenerative pathologies including Parkinson's disease (PD). In this work, we utilized our previously published PD and control proteomics data from human prefrontal cortex and focused our analysis on the matrisome. Among matrisome proteins, we observed a significant enrichment in the expression of type I collagen in PD vs. control samples. We then performed histological analysis on the same samples used for proteomics study, and examined collagen expression using picrosirius red staining. Interestingly, we observed similar trends in collagen abundance in PD vs. control as in our matrisome analysis; thus, this and other histological analyses will be useful as a complementary technique in the future to study the matrisome in PD with a larger cohort, and it may aid in choosing regions of interest for proteomic analysis. Additionally, collagen hydroxyprolination was less variable in PD compared to controls. Glycoproteomic changes in matrisome molecules were also observed in PD relative to aged individuals, especially related to type VI collagen and versican. We further examined the list of differentially expressed matrisome molecules using network topology-based analysis and found that angiogenesis indicated by alterations in decorin and several members of the collagen family was affected in PD. These findings collectively identified matrisome changes associated with PD; further studies with a larger cohort are required to validate the current results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Downs
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Manveen K Sethi
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Rekha Raghunathan
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Molecular and Translational Medicine Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Matthew D Layne
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
- Molecular and Translational Medicine Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Medical Campus, 670 Albany St., Rm. 509, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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23
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Sethi MK, Downs M, Shao C, Hackett WE, Phillips JJ, Zaia J. In-Depth Matrisome and Glycoproteomic Analysis of Human Brain Glioblastoma Versus Control Tissue. Mol Cell Proteomics 2022; 21:100216. [PMID: 35202840 PMCID: PMC8957055 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2022.100216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and malignant primary brain tumor. The extracellular matrix, also known as the matrisome, helps determine glioma invasion, adhesion, and growth. Little attention, however, has been paid to glycosylation of the extracellular matrix components that constitute the majority of glycosylated protein mass and presumed biological properties. To acquire a comprehensive understanding of the biological functions of the matrisome and its components, including proteoglycans (PGs) and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), in GBM tumorigenesis, and to identify potential biomarker candidates, we studied the alterations of GAGs, including heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS), the core proteins of PGs, and other glycosylated matrisomal proteins in GBM subtypes versus control human brain tissue samples. We scrutinized the proteomics data to acquire in-depth site-specific glycoproteomic profiles of the GBM subtypes that will assist in identifying specific glycosylation changes in GBM. We observed an increase in CS 6-O sulfation and a decrease in HS 6-O sulfation, accompanied by an increase in unsulfated CS and HS disaccharides in GBM versus control samples. Several core matrisome proteins, including PGs (decorin, biglycan, agrin, prolargin, glypican-1, and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4), tenascin, fibronectin, hyaluronan link protein 1 and 2, laminins, and collagens, were differentially regulated in GBM versus controls. Interestingly, a higher degree of collagen hydroxyprolination was also observed for GBM versus controls. Further, two PGs, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 and agrin, were significantly lower, about 6-fold for isocitrate dehydrogenase-mutant, compared to the WT GBM samples. Differential regulation of O-glycopeptides for PGs, including brevican, neurocan, and versican, was observed for GBM subtypes versus controls. Moreover, an increase in levels of glycosyltransferase and glycosidase enzymes was observed for GBM when compared to control samples. We also report distinct protein, peptide, and glycopeptide features for GBM subtypes comparisons. Taken together, our study informs understanding of the alterations to key matrisomal molecules that occur during GBM development. (Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD028931, and the peaks project file is available at Zenodo with DOI 10.5281/zenodo.5911810).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manveen K Sethi
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Margaret Downs
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chun Shao
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William E Hackett
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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24
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Astragalus membranaceus treatment combined with caloric restriction may enhance genesis factors and decrease apoptosis in the hippocampus of rats. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2022; 99:104584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2021.104584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Schumacher-Schuh A, Bieger A, Borelli WV, Portley MK, Awad PS, Bandres-Ciga S. Advances in Proteomic and Metabolomic Profiling of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurol 2022; 12:792227. [PMID: 35173667 PMCID: PMC8841717 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.792227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteomics and metabolomics are two emerging fields that hold promise to shine light on the molecular mechanisms causing neurodegenerative diseases. Research in this area may reveal and quantify specific metabolites and proteins that can be targeted by therapeutic interventions intended at halting or reversing the neurodegenerative process. This review aims at providing a general overview on the current status of proteomic and metabolomic profiling in neurodegenerative diseases. We focus on the most common neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We discuss the relevance of state-of-the-art metabolomics and proteomics approaches and their potential for biomarker discovery. We critically review advancements made so far, highlighting how metabolomics and proteomics may have a significant impact in future therapeutic and biomarker development. Finally, we further outline technologies used so far as well as challenges and limitations, placing the current information in a future-facing context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Schumacher-Schuh
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andrei Bieger
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Wyllians V. Borelli
- Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Makayla K. Portley
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Clinic, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Paula Saffie Awad
- Movement Disorders Clinic, Centro de Trastornos de Movimiento (CETRAM), Santiago, Chile
| | - Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Clinic, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Molecular Genetics Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Sara Bandres-Ciga
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26
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Ferraro F, Fevga C, Bonifati V, Mandemakers W, Mahfouz A, Reinders M. Correcting Differential Gene Expression Analysis for Cyto-Architectural Alterations in Substantia Nigra of Parkinson's Disease Patients Reveals Known and Potential Novel Disease-Associated Genes and Pathways. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020198. [PMID: 35053314 PMCID: PMC8774027 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have analyzed gene expression profiles in the substantia nigra to better understand the pathological mechanisms causing Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the concordance between the identified gene signatures in these individual studies was generally low. This might have been caused by a change in cell type composition as loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta is a hallmark of PD. Through an extensive meta-analysis of nine previously published microarray studies, we demonstrated that a big proportion of the detected differentially expressed genes was indeed caused by cyto-architectural alterations due to the heterogeneity in the neurodegenerative stage and/or technical artefacts. After correcting for cell composition, we identified a common signature that deregulated the previously unreported ammonium transport, as well as known biological processes such as bioenergetic pathways, response to proteotoxic stress, and immune response. By integrating with protein interaction data, we shortlisted a set of key genes, such as LRRK2, PINK1, PRKN, and FBXO7, known to be related to PD, others with compelling evidence for their role in neurodegeneration, such as GSK3β, WWOX, and VPC, and novel potential players in the PD pathogenesis. Together, these data show the importance of accounting for cyto-architecture in these analyses and highlight the contribution of multiple cell types and novel processes to PD pathology, providing potential new targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ferraro
- Erasmus MC, Department of Clinical Genetics, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (F.F.); (C.F.); (V.B.); (W.M.)
| | - Christina Fevga
- Erasmus MC, Department of Clinical Genetics, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (F.F.); (C.F.); (V.B.); (W.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Bonifati
- Erasmus MC, Department of Clinical Genetics, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (F.F.); (C.F.); (V.B.); (W.M.)
| | - Wim Mandemakers
- Erasmus MC, Department of Clinical Genetics, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (F.F.); (C.F.); (V.B.); (W.M.)
| | - Ahmed Mahfouz
- Delft Bioinformatics Labaratory, Delft University of Technology, 2628 XE Delft, The Netherlands;
- Leiden Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Reinders
- Delft Bioinformatics Labaratory, Delft University of Technology, 2628 XE Delft, The Netherlands;
- Leiden Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Section Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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27
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The matrisome and adhesome comprise proteins that are found within or are associated with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and adhesion complexes, respectively. Interactions between cells and their microenvironment are mediated by key matrisome and adhesome proteins, which direct fundamental processes, including growth and development. Due to their underlying complexity, it has historically been challenging to undertake mass spectrometry (MS)-based profiling of these proteins. New developments in sample preparative workflows, informatics databases, and MS techniques have enabled in-depth proteomic characterization of the matrisome and adhesome, resulting in a comprehensive understanding of the interactomes, and cellular signaling that occur at the cell-ECM interface. AREA COVERED This review summarizes recent advances in proteomic characterization of the matrisome and adhesome. It focuses on the importance of curated databases and discusses key strengths and limitations of different workflows. EXPERT OPINION MS-based proteomics has shown promise in characterizing the matrisome and topology of adhesome networks in health and disease. Moving forward, it will be important to incorporate integrative analysis to define the bidirectional signaling between the matrisome and adhesome, and adopt new methods for post-translational modification and in vivo analyses to better dissect the critical roles that these proteins play in human pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Krasny
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul H Huang
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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28
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Plewa S, Poplawska-Domaszewicz K, Florczak-Wyspianska J, Klupczynska-Gabryszak A, Sokol B, Miltyk W, Jankowski R, Kozubski W, Kokot ZJ, Matysiak J. The Metabolomic Approach Reveals the Alteration in Human Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid Composition in Parkinson's Disease Patients. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090935. [PMID: 34577635 PMCID: PMC8465898 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a major public health problem. Since currently there are no reliable diagnostic tools to reveal the early steps of PD, new methods should be developed, including those searching the variations in human metabolome. Alterations in human metabolites could help to establish an earlier and more accurate diagnosis. The presented research shows a targeted metabolomics study of both of the serum and CSF from PD patients, atypical parkinsonian disorders (APDs) patients, and the control. The use of the LC-MS/MS system enabled to quantitate 144 analytes in the serum and 51 in the CSF. This information about the concentration enabled for selection of the metabolites useful for differentiation between the studied group of patients, which should be further evaluated as candidates for markers of screening and differential diagnosis of PD and APDs. Among them, the four compounds observed to be altered in both the serum and CSF seem to be the most important: tyrosine, putrescine, trans-4-hydroxyproline, and total dimethylarginine. Furthermore, we indicated the metabolic pathways potentially related to neurodegeneration processes. Our studies present evidence that the proline metabolism might be related to neurodegeneration processes underlying PD and APDs. Further studies on the proposed metabolites and founded metabolic pathways may significantly contribute to understanding the molecular background of PD and improving the diagnostics and treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Plewa
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (A.K.-G.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Jolanta Florczak-Wyspianska
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland; (K.P.-D.); (J.F.-W.); (W.K.)
| | - Agnieszka Klupczynska-Gabryszak
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (A.K.-G.); (J.M.)
| | - Bartosz Sokol
- Department of Neurosurgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland; (B.S.); (R.J.)
| | - Wojciech Miltyk
- Department of Analysis and Bioanalysis of Medicines, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Roman Jankowski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland; (B.S.); (R.J.)
| | - Wojciech Kozubski
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland; (K.P.-D.); (J.F.-W.); (W.K.)
| | - Zenon J. Kokot
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Calisia University, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland;
| | - Jan Matysiak
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (A.K.-G.); (J.M.)
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29
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Drulis-Fajdasz D, Gostomska-Pampuch K, Duda P, Wiśniewski JR, Rakus D. Quantitative Proteomics Reveals Significant Differences between Mouse Brain Formations in Expression of Proteins Involved in Neuronal Plasticity during Aging. Cells 2021; 10:2021. [PMID: 34440790 PMCID: PMC8393337 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with a general decline in cognitive functions, which appears to be due to alterations in the amounts of proteins involved in the regulation of synaptic plasticity. Here, we present a quantitative analysis of proteins involved in neurotransmission in three brain regions, namely, the hippocampus, the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum, in mice aged 1 and 22 months, using the total protein approach technique. We demonstrate that although the titer of some proteins involved in neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity is affected by aging in a similar manner in all the studied brain formations, in fact, each of the formations represents its own mode of aging. Generally, the hippocampal and cortical proteomes are much more unstable during the lifetime than the cerebellar proteome. The data presented here provide a general picture of the effect of physiological aging on synaptic plasticity and might suggest potential drug targets for anti-aging therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Drulis-Fajdasz
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland; (D.D.-F.); (P.D.)
| | - Kinga Gostomska-Pampuch
- Biochemical Proteomics Group, Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; (K.G.-P.); (J.R.W.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wrocław Medical University, Chałubińskiego 10, 50-368 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Przemysław Duda
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland; (D.D.-F.); (P.D.)
| | - Jacek Roman Wiśniewski
- Biochemical Proteomics Group, Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; (K.G.-P.); (J.R.W.)
| | - Dariusz Rakus
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland; (D.D.-F.); (P.D.)
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30
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Barboza M, Solakyildirim K, Knotts TA, Luke J, Gareau MG, Raybould HE, Lebrilla CB. Region-Specific Cell Membrane N-Glycome of Functional Mouse Brain Areas Revealed by nanoLC-MS Analysis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100130. [PMID: 34358619 PMCID: PMC8426282 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
N-glycosylation is a ubiquitous posttranslational modification that affects protein structure and function, including those of the central nervous system. N-glycans attached to cell membrane proteins play crucial roles in all aspects of biology, including embryogenesis, development, cell-cell recognition and adhesion, and cell signaling and communication. Although brain function and behavior are known to be regulated by the N-glycosylation state of numerous cell surface glycoproteins, our current understanding of brain glycosylation is limited, and glycan variations associated with functional brain regions remain largely unknown. In this work, we used a well-established cell surface glycomic nanoLC-Chip-Q-TOF platform developed in our laboratory to characterize the N-glycome of membrane fractions enriched in cell surface glycoproteins obtained from specific functional brain areas. We report the cell membrane N-glycome of two major developmental divisions of mice brain with specific and distinctive functions, namely the forebrain and hindbrain. Region-specific glycan maps were obtained with ∼120 N-glycan compositions in each region, revealing significant differences in "brain-type" glycans involving high mannose, bisecting, and core and antenna fucosylated species. Additionally, the cell membrane N-glycome of three functional regions of the forebrain and hindbrain, the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum, was characterized. In total, 125 N-glycan compositions were identified, and their region-specific expression profiles were characterized. Over 70 N-glycans contributed to the differentiation of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum N-glycome, including bisecting and branched glycans with varying degrees of core and antenna fucosylation and sialylation. This study presents a comprehensive spatial distribution of the cell-membrane enriched N-glycomes associated with five discrete anatomical and functional brain areas, providing evidence for the presence of a previously unknown brain glyco-architecture. The region-specific molecular glyco fingerprints identified here will enable a better understanding of the critical biological roles that N-glycans play in the specialized functional brain areas in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Barboza
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA.
| | - Kemal Solakyildirim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA; Department of Chemistry, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Trina A Knotts
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Luke
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Melanie G Gareau
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Helen E Raybould
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
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31
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Reelin Alleviates Mesenchymal Stem Cell Senescence and Reduces Pathological α-Synuclein Expression in an In Vitro Model of Parkinson's Disease. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071066. [PMID: 34356083 PMCID: PMC8308051 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. The mechanisms underlying PD remain to be fully elucidated, and research into treatments for this condition is ongoing. Recent advances in genetic research have shed light on the mechanisms underlying PD. In this study, we used PD and control mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) obtained from adipose tissues to confirm the differences between groups at the cellular and molecular levels. The results revealed that in PD MSCs, cell viability was clearly lower, and the rate of cell senescence was higher compared to the controls. Next, to compare the gene expression in PD and control cells, transcriptome analysis was performed. Genes in pathways, including extracellular matrix (ECM) receptor interaction, P53 signaling, and focal adhesion, were down-regulated in PD. Among genes related to ECM receptor interaction, RELN gene expression was markedly decreased in PD cells; however, after being treated with recombinant Reelin protein, a significant increase in cell viability and a decrease in α-Synuclein aggregation and cell senescence were observed. In conclusion, Reelin affects PD by positively influencing the cell characteristics. Our findings will facilitate research into new treatments for PD.
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32
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B Cells in Neuroinflammation: New Perspectives and Mechanistic Insights. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071605. [PMID: 34206848 PMCID: PMC8305155 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the role of B cells in neurological disorders has substantially expanded our perspectives on mechanisms of neuroinflammation. The success of B cell-depleting therapies in patients with CNS diseases such as neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis has highlighted the importance of neuroimmune crosstalk in inflammatory processes. While B cells are essential for the adaptive immune system and antibody production, they are also major contributors of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine responses in a number of inflammatory diseases. B cells can contribute to neurological diseases through peripheral immune mechanisms, including production of cytokines and antibodies, or through CNS mechanisms following compartmentalization. Emerging evidence suggests that aberrant pro- or anti-inflammatory B cell populations contribute to neurological processes, including glial activation, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we summarize recent findings on B cell involvement in neuroinflammatory diseases and discuss evidence to support pathogenic immunomodulatory functions of B cells in neurological disorders, highlighting the importance of B cell-directed therapies.
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33
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Freitas A, Aroso M, Rocha S, Ferreira R, Vitorino R, Gomez-Lazaro M. Bioinformatic analysis of the human brain extracellular matrix proteome in neurodegenerative disorders. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:4016-4033. [PMID: 34013613 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases are characterized by selective degeneration of specific brain areas. Although increasing number of studies report alteration of the extracellular matrix on these diseases, an exhaustive characterization at the brain's matrix level might contribute to the development of more efficient cell restoration therapies. In that regard, proteomics-based studies are a powerful approach to uncover matrix changes. However, to date, the majority of proteomics studies report no or only a few brain matrix proteins with altered expression. This study aims to reveal the changes in the brain extracellular matrix by integrating several proteomics-based studies performed with postmortem tissue. In total, 67 matrix proteins with altered expression were collected. By applying a bioinformatic approach, we were able to reveal the dysregulated biological processes. Among them are processes related to the organization of the extracellular matrix, glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans' metabolism, blood coagulation, and response to injury and oxidative stress. In addition, a protein was found altered in all three diseases-collagen type I alpha 2-and its binding partners further identified. A ClueGO network was created, depicting the GO groups associated with these binding partners, uncovering the processes that may consequently be affected. These include cellular adhesion, cell signaling through membrane receptors, inflammatory processes, and apoptotic cell death in response to oxidative stress. Overall, we were able to associate the contribution of the modification of extracellular matrix components to essential biological processes, highlighting the investment needed on proteomics studies with specific focus on the extracellular matrix in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Freitas
- i3S -Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,INEB -Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,FMUP - Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Aroso
- i3S -Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,INEB -Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Rocha
- i3S -Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,INEB -Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- QOPNA &, LAQV, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Vitorino
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Gomez-Lazaro
- i3S -Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,INEB -Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Wu J, Chopra P, Boons GJ, Zaia J. Influence of saccharide modifications on heparin lyase III substrate specificities. Glycobiology 2021; 32:208-217. [PMID: 33822051 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A library of 23 synthetic heparan sulfate (HS) oligosaccharides, varying in chain length, types and positions of modifications, was used to analyze the substrate specificities of heparin lyase III enzymes from both Flavobacterium heparinum and Bacteroides eggerthii. The influence of specific modifications, including N-substitution, 2-O sulfation, 6-O sulfation and 3-O sulfation on lyase III digestion was examined systematically. It was demonstrated that lyase III from both sources can completely digest oligosaccharides lacking O-sulfates. 2-O Sulfation completely blocked cleavage at the corresponding site; 6-O and 3-O sulfation on glucosamine residues inhibited enzyme activity. We also observed that there are differences in substrate specificities between the two lyase III enzymes for highly sulfated oligosaccharides. These findings will facilitate obtaining and analyzing the functional sulfated domains from large HS polymer, to better understand their structure/function relationships in biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Pradeep Chopra
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.,Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennyfer Tena
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616;
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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Abstract
Human lifespan has increased significantly in the last 200 years, emphasizing our need to age healthily. Insights into molecular mechanisms of aging might allow us to slow down its rate or even revert it. Similar to aging, glycosylation is regulated by an intricate interplay of genetic and environmental factors. The dynamics of glycopattern variation during aging has been mostly explored for plasma/serum and immunoglobulin G (IgG) N-glycome, as we describe thoroughly in this chapter. In addition, we discuss the potential functional role of agalactosylated IgG glycans in aging, through modulation of inflammation level, as proposed by the concept of inflammaging. We also comment on the potential to use the plasma/serum and IgG N-glycome as a biomarker of healthy aging and on the interventions that modulate the IgG glycopattern. Finally, we discuss the current knowledge about animal models for human plasma/serum and IgG glycosylation and mention other, less explored, instances of glycopattern changes during organismal aging and cellular senescence.
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Villar-Conde S, Astillero-Lopez V, Gonzalez-Rodriguez M, Villanueva-Anguita P, Saiz-Sanchez D, Martinez-Marcos A, Flores-Cuadrado A, Ubeda-Bañon I. The Human Hippocampus in Parkinson's Disease: An Integrative Stereological and Proteomic Study. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2021; 11:1345-1365. [PMID: 34092653 PMCID: PMC8461741 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-202465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disease that is pathologically described as a six-stage α-synucleinopathy. In stage 4, α-synuclein reaches the hippocampus, inducing cognitive deficits, from which it progresses to the isocortex, leading to dementia. Among hippocampal fields, cornu ammonis 2 is particularly affected by this α-synucleinopathy and critical for cognitive decline. Volumetric studies using magnetic resonance imaging have produced controversial results, with only some reporting volume loss, whereas stereological data obtained using nonspecific markers do not reveal volume changes, neural or glial loss. Proteomic analysis has not been carried out in the hippocampus of patients with PD. OBJECTIVE This study aims to explain hippocampal changes in patients with PD at the cellular and proteomic levels. METHODS α-Synuclein inclusions, volume and neural (NeuN), microglial (Iba-1) and astroglial (GFAP) populations were stereologically analyzed. SWATH-MS quantitative proteomic analysis was also conducted. RESULTS Area fraction fractionator probe revealed a higher area fraction α-synucleinopathy in cornu ammonis 2. No volume change, neurodegeneration, microgliosis or astrogliosis was detected. Proteomic analysis identified 1,634 proteins, of which 83 were particularly useful for defining differences among PD and non-PD groups. Among them, upregulated (PHYIP, CTND2, AHSA1 and SNTA1) and downregulated (TM163, REEP2 and CSKI1) proteins were related to synaptic structures in the diseased hippocampus. CONCLUSION The distribution of α-synuclein in the hippocampus is not associated with volumetric, neural or glial changes. Proteomic analysis, however, reveals a series of changes in proteins associated with synaptic structures, suggesting that hippocampal changes occur at the synapse level during PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Villar-Conde
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Veronica Astillero-Lopez
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Melania Gonzalez-Rodriguez
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Patricia Villanueva-Anguita
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Daniel Saiz-Sanchez
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Alino Martinez-Marcos
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Alicia Flores-Cuadrado
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Isabel Ubeda-Bañon
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
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