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Irawan A, Muchiri RN, Parker NB, van Breemen RB, Ates S, Bionaz M. Cannabinoid residuals in tissues of lambs fed spent hemp biomass and consumer's exposure assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 191:114848. [PMID: 38971552 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Spent hemp biomass (SHB) contains trace amounts of cannabinoids, including Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), that may accumulate in the tissues of animals consuming SHB. We measured cannabinoid residues in the liver, adipose tissue, and muscle of finishing lambs fed either 10% or 20% SHB for 8 weeks, or 4 weeks followed by 4 weeks SHB withdrawal. We detected multiple cannabinoids in the liver at a similar proportion to the SHB. However, CBD and Δ9-THC were enriched >20-fold in the adipose and muscle, compared to their proportion in SHB. The highest concentration of Δ9-THC was detected in adipose tissue and was 7.4-times higher than in muscle. Most cannabinoids were undetectable in tissues after 4 weeks of clearance. The consumers' exposure assessment on Δ9-THC revealed tissue levels of total THC (THCA+Δ9-THC) that exceed the acute reference dose of 1 μg/kg BW across population groups. When consuming meat from the lambs fed 10% and 20% SHB, the maximum total THC exposure was 2.03 and 7.32 μg/kg BW, respectively, equal to or below the Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level of 36 μg/kg BW, the No Observed Adverse Effect Level of 12 μg/kg BW or a tolerable dose intake of 7 μg/kg BW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agung Irawan
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 97331, USA; Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Central Java 57126, Indonesia
| | - Ruth N Muchiri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 97331, USA
| | - Nathan B Parker
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 97331, USA
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 97331, USA
| | - Serkan Ates
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 97331, USA.
| | - Massimo Bionaz
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 97331, USA.
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2
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Murray CH, Gannon BM, Winsauer PJ, Cooper ZD, Delatte MS. The Development of Cannabinoids as Therapeutic Agents in the United States. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:915-955. [PMID: 38849155 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.001121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is one of the oldest and widely used substances in the world. Cannabinoids within the cannabis plant, known as phytocannabinoids, mediate cannabis' effects through interactions with the body's endogenous cannabinoid system. This endogenous system, the endocannabinoid system, has important roles in physical and mental health. These roles point to the potential to develop cannabinoids as therapeutic agents while underscoring the risks related to interfering with the endogenous system during nonmedical use. This scoping narrative review synthesizes the current evidence for both the therapeutic and adverse effects of the major (i.e., Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol) and lesser studied minor phytocannabinoids, from nonclinical to clinical research. We pay particular attention to the areas where evidence is well established, including analgesic effects after acute exposures and neurocognitive risks after acute and chronic use. In addition, drug development considerations for cannabinoids as therapeutic agents within the United States are reviewed. The proposed clinical study design considerations encourage methodological standards for greater scientific rigor and reproducibility to ultimately extend our knowledge of the risks and benefits of cannabinoids for patients and providers. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work provides a review of prior research related to phytocannabinoids, including therapeutic potential and known risks in the context of drug development within the United States. We also provide study design considerations for future cannabinoid drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor H Murray
- UCLA Center for Cannabis and Cannabinoids, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences (C.H.M.) and Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (Z.D.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine (B.M.G.) and Office of Research Regulatory Affairs, Division of Research and Innovation (B.M.G.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine (P.J.W.), and Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence (P.J.W.) Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; and Regulatory and Drug Development Consulting, Allucent, Carey, North Carolina (M.S.D.)
| | - Brenda M Gannon
- UCLA Center for Cannabis and Cannabinoids, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences (C.H.M.) and Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (Z.D.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine (B.M.G.) and Office of Research Regulatory Affairs, Division of Research and Innovation (B.M.G.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine (P.J.W.), and Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence (P.J.W.) Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; and Regulatory and Drug Development Consulting, Allucent, Carey, North Carolina (M.S.D.)
| | - Peter J Winsauer
- UCLA Center for Cannabis and Cannabinoids, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences (C.H.M.) and Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (Z.D.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine (B.M.G.) and Office of Research Regulatory Affairs, Division of Research and Innovation (B.M.G.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine (P.J.W.), and Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence (P.J.W.) Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; and Regulatory and Drug Development Consulting, Allucent, Carey, North Carolina (M.S.D.)
| | - Ziva D Cooper
- UCLA Center for Cannabis and Cannabinoids, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences (C.H.M.) and Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (Z.D.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine (B.M.G.) and Office of Research Regulatory Affairs, Division of Research and Innovation (B.M.G.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine (P.J.W.), and Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence (P.J.W.) Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; and Regulatory and Drug Development Consulting, Allucent, Carey, North Carolina (M.S.D.)
| | - Marcus S Delatte
- UCLA Center for Cannabis and Cannabinoids, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences (C.H.M.) and Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (Z.D.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine (B.M.G.) and Office of Research Regulatory Affairs, Division of Research and Innovation (B.M.G.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine (P.J.W.), and Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence (P.J.W.) Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; and Regulatory and Drug Development Consulting, Allucent, Carey, North Carolina (M.S.D.)
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Udoh M, Santiago M, Haneef S, Rodger A, Marlowe CK, Barr PJ, Connor M. Activation of CB2 Receptors by (-)-Cannabichromene but Not (+)-Cannabichromene. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024. [PMID: 39137108 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cannabichromene (CBC) is a minor constituent of cannabis that is a selective cannabinoid CB2 receptor agonist and activator of TRPA1. To date, it has not been shown whether (-)-CBC, (+)-CBC, or both can mediate these effects. In this study, we investigate the activity of the CBC enantiomers at CB1, CB2, and Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) receptors in vitro. Materials and Methods: CBC enantiomers were purified from synthetic CBC by chiral chromatography, and their optical activity was confirmed by spectroscopy. Human CB1 and CB2 receptor activity was measured using a fluorescent assay of membrane potential in stably transfected AtT20 cells. TRPA1 activation was measured using a fluorescent assay of intracellular calcium in stably transfected HEK293 cells. Results: The (-)-CBC activated CB2 with an EC50 of 1.5 µM, to a maximum of 60% of (-)CP55940. (+)-CBC did not activate CB2 at concentrations up to 30 µM. Only 30 µM (-)-CBC produced detectable activation of CB1, (+)-CBC was inactive. Both (-)-CBC and (+)-CBC activated TRPA1; at 30 µM (-)-CBC produced an activation 50% of that of the reference agonist cinnamaldehyde (300 µM), 30 µM (+)-CBC activated TRPA1 to 38% of the cinnamaldehyde maximum. Discussion: It is unclear whether (-)-CBC is the sole or even the predominant enantiomer of CBC enzymatically synthesized in cannabis. This study shows that (-)-CBC is the active isomer at CB2 receptors, while both isomers activate TRPA1. The results suggest that medicinal preparations of CBC that target cannabinoid receptors would be most effective when (-)-CBC is the dominant isomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Udoh
- Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Marina Santiago
- Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Syed Haneef
- Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Alison Rodger
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
- Present address: Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Charles K Marlowe
- A Division of InMed Pharmaceuticals, BayMedica, LLC, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Philip J Barr
- A Division of InMed Pharmaceuticals, BayMedica, LLC, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mark Connor
- Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
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Banerjee S, Saha D, Sharma R, Jaidee W, Puttarak P, Chaiyakunapruk N, Chaoroensup R. Phytocannabinoids in neuromodulation: From omics to epigenetics. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 330:118201. [PMID: 38677573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent developments in metabolomics, transcriptomic and epigenetics open up new horizons regarding the pharmacological understanding of phytocannabinoids as neuromodulators in treating anxiety, depression, epilepsy, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease and autism. METHODS The present review is an extensive search in public databases, such as Google Scholar, Scopus, the Web of Science, and PubMed, to collect all the literature about the neurobiological roles of cannabis extract, cannabidiol, 9-tetrahydrocannabinol specially focused on metabolomics, transcriptomic, epigenetic, mechanism of action, in different cell lines, induced animal models and clinical trials. We used bioinformatics, network pharmacology and enrichment analysis to understand the effect of phytocannabinoids in neuromodulation. RESULTS Cannabidomics studies show wide variability of metabolites across different strains and varieties, which determine their medicinal and abusive usage, which is very important for its quality control and regulation. CB receptors interact with other compounds besides cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, like cannabinol and Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol. Phytocannabinoids interact with cannabinoid and non-cannabinoid receptors (GPCR, ion channels, and PPAR) to improve various neurodegenerative diseases. However, its abuse because of THC is also a problem found across different epigenetic and transcriptomic studies. Network enrichment analysis shows CNR1 expression in the brain and its interacting genes involve different pathways such as Rap1 signalling, dopaminergic synapse, and relaxin signalling. CBD protects against diseases like epilepsy, depression, and Parkinson's by modifying DNA and mitochondrial DNA in the hippocampus. Network pharmacology analysis of 8 phytocannabinoids revealed an interaction with 10 (out of 60) targets related to neurodegenerative diseases, with enrichment of ErbB and PI3K-Akt signalling pathways which helps in ameliorating neuro-inflammation in various neurodegenerative diseases. The effects of phytocannabinoids vary across sex, disease state, and age which suggests the importance of a personalized medicine approach for better success. CONCLUSIONS Phytocannabinoids present a range of promising neuromodulatory effects. It holds promise if utilized in a strategic way towards personalized neuropsychiatric treatment. However, just like any drug irrational usage may lead to unforeseen negative effects. Exploring neuro-epigenetics and systems pharmacology of major and minor phytocannabinoid combinations can lead to success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Banerjee
- Medicinal Plant Innovation Center of Mae Fah Luang University, Mae Fah Luang University, ChiangRai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Debolina Saha
- School of Bioscience and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Wuttichai Jaidee
- Medicinal Plant Innovation Center of Mae Fah Luang University, Mae Fah Luang University, ChiangRai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Panupong Puttarak
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand; Phytomedicine and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | | | - Rawiwan Chaoroensup
- Medicinal Plant Innovation Center of Mae Fah Luang University, Mae Fah Luang University, ChiangRai, 57100, Thailand; School of Integrative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand.
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5
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Abdollahzadeh Hamzekalayi MR, Hooshyari Ardakani M, Moeini Z, Rezaei R, Hamidi N, Rezaei Somee L, Zolfaghar M, Darzi R, Kamalipourazad M, Riazi G, Meknatkhah S. A systematic review of novel cannabinoids and their targets: Insights into the significance of structure in activity. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 976:176679. [PMID: 38821167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
To provide a comprehensive framework of the current information on the potency and efficacy of interaction between phyto- and synthetic cannabinoids and their respective receptors, an electronic search of the PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE literature was performed. Experimental studies included reports of mechanistic data providing affinity, efficacy, and half-maximal effective concentration (EC50). Among the 108 included studies, 174 structures, and 16 targets were extracted. The most frequent ligands belonged to the miscellaneous category with 40.2% followed by phytocannabinoid-similar, indole-similar, and pyrrole-similar structures with an abundance of 17.8%, 16.6%, and 12% respectively. 64.8% of structures acted as agonists, 17.1 % appeared as inverse agonists, 10.8% as antagonists, and 7.2% of structures were reported with antagonist/inverse agonist properties. Our outcomes identify the affinity, EC50, and efficacy of the interactions between cannabinoids and their corresponding receptors and the subsequent response, evaluated in the available evidence. Considering structures' significance and very important effects of on the activities, the obtained results also provide clues to drug repurposing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zahra Moeini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Rezaei
- Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Hamidi
- Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Rezaei Somee
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdis Zolfaghar
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raheleh Darzi
- Department of Plant Science, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Kamalipourazad
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Riazi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sogol Meknatkhah
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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6
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Cuttler C, Stueber A, Cooper ZD, Russo E. Acute effects of cannabigerol on anxiety, stress, and mood: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, field trial. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16163. [PMID: 39003387 PMCID: PMC11246434 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66879-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabigerol (CBG) is a phytocannabinoid increasing in popularity, with preclinical research indicating it has anxiolytic and antidepressant effects. However, there are no published clinical trials to corroborate these findings in humans. The primary objective of this study was to examine acute effects of CBG on anxiety, stress, and mood. Secondary objectives were to examine whether CBG produces subjective drug effects or motor and cognitive impairments. A double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over field trial was conducted with 34 healthy adult participants. Participants completed two sessions (with a one-week washout period) via Zoom. In each, they provided ratings of anxiety, stress, mood, and subjective drug effects prior to double-blind administration of 20 mg hemp-derived CBG or placebo tincture (T0). These ratings were collected again after participants ingested the product and completed an online survey (T1), the Trier Social Stress Test (T2), a verbal memory test and the DRUID impairment app (T3). Relative to placebo, there was a significant main effect of CBG on overall reductions in anxiety as well as reductions in stress at T1. CBG also enhanced verbal memory relative to placebo. There was no evidence of subjective drug effects or impairment. CBG may represent a novel option to reduce stress and anxiety in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Cuttler
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, PO Box 644820, Pullman, WA, 99164-4820, USA.
| | - Amanda Stueber
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, PO Box 644820, Pullman, WA, 99164-4820, USA
| | - Ziva D Cooper
- UCLA Center for Cannabis and Cannabinoids, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA
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7
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Guldager MB, Biojone C, da Silva NR, Godoy LD, Joca S. New insights into the involvement of serotonin and BDNF-TrkB signalling in cannabidiol's antidepressant effect. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 133:111029. [PMID: 38762160 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a phytocannabinoid devoid of psychostimulant properties and is currently under investigation as a potential antidepressant drug. However, the mechanisms underlying CBD's antidepressant effects are not yet well understood. CBD targets include a variety of receptors, enzymes, and transporters, with different binding-affinities. Neurochemical and pharmacological evidence indicates that both serotonin and BDNF-TrkB signalling in the prefrontal cortex are necessary for the antidepressant effects induced by CBD in animal models. Herein, we reviewed the current literature to dissect if these are independent mechanisms or if CBD-induced modulation of the serotonergic neurotransmission could mediate its neuroplastic effects through subsequent regulation of BDNF-TrkB signalling, thus culminating in rapid neuroplastic changes. It is hypothesized that: a) CBD interaction with serotonin receptors on neurons of the dorsal raphe nuclei and the resulting disinhibition of serotonergic neurons would promote rapid serotonin release in the PFC and hence its neuroplastic and antidepressant effects; b) CBD facilitates BDNF-TRKB signalling, especially in the PFC, which rapidly triggers neurochemical and neuroplastic effects. These hypotheses are discussed with perspectives for new drug development and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Bock Guldager
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Caroline Biojone
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nicole Rodrigues da Silva
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Livea Dornela Godoy
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sâmia Joca
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Haghdoost M, Peters EN, Roberts M, Bonn-Miller MO. Tetrahydrocannabivarin is Not Tetrahydrocannabinol. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024. [PMID: 38995871 DOI: 10.1089/can.2024.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) is a phytocannabinoid that is becoming popular across the North American cannabis market. THCV has been reported to reduce blood sugar and act as an appetite suppressant in several independent pre-clinical studies, which has earned it the popular nickname of "diet weed," despite few human studies of these effects. Additionally, THCV is usually and incorrectly categorized as an intoxicating analogue of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which causes confusion among both consumers and regulators. In this article, we examine what is known pre-clinically and clinically about THCV, as well as highlight mechanisms of action, in order to clarify the scientific differences between THCV and THC. THCV, although structurally similar to THC, has distinct pharmacological activity and physiological effects at the doses currently reported in the literature. We highlight areas of opportunity for further THCV research in order to determine the full and appropriate potential for unique health, wellness, and therapeutic applications of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erica N Peters
- Emerald Mountain Consulting, LLC, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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9
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Guldager MB, Chaves Filho AM, Biojone C, Joca S. Therapeutic potential of cannabidiol in depression. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 177:251-293. [PMID: 39029987 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2024.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a widespread and debilitating condition affecting a significant portion of the global population. Traditional treatment for MDD has primarily involved drugs that increase brain monoamines by inhibiting their uptake or metabolism, which is the basis for the monoaminergic hypothesis of depression. However, these treatments are only partially effective, with many patients experiencing delayed responses, residual symptoms, or complete non-response, rendering the current view of the hypothesis as reductionist. Cannabidiol (CBD) has shown promising results in preclinical models and human studies. Its mechanism is not well-understood, but may involve monoamine and endocannabinoid signaling, control of neuroinflammation and enhanced neuroplasticity. This chapter will explore CBD's effects in preclinical and clinical studies, its molecular mechanisms, and its potential as a treatment for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Bock Guldager
- Department of Biomedicine, Health Faculty, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit (TNU), Department of Clinical Medicine, Health Faculty, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Caroline Biojone
- Department of Biomedicine, Health Faculty, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit (TNU), Department of Clinical Medicine, Health Faculty, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sâmia Joca
- Department of Biomedicine, Health Faculty, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit (TNU), Department of Clinical Medicine, Health Faculty, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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10
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Crowley K, Kiraga Ł, Miszczuk E, Skiba S, Banach J, Latek U, Mendel M, Chłopecka M. Effects of Cannabinoids on Intestinal Motility, Barrier Permeability, and Therapeutic Potential in Gastrointestinal Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6682. [PMID: 38928387 PMCID: PMC11203611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids and their receptors play a significant role in the regulation of gastrointestinal (GIT) peristalsis and intestinal barrier permeability. This review critically evaluates current knowledge about the mechanisms of action and biological effects of endocannabinoids and phytocannabinoids on GIT functions and the potential therapeutic applications of these compounds. The results of ex vivo and in vivo preclinical data indicate that cannabinoids can both inhibit and stimulate gut peristalsis, depending on various factors. Endocannabinoids affect peristalsis in a cannabinoid (CB) receptor-specific manner; however, there is also an important interaction between them and the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) system. Phytocannabinoids such as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) impact gut motility mainly through the CB1 receptor. They were also found to improve intestinal barrier integrity, mainly through CB1 receptor stimulation but also via protein kinase A (PKA), mitogen-associated protein kinase (MAPK), and adenylyl cyclase signaling pathways, as well as by influencing the expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins. The anti-inflammatory effects of cannabinoids in GIT disorders are postulated to occur by the lowering of inflammatory factors such as myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and regulation of cytokine levels. In conclusion, there is a prospect of utilizing cannabinoids as components of therapy for GIT disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kijan Crowley
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (K.C.); (E.M.); (U.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Łukasz Kiraga
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (K.C.); (E.M.); (U.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Edyta Miszczuk
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (K.C.); (E.M.); (U.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Sergiusz Skiba
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (K.C.); (E.M.); (U.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Joanna Banach
- Department of Research and Processing Seed, Institute of Natural Fibers and Medicinal Plants—National Research Institute, Wojska Polskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Urszula Latek
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (K.C.); (E.M.); (U.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Marta Mendel
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (K.C.); (E.M.); (U.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Magdalena Chłopecka
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (K.C.); (E.M.); (U.L.); (M.M.)
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11
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Ward AM, Shokati T, Klawitter J, Klawitter J, Nguyen V, Kozell L, Abbas AI, Jones D, Christians U. Identification and Characterization of Cannabichromene's Major Metabolite Following Incubation with Human Liver Microsomes. Metabolites 2024; 14:329. [PMID: 38921465 PMCID: PMC11206029 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14060329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabichromene (CBC) is a minor cannabinoid within the array of over 120 cannabinoids identified in the Cannabis sativa plant. While CBC does not comprise a significant portion of whole plant material, it is available to the public in a purified and highly concentrated form. As minor cannabinoids become more popular due to their potential therapeutic properties, it becomes crucial to elucidate their metabolism in humans. Therefore, the goal of this was study to identify the major CBC phase I-oxidized metabolite generated in vitro following incubation with human liver microsomes. The novel metabolite structure was identified as 2'-hydroxycannabicitran using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Following the identification, in silico molecular modeling experiments were conducted and predicted 2'-hydroxycannabicitran to fit in the orthosteric site of both the CB1 and CB2 receptors. When tested in vitro utilizing a competitive binding assay, the metabolite did not show significant binding to either the CB1 or CB2 receptors. Further work necessitates the determination of potential activity of CBC and the here-identified phase I metabolite in other non-cannabinoid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M. Ward
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (A.M.W.); (V.N.)
| | - Touraj Shokati
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA (J.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jost Klawitter
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA (J.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jelena Klawitter
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA (J.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Vu Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (A.M.W.); (V.N.)
| | - Laura Kozell
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (L.K.); (A.I.A.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Atheir I. Abbas
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (L.K.); (A.I.A.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - David Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Uwe Christians
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA (J.K.); (J.K.)
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12
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Heal DJ, Gosden J, Smith SL. A critical assessment of the abuse, dependence and associated safety risks of naturally occurring and synthetic cannabinoids. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1322434. [PMID: 38915848 PMCID: PMC11194422 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1322434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Various countries and US States have legalized cannabis, and the use of the psychoactive1 and non-psychoactive cannabinoids is steadily increasing. In this review, we have collated evidence from published non-clinical and clinical sources to evaluate the abuse, dependence and associated safety risks of the individual cannabinoids present in cannabis. As context, we also evaluated various synthetic cannabinoids. The evidence shows that delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and other psychoactive cannabinoids in cannabis have moderate reinforcing effects. Although they rapidly induce pharmacological tolerance, the withdrawal syndrome produced by the psychoactive cannabinoids in cannabis is of moderate severity and lasts from 2 to 6 days. The evidence overwhelmingly shows that non-psychoactive cannabinoids do not produce intoxicating, cognitive or rewarding properties in humans. There has been much speculation whether cannabidiol (CBD) influences the psychoactive and potentially harmful effects of Δ9-THC. Although most non-clinical and clinical investigations have shown that CBD does not attenuate the CNS effects of Δ9-THC or synthetic psychoactive cannabinoids, there is sufficient uncertainty to warrant further research. Based on the analysis, our assessment is cannabis has moderate levels of abuse and dependence risk. While the risks and harms are substantially lower than those posed by many illegal and legal substances of abuse, including tobacco and alcohol, they are far from negligible. In contrast, potent synthetic cannabinoid (CB1/CB2) receptor agonists are more reinforcing and highly intoxicating and pose a substantial risk for abuse and harm. 1 "Psychoactive" is defined as a substance that when taken or administered affects mental processes, e.g., perception, consciousness, cognition or mood and emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Heal
- DevelRx Limited, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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13
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Wiley JL, Marusich JA, Blough BE, Namjoshi O, Brackeen M, Akinfiresoye LR, Walker TD, Prioleau C, Barrus DG, Gamage TF. Evaluation of cannabimimetic effects of selected minor cannabinoids and Terpenoids in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 132:110984. [PMID: 38417478 PMCID: PMC11015967 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.110984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cannabis plant contains several cannabinoids, and many terpenoids that give cannabis its distinctive flavoring and aroma. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) is the plant's primary psychoactive constituent. Given the abuse liability of Δ9-THC, assessment of the psychoactive effects of minor cannabinoids and other plant constituents is important, especially for compounds that may be used medicinally. This study sought to evaluate select minor cannabinoids and terpenes for Δ9-THC-like psychoactivity in mouse Δ9-THC drug discrimination and determine their binding affinities at CB1 and CB2 receptors. METHODS Δ9-THC, cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabichromenevarin (CBCV), Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC), (6aR,9R)-Δ10-tetrahydrocannabinol [(6aR,9R)-Δ10-THC], Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol varin (THCV), β-caryophyllene (BC), and β-caryophyllene oxide (BCO) were examined. RESULTS All minor cannabinoids showed measurable cannabinoid 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid 2 (CB2) receptor binding, with CBC, CBCV, and CBD, showing the weakest CB1 receptor binding affinity. BC and BCO exhibited negligible affinity for both CB1 and CB2 receptors. In drug discrimination, only Δ8-THC fully substituted for Δ9-THC, while CBN and (6aR,9R)-Δ10-THC partially substituted for Δ9-THC. THCV and BCO did not alter the discriminative stimulus effects of Δ9-THC. CONCLUSION In summary, only some of myriad cannabinoids and other chemicals found in the cannabis plant bind potently to the identified cannabinoid receptors. Further, only four of the compounds tested herein [Δ9-THC, Δ8-THC, (6aR,9R)-Δ10-THC, and CBN] produced Δ9-THC-like discriminative stimulus effects, suggesting they may possess cannabimimetic subjective effects. Given that the medicinal properties of phytocannabinoids and terpenoids are being investigated scientifically, delineation of their potential adverse effects, including their ability to produce Δ9-THC-like intoxication, is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Luli R Akinfiresoye
- United States Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, Diversion Control Division, Drug and Chemical Evaluation Section, 8701 Morrissette Drive, Springfield, VA, USA
| | - Teneille D Walker
- United States Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, Diversion Control Division, Drug and Chemical Evaluation Section, 8701 Morrissette Drive, Springfield, VA, USA
| | - Cassandra Prioleau
- United States Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, Diversion Control Division, Drug and Chemical Evaluation Section, 8701 Morrissette Drive, Springfield, VA, USA
| | | | - Thomas F Gamage
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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14
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Wroński A, Jarocka-Karpowicz I, Surażyński A, Gęgotek A, Zarkovic N, Skrzydlewska E. Modulation of Redox and Inflammatory Signaling in Human Skin Cells Using Phytocannabinoids Applied after UVA Irradiation: In Vitro Studies. Cells 2024; 13:965. [PMID: 38891097 PMCID: PMC11171479 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
UVA exposure disturbs the metabolism of skin cells, often inducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Therefore, there is a need for bioactive compounds that limit such consequences without causing undesirable side effects. The aim of this study was to analyse in vitro the effects of the phytocannabinoids cannabigerol (CBG) and cannabidiol (CBD), which differ in terms of biological effects. Furthermore, the combined use of both compounds (CBG+CBD) has been analysed in order to increase their effectiveness in human skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes protection against UVA-induced alternation. The results obtained indicate that the effects of CBG and CBD on the redox balance might indeed be enhanced when both phytocannabinoids are applied concurrently. Those effects include a reduction in NOX activity, ROS levels, and a modification of thioredoxin-dependent antioxidant systems. The reduction in the UVA-induced lipid peroxidation and protein modification has been confirmed through lower levels of 4-HNE-protein adducts and protein carbonyl groups as well as through the recovery of collagen expression. Modification of antioxidant signalling (Nrf2/HO-1) through the administration of CBG+CBD has been proven to be associated with reduced proinflammatory signalling (NFκB/TNFα). Differential metabolic responses of keratinocytes and fibroblasts to the effects of the UVA and phytocannabinoids have indicated possible beneficial protective and regenerative effects of the phytocannabinoids, suggesting their possible application for the purpose of limiting the harmful impact of the UVA on skin cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Wroński
- Dermatological Specialized Center “DERMAL” NZOZ in Białystok, Nowy Swiat 17/5, 15-453 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Iwona Jarocka-Karpowicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, A. Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (I.J.-K.); (A.G.)
| | - Arkadiusz Surażyński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego 1, 15-069 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Gęgotek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, A. Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (I.J.-K.); (A.G.)
| | - Neven Zarkovic
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, A. Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (I.J.-K.); (A.G.)
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15
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Hayduk SA, Hughes AC, Winter RL, Milton MD, Ward SJ. Single and Combined Effects of Cannabigerol (CBG) and Cannabidiol (CBD) in Mouse Models of Oxaliplatin-Associated Mechanical Sensitivity, Opioid Antinociception, and Naloxone-Precipitated Opioid Withdrawal. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1145. [PMID: 38927352 PMCID: PMC11200766 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is one of the most prevalent and dose-limiting complications in chemotherapy patients, with estimates of at least 30% of patients experiencing persistent neuropathy for months or years after treatment cessation. An emerging potential intervention for the treatment of CIPN is cannabinoid-based pharmacotherapies. We have previously demonstrated that treatment with the psychoactive CB1/CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonist Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) or the non-psychoactive, minor phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) can attenuate paclitaxel-induced mechanical sensitivity in a mouse model of CIPN. We then showed that the two compounds acted synergically when co-administered in the model, giving credence to the so-called entourage effect. We and others have also demonstrated that CBD can attenuate several opioid-associated behaviors. Most recently, it was reported that another minor cannabinoid, cannabigerol (CBG), attenuated cisplatin-associated mechanical sensitivity in mice. Therefore, the goals of the present set of experiments were to determine the single and combined effects of cannabigerol (CBG) and cannabidiol (CBD) in oxaliplatin-associated mechanical sensitivity, naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal, and acute morphine antinociception in male C57BL/6 mice. Results demonstrated that CBG reversed oxaliplatin-associated mechanical sensitivity only under select dosing conditions, and interactive effects with CBD were sub-additive or synergistic depending upon dosing conditions too. Pretreatment with a selective α2-adrenergic, CB1, or CB2 receptor selective antagonist significantly attenuated the effect of CBG. CBG and CBD decreased naloxone-precipitated jumping behavior alone and acted synergistically in combination, while CBG attenuated the acute antinociceptive effects of morphine and CBD. Taken together, CBG may have therapeutic effects like CBD as demonstrated in rodent models, and its interactive effects with opioids or other phytocannabinoids should continue to be characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sara Jane Ward
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (S.A.H.); (A.C.H.); (R.L.W.); (M.D.M.)
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16
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Caprari C, Ferri E, Vandelli MA, Citti C, Cannazza G. An emerging trend in Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPSs): designer THC. J Cannabis Res 2024; 6:21. [PMID: 38702834 PMCID: PMC11067227 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-024-00226-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery as one of the main components of cannabis and its affinity towards the cannabinoid receptor CB1, serving as a means to exert its psychoactivity, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) has inspired medicinal chemists throughout history to create more potent derivatives. Initially, the goal was to synthesize chemical probes for investigating the molecular mechanisms behind the pharmacology of Δ9-THC and finding potential medical applications. The unintended consequence of this noble intent has been the proliferation of these compounds for recreational use. This review comprehensively covers the most exhaustive number of THC-like cannabinoids circulating on the recreational market. It provides information on the chemistry, synthesis, pharmacology, analytical assessment, and experiences related to the psychoactive effects reported by recreational users on online forums. Some of these compounds can be found in natural cannabis, albeit in trace amounts, while others are entirely artificial. Moreover, to circumvent legal issues, many manufacturers resort to semi-synthetic processes starting from legal products extracted from hemp, such as cannabidiol (CBD). Despite the aim to encompass all known THC-like molecules, new species emerge on the drug users' pipeline each month. Beyond posing a significantly high public health risk due to unpredictable and unknown side effects, scientific research consistently lags behind the rapidly evolving recreational market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Caprari
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, 41125, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Elena Ferri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Maria Angela Vandelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Cinzia Citti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, Modena, 41125, Italy.
- Institute of Nanotechnology of the National Council of Research - CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Cannazza
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, Modena, 41125, Italy.
- Institute of Nanotechnology of the National Council of Research - CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy.
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17
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Labani N, Gbahou F, Lian S, Liu J, Jockers R. 2023 Julius Axelrod Symposium: Plant-Derived Molecules Acting on G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2024; 105:328-347. [PMID: 38458772 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.123.000854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant extracts have played a significant role in traditional medicine for centuries, contributing to improved health and the treatment of various human illnesses. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are crucial in numerous physiologic functions, and there is growing evidence suggesting their involvement in the therapeutic effects of many plant extracts. In recent years, scientists have identified an expanding number of isolated molecules responsible for the biologic activity of these extracts, with many believed to act on GPCRs. This article critically reviews the evidence supporting the modulation of GPCR function by these plant-derived molecules through direct binding. Structural information is now available for some of these molecules, allowing for a comparison of their binding mode with that of endogenous GPCR ligands. The final section explores future trends and challenges, focusing on the identification of new plant-derived molecules with both orthosteric and allosteric binding modes, as well as innovative strategies for designing GPCR ligands inspired by these plant-derived compounds. In conclusion, plant-derived molecules are anticipated to play an increasingly vital role as therapeutic drugs and serve as templates for drug design. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This minireview summarizes the most pertinent publications on isolated plant-derived molecules interacting with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and comments on available structural information on GPCR/plant-derived ligand pairs. Future challenges and trends for the isolation and characterization of plant-derived molecules and drug design are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedjma Labani
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (N.L., J.L.) and Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014 PARIS, France (N.L., F.G., S.L., R.J.)
| | - Florence Gbahou
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (N.L., J.L.) and Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014 PARIS, France (N.L., F.G., S.L., R.J.)
| | - Shuangyu Lian
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (N.L., J.L.) and Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014 PARIS, France (N.L., F.G., S.L., R.J.)
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (N.L., J.L.) and Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014 PARIS, France (N.L., F.G., S.L., R.J.)
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (N.L., J.L.) and Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014 PARIS, France (N.L., F.G., S.L., R.J.)
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18
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Devinsky O, Jones NA, Cunningham MO, Jayasekera BAP, Devore S, Whalley BJ. Cannabinoid treatments in epilepsy and seizure disorders. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:591-649. [PMID: 37882730 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00049.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis has been used to treat convulsions and other disorders since ancient times. In the last few decades, preclinical animal studies and clinical investigations have established the role of cannabidiol (CBD) in treating epilepsy and seizures and support potential therapeutic benefits for cannabinoids in other neurological and psychiatric disorders. Here, we comprehensively review the role of cannabinoids in epilepsy. We briefly review the diverse physiological processes mediating the central nervous system response to cannabinoids, including Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), cannabidiol, and terpenes. Next, we characterize the anti- and proconvulsive effects of cannabinoids from animal studies of acute seizures and chronic epileptogenesis. We then review the clinical literature on using cannabinoids to treat epilepsy, including anecdotal evidence and case studies as well as the more recent randomized controlled clinical trials that led to US Food and Drug Administration approval of CBD for some types of epilepsy. Overall, we seek to evaluate our current understanding of cannabinoids in epilepsy and focus future research on unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orrin Devinsky
- Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | | | - Mark O Cunningham
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - B Ashan P Jayasekera
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Victoria Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sasha Devore
- Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States
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19
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Svendsen K, Sharkey KA, Altier C. Non-Intoxicating Cannabinoids in Visceral Pain. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024; 9:3-11. [PMID: 37883662 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis and cannabis products are becoming increasingly popular options for symptom management of inflammatory bowel diseases, particularly abdominal pain. While anecdotal and patient reports suggest efficacy of these compounds for these conditions, clinical research has shown mixed results. To date, clinical research has focused primarily on delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). THC is a ligand of classical cannabinoid receptors (CBRs). CBD is one of a large group of nonintoxicating cannabinoids (niCBs) that mediate their effects on both CBRs and through non-CBR mechanisms of action. Because they are not psychotropic, there is increasing interest and availability of niCBs. The numerous niCBs show potential to rectify abnormal intestinal motility as well as have anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The effects of niCBs are frequently not mediated by CBRs, but rather through actions on other targets, including transient receptor potential channels and voltage-gated ion channels. Additionally, evidence suggests that niCBs can be combined to increase their potency through what is termed the entourage effect. This review examines the pre-clinical data available surrounding these niCBs in treatment of abdominal pain with a focus on non-CBR mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristofer Svendsen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Keith A Sharkey
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Christophe Altier
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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20
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Dadiotis E, Cui M, Gerasi M, Mitsis V, Melliou E, Makriyannis A, Logothetis DE, Magiatis P. A Simple Chiral 1H NMR Method for the Discrimination of ( R)- and ( S)-Cannabichromene in Complex Natural Mixtures and Their Effects on TRPA1 Activity. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:77-84. [PMID: 38158562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the enantiomeric ratio of cannabichromene (CBC) within the cannabis plant has attracted significant attention. Cannabichromene is one of the well-known cannabinoids found in cannabis, along with THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol). Cannabichromene exists as a scalemic mixture, meaning it has two enantiomers, (S)-cannabichromene and (R)-cannabichromene, with the ratio between these enantiomers varying among different cannabis strains and even within individual plants. This study presents an accurate and robust chiral NMR method for analyzing cannabichromene's enantiomeric ratio, a well-investigated cannabinoid with numerous pharmacological targets. The use of Pirkle's alcohol as the chiral solvating agent (CSA) or, alternatively, the use of (S)-ibuprofen as a chiral derivatizing agent (CDA) facilitated this analysis. Moreover, the chiral NMR method proves to be a user-friendly tool, easily applicable within any NMR facility, and an expanded investigation of cannabichromene chirality may provide insights into the origin, cultivation, treatment, and processing of Cannabis sativa plants. This study also undertakes a pharmacological examination of the (R)- and (S)-cannabichromenes concerning their most extensively studied pharmacological target, the TRPA1 channels, with the two enantiomers showing the same strong agonistic effect as the racemic mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Dadiotis
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Meng Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Maria Gerasi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | - Eleni Melliou
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Diomedes E Logothetis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Prokopios Magiatis
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
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21
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Raup-Konsavage WM, Sepulveda DE, Wang J, Dokholyan NV, Vrana KE, Graziane NM. Antinociceptive Effects of Cannabichromene (CBC) in Mice: Insights from von Frey, Tail-Flick, Formalin, and Acetone Tests. Biomedicines 2023; 12:83. [PMID: 38255191 PMCID: PMC10813533 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa contains minor cannabinoids that have potential therapeutic value in pain management. However, detailed experimental evidence for the antinociceptive effects of many of these minor cannabinoids remains lacking. Here, we employed artificial intelligence (AI) to perform compound-protein interaction estimates with cannabichromene (CBC) and receptors involved in nociceptive signaling. Based on our findings, we investigated the antinociceptive properties of CBC in naïve or neuropathic C57BL/6 male and female mice using von Frey (mechanical allodynia), tail-flick (noxious radiant heat), formalin (acute and persistent inflammatory pain), and acetone (cold thermal) tests. For von Frey assessments, CBC dose (0-20 mg/kg, i.p.) and time (0-6 h) responses were measured in male and female neuropathic mice. For tail-flick, formalin, and acetone assays, CBC (20 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered to naïve male and female mice 1 h prior to testing. The results show that CBC (10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced mechanical allodynia in neuropathic male and female mice 1-2 h after treatment. Additionally, CBC treatment caused significant reductions in nociceptive behaviors in the tail-flick assay and in both phase 1 and phase 2 of the formalin test. Finally, we found a significant interaction in neuropathic male mice in the acetone test. In conclusion, our results suggest that CBC targets receptors involved in nociceptive signaling and imparts antinociceptive properties that may benefit males and females afflicted with diverse forms of acute or chronic/persistent pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana E. Sepulveda
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Nikolay V. Dokholyan
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kent E. Vrana
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Nicholas M. Graziane
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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22
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Hwang YN, Kwon IS, Park JH, Na HH, Kwon TH, Park JS, Kim KC. Cell death induction and intracellular vesicle formation in human colorectal cancer cells treated with Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol. Genes Genomics 2023; 45:1463-1474. [PMID: 37837516 PMCID: PMC10682224 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-023-01466-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) is a principal psychoactive extract of Cannabis sativa and has been traditionally used as palliative medicine for neuropathic pain. Cannabidiol (CBD), an extract of hemp species, has recently attracted increased attention as a cancer treatment, but Δ9-THC is also requiring explored pharmacological application. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the pharmacological effects of Δ9-THC in two human colorectal cancer cell lines. We investigated whether Δ9-THC treatment induces cell death in human colorectal cancer cells. METHODS We performed an MTT assay to determine the pharmacological concentration of Δ9-THC. Annxein V and Western blot analysis confirmed that Δ9-THC induced apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. Metabolic activity was evaluated using MitoTracker staining and ATP determination. We investigated vesicle formation by Δ9-THC treatment using GW9662, known as a PPARγ inhibitor. RESULTS The MTT assay showed that treatment with 40 μM Δ9-THC and above inhibited the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells. Multiple intracytoplasmic vesicles were detected upon microscopic observation, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis showed cell death via G1 arrest. Δ9-THC treatment increased the expression of cell death marker proteins, including p53, cleaved PARP-1, RIP1, and RIP3, suggesting that Δ9-THC induced the death of colorectal cancer cells. Δ9-THC treatment also reduced ATP production via changes in Bax and Bcl-2. Δ9-THC regulated intracytoplasmic vesicle formation by modulating the expression of PPARγ and clathrin, adding that antiproliferative activity of Δ9-THC was also affected. CONCLUSION In conclusion, Δ9-THC regulated two functional mechanisms, intracellular vesicle formation and cell death. These findings can help to determine how cannabinoids can be used most effectively to improve the efficacy of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Na Hwang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Seo Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Heom Na
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Kangwon Center for System Imaging, Chuncheon, Kangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyung Kwon
- Chuncheon Bioindustry Foundation, Chuncheon, Kangwon, 24232, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sung Park
- Korean Pharmacopuncture Institute, Seoul, 07525, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Cheol Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
- Kangwon Center for System Imaging, Chuncheon, Kangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Spitzer S, Wloka J, Pietruszka J, Kayser O. Generation of Cannabigerolic Acid Derivatives and Their Precursors by Using the Promiscuity of the Aromatic Prenyltransferase NphB. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300441. [PMID: 37690998 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
NphB is an aromatic prenyltransferase with high promiscuity for phenolics including flavonoids, isoflavonoids, and plant polyketides. It has been demonstrated that cannabigerolic acid is successfully formed by the reaction catalysed by NphB using geranyl diphosphate and olivetolic acid as substrates. In this study, the substrate specificity of NphB was further determined by using olivetolic acid derivatives as potential substrates for the formation of new synthetic cannabinoids. The derivatives differ in the hydrocarbon chain attached to C6 of the core structure. We performed in silico experiments, including docking of olivetolic acid derivatives, to identify differences in their binding modes. Substrate acceptance was predicted. Based on these results, a library of olivetolic acid derivatives was constructed and synthesized by using different organic synthetic routes. Conversion was monitored in in vitro assays with purified NphB versions. For the substrates leading to a high conversion olivetolic acid-C8, olivetolic acid-C2 and 2-benzyl-4,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid, the products were further elucidated and identified as cannbigerolic acid derivatives. Therefore, these substrates show potential to be adapted in cannabinoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Spitzer
- Technical Biochemistry Laboratory, Technical University Dortmund, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jasmin Wloka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 52426, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 52426, Jülich, Germany
| | - Oliver Kayser
- Technical Biochemistry Laboratory, Technical University Dortmund, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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24
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Lőrincz EB, Tóth G, Spolárics J, Herczeg M, Hodek J, Zupkó I, Minorics R, Ádám D, Oláh A, Zouboulis CC, Weber J, Nagy L, Ostorházi E, Bácskay I, Borbás A, Herczegh P, Bereczki I. Mannich-type modifications of (-)-cannabidiol and (-)-cannabigerol leading to new, bioactive derivatives. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19618. [PMID: 37949940 PMCID: PMC10638401 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45565-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
(-)-Cannabidiol (CBD) and (-)-cannabigerol (CBG) are two major non-psychotropic phytocannabinoids that have many beneficial biological properties. However, due to their low water solubility and prominent first-pass metabolism, their oral bioavailability is moderate, which is unfavorable for medicinal use. Therefore, there is a great need for appropriate chemical modifications to improve their physicochemical and biological properties. In this study, Mannich-type reaction was used for the synthetic modification of CBD and CBG for the first time, and thus fifteen new cannabinoid derivatives containing one or two tertiary amino groups were prepared. Thereafter the antiviral, antiproliferative and antibacterial properties of the derivatives and their effects on certain skin cells were investigated. Some modified CBD derivatives showed remarkable antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 without cytotoxic effect, while synthetic modifications on CBG resulted in a significant increase in antiproliferative activity in some cases compared to the parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Boglárka Lőrincz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Gergely Tóth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Júlia Spolárics
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Mihály Herczeg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Jan Hodek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Science, Prague, 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - István Zupkó
- Institute of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - Renáta Minorics
- Institute of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Ádám
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Attila Oláh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Staedtisches Klinikum Dessau, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, 06847, Dessau, Germany
| | - Jan Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Science, Prague, 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Lajos Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Eszter Ostorházi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Bácskay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Anikó Borbás
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.
- HUN-REN-UD Molecular Recognition and Interaction Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
| | - Pál Herczegh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- HUN-REN-UD Pharmamodul Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Ilona Bereczki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.
- HUN-REN-UD Pharmamodul Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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25
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Santillo MF, Sprando RL. Predicting binding between 55 cannabinoids and 4,799 biological targets by in silico methods. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:1476-1487. [PMID: 37101313 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there has been an increase in cannabis-derived products being marketed as foods, dietary supplements, and other consumer products. Cannabis contains over a hundred cannabinoids, many of which have unknown physiological effects. Since there are large numbers of cannabinoids, and many are not commercially available for in vitro testing, an in silico tool (Chemotargets Clarity software) was used to predict binding between 55 cannabinoids and 4,799 biological targets (enzymes, ion channels, receptors, and transporters). This tool relied on quantitative structure activity relationships (QSAR), structural similarity, and other approaches to predict binding. From this screening, 827 cannabinoid-target binding pairs were predicted, which included 143 unique targets. Many cannabinoids sharing core structures (cannabinoid "types") had similar binding profiles, whereas most cannabinoids containing carboxylic acid groups were similar without regards to their core structure. For some of the binding predictions (43), in vitro binding data were available, and they agreed well with in silico binding data (median fourfold difference in binding concentrations). Finally, clinical adverse effects associated with 22 predicted targets were identified from an online database (Clarivate Off-X), providing important insights on potential human health hazards. Overall, in silico biological target predictions are a rapid means to identify potential hazards due to cannabinoid-target interactions, and the data can be used to prioritize subsequent in vitro and in vivo testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Santillo
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert L Sprando
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA
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26
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Llinas del Torrent C, Raïch I, Gonzalez A, Casajuana-Martin N, Lillo J, Rebassa JB, Ferreiro-Vera C, Sánchez de Medina V, Franco R, Navarro G, Pardo L. The Leu/Val 6.51 Side Chain of Cannabinoid Receptors Regulates the Binding Mode of the Alkyl Chain of Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:5927-5935. [PMID: 37644761 PMCID: PMC10523433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
(-)-Δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is the principal psychoactive constituent of Cannabis, mediates its action by binding to two members of the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family: the cannabinoid CB1 (CB1R) and CB2 (CB2R) receptors. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the pentyl chain of THC could adopts an I-shape conformation, filling an intracellular cavity between Phe3.36 and Trp6.48 for initial agonist-induced receptor activation, in CB1R but not in CB2R. This cavity opens to the five-carbon chain of THC by the conformational change of the γ-branched, flexible, Leu6.51 side chain of CB1R, which is not feasible by the β-branched, mode rigid, Val6.51 side chain of CB2R. In agreement with our computational results, THC could not decrease the forskolin-induced cAMP levels in cells expressing mutant CB1RL6.51V receptor but could activate the mutant CB2RV6.51L receptor as efficiently as wild-type CB1R. Additionally, JWH-133, a full CB2R agonist, contains a branched dimethyl moiety in the ligand chain that bridges Phe3.36 and Val6.51 for receptor activation. In this case, the substitution of Val6.51 to Leu in CB2R makes JWH-133 unable to activate CB2RV6.51L. In conclusion, our combined computational and experimental results have shown that the amino acid at position 6.51 is a key additional player in the initial mechanism of activation of GPCRs that recognize signaling molecules derived from lipid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Llinas del Torrent
- Laboratory
of Computational Medicine, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iu Raïch
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Gonzalez
- Laboratory
of Computational Medicine, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nil Casajuana-Martin
- Laboratory
of Computational Medicine, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Lillo
- Department
of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Biel Rebassa
- Department
of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Rafael Franco
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Centro
de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department
of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute
of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona
(NeuroUB), Av Joan XXIII
27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leonardo Pardo
- Laboratory
of Computational Medicine, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Gojani EG, Wang B, Li DP, Kovalchuk O, Kovalchuk I. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Minor Cannabinoids CBC, THCV, and CBN in Human Macrophages. Molecules 2023; 28:6487. [PMID: 37764262 PMCID: PMC10534668 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a natural response of the body to signals of tissue damage or infection caused by pathogens. However, when it becomes imbalanced, it can lead to various disorders such as cancer, obesity, cardiovascular problems, neurological conditions, and diabetes. The endocannabinoid system, which is present throughout the body, plays a regulatory role in different organs and influences functions such as food intake, pain perception, stress response, glucose tolerance, inflammation, cell growth and specialization, and metabolism. Phytocannabinoids derived from Cannabis sativa can interact with this system and affect its functioning. In this study, we investigate the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of three minor phytocannabinoids including tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), cannabichromene (CBC), and cannabinol (CBN) using an in vitro system. We pre-treated THP-1 macrophages with different doses of phytocannabinoids or vehicle for one hour, followed by treating the cells with 500 ng/mL of LPS or leaving them untreated for three hours. To induce the second phase of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, LPS-treated cells were further treated with 5 mM ATP for 30 min. Our findings suggest that the mitigation of the PANX1/P2X7 axis plays a significant role in the anti-inflammatory effects of THCV and CBC on NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Additionally, we observed that CBC and THCV could also downregulate the IL-6/TYK-2/STAT-3 pathway. Furthermore, we discovered that CBN may exert its inhibitory impact on the assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome by reducing PANX1 cleavage. Interestingly, we also found that the elevated ADAR1 transcript responded negatively to THCV and CBC in LPS-macrophages, indicating a potential involvement of ADAR1 in the anti-inflammatory effects of these two phytocannabinoids. THCV and CBN inhibit P-NF-κB, downregulating proinflammatory gene transcription. In summary, THCV, CBC, and CBN exert anti-inflammatory effects by influencing different stages of gene expression: transcription, post-transcriptional regulation, translation, and post-translational regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Olga Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada; (E.G.G.); (B.W.); (D.-P.L.)
| | - Igor Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada; (E.G.G.); (B.W.); (D.-P.L.)
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28
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Moore CF, Weerts EM, Kulpa J, Schwotzer D, Dye W, Jantzi J, McDonald JD, Lefever TW, Bonn-Miller MO. Pharmacokinetics of Oral Minor Cannabinoids in Blood and Brain. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:S51-S61. [PMID: 37721988 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Minor cannabinoids are increasingly being consumed in oral formulations (i.e., edibles, tinctures) for medical and nonmedical purposes. This study examined the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of cannabinoids tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabinol (CBN), and delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (D8-THC) after the first and last oral dose during a 14-day administration period. Materials and Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats (N=6 animals/dose, 50% female) were given an assigned dose of one of four cannabinoids (THCV=3.2-100 mg/kg, CBC=3.2-100 mg/kg, CBN=1-100 mg/kg, or D8-THC=0.32-10 mg/kg) or vehicle (medium-chain triglyceride oil) through oral gavage once daily for 14 days. Blood was collected 45 min and 1.5, 3, and 24 h following the first dose (day 1) and the last dose (day 14) of repeated oral cannabinoid treatment for PK analysis. Outcomes of interest included time to maximum concentration (Tmax), maximum concentration (Cmax), and area under the concentration versus time curve (AUClast). Dose-normalized (DN) Cmax and DN AUClast were also calculated. Brain tissue was collected 24 h post-administration of the first (day 1) and the last (day 14) dose of each cannabinoid to determine concentrations in brain. Results: All cannabinoids tested were detectable in plasma after single and 14-day repeated dosing. DN Cmax and DN AUClast were highest for D8-THC, followed by CBC, CBN, and THCV. There was no sex difference observed in cannabinoid kinetics. Accumulation of D8-THC in plasma was observed after 14 days of administration. THCV levels in plasma were lower on day 14 compared to day 1, indicating potential adaptation of metabolic pathways and increased drug elimination. Cannabinoids were detected in brain tissue 24 h post-administration of the first and the last dose of 17-100 mg/kg THCV, 3.2-100 mg/kg CBC, 10-100 mg/kg CBN, and 10 mg/kg D8-THC. Conclusions: THCV, CBC, CBN, and D8-THC produced detectable levels in plasma and translocated to brain tissue after the first dose (day 1) and the last dose (day 14) of repeated oral dosing. Examination of PKs of these minor cannabinoids in blood and brain provides a critical step for informing target dose ranges and dosing schedules in future studies that evaluate the potential effects of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine F Moore
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elise M Weerts
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Justyna Kulpa
- Canopy Growth Corporation, Smiths Falls, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Wendy Dye
- Lovelace Biomedical, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jacob Jantzi
- Lovelace Biomedical, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Moore CF, Marusich J, Haghdoost M, Lefever TW, Bonn-Miller MO, Weerts EM. Evaluation of the Modulatory Effects of Minor Cannabinoids and Terpenes on Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Discrimination in Rats. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:S42-S50. [PMID: 37721992 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cannabis contains a multitude of phytocannabinoids and terpenes in addition to its main psychoactive constituent, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (D9-THC). It is believed that the combination of minor cannabinoids and terpenes with D9-THC may impact the subjective and physiological effects of D9-THC. In this study, select minor cannabinoids (cannabigerol [CBG], cannabidivarin [CBDV], cannabichromene [CBC], tetrahydrocannabivarin [THCV], cannabigerolic acid [CBGa], and cannabidiolic acid [CBDa]) and terpenes (beta-caryophyllene and linalool) were evaluated for their potential to decrease the interoceptive effects of D9-THC using drug discrimination methods. Materials and Methods: Male and female rats (n=16; 50% female) were trained to discriminate D9-THC from vehicle. Following training, D9-THC was administered 45 min pre-session, followed by administration of a minor cannabinoid or terpene (or vehicle) 15 min pre-session. CBG, CBDV, CBC, and THCV were administered at doses of 3-30 mg/kg; CBGa and CBDa were administered at doses of 10-100 mg/kg; beta-caryophyllene and linalool were administered at doses of 10-30 mg/kg. Percentage of D9-THC responding (%) was calculated to assess changes to D9-THCs interoceptive effects. Results: CBG, CBDV, CBC, THCV, CBGa, CBDa, beta-caryophyllene, and linalool had little effect on percent D9-THC responding in either sex. No compounds lowered percent D9-THC responding to 50% or below. THCV, CBC, CBDa, and beta-caryophyllene in combination with D9-THC decreased response rates compared with D9-THC alone. Conclusions: The minor cannabinoids and terpenes examined in the current study did not alter the discriminative stimulus effects of D9-THC. These results suggest that these compounds are unlikely to lower the psychoactive effects of D9-THC in human users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine F Moore
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Julie Marusich
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | - Elise M Weerts
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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30
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Kulpa J, Henderson RG, Schwotzer D, Dye W, Trexler KR, McDonald J, Lefever TW, Bonn-Miller MO. Toxicological Evaluation and Pain Assessment of Four Minor Cannabinoids Following 14-Day Oral Administration in Rats. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:S25-S41. [PMID: 37721989 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Despite growing consumer interest and market availability, the safety of minor cannabinoids, generally present in low concentrations in Cannabis sativa L., is not well understood. Materials and Methods: Cannabichromene (CBC; 3.2, 10, 17, 22, 32, or 100 mg/kg-bw/day), cannabinol (CBN; 1, 3.2, 10, 17, 32, or 100 mg/kg-bw/day), delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (D8-THC; 0.32, 1, 3.2, or 10 mg/kg-bw/day), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV; 3.2, 10, 17, 22, 32, or 100 mg/kg-bw/day), and vehicle (medium-chain triglyceride oil) preparations were administered via oral gavage once daily for 14 days to Sprague Dawley rats. Changes in behavior, body weight, food consumption, clinical pathology, organ weights, body temperature, and thermal pain sensitivity (tail flick assay) were assessed. Select organ tissues were collected at terminal necropsy and fixed for histopathological examination. Results: No treatment-related deaths were observed throughout the study, and cannabinoids were generally well tolerated. While some significant trends in body weight differences from controls (increases and decreases) were observed, these occurred independently of food consumption. Overall, differences in serum chemistry and hematology parameters between cannabinoid groups and their respective control groups were considered to occur due to biological variation among rats. No treatment-related gross abnormalities were observed in examined organs. Significant changes in absolute and relative organ weights occurred primarily in males and were generally of negligible magnitude. There were no biologically significant histopathological observations. While pain tolerance was significantly improved in animals treated with D8-THC (3.2 and 10 mg/kg-bw/day, day 14), results across minor cannabinoids were inconsistent and warrant further study. Conclusion: Minor cannabinoids were well tolerated across 14 days of daily oral administration at the doses assessed. Modest, dose-dependent trends in relative organ weights and serum chemistry parameters warrant exploration at higher oral doses. These data will assist in dose selection for future studies investigating the long-term safety and effects of CBC, CBN, D8-THC, and THCV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wendy Dye
- Lovelace Biomedical, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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31
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Peters EN, MacNair L, Harrison A, Feldner MT, Eglit GML, Babalonis S, Turcotte C, Bonn-Miller MO. A Two-Phase, Dose-Ranging, Placebo-Controlled Study of the Safety and Preliminary Test of Acute Effects of Oral Δ 8-Tetrahydrocannabivarin in Healthy Participants. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:S71-S82. [PMID: 37721990 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) is an understudied cannabinoid that appears to have effects that vary as a function of dose. No human study has evaluated the safety and nature of effects in a wide range of THCV doses. Methods: This was a two-phase, dose-ranging, placebo-controlled trial of the Δ8 isomer of oral THCV in healthy adults. Phase 1 utilized an unblinded, single-ascending dose design (n=3). Phase 2 used a double-blind, randomized, within-participant crossover design (n=18). Participants received single acute doses of placebo and 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg of THCV. Safety measures and subjective and cognitive effects were assessed predose and up to 8 h postdose. Results: Most adverse events (AEs; 55/60) were mild. Euphoric mood was the most common AE. The 12.5, 25, and 200 mg doses produced significantly lower minimum times to complete the digit vigilance test (ps=0.01). The 25 mg dose showed elevations on mean ratings of "energetic" at 1-, 2-, and 4-h postdose, but the maximum postdose rating for this dose did not achieve statistical significance relative to placebo ([95% confidence interval]=3.2 [-0.5 to 6.9], p=0.116). The 100 and 200 mg doses showed elevations on ratings of "feel a drug effect" and "like the drug effect." Almost all urine drug screens (78/79) at 8 h postdose in the active THCV conditions tested positive for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Conclusion: All THCV doses displayed a favorable safety profile. Several THCV doses showed a preliminary signal for improved sustained attention, but the effect was not dose dependent. Though mild and not associated with impairment, THC-like effects were observed at higher THCV doses. Oral THCV-containing products could lead to positive urine drug screens for THC. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT05210634.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica N Peters
- Canopy Growth Corporation, Smiths Falls, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura MacNair
- Canopy Growth Corporation, Smiths Falls, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy Harrison
- Canopy Growth Corporation, Smiths Falls, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Shanna Babalonis
- Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Center on Drugs and Alcohol Research, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Christensen C, Rose M, Cornett C, Allesø M. Decoding the Postulated Entourage Effect of Medicinal Cannabis: What It Is and What It Isn't. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2323. [PMID: 37626819 PMCID: PMC10452568 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The 'entourage effect' term was originally coined in a pre-clinical study observing endogenous bio-inactive metabolites potentiating the activity of a bioactive endocannabinoid. As a hypothetical afterthought, this was proposed to hold general relevance to the usage of products based on Cannabis sativa L. The term was later juxtaposed to polypharmacy pertaining to full-spectrum medicinal Cannabis products exerting an overall higher effect than the single compounds. Since the emergence of the term, a discussion of its pharmacological foundation and relevance has been ongoing. Advocates suggest that the 'entourage effect' is the reason many patients experience an overall better effect from full-spectrum products. Critics state that the term is unfounded and used primarily for marketing purposes in the Cannabis industry. This scoping review aims to segregate the primary research claiming as well as disputing the existence of the 'entourage effect' from a pharmacological perspective. The literature on this topic is in its infancy. Existing pre-clinical and clinical studies are in general based on simplistic methodologies and show contradictory findings, with the clinical data mostly relying on anecdotal and real-world evidence. We propose that the 'entourage effect' is explained by traditional pharmacological terms pertaining to other plant-based medicinal products and polypharmacy in general (e.g., synergistic interactions and bioenhancement).
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Christensen
- Tetra Pharm Technologies ApS, Rugmarken 10, DK-3650 Ølstykke, Denmark; (M.R.); (M.A.)
| | - Martin Rose
- Tetra Pharm Technologies ApS, Rugmarken 10, DK-3650 Ølstykke, Denmark; (M.R.); (M.A.)
| | - Claus Cornett
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Morten Allesø
- Tetra Pharm Technologies ApS, Rugmarken 10, DK-3650 Ølstykke, Denmark; (M.R.); (M.A.)
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Hammaker K, Weathington N, Maroon J, Tang LW, Donohue B, Yehuda R, Ford KM, Figura M, Kelmendi B, Tan B, Cook MW, Factor SD, Lagano L, Driscoll HP, Howe AS, Cho EG, Rabin DM. An answered call for aid? Cannabinoid clinical framework for the opioid epidemic. Harm Reduct J 2023; 20:110. [PMID: 37587466 PMCID: PMC10428550 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-023-00842-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The opioid crisis continues in full force, as physicians and caregivers are desperate for resources to help patients with opioid use and chronic pain disorders find safer and more accessible non-opioid tools. MAIN BODY The purpose of this article is to review the current state of the opioid epidemic; the shifting picture of cannabinoids; and the research, policy, and current events that make opioid risk reduction an urgent public health challenge. The provided table contains an evidence-based clinical framework for the utilization of cannabinoids to treat patients with chronic pain who are dependent on opioids, seeking alternatives to opioids, and tapering opioids. CONCLUSION Based on a comprehensive review of the literature and epidemiological evidence to date, cannabinoids stand to be one of the most interesting, safe, and accessible tools available to attenuate the devastation resulting from the misuse and abuse of opioid narcotics. Considering the urgency of the opioid epidemic and broadening of cannabinoid accessibility amidst absent prescribing guidelines, the authors recommend use of this clinical framework in the contexts of both clinical research continuity and patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Hammaker
- Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 St Rt 44, PO Box 95, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Nathaniel Weathington
- The Board of Medicine, 1942 5th Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Delafield Rd, Ste 2040, Pittsburgh, PA, 15215, USA
| | - Joseph Maroon
- The Board of Medicine, 1942 5th Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 1218 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Lawton W Tang
- The Board of Medicine, 1942 5th Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- Huntington Hospital, 100 West California Blvd, Pasadena, CA, 91105, USA
| | - Brian Donohue
- The Board of Medicine, 1942 5th Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 1300 Oxford Dr, Bethel Park, PA, 15102, USA
| | - Rachel Yehuda
- The Board of Medicine, 1942 5th Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Kenneth M Ford
- The Board of Medicine, 1942 5th Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- Institute for Human and Machine Cognition (IHMC), 40 South Alcaniz, Pensacola, FL, 32502, USA
| | - Myro Figura
- The Board of Medicine, 1942 5th Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- University of California Los Angeles, 757 Westwood Plaza, Ste 3325, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7403, USA
| | - Ben Kelmendi
- The Board of Medicine, 1942 5th Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- Yale University, 300 George St, Ste 901, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Belinda Tan
- The Board of Medicine, 1942 5th Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- People Science, Inc, 3870 Del Amo Blvd, Unit 507, Torrance, CA, 90503, USA
| | - Matthew W Cook
- The Board of Medicine, 1942 5th Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- BioReset Medical, 3803 S Bascom Ave, Ste 203, Campbell, CA, 95008, USA
| | - Steven D Factor
- The Board of Medicine, 1942 5th Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- Abington Neurological Associates, 1151 Old York Rd, Ste 200, Abington, PA, 19001, USA
| | - Laura Lagano
- The Board of Medicine, 1942 5th Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | | | - Adam S Howe
- The Board of Medicine, 1942 5th Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- Albany Medical Center, 23 Hackett Blvd, MC-108, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - EunBit G Cho
- The Board of Medicine, 1942 5th Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - David M Rabin
- The Board of Medicine, 1942 5th Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
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Wang B, Li D, Fiselier A, Kovalchuk I, Kovalchuk O. High-CBD cannabis extracts inhibit the expression of proinflammatory factors via miRNA-mediated silencing in human small intestinal epithelial cells. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18817. [PMID: 37664748 PMCID: PMC10468390 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of chronic inflammatory disorders and autoimmune diseases is rapidly growing. To date, the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has killed over 6,209,000 people globally, while no drug has been proven effective for the disease. Screening natural anti-inflammatory compounds for clinical application has drawn much attention. In this study, we showed that high-CBD cannabis extracts #1, #5, #7, #169, and #317 suppressed the levels of expression of proinflammatory cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and increased the expression of the anti-inflammatory suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) in human small intestinal epithelial cells (HSIEC) in TNFα/IFNγ-triggered inflammation. We revealed that these extracts, with the exception of extract #169, also profoundly attenuated induction of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and/or IL-8 proteins through miR-760- and miR-302c-3p-mediated silencing. The prevalent components in extracts #1 and #7 influenced the levels of IL-8 both individually as well as in combination with each other. However, the high-dose cannabis extracts displayed an inhibitory effect in the growth of HSIEC cells. These results show that our high-CBD cannabis extracts decrease the levels of proinflammatory molecules COX2, IL-6, and IL-8 via transcriptional suppression or miRNA-mediated silencing, highlighting their potential against COVID-19-associated cytokine storm syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1K 3M4, Canada
- Pathway Rx Inc., Calgary, Alberta, T3H 4Z2, Canada
| | - Dongping Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1K 3M4, Canada
- Pathway Rx Inc., Calgary, Alberta, T3H 4Z2, Canada
| | - Anna Fiselier
- Pathway Rx Inc., Calgary, Alberta, T3H 4Z2, Canada
- Swysh Inc., Calgary, Alberta, T3H 4Z2, Canada
| | - Igor Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1K 3M4, Canada
- Pathway Rx Inc., Calgary, Alberta, T3H 4Z2, Canada
- Swysh Inc., Calgary, Alberta, T3H 4Z2, Canada
| | - Olga Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1K 3M4, Canada
- Pathway Rx Inc., Calgary, Alberta, T3H 4Z2, Canada
- Swysh Inc., Calgary, Alberta, T3H 4Z2, Canada
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35
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Wyrobnik I, Steinberg M, Gelfand A, Rosenblum R, Eid Mutlak Y, Sulimani L, Procaccia S, Ofran Y, Novak-Kotzer H, Meiri D. Decreased melanoma CSF-1 secretion by Cannabigerol treatment reprograms regulatory myeloid cells and reduces tumor progression. Oncoimmunology 2023; 12:2219164. [PMID: 37325437 PMCID: PMC10262794 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2023.2219164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
During solid tumor progression, the tumor microenvironment (TME) evolves into a highly immunosuppressive milieu. Key players in the immunosuppressive environment are regulatory myeloid cells, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which are recruited and activated via tumor-secreted cytokines such as colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1). Therefore, the depletion of tumor-secreted cytokines is a leading anticancer strategy. Here, we found that CSF-1 secretion by melanoma cells is decreased following treatment with Cannabis extracts. Cannabigerol (CBG) was identified as the bioactive cannabinoid responsible for the effects. Conditioned media from cells treated with pure CBG or the high-CBG extract reduced the expansion and macrophage transition of the monocytic-MDSC subpopulation. Treated MO-MDSCs also expressed lower levels of iNOS, leading to restored CD8+ T-cell activation. Tumor-bearing mice treated with CBG presented reduced tumor progression, lower TAM frequencies and reduced TAM/M1 ratio. A combination of CBG and αPD-L1 was more effective in reducing tumor progression, enhancing survival and increasing the infiltration of activated cytotoxic T-cells than each treatment separately. We show a novel mechanism for CBG in modulating the TME and enhancing immune checkpoint blockade therapy, underlining its promising therapeutic potential for the treatment of a variety of tumors with elevated CSF-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Wyrobnik
- The Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Miryam Steinberg
- The Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Anat Gelfand
- The Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ronen Rosenblum
- The Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yara Eid Mutlak
- The Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Liron Sulimani
- The Kleifeld Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Cannasoul Analytics, Caesarea, Israel
| | - Shiri Procaccia
- The Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yishai Ofran
- Department of Hematology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hila Novak-Kotzer
- The Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - David Meiri
- The Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Mendiguren A, Aostri E, Rodilla I, Pujana I, Noskova E, Pineda J. Cannabigerol modulates α 2-adrenoceptor and 5-HT 1A receptor-mediated electrophysiological effects on dorsal raphe nucleus and locus coeruleus neurons and anxiety behavior in rat. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1183019. [PMID: 37305529 PMCID: PMC10249961 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1183019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological profile of cannabigerol (CBG), which acid form constitutes the main precursor of the most abundant cannabinoids, has been scarcely studied. It has been reported to target α2-adrenoceptor and 5-HT1A receptor. The locus coeruleus (LC) and the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) are the main serotonergic (5-HT) and noradrenergic (NA) areas in the rat brain, respectively. We aimed to study the effect of CBG on the firing rate of LC NA cells and DRN 5-HT cells and on α2-adrenergic and 5-HT1A autoreceptors by electrophysiological techniques in male Sprague-Dawley rat brain slices. The effect of CBG on the novelty-suppressed feeding test (NSFT) and the elevated plus maze test (EPMT) and the involvement of the 5-HT1A receptor was also studied. CBG (30 μM, 10 min) slightly changed the firing rate of NA cells but failed to alter the inhibitory effect of NA (1-100 µM). However, in the presence of CBG the inhibitory effect of the selective α2-adrenoceptor agonist UK14304 (10 nM) was decreased. Perfusion with CBG (30 μM, 10 min) did not change the firing rate of DRN 5-HT cells or the inhibitory effect of 5-HT (100 μM, 1 min) but it reduced the inhibitory effect of ipsapirone (100 nM). CBG failed to reverse ipsapirone-induced inhibition whereas perfusion with the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY100635 (30 nM) completely restored the firing rate of DRN 5-HT cells. In the EPMT, CBG (10 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly increased the percentage of time the rats spent on the open arms and the number of head-dipping but it reduced the anxiety index. In the NSFT, CBG decreased the time latency to eat in the novel environment but it did not alter home-cage consumption. The effect of CBG on the reduction of latency to feed was prevented by pretreatment with WAY100635 (1 mg/kg, i.p.). In conclusion, CBG hinders the inhibitory effect produced by selective α2-adrenoceptor and 5-HT1A receptor agonists on the firing rate of NA-LC and 5-HT-DRN neurons by a yet unknown indirect mechanism in rat brain slices and produces anxiolytic-like effects through 5-HT1A receptor.
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Jadhav PD, Shim YY, Paek OJ, Jeon JT, Park HJ, Park I, Park ES, Kim YJ, Reaney MJT. A Metabolomics and Big Data Approach to Cannabis Authenticity (Authentomics). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098202. [PMID: 37175910 PMCID: PMC10179091 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing accessibility of cannabis (Cannabis sativa L., also known as marijuana and hemp), its products are being developed as extracts for both recreational and therapeutic use. This has led to increased scrutiny by regulatory bodies, who aim to understand and regulate the complex chemistry of these products to ensure their safety and efficacy. Regulators use targeted analyses to track the concentration of key bioactive metabolites and potentially harmful contaminants, such as metals and other impurities. However, the metabolic complexity of cannabis metabolic pathways requires a more comprehensive approach. A non-targeted metabolomic analysis of cannabis products is necessary to generate data that can be used to determine their authenticity and efficacy. An authentomics approach, which involves combining the non-targeted analysis of new samples with big data comparisons to authenticated historic datasets, provides a robust method for verifying the quality of cannabis products. To meet International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards, it is necessary to implement the authentomics platform technology and build an integrated database of cannabis analytical results. This study is the first to review the topic of the authentomics of cannabis and its potential to meet ISO standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramodkumar D Jadhav
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Youn Young Shim
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
- Prairie Tide Diversified Inc., Saskatoon, SK S7J 0R1, Canada
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Ock Jin Paek
- Herbal Medicines Research Division, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Tae Jeon
- Yuhan Care R&D Center, Yuhan Care Co., Ltd., Yongin 17084, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Je Park
- Yuhan Care R&D Center, Yuhan Care Co., Ltd., Yongin 17084, Republic of Korea
- Yuhan Natural Product R&D Center, Yuhan Care Co., Ltd., Andong 36618, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilbum Park
- Yuhan Care R&D Center, Yuhan Care Co., Ltd., Yongin 17084, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Seong Park
- Yuhan Care R&D Center, Yuhan Care Co., Ltd., Yongin 17084, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jun Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Martin J T Reaney
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
- Prairie Tide Diversified Inc., Saskatoon, SK S7J 0R1, Canada
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
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Babayeva M, Loewy ZG. Cannabis Pharmacogenomics: A Path to Personalized Medicine. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:3479-3514. [PMID: 37185752 PMCID: PMC10137111 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45040228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis and related compounds have created significant research interest as a promising therapy in many disorders. However, the individual therapeutic effects of cannabinoids and the incidence of side effects are still difficult to determine. Pharmacogenomics may provide the answers to many questions and concerns regarding the cannabis/cannabinoid treatment and help us to understand the variability in individual responses and associated risks. Pharmacogenomics research has made meaningful progress in identifying genetic variations that play a critical role in interpatient variability in response to cannabis. This review classifies the current knowledge of pharmacogenomics associated with medical marijuana and related compounds and can assist in improving the outcomes of cannabinoid therapy and to minimize the adverse effects of cannabis use. Specific examples of pharmacogenomics informing pharmacotherapy as a path to personalized medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Babayeva
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Touro College of Pharmacy, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Zvi G Loewy
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Touro College of Pharmacy, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Castillo-Arellano J, Canseco-Alba A, Cutler SJ, León F. The Polypharmacological Effects of Cannabidiol. Molecules 2023; 28:3271. [PMID: 37050032 PMCID: PMC10096752 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a major phytocannabinoid present in Cannabis sativa (Linneo, 1753). This naturally occurring secondary metabolite does not induce intoxication or exhibit the characteristic profile of drugs of abuse from cannabis like Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) does. In contrast to ∆9-THC, our knowledge of the neuro-molecular mechanisms of CBD is limited, and its pharmacology, which appears to be complex, has not yet been fully elucidated. The study of the pharmacological effects of CBD has grown exponentially in recent years, making it necessary to generate frequently updated reports on this important metabolite. In this article, a rationalized integration of the mechanisms of action of CBD on molecular targets and pharmacological implications in animal models and human diseases, such as epilepsy, pain, neuropsychiatric disorders, Alzheimer's disease, and inflammatory diseases, are presented. We identify around 56 different molecular targets for CBD, including enzymes and ion channels/metabotropic receptors involved in neurologic conditions. Herein, we compiled the knowledge found in the scientific literature on the multiple mechanisms of actions of CBD. The in vitro and in vivo findings are essential for fully understanding the polypharmacological nature of this natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Castillo-Arellano
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Ana Canseco-Alba
- Laboratory of Reticular Formation Physiology, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery of Mexico (INNN), Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Stephen J. Cutler
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Francisco León
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Lins BR, Anyaegbu CC, Hellewell SC, Papini M, McGonigle T, De Prato L, Shales M, Fitzgerald M. Cannabinoids in traumatic brain injury and related neuropathologies: preclinical and clinical research on endogenous, plant-derived, and synthetic compounds. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:77. [PMID: 36935484 PMCID: PMC10026409 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02734-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is common, and often results in debilitating consequences. Even mild traumatic brain injury leaves approximately 20% of patients with symptoms that persist for months. Despite great clinical need there are currently no approved pharmaceutical interventions that improve outcomes after traumatic brain injury. Increased understanding of the endocannabinoid system in health and disease has accompanied growing evidence for therapeutic benefits of Cannabis sativa. This has driven research of Cannabis' active chemical constituents (phytocannabinoids), alongside endogenous and synthetic counterparts, collectively known as cannabinoids. Also of therapeutic interest are other Cannabis constituents, such as terpenes. Cannabinoids interact with neurons, microglia, and astrocytes, and exert anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects which are highly desirable for the management of traumatic brain injury. In this review, we comprehensively appraised the relevant scientific literature, where major and minor phytocannabinoids, terpenes, synthetic cannabinoids, and endogenous cannabinoids were assessed in TBI, or other neurological conditions with pathology and symptomology relevant to TBI, as well as recent studies in preclinical TBI models and clinical TBI populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney R Lins
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia.
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, 6009, Australia.
| | - Chidozie C Anyaegbu
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, 6009, Australia
| | - Sarah C Hellewell
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, 6009, Australia
| | - Melissa Papini
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, 6009, Australia
| | - Terence McGonigle
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia
| | - Luca De Prato
- MediCann Health Aust Pty Ltd, Osborne Park, 6017, Australia
| | - Matthew Shales
- MediCann Health Aust Pty Ltd, Osborne Park, 6017, Australia
| | - Melinda Fitzgerald
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, 6009, Australia
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Dual Cannabinoid and Orexin Regulation of Anhedonic Behaviour Caused by Prolonged Restraint Stress. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020314. [PMID: 36831860 PMCID: PMC9954020 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid and orexin systems share many biological functions, including wakefulness, stress response, reward processing, and mood. While these systems work against one another with respect to arousal, chronic stress-induced downregulation of both systems often leads to anhedonia or the inability to experience pleasure from natural rewards. In the current study, a 24 h restraint stress test (24 h RST) reduced sucrose preference in adult male and female C57BL/6 mice. Prior to the stressor, subsets of mice were intraperitoneally administered cannabinoid and orexin receptor agonists, antagonists, and combinations of these drugs. Restraint mice that received the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) antagonist SR141716A, orexin receptor type 2 (OX2R) agonist YNT-185, and the combination of SR141716A and YNT-185, exhibited less anhedonia compared to vehicle/control mice. Thus, the 24 h RST likely decreased orexin signaling, which was then restored by YNT-185. Receptor colocalization analysis throughout mesocorticolimbic brain regions revealed increased CB1R-OX1R colocalization from SR141716A and YNT-185 treatments. Although a previous study from our group showed additive cataleptic effects between CP55,940 and the dual orexin receptor antagonist (TCS-1102), the opposite combination of pharmacological agents proved additive for sucrose preference. Taken together, these results reveal more of the complex interactions between the endocannabinoid and orexin systems.
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New Insights into Bitopic Orthosteric/Allosteric Ligands of Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032135. [PMID: 36768458 PMCID: PMC9917213 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Very recently, we have developed a new generation of ligands targeting the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2R), namely JR compounds, which combine the pharmacophoric portion of the CB2R positive allosteric modulator (PAM), EC21a, with that of the CB2R selective orthosteric agonist LV62, both synthesized in our laboratories. The functional examination enabled us to identify JR14a, JR22a, and JR64a as the most promising compounds of the series. In the current study, we focused on the assessment of the bitopic (dualsteric) nature of these three compounds. Experiments in cAMP assays highlighted that only JR22a behaves as a CB2R bitopic (dualsteric) ligand. In parallel, computational studies helped us to clarify the binding mode of these three compounds at CB2R, confirming the bitopic (dualsteric) nature of JR22a. Finally, the potential of JR22a to prevent neuroinflammation was investigated on a human microglial cell inflammatory model.
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Malheiro RF, Carmo H, Carvalho F, Silva JP. Cannabinoid-mediated targeting of mitochondria on the modulation of mitochondrial function and dynamics. Pharmacol Res 2023; 187:106603. [PMID: 36516885 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a critical role in the regulation of several biological processes (e.g., programmed cell death, inflammation, neurotransmission, cell differentiation). In recent years, accumulating findings have evidenced that cannabinoids, a group of endogenous and exogenous (synthetic and plant-derived) psychoactive compounds that bind to cannabinoid receptors, may modulate mitochondrial function and dynamics. As such, mitochondria have gained increasing interest as central mediators in cannabinoids' pharmacological and toxicological signatures. Here, we review the mechanisms underlying the cannabinoids' modulation of mitochondrial activity and dynamics, as well as the potential implications of such mitochondrial processes' disruption on cell homeostasis and disease. Interestingly, cannabinoids may target different mitochondrial processes (e.g., regulation of intracellular calcium levels, bioenergetic metabolism, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dynamics, including mitochondrial fission and fusion, transport, mitophagy, and biogenesis), by modulating multiple and complex signaling pathways. Of note, the outcome may depend on the experimental models used, as well as the chemical structure, concentration, and exposure settings to the cannabinoid, originating equivocal data. Notably, this interaction seems to represent not only an important feature of cannabinoids' toxicological signatures, with potential implications for the onset of distinct pathological conditions (e.g., cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic syndromes), but also an opportunity to develop novel therapeutic strategies for such pathologies, which is also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Filipe Malheiro
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Helena Carmo
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Félix Carvalho
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - João Pedro Silva
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Aljobaily N, Krutsinger K, Viereckl MJ, Joly R, Menlove B, Cone B, Suppes A, Han Y. Low-Dose Administration of Cannabigerol Attenuates Inflammation and Fibrosis Associated with Methionine/Choline Deficient Diet-Induced NASH Model via Modulation of Cannabinoid Receptor. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010178. [PMID: 36615835 PMCID: PMC9823433 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) is the progressive form of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). NASH is distinguished by severe hepatic fibrosis and inflammation. The plant-derived, non-psychotropic compound cannabigerol (CBG) has potential anti-inflammatory effects similar to other cannabinoids. However, the impact of CBG on NASH pathology is still unknown. This study demonstrated the therapeutic potential of CBG in reducing hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, and inflammation. METHODS 8-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were fed with methionine/choline deficient (MCD) diet or control (CTR) diets for five weeks. At the beginning of week 4, mice were divided into three sub-groups and injected with either a vehicle, a low or high dose of CBG for two weeks. Overall health of the mice, Hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, and inflammation were evaluated. RESULTS Increased liver-to-body weight ratio was observed in mice fed with MCD diet, while a low dose of CBG treatment rescued the liver-to-body weight ratio. Hepatic ballooning and leukocyte infiltration were decreased in MCD mice with a low dose of CBG treatment, whereas the CBG treatment did not change the hepatic steatosis. The high dose CBG administration increased inflammation and fibrosis. Similarly, the expression of cannabinoid receptor (CB)1 and CB2 showed decreased expression with the low CBG dose but not with the high CBG dose intervention in the MCD group and were co-localized with mast cells. Additionally, the decreased mast cells were accompanied by decreased expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the low dose of CBG alleviated hepatic fibrosis and inflammation in MCD-induced NASH, however, the high dose of CBG treatment showed enhanced liver damage when compared to MCD only group. These results will provide pre-clinical data to guide future intervention studies in humans addressing the potential uses of CBG for inflammatory liver pathologies, as well as open the door for further investigation into systemic inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouf Aljobaily
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kelsey Krutsinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
| | - Michael J. Viereckl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
| | - Raznin Joly
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
| | - Bridger Menlove
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
| | - Brexton Cone
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
| | - Ailaina Suppes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
| | - Yuyan Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-970-351-2004
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Greis A, Larsen E, Liu C, Renslo B, Radakrishnan A, Wilson-Poe AR. Perceived Efficacy, Reduced Prescription Drug Use, and Minimal Side Effects of Cannabis in Patients with Chronic Orthopedic Pain. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2022; 7:865-875. [PMID: 34767730 PMCID: PMC9784606 DOI: 10.1089/can.2021.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Although cannabis is widely used for the treatment of chronic pain, most research relies on patient self-report and few studies have objectively quantified its efficacy and side effects. Extant inventories for measuring cannabis use were not designed to capture the medically relevant features of cannabis use, but rather were designed to detect problematic use or cannabis use disorder. Thus, we sought to capture the medically relevant features of cannabis use in a population of patients with orthopedic pain and pair these data with objective measures of pain and prescription drug use. Materials and Methods: In this prospective observational study, orthopedic pain patients were enrolled in Pennsylvania's medical cannabis program by their treating pain management physician, received cannabis education from their physician at the time of certification, and purchased products from state-licensed cannabis retailers. Results: Medical cannabis use was associated with clinical improvements in pain, function, and quality of life with reductions in prescription drug use; 73% either ceased or decreased opioid consumption and 31% discontinued benzodiazepines. Importantly, 52% of patients did not experience intoxication as a side effect of cannabis therapy. Significant clinical benefits of cannabis occurred within 3 months of initiating cannabis therapy and plateaued at the subsequent follow-ups. Conclusions: This work provides a direct relationship between the initiation of cannabis therapy and objectively fewer opioid and benzodiazepine prescriptions. Our work also identifies specific subpopulations of patients for whom cannabis may be most efficacious in reducing opioid consumption, and it highlights the importance of both physician involvement and patient self-titration in symptom management with cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Greis
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rothman Orthopedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eric Larsen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rothman Orthopedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Conan Liu
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bryan Renslo
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anjithaa Radakrishnan
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adrianne R. Wilson-Poe
- Dow Neurobiology, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Address correspondence to: Adrianne R. Wilson-Poe, PhD, Dow Neurobiology, Legacy Research Institute, 1225 NE 2nd Avenue Ste. 249, Portland, OR 97232, USA,
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Kwee CMB, van Gerven JMA, Bongaerts FLP, Cath DC, Jacobs G, Baas JMP, Groenink L. Cannabidiol in clinical and preclinical anxiety research. A systematic review into concentration-effect relations using the IB-de-risk tool. J Psychopharmacol 2022; 36:1299-1314. [PMID: 36239014 PMCID: PMC9716490 DOI: 10.1177/02698811221124792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical research suggests that cannabidiol (CBD) may have therapeutic potential in pathological anxiety. Dosing guidelines to inform future human studies are however lacking. AIM We aimed to predict the therapeutic window for anxiety-reducing effects of CBD in humans based on preclinical models. METHODS We conducted two systematic searches in PubMed and Embase up to August 2021, into pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) data of systemic CBD exposure in humans and animals, which includes anxiety-reducing and potential side effects. Risk of bias was assessed with SYRCLE's RoB tool and Cochrane RoB 2.0. A control group was an inclusion criterion in outcome studies. In human outcome studies, randomisation was required. We excluded studies that co-administered other substances. We used the IB-de-risk tool for a translational integration of outcomes. RESULTS We synthesised data from 87 studies. For most observations (70.3%), CBD had no effect on anxiety outcomes. There was no identifiable relation between anxiety outcomes and drug levels across species. In all species (humans, mice, rats), anxiety-reducing effects seemed to be clustered in certain concentration ranges, which differed between species. DISCUSSION A straightforward dosing recommendation was not possible, given variable concentration-effect relations across species, and no consistent linear effect of CBD on anxiety reduction. Currently, these results raise questions about the broad use as a drug for anxiety. Meta-analytic studies are needed to quantitatively investigate drug efficacy, including aspects of anxiety symptomatology. Acute and (sub)chronic dosing studies with integrated PK and PD outcomes are required for substantiated dose recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline MB Kwee
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Helmholtz Institute, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Altrecht Academic Anxiety Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Caroline MB Kwee, Department of Experimental Psychology and Helmholtz Institute, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, Utrecht 3584 CS, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Fleur LP Bongaerts
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Helmholtz Institute, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle C Cath
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands,Department of Specialist Trainings, GGZ Drenthe, Assen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johanna MP Baas
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Helmholtz Institute, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lucianne Groenink
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effects of selected cannabinoids and terpenes from Cannabis Sativa employing human primary leukocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 170:113458. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Koh Jing Jie A, Hussein M, Rao GG, Li J, Velkov T. Drug Repurposing Approaches towards Defeating Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Pathogens: Novel Polymyxin/Non-Antibiotic Combinations. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121420. [PMID: 36558754 PMCID: PMC9781023 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative pathogens remain an unmet public health threat. In recent times, increased rates of resistance have been reported not only to commonly used antibiotics, but also to the last-resort antibiotics, such as polymyxins. More worryingly, despite the current trends in resistance, there is a lack of new antibiotics in the drug-discovery pipeline. Hence, it is imperative that new strategies are developed to preserve the clinical efficacy of the current antibiotics, particularly the last-line agents. Combining conventional antibiotics such as polymyxins with non-antibiotics (or adjuvants), has emerged as a novel and effective strategy against otherwise untreatable MDR pathogens. This review explores the available literature detailing the latest polymyxin/non-antibiotic combinations, their mechanisms of action, and potential avenues to advance their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Koh Jing Jie
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Maytham Hussein
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Gauri G. Rao
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Tony Velkov
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Bardhi K, Coates S, Watson CJ, Lazarus P. Cannabinoids and drug metabolizing enzymes: potential for drug-drug interactions and implications for drug safety and efficacy. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2022; 15:1443-1460. [DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2022.2148655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keti Bardhi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Shelby Coates
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Christy J.W. Watson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Philip Lazarus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
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Pharmacological Aspects and Biological Effects of Cannabigerol and Its Synthetic Derivatives. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3336516. [PMID: 36397993 PMCID: PMC9666035 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3336516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cannabigerol (CBG) is a cannabinoid from the plant Cannabis sativa that lacks psychotomimetic effects. Its precursor is the acidic form, cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), which is, in turn, a biosynthetic precursor of the compounds cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). CBGA decarboxylation leads to the formation of neutral cannabinoid CBG, through a chemical reaction catalyzed by heat. On the basis of the growing interest in CBG and with the aim of highlighting scientific information on this phytocannabinoid, we focused the content of this article on its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics and on its principal pharmacological effects. CBG is metabolized in the liver by the enzyme CYP2J2 to produce hydroxyl and di-oxygenated products. CBG is considered a partial agonist at the CB1 receptor (R) and CB2R, as well as a regulator of endocannabinoid signaling. Potential pharmacological targets for CBG include transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) enzymes, cannabinoid, 5-HT1A, and alpha-2 receptors. Pre-clinical findings show that CBG reduces intraocular pressure, possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumoral activities, and has anti-anxiety, neuroprotective, dermatological, and appetite-stimulating effects. Several findings suggest that research on CBG deserves to be deepened, as it could be used, alone or in association, for novel therapeutic approaches for several disorders.
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