Impact of comorbid asthma on severity of coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

Consequence of COVID-19 on allergic asthma outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Asthma is a common chronic lung disease, and COVID-19 pandemic as a respiratory viral disease led to lung infection and resulted in millions of deaths. So, the impact of COVID-19 on asthma outcomes and the risk of being infected or hospitalized should be clarified. Systematic review and meta-analysis on the outcomes and risk of asthma for people with COVID-19 was done by searching electronic databases between 1 December 2019 and 31 July 2023. A total of 48 studies from 27 countries spread across all continents were included in the review. The prevalence of asthma among COVID-19 patients was 7.9%, and the analysis demonstrated a 16.5% reduction in the risk ratio for acquiring COVID-19 among subjects with asthma compared to those without asthma. There was no statistically significant difference in hospitalization risk, ICU admission risk, and death risk for COVID-19 patients with no asthma compared to those with asthma. The risk of death from COVID-19 was similar between nonasthmatics and asthmatics. The findings indicated that subjects with asthma may be at a lower risk of having infection with COVID-19 compared to those without asthma, but they have a similar risk of hospitalization and mortality.

Key Characteristics of Asthma Patients with COVID-19 Vary Substantially by Age

Introduction

Assessing COVID-19 risk in asthma patients is challenging due to disease heterogeneity and complexity. We hypothesized that potential risk factors for COVID-19 may differ among asthma age groups, hindering important insights when studied together.

Methods

We included a population-based cohort of asthma patients from the Swedish National Airway Register (SNAR) and linked to data from several national health registers. COVID-19 outcomes included infection, hospitalization, and death from Jan 2020 until Feb 2021. Asthma patients were grouped by ages 12-17, 18-39, 40-64, and ≥65 years. Characteristics of asthma patients with different COVID-19 outcomes were compared with those in their age-corresponding respective source population.

Results

Among 201,140 asthma patients studied, 11.2% were aged 12-17 years, 26.4% 18-39, 37.6% 40-64, and 24.9% ≥65 years. We observed 18,048 (9.0%) COVID-19 infections, 2172 (1.1%) hospitalizations, and 336 (0.2%) COVID-19 deaths. Deaths occurred only among patients aged ≥40. When comparing COVID-19 cases to source asthma populations by age, large differences in potential risk factors emerged, mostly for COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths. For ages 12-17, these included education, employment, autoimmune, psychiatric, and depressive conditions, and use of short-acting β-agonists (SABA) and inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). In the 18-39 age group, largest differences were for age, marital status, respiratory failure, anxiety, and body mass index. Ages 40-64 displayed notable differences for sex, birth region, cancer, oral corticosteroids, antihistamines, and smoking. For those aged ≥65, largest differences were observed for cardiovascular comorbidities, type 1 diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, allergic conditions, and specific asthma treatments (ICS-SABA, ICS-long-acting bronchodilators (LABA)). Asthma control and lung function were important across all age groups.

Conclusion

We identify distinct differences in COVID-19-related risk factors among asthma patients of different ages. This information is essential for assessing COVID-19 risk in asthma patients and for tailoring patient care and public health strategies accordingly.

Do social determinants influence post-stroke aphasia outcomes? A scoping review

PURPOSE

To conduct a scoping review on five individual social determinants of health (SDOHs): gender, education, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and social support, in relation to post-stroke aphasia outcomes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A comprehensive search across five databases was conducted in 2020 and updated in 2022. Twenty-five studies (3363 participants) met the inclusion criteria. Data on SDOHs and aphasia outcomes were extracted and analysed descriptively.

RESULTS

Twenty studies provide information on SDOH and aphasia recovery outcomes. Five studies provide insights on SDOH and response to aphasia intervention. Research on SDOH and aphasia recovery has predominantly focussed solely on language outcomes (14 studies), with less research on the role of SDOH on activity, participation, and quality of life outcomes (6 studies). There is no evidence to support a role for gender or education on language outcomes in the first 3 months post stroke. SDOHs may influence aphasia outcomes at or beyond 12 months post onset.

CONCLUSIONS

Research on SDOHs and aphasia outcomes is in its infancy. Given SDOHs are modifiable and operate over a lifetime, and aphasia is a chronic condition, there is a pressing need to understand the role of SDOHs on aphasia outcomes in the long term.

The influence of novel coronavirus pneumonia on chronic disease management of asthma-a narrative review

Background and Objective

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has taken a huge global toll on all fronts, creating new challenges for the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory diseases. For chronic management of asthma, on the one hand, the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may affect the asthma disease itself; on the other hand, in order to control the spread of the pandemic, forced isolation, mask-wearing and various disinfection measures also have an impact on the condition and medication of asthma patients. This article reviews the changes in chronic asthma management under the COVID-19 pandemic to provide reference for chronic disease management of asthma after the pandemic and for various public health emergencies in the future.

Methods

Online searching of literature was performed. The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), PubMed, Google Scholar, and EMBASE were searched.

Key Content and Findings

COVID-19 has had a huge impact on the world, and has also brought new challenges to the diagnosis and treatment of asthma and chronic disease management. On the one hand, the existence of the 2019 novel coronavirus directly affects the asthma disease itself, on the other hand, due to the particularity of the asthma disease itself, different levels of isolation and controls can cause patients with different degrees of medical difficulties; in addition, the application of various disinfectants in the environment also increases the risk of acute attacks of asthma patients, as well as mask-wearing, vaccination, anxiety about the disease, panic, etc., all of which have posed various degrees of impact on the condition and psychology of asthma patients.

Conclusions

The pandemic of COVID-19 has brought many difficulties to the chronic disease management of asthma, and has had a certain impact on the disease control of asthma patients. In the era with overflowing information, internet hospital is the current trend, and there is a long way to go for effectively penetrating medical resources virtually via the internet into chronic disease management of asthma.

Laboratory Diagnostics Accuracy for COVID-19 versus Post-COVID-19 Syndrome in Lung Disease Patients with Multimorbidity

The laboratory tests and identification of risk factors such as comorbidities are essential in the management, treatment and prognosis of patients with chronic respiratory diseases. Performing rigorous monitoring among patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome and early identification of risk factors associated with poor prognosis are crucial in improving patient outcomes. In the present study, 182 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and PCI during 2020-2022 were included. A clinical and epidemiological evaluation was performed for each patient. Laboratory tests at admission included complete blood count, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and biochemical tests. Receiver operating curve (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated to compare the diagnostic performance of each parameter. Regarding comorbidities, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and obesity were the most frequent ones. In the case of chronic lung diseases, asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) were the most frequent. Pleurisy was found especially in patients with PCI Variations in serum LDH values were observed, especially in severe forms of COVID-19 in 2020, with a mean value of 481.44 U/L, compared to patients with PCI, whose mean values (122 U/L) were within the biological range of reference. High neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) values quantified in this study were especially associated with moderate and severe forms of COVID-19 and also PCI. The Spearman correlation coefficient was determined to measure the correlations between the clinical parameters of all investigated subjects. A value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The statistical results indicated that serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose and C-reactive protein (CRP) are sensitive markers with a diagnostic role in COVID-19, and lymphocyte (Ly) count, CRP, ESR and glucose were evidenced to be target markers in PCI. LDH values were observed to be statistically significant (p < 0.005) in patients with COVID-19 and obesity evaluated in 2021, while Ly count was statistically significant (p = 0.05) in patients with PCI and arterial hypertension. Regarding comorbidities, it has been observed that obesity, arterial hypertension and cardiovascular diseases represent risk factors in COVID-19/PCI, associated especially with the severe forms of the disease.

Assessment of Some Risk Factors and Biological Predictors in the Post COVID-19 Syndrome in Asthmatic Patients

Long COVID-19 or post-COVID infection (PCI) refers to the prolongation of symptoms in people who have been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Some meta-analysis studies have shown that patients with comorbidities, such as diabetes, obesity or hypertension, have severe complications after infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The presence of chronic respiratory diseases such as bronchial asthma, COPD, pulmonary hypertension or cystic fibrosis increases the risk of developing severe forms of the COVID-19 disease. The risk of developing the severe form of COVID-19 was observed in patients with bronchial asthma being treated with corticosteroids, but also in those hospitalized with severe asthma. The biological variables determined in patients with PCI infection showed changes, especially in the hematological parameters, but also in some inflammatory markers. The aim of this study was to investigate some biological predictors in post-COVID-19 infection in patients with asthma and various comorbidities. In the case of patients diagnosed with moderate and severe forms of COVID-19, the variation in biological tests has shown high concentrations for serum glucose, lactate dehydrogenase and C-reactive protein. Additionally, the calculation of the relative risk (RR) based on the associated comorbidities in patients with PCI points to higher values for patients with asthma, hypertension, diabetes and obesity (RR moderate/severe form = 0.98/1.52), compared to patients with PCI and asthma (RR moderate/severe form = 0.36/0.63). Based on the statistical results, it can be concluded that the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity (p = 0.006) and the age of patients (p = 0.001) are the variables that contribute the most to the separation of the four classes of comorbidities considered.

Association of eosinopenia with worsening prognosis in hospitalized Azvudine-treated COVID-19 patients: a retrospective cohort study

Background

Current guidelines prioritize the use of Azvudine in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, while biomarkers for prognosis in Azvudine-treated COVID-19 patients are still lacking. Here, we aim to assess the prognostic value of eosinopenia in Azvudine-treated COVID-19 patients.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 290 consecutive Azvudine-treated hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Clinical characteristics and prognosis data were analyzed between patients with eosinopenia and with normal eosinophil levels.

Results

A total of 290 patients were enrolled in this study, with a median age of 69 years. Among them, 40.69% presented with eosinopenia and 59.31% had normal eosinophil levels. Common symptoms included cough (87.6%), expectoration (76.2%), fever (67.9%), poor appetite (47.2%), and polypnea (46.6%). Compared to patients with normal eosinophil levels, those with eosinopenia were older and less likely to experience fatigue (25.4% vs. 39.0%, P=0.016). Significant differences in laboratory parameters, particularly in blood routine and blood biochemical indicators, were observed between the two groups. Patients with eosinopenia were also less likely to develop severe illness subtypes, requiring more medication and oxygen support. The Cox proportional hazard model showed that eosinopenia was associated with worsening progression in Azvudine-treated COVID-19 patients (adjusted hazard ratio=2.79, 95% confidence interval: 1.04, 7.50), adjusting for potential confounders.

Conclusion

Eosinopenia is associated with worsening prognosis in Azvudine-treated COVID-19 patients.

Incidence and Healthcare Burden of Pertussis among Older Adults with and without Pre-Existing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or Asthma in South Korea

A retrospective cohort study was conducted to examine trends in the incidence and burden of pertussis among adults ≥50 years in South Korea, with/without pre-existing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma. The nationwide Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) database was used to identify patients ≥50 years diagnosed with pertussis (2009-2018). Mean annual incidence of pertussis per 100 000 persons and overall mean incidence rate ratios (IRR) were calculated for patients with pre-existing COPD or asthma versus those with neither. Incremental healthcare costs (all-cause and pertussis-related) and healthcare utilisation (number of outpatient visits, emergency room visits, and number and length of hospitalisations) up to 12 months after, compared to 3 months before pertussis diagnosis, were also measured for each group (matched on sex, age, and Charlson Comorbidity Index). Of 1011 pertussis cases, 175 had asthma, 96 had COPD (not mutually exclusive), and 796 had neither. Overall mean pertussis incidence was 2.5, 3.4, and 0.5 for adults with pre-existing COPD, asthma, and those with neither. IRR (95% confidence interval) of pertussis for adults with pre-existing COPD and asthma was 4.9 (4.0-‍6.1) and 6.7 (5.7-7.9). Both COPD-pertussis and asthma-pertussis groups had higher mean incremental all-cause costs and length of hospitalisations than the general-pertussis group 3 months following pertussis diagnosis. In conclusion, individuals ≥50 years in South Korea with pre-existing COPD or asthma were at an increased risk of being diagnosed with pertussis and had higher healthcare resource utilisation than those without these conditions.

Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Connective Tissue Disorders Following COVID-19

Importance

Multiple cases of autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases after COVID-19 have been reported. However, their incidences and risks have rarely been quantified.

Objective

To investigate the incidences and risks of autoimmune and autoinflammatory connective tissue disorders after COVID-19.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This was a retrospective population-based study conducted between October 8, 2020, and December 31, 2021, that used nationwide data from the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency COVID-19 National Health Insurance Service cohort and included individuals who received a diagnosis of COVID-19 via polymerase chain reaction testing and a control group with no evidence of COVID-19 identified from National Health Insurance Service of Korea cohort. Data analysis was conducted from September 2022 to August 2023.

Exposures

Receipt of diagnosis of COVID-19.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcomes were the incidence and risk of autoimmune and autoinflammatory connective tissue disorders following COVID-19. A total of 32 covariates, including demographics, socioeconomic statuses, lifestyle factors, and comorbidity profiles, were balanced through inverse probability weighting. The incidences and risks of autoimmune and autoinflammatory connective tissue disorders were compared between the groups using multivariable Cox proportional hazard analyses.

Results

A total of 354 527 individuals with COVID-19 (mean [SD] age, 52.24 [15.55] years; 179 041 women [50.50%]) and 6 134 940 controls (mean [SD] age, 52.05 [15.63] years; 3 074 573 women [50.12%]) were included. The risks of alopecia areata (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.12; 95% CI, 1.05-1.19), alopecia totalis (aHR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.39-2.17), antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (aHR, 2.76; 95% CI, 1.64-4.65), Crohn disease (aHR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.31-2.15), and sarcoidosis (aHR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.00-2.52) were higher in the COVID-19 group. The risks of alopecia totalis, psoriasis, vitiligo, vasculitis, Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, adult-onset Still disease, Sjögren syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, and sarcoidosis were associated with the severity of COVID-19.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this retrospective cohort study, COVID-19 was associated with a substantial risk for autoimmune and autoinflammatory connective tissue disorders, indicating that long-term management of patients with COVID-19 should include evaluation for such disorders.

GEMA 5.3. Spanish Guideline on the Management of Asthma

The Spanish Guideline on the Management of Asthma, better known by its acronym in Spanish GEMA, has been available for more than 20 years. Twenty-one scientific societies or related groups both from Spain and internationally have participated in the preparation and development of the updated edition of GEMA, which in fact has been currently positioned as the reference guide on asthma in the Spanish language worldwide. Its objective is to prevent and improve the clinical situation of people with asthma by increasing the knowledge of healthcare professionals involved in their care. Its purpose is to convert scientific evidence into simple and easy-to-follow practical recommendations. Therefore, it is not a monograph that brings together all the scientific knowledge about the disease, but rather a brief document with the essentials, designed to be applied quickly in routine clinical practice. The guidelines are necessarily multidisciplinary, developed to be useful and an indispensable tool for physicians of different specialties, as well as nurses and pharmacists. Probably the most outstanding aspects of the guide are the recommendations to: establish the diagnosis of asthma using a sequential algorithm based on objective diagnostic tests; the follow-up of patients, preferably based on the strategy of achieving and maintaining control of the disease; treatment according to the level of severity of asthma, using six steps from least to greatest need of pharmaceutical drugs, and the treatment algorithm for the indication of biologics in patients with severe uncontrolled asthma based on phenotypes. And now, in addition to that, there is a novelty for easy use and follow-up through a computer application based on the chatbot-type conversational artificial intelligence (ia-GEMA).

Characteristics and outcomes of adult patients with asthma presenting with COVID-19: A comparative cohort study

BACKGROUND

Bronchial asthma affects about 20% of Qatar's population. The impact of asthma on COVID-19 outcomes is controversial. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of asthma on COVID-19 outcomes and the predictors of COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality in a cohort of asthma patients infected by COVID-19.

METHODS

This is a retrospective cohort study of adult patients with asthma infected with COVID-19, who were recruited from Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), the main healthcare system in Qatar. Patients were matched to a control group of non-asthmatic COVID-19 patients (1:2) based on sex, age, and other comorbidities.

RESULTS

Between March and August 2020, 616 patients with asthma met the inclusion criteria. The need for hospitalization among patients with asthma was independently associated with older age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] for 10 years, 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-1.54; p = 0.001) and hypertension (aOR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.43-3.93; p = 0.001) but not with the use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), long-acting beta2 agonists, montelukast, or tiotropium. Patients with asthma required less hospitalization for COVID-19 than non-asthmatic patients (28.2% vs. 37.3%, respectively; aOR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.77-0.90; p < 0.001). However, admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) was comparable between both groups (3.3% vs. 2.2%; aOR, 1.64; 95% CI, 0.78-3.43; p = 0.193). No difference in mortality rate was observed between the two groups.

CONCLUSIONS

In Qatar, adult patients with asthma do not appear to be at higher risk of COVID-19-related hospitalization or ICU admission compared to the general adult COVID-19-infected population. Older age and hypertension were the only significant predictors of COVID-19-related hospitalization among patients with asthma. Further larger studies are required to confirm such an association.

Multilevel Analysis of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in COVID-19 Hospitalization among Children with Allergies

Rationale: Previous studies have identified risk factors for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) hospitalization in children. However, these studies have been limited in their ability to disentangle the contribution of racial disparities, allergic comorbidities, and environmental exposures to the development of severe COVID-19 in at-risk children with allergies. Objectives: To examine racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 hospitalization and their links to potentially underlying allergic comorbidities and individual and place-based factors in children with allergies. Methods: This is an electronic health record-based retrospective study of children in 2020. The outcome was COVID-19 hospitalization categorized as no hospital care for patients with asymptomatic/mild illness, short stay for patients admitted and discharged within 24 hours, and prolonged stay for patients requiring additional time to discharge (more than 24 h). Mixed-effects and mediation models were used to determine relationships among independent variables, mediators, and COVID-19 hospitalization. Results: Among the 5,258 children with COVID-19 positive test or diagnosis, 10% required a short stay, and 3.7% required a prolonged stay. Black and Hispanic children had higher odds of longer stays than non-Hispanic White children (both P < 0.001). Children with obesity and eosinophilic esophagitis diagnoses had higher odds of short and prolonged stay (all P < 0.05). Area-level deprivation was associated with short stay (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 15.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.16-45.47 for every 0.1-unit increase) and prolonged stay (AOR, 11.82; 95% CI, 2.25-62.01 for every 0.1-unit increase). Associations between race/ethnicity and COVID-19 hospitalization were primarily mediated by insurance and area-level deprivation, altogether accounting for 99% of the variation in COVID-19 hospitalization. Conclusions: There were racial and ethnic differences in children with allergies and individual and place-based factors related to COVID-19 hospitalization. Differences were primarily mediated by insurance and area-level deprivation, altogether accounting for 99% of the variation in COVID-19 hospitalization. A better understanding of COVID-related morbidity in children and the link to place-based factors is key to developing prevention strategies capable of equitably improving outcomes.

Comorbid asthma decreased the risk for COVID-19 mortality in the United Kingdom: Evidence based on a meta-analysis

The study aimed to investigate the influence of comorbid asthma on the risk for mortality among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the United Kingdom (UK) by utilizing a quantitative meta-analysis. The pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was estimated by conducting a random-effects model. Sensitivity analysis, I² statistic, meta-regression, subgroup analysis, Begg's analysis and Egger's analysis were all implemented. Our results presented that comorbid asthma was significantly related to a decreased risk for COVID-19 mortality in the UK based on 24 eligible studies with 1,209,675 COVID-19 patients (pooled OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.71-0.93; I² = 89.2%, P < 0.01). Coming through further meta-regression to seek the possible cause of heterogeneity, none of elements might be responsible for heterogeneity. A sensitivity analysis proved the stability and reliability of the overall results. Both Begg's analysis (P = 1.000) and Egger's analysis (P = 0.271) manifested that publication bias did not exist. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that COVID-19 patients with comorbid asthma might bear a lower risk for mortality in the UK. Furthermore, routine intervention and treatment of asthma patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection should be continued in the UK.

The association of preexisting severe asthma with COVID-19 outcomes

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Three years after the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), many studies have examined the association between asthma and COVID-related morbidity and mortality, with most showing that asthma does not increase risk. However, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) currently suggests that patients with severe asthma may, nonetheless, be particularly vulnerable to COVID-19-related morbidity.

RECENT FINDINGS

With respect to poor COVID-19 outcomes, our search yielded nine studies that quantified associations with severe asthma, seven that considered use of monoclonal antibodies (mAB), and 14 that considered inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) use. mAb and ICS use have been used as measures of severe asthma in several studies. Severe asthma was significantly associated with poor COVID-19 outcomes. The results for mAb and ICS were mixed.

SUMMARY

An increased risk of poor COVID-19 outcomes in patients with severe asthma is possible. However, these studies remain sparse and suffer from several methodological limitations that hinder their interpretation. Additional evidence is needed to provide clear, cogent guidance for health agencies seeking to inform patients with asthma about potential risks due to COVID-19.

Relationship between asthma and severe COVID-19: a national cohort study

BACKGROUND

We aimed to determine whether children and adults with poorly controlled or more severe asthma have greater risk of hospitalisation and/or death from COVID-19.

METHODS

We used individual-level data from the Office for National Statistics Public Health Data Asset, based on the 2011 census in England, and the General Practice Extraction Service data for pandemic planning and research linked to death registration records and Hospital Episode Statistics admission data. Adults were followed from 1 January 2020 to 30 September 2021 for hospitalisation or death from COVID-19. For children, only hospitalisation was included.

RESULTS

Our cohort comprised 35 202 533 adults and 2 996 503 children aged 12-17 years. After controlling for sociodemographic factors, pre-existing health conditions and vaccine status, the risk of death involving COVID-19 for adults with asthma prescribed low dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) was not significantly different from those without asthma. Adults with asthma prescribed medium and high dosage ICS had an elevated risk of COVID-19 death; HRs 1.18 (95% CI 1.14 to 1.23) and 1.36 (95% CI 1.28 to 1.44), respectively. A similar pattern was observed for COVID-19 hospitalisation; fully adjusted HRs 1.53 (95% CI 1.50 to 1.56) and 1.52 (95% CI 1.46 to 1.56) for adults with asthma prescribed medium and high-dosage ICS, respectively. Risk of hospitalisation was greater for children with asthma prescribed one (2.58 (95% CI 1.82 to 3.66)) or two or more (3.80 (95% CI 2.41 to 5.95)) courses of oral corticosteroids in the year prior to the pandemic.

DISCUSSION

People with mild and/or well-controlled asthma are neither at significantly increased risk of hospitalisation with nor more likely to die from COVID-19 than adults without asthma.

Inhalation of virus-loaded droplets as a clinically plausible pathway to deep lung infection

Respiratory viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, preliminarily infect the nasopharyngeal mucosa. The mechanism of infection spread from the nasopharynx to the deep lung-which may cause a severe infection-is, however, still unclear. We propose a clinically plausible mechanism of infection spread to the deep lung through droplets, present in the nasopharynx, inhaled and transported into the lower respiratory tract. A coupled mathematical model of droplet, virus transport and virus infection kinetics is exercised to demonstrate clinically observed times to deep lung infection. The model predicts, in agreement with clinical observations, that severe infection can develop in the deep lung within 2.5-7 days of initial symptom onset. Results indicate that while fluid dynamics plays an important role in transporting the droplets, infection kinetics and immune responses determine infection growth and resolution. Immune responses, particularly antibodies and T-lymphocytes, are observed to be critically important for preventing infection severity. This reinforces the role of vaccination in preventing severe infection. Managing aerosolization of infected nasopharyngeal mucosa is additionally suggested as a strategy for minimizing infection spread and severity.

Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors

The clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 are highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe disease and death. Understanding the risk factors of severe COVID-19 is relevant both in the clinical setting and at the epidemiological level. Here, we provide an overview of host, viral and environmental factors that have been shown or (in some cases) hypothesized to be associated with severe clinical outcomes. The factors considered in detail include the age and frailty, genetic polymorphisms, biological sex (and pregnancy), co- and superinfections, non-communicable comorbidities, immunological history, microbiota, and lifestyle of the patient; viral genetic variation and infecting dose; socioeconomic factors; and air pollution. For each category, we compile (sometimes conflicting) evidence for the association of the factor with COVID-19 outcomes (including the strength of the effect) and outline possible action mechanisms. We also discuss the complex interactions between the various risk factors.

Comorbid Asthma Increased the Risk for COVID-19 Mortality in Asia: A Meta-Analysis

We aimed to explore the influence of comorbid asthma on the risk for mortality among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Asia by using a meta-analysis. Electronic databases were systematically searched for eligible studies. The pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was estimated by using a random-effect model. An inconsistency index (I2) was utilized to assess the statistical heterogeneity. A total of 103 eligible studies with 198,078 COVID-19 patients were enrolled in the meta-analysis; our results demonstrated that comorbid asthma was significantly related to an increased risk for COVID-19 mortality in Asia (pooled OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.20−1.68; I2 = 70%, p < 0.01). Subgroup analyses by the proportion of males, setting, and sample sizes generated consistent findings. Meta-regression indicated that male proportion might be the possible sources of heterogeneity. A sensitivity analysis exhibited the reliability and stability of the overall results. Both Begg’s analysis (p = 0.835) and Egger’s analysis (p = 0.847) revealed that publication bias might not exist. In conclusion, COVID-19 patients with comorbid asthma might bear a higher risk for mortality in Asia, at least among non-elderly individuals.

COVID-19 Vaccination Prioritization Strategies in Malaysia: A Retrospective Analysis of Early Evidence

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that can cause extreme acute respiratory syndrome has posed a catastrophic threat to public health. The vaccines had indeed restored optimism and, after more than two years of battling the pandemic, there is renewed hope for the transition to endemicity. At the start of vaccination efforts, when supply shortages of vaccines were inevitable, every nation determined the high-risk population groups to be given priority for the COVID-19 vaccines. In this paper, the characteristics of the initial COVID-19 vaccine recipients in Malaysia are described. In line with the policies of many other countries, Malaysia firstly inoculated frontline healthcare workers, and subsequently the list of front liners grew to include defense and security personnel and those involved in the provision of essential services. People with disabilities or those with special needs and several underlying medical conditions that increased their risk of developing severe COVID-related illnesses were included in the priority categories. These included patients with severe lung disease, chronic heart disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, neurological disease, diabetes mellitus and obesity in adults, splenic dysfunction, and severe mental illness. With little information and under circumstances of great uncertainty, the Health Ministry of a middle-income country had developed a vaccination priority-list based on the disease's epidemiology and clinical data, vaccine type, operational considerations, and risk evaluation. Early evidence was presented and suggested that the full vaccination with any of the three predominant vaccines (AZD1222, BNT162b2, and CoronaVac) in the country had been highly effective in preventing COVID-19 infections, COVID-19-related ICU admissions, and death. As many SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoC), such as the Omicron BA.2/4/5, are emerging, future vaccination strategies may necessitate the need to change the immunogen of the vaccine, as well as considerations for when to give high-risk groups booster injections. These considerations are valuable for future planning by policymakers and healthcare providers to make vaccination policy and decisions, especially for the inclusion of the COVID-19 vaccines into national immunization programs.

COVID-19 in a group of children with asthma: presentation, severity, and outcome

BACKGROUND

There are insufficient data concerning COVID-19 severity among asthmatic children.

AIM

to evaluate the impact of asthma on COVID-19 severity and outcome.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We carried out an observational study that comprised 2 matched groups of children with confirmed/probable COVID-19: 30 with and 32 without asthma aged 6-18 years, who were enrolled consecutively from Children's Hospital, Ain Shams University, Egypt. COVID-19 clinical presentations, laboratory and radiological abnormalities, severity and outcome were compared between the 2 groups. Asthma severity and control were assessed based on GINA 2020.

RESULTS

The asthmatic COVID-19 children were 9 boys and 21 girls, with median age 9 years, IQR: 8-12 years. The non-asthmatic COVID-19 group included 18 males and 14 females with median age 9.5 years, IQR: 7-12.5 years. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19 were comparable among the 2 groups, except for wheezes which were more frequently encountered as a COVID-19 manifestation among the asthmatics (p=0.001). Multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-c) was diagnosed in one asthmatic and 3 non-asthmatic patients. The asthmatic group had higher frequency of serum ferritin, LDH and D-dimer elevations compared to the non-asthmatic peers (p values 0.014, 0.001, and 0.015 respectively). Based on CO-RAD classification, 70% of the asthmatic patients had CO-RAD score of 5 versus 6.3 % among the non-asthmatic group with significant differences between the 2 groups in their CO-RAD scores (P=0.002). COVID-19 severity was comparable among the studied groups (P=0.775), as well as COVID-19 outcome and duration of hospital stay (p values 0.999, and 0.655, respectively).

CONCLUSION

From our limited sample sized study, childhood asthma did not pose a significant impact on COVID-19 severity and outcome. Further longitudinal studies are warranted to validate our conclusion and investigate the relation of COVID-19 severity and outcome to allergen immunotherapy and the use of biologicals for asthma treatment.

Experiences and behaviours of patients with asthma requesting prescriptions from primary care during medication shortages linked to the COVID-19 lockdown: insights from a qualitative analysis of a UK asthma online community

BACKGROUND

Inhaler shortages were reported in the UK following declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic, prompting advice against stockpiling.

AIM

To understand experiences and behaviours of patients with asthma requesting prescriptions from primary care during asthma medication shortages.

DESIGN & SETTING

UK asthma online community, between March and December 2020.

METHOD

Thematic analysis of posts identified using search terms 'shortage', 'out of stock', 'prescribe', and 'prescription'.

RESULTS

Sixty-seven participants were identified (48 adults, two children, 17 unstated age). Factors leading to increased requests included the following: stockpiling; early ordering; realising inhalers were out of date; and doctors prescribing multiple medication items. Patients' anxieties that could lead to stockpiling included the following: fear of asthma attacks leading to admission and acquiring COVID-19 in hospital; lack of dose counters on some inhalers; and believing a lower amount of drug is delivered in the last actuations. Strategies adopted in relation to shortages or changes in treatment owing to out-of-stock medications included the following: starting stockpiling; ordering prescriptions early; contacting medical professionals for advice or alternative prescriptions; getting 'emergency prescriptions'; ordering online or privately; seeking medications in different pharmacies; contacting drug manufacturers; and keeping track of number of doses left in canisters. No evidence was found of anxiety-triggered asthma symptoms that required medications due to fear of COVID-19. Participants seemed to disregard advice against stockpiling.

CONCLUSION

Better preparation is a key lesson from the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinicians, the pharmaceutical industry, and policymakers should use insights from this work to plan how to better manage medication shortages in future emergency situations.

Effect of asthma, COPD, and ACO on COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction

The prevalence of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and asthma-COPD overlap (ACO) in patients with COVID-19 varies, as well as their risks of mortality. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of asthma, COPD, and ACO as comorbidities, and to determine their risks of mortality in patients with COVID-19 using a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods

We systematically reviewed clinical studies that reported the comorbidities of asthma, COPD, and ACO in patients with COVID-19. We searched various databases including PubMed (from inception to 27 September 2021) for eligible studies written in English. A meta-analysis was performed using the random-effect model for measuring the prevalence of asthma, COPD, and ACO as comorbidities, and the mortality risk of asthma, COPD, and ACO in patients with COVID-19 was estimated. A stratified analysis was conducted according to country.

Results

One hundred one studies were eligible, and 1,229,434 patients with COVID-19 were identified. Among them, the estimated prevalence of asthma, COPD, and ACO using a meta-analysis was 10.04% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.79–11.30), 8.18% (95% CI, 7.01–9.35), and 3.70% (95% CI, 2.40–5.00), respectively. The odds ratio for mortality of pre-existing asthma in COVID-19 patients was 0.89 (95% CI, 0.55–1.4; p = 0.630), while that in pre-existing COPD in COVID-19 patients was 3.79 (95% CI, 2.74–5.24; p<0.001). France showed the highest prevalence of asthma followed by the UK, while that of COPD was highest in the Netherlands followed by India.

Conclusion

Pre-existing asthma and COPD are associated with the incidence of COVID-19. Having COPD significantly increases the risk of mortality in patients with COVID-19. These differences appear to be influenced by the difference of locations of disease pathophysiology and by the daily diagnosis and treatment policy of each country.

Forecasting Model Based on Lifestyle Risk and Health Factors to Predict COVID-19 Severity

The COVID-19 pandemic has now spread worldwide, becoming a real global health emergency. The main goal of this work is to present a framework for studying the impact of COVID-19 on Italian territory during the first year of the pandemic. Our study was based on different kinds of health features and lifestyle risk factors and exploited the capabilities of machine learning techniques. Furthermore, we verified through our model how these factors influenced the severity of the pandemics. Using publicly available datasets provided by the Italian Civil Protection, Italian Ministry of Health and Italian National Statistical Institute, we cross-validated the regression performance of a Random Forest model over 21 Italian regions. The robustness of the predictions was assessed by comparison with two other state-of-the-art regression tools. Our results showed that the proposed models reached a good agreement with data. We found that the features strongly associated with the severity of COVID-19 in Italy are the people aged over 65 flu vaccinated (24.6%) together with individual lifestyle behaviors. These findings could shed more light on the clinical and physiological aspects of the disease.

A Case of Rhabdomyolysis in a Young, Morbidly Obese, Asthmatic Woman With COVID-19

COVID-19 is a respiratory disease that has been shown to have extrapulmonary manifestations. One association with COVID-19 is rhabdomyolysis, which is defined as the breakdown of skeletal muscles. There have been increasing reports of rhabdomyolysis in obese, middle-aged male COVID-19 patients, but limited published cases affecting young adult females. This case discusses the early presentation of rhabdomyolysis in a young, morbidly obese, asthmatic woman with COVID-19.

A 28-year-old, unvaccinated, African American female with past medical history of asthma, tobacco abuse, and a BMI of 46 initially presented to the emergency department with a complaint of fever, cough, and shortness of breath for two days. She was initially diagnosed with an asthma exacerbation and was treated symptomatically, but her symptoms persisted despite treatment. She began to experience myalgias the next day, followed by bilateral lower extremity weakness and dark urine two days later. Urinalysis revealed gross hematuria, 2-4 red blood cells per high-power field, 100 mg/dL protein, >8.0 mg/dL urobilinogen, and 0-2 hyaline casts. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and creatine kinase (CK) levels were noted to be elevated. Her subsequent COVID-19 test was positive, and both blood and respiratory cultures were negative. She was diagnosed with rhabdomyolysis which was likely secondary to COVID-19. Her CK, ALT, and AST levels normalized after two weeks with the resolution of rhabdomyolysis, but she continued to have persistent COVID-19 infection and deteriorating respiratory status. She eventually required mechanical ventilation on day 20 and passed away on day 59 of hospitalization.

Rhabdomyolysis is an infrequent finding that can be associated with COVID-19. It has been increasingly reported in middle-aged obese male patients but is far less common in younger females. The presence of elevated CK has been associated with higher mortality among COVID-19 patients, but current literature demonstrates that the majority of these patients are older males. It is imperative to recognize and treat rhabdomyolysis in all patients, particularly younger females, to help mitigate the comorbidities of COVID-19.

Serum microRNAs targeting ACE2 and RAB14 genes distinguish asymptomatic from critical COVID-19 patients

Despite the extraordinary advances achieved to beat COVID-19 disease, many questions remain unsolved, including the mechanisms of action of SARS-CoV-2 and which factors determine why individuals respond so differently to the viral infection. Herein, we performed an in silico analysis to identify host microRNA targeting ACE2, TMPRSS2, and/or RAB14, all genes known to participate in viral entry and replication. Next, the levels of six microRNA candidates previously linked to viral and respiratory-related pathologies were measured in the serum of COVID-19-negative controls (n = 16), IgG-positive COVID-19 asymptomatic individuals (n = 16), and critical COVID-19 patients (n = 17). Four of the peripheral microRNAs analyzed (hsa-miR-32-5p, hsa-miR-98-3p, hsa-miR-423-3p, and hsa-miR-1246) were upregulated in COVID-19 critical patients compared with COVID-19-negative controls. Moreover, hsa-miR-32-5p and hsa-miR-1246 levels were also altered in critical versus asymptomatic individuals. Furthermore, these microRNA target genes were related to viral infection, inflammatory response, and coagulation-related processes. In conclusion, SARS-CoV-2 promotes the alteration of microRNAs targeting the expression of key proteins for viral entry and replication, and these changes are associated with disease severity. The microRNAs identified could be taken as potential biomarkers of COVID-19 progression as well as candidates for future therapeutic approaches against this disease.

The impact of chronic cardiovascular disease on COVID-19 clinical course

Background

According to previous univariate analyses, chronic cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been associated with worse prognoses in severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, in the presence of a complex system, such as a human organism, the use of multivariate analyses is more appropriate and there are still few studies with this approach.

Aim

Using a significant sample of patients hospitalized in a single center, this study aimed to evaluate, whether the presence of CVD was an independent factor in death due to COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We also aimed to identify the clinical and laboratory predictors of death in an isolated group of cardiac patients.

Methods

This case-control study was conducted with patients admitted to a tertiary hospital and affected by COVID-19 in 2020. Variables were collected from the Brazilian surveillance system of hospitalized cases (SIVEP-Gripe) and electronic medical records. Multivariate logistic regressions with backward elimination were performed to analyze, whether CVD was an independent risk factor for death, and variables with P < 0.05 remained in the final model.

Results

A total of 2675 patients were analyzed. The median age was 60.4 years, and 55.33% of the patients were male. Odds ratios showed that age (OR 1.059), male sex (OR 1.471), Down syndrome (OR 54.980), diabetes (OR 1.626), asthma (OR 1.995), immunosuppression (OR 2.871), obesity (OR 1.432), chronic lung disease (OR 1.803), kidney disease (OR 1.789), and neurological diseases (OR 2.515) were independently associated with death. Neither the presence of heart disease nor the isolated analysis of each chronic CVD element (systemic arterial hypertension, congenital heart disease, previous acute myocardial infarction and cardiac surgery, obstructive coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, and pacemaker use) showed as independent risk factors for death. However, an analysis restricted to 489 patients with chronic CVD showed troponin T (TnT) as an independent predictor of death (OR 4.073).

Conclusions

Neither chronic CVD nor its subcomponents proved to be independent risk factors for death due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. A TnT level of 14 pg/mL was associated with a higher occurrence of death in the isolated group of patients with chronic heart disease.

Relevance for Patients

Patients with chronic CVD may require more attention in the context of COVID-19 due to higher proportions of these individuals having a more severe progression of disease. However, regarding mortality in these patients, further studies should be conducted concerning comorbidities and acute myocardial injury.

Comparison of clinical features of COVID-19 infection in children with asthma and their healthy peers

AIM

We aimed to assess the impact of COVID-19 on asthma exacerbations and to compare the severity of symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection of asthmatic children with those of healthy children.

METHODS

The clinical course of COVID-19 was compared among 89 children with asthma and 84 healthy children with age- and gender-matched. Demographic factors, severity of asthma, duration of asthma, presence of atopy, type of treatment, and compliance to treatment in asthmatic children on clinical course of infection and to determine the risk factors for severe course for asthma exacerbation during COVID-19 were evaluated retrospectively. Demographic characteristics, clinical symptoms, duration of complaints, and hospitalization rates were statistically compared between the two groups.

RESULTS

Both groups had similar rates of symptomatic disease, hospitalization, and duration of fever. Among children with asthma mean age was 10.3 years, 59.6% were male, and 84.3% had mild asthma. Dyspnea was more prevalent in asthmatic children (p:0.012), but other clinical findings were not different from those of healthy controls. 12.4% (n:11) of asthmatic children had asthma exacerbation, 2.2% (n:2) of them were hospitalized; one (1.1%) of which was due to asthma exacerbation.

CONCLUSION

The course of COVID-19 in patients with mild to moderate asthma, who were followed up regularly and who were compliant with their treatment, was similar to their healthy peers. Since there was no severe asthma case in our study, the results could not have been generalized to all asthmatic patients. Further comprehensive and multicenter studies are required in pediatric population.

Epidemiology, Healthcare Resource Utilization, and Mortality of Asthma and COPD in COVID-19: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analyses

Purpose

There has been concern that asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD] increase the risk of developing and exacerbating COVID-19. The effect of medications such as inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and biologics on COVID-19 is unclear. This systematic literature review analyzed the published evidence on epidemiology and the burden of illness of asthma and COPD, and the use of baseline medicines among COVID-19 populations.

Patients and Methods

Using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, Embase®, MEDLINE® and Cochrane were searched (January 2019–August 2021). The prevalence of asthma or COPD among COVID-19 populations was compared to the country-specific populations. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated to compare healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) rates, and meta-analyses of outcomes were estimated from age-adjusted ORs (aORs) or hazard ratios (aHRs). Meta-analyses of COVID-19 outcomes were conducted using random effects models for binary outcomes.

Results

Given the number and heterogeneity of studies, only 183 high-quality studies were analyzed, which reported hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, ventilation/intubation, or mortality. Asthma patients were not at increased risk for COVID-19–related hospitalization (OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.92 to 1.20), ICU admission (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 0.99 to 1.1.48), ventilation/intubation (OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 0.95 to 1.62), or mortality (OR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.75 to 0.96). Accounting for confounding variables, COPD patients were at higher risk of hospitalization (aOR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.30 to 1.61), ICU admission (aOR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.08 to 1.51), and mortality (aOR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.37 to 1.65). Sixty-five studies reported outcomes associated with ICS or biologic use. There was limited evidence that ICS or biologics significantly impacted the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, HCRU, or mortality in asthma or COPD patients.

Conclusion

In high-quality studies included, patients with asthma were not at significantly higher odds for adverse COVID-19–related outcomes, while patients with COPD were at higher odds. There was no clear evidence that baseline medication affected outcomes.

Registration

PROSPERO (CRD42021233963).

The Effects of Sex Hormones and some Respiratory Diseases on the Severity of Corona Virus Infection

Sex hormones and chronic respiratory diseases play a role in the pathogenesis and the management of Covid-19 infection. Present research tries to shed light on the role of sex hormones, bronchial asthma and lung cancer on the severity of Covid-19 infection and the resulting mortality rate. This study included a follow-up of the health status of 85 patients infected with Covid-19, and all the patients previously diagnosed had hereditary respiratory diseases (bronchial asthma (64) and lung cancer (21)). The serum level of progesterone and testosterone and the stages of lung cancer development were measured in the laboratories of Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital. After conducting medical examinations, computed tomography and x-rays, the severity of Covid-19 infection was classified according to the WHO to moderate, severe and critical infection. The current results showed that most of the hospitalized cases were males (65%) with a death rate (18%), so bronchial asthma was associated with the death rate in males (70% of dead males), followed by postmenopausal (POM) women (66.7% of the dead woman), while pre-menopausal (PRM) women had the highest cure rate (100%). The results of the study showed that the rise in the mean of progesterone in PRM (13.55 ng/ml) was associated with moderate symptoms of Covid-19, while the increased testosterone in males and POM (1018 ng/dL and 67.3 ng/dL, respectively) was associated with an increase in the severity of the infection. In conclusion, asthma and high testosterone directly affected the increase in the severity of Covid-19 and the high mortality rate among the Corona sufferers. While advanced lung cancer had a clear role in that, at the same time, progesterone appeared as a protective factor in young women. Keywords: Covid-19, bronchial asthma, lung cancer, testosterone, progesterone

Heterogeneity and Risk of Bias in Studies Examining Risk Factors for Severe Illness and Death in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized the evidence on the impacts of demographics and comorbidities on the clinical outcomes of COVID-19, as well as the sources of the heterogeneity and publication bias of the relevant studies. Two authors independently searched the literature from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library, and CINAHL on 18 May 2021; removed duplicates; screened the titles, abstracts, and full texts by using criteria; and extracted data from the eligible articles. The variations among the studies were examined by using Cochrane, Q.; I2, and meta-regression. Out of 11,975 articles that were obtained from the databases and screened, 559 studies were abstracted, and then, where appropriate, were analyzed by meta-analysis (n = 542). COVID-19-related severe illness, admission to the ICU, and death were significantly correlated with comorbidities, male sex, and an age older than 60 or 65 years, although high heterogeneity was present in the pooled estimates. The study design, the study country, the sample size, and the year of publication contributed to this. There was publication bias among the studies that compared the odds of COVID-19-related deaths, severe illness, and admission to the ICU on the basis of the comorbidity status. While an older age and chronic diseases were shown to increase the risk of developing severe illness, admission to the ICU, and death among the COVID-19 patients in our analysis, a marked heterogeneity was present when linking the specific risks with the outcomes.

Short and Long-Term Impact of COVID-19 Infection on Previous Respiratory Diseases

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic. Till now, it affected 452.4 million (Spain, 11.18 million) persons all over the world with a total of 6.04 million of deaths (Spain, 100,992). It is observed that 75% of hospitalized COVID-19 patients have at least one COVID-19 associated comorbidity. It was shown that people with underlying chronic illnesses are more likely to get it and grow seriously ill. Individuals with COVID-19 who have a past medical history of cardiovascular disorder, cancer, obesity, chronic lung disease, diabetes, or neurological disease had the worst prognosis and are more likely to develop acute respiratory distress syndrome or pneumonia. COVID-19 can affect the respiratory system in a variety of ways and across a spectrum of levels of disease severity, depending on a person's immune system, age and comorbidities. Symptoms can range from mild, such as cough, shortness of breath and fever, to critical disease, including respiratory failure, shock and multi-organ system failure. So, COVID-19 infection can cause overall worsening of these previous respiratory diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), interstitial lung disease, etc. This review aims to provide information on the impact of the COVID-19 disease on pre-existing lung comorbidities.

Comorbidities and clinical complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: an overview

The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes major challenges to the healthcare system. SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to millions of deaths worldwide and the mortality rate is found to be greatly associated with pre-existing clinical conditions. The existing dataset strongly suggests that cardiometabolic diseases including hypertension, coronary artery disease, diabetes and obesity serve as strong comorbidities in coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Studies have also shown the poor outcome of COVID-19 in patients associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 polymorphism, cancer chemotherapy, chronic kidney disease, thyroid disorder, or coagulation dysfunction. A severe complication of COVID-19 is mostly seen in people with compromised medical history. SARS-CoV-2 appears to attack the respiratory system causing pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, which lead to induction of severe systemic inflammation, multi-organ dysfunction, and death mostly in the patients who are associated with pre-existing comorbidity factors. In this article, we highlighted the key comorbidities and a variety of clinical complications associated with COVID-19 for a better understanding of the etiopathogenesis of COVID-19.

Risk of serious COVID-19 outcomes among adults with asthma in Scotland: a national incident cohort study

BACKGROUND

There is considerable uncertainty over whether adults with asthma should be offered booster vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and, if so, who should be prioritised for booster vaccination. We were asked by the UK's Joint Commission on Vaccination and Immunisation to undertake an urgent analysis to identify which adults with asthma were at an increased risk of serious COVID-19 outcomes to inform deliberations on booster COVID-19 vaccines.

METHODS

This national incident cohort study was done in all adults in Scotland aged 18 years and older who were included in the linked dataset of Early Pandemic Evaluation and Enhanced Surveillance of COVID-19 (EAVE II). We used data from EAVE II to investigate the risk of COVID-19 hospitalisation and the composite outcome of intensive care unit (ICU) admission or death from COVID-19 among adults with asthma. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to derive adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for the association between asthma and COVID-19 hospital admission and ICU admission or death, stratified by markers of history of an asthma attack defined by either oral corticosteroid prescription (prednisolone, prednisone, and dexamethasone) in the 2 years before March 1, 2020, or hospitalisation for asthma before March 1, 2020. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, comorbidity, previous hospitalisation, and vaccine status.

FINDINGS

Between March 1, 2020, and July 27, 2021, 561 279 (12·7%) of 4 421 663 adults in Scotland had clinician-diagnosed-and-recorded-asthma. Among adults with asthma, 39 253 (7·0%) had confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections, of whom 4828 (12·3%) were admitted to hospital for COVID-19 (among them, an estimated 600 [12·4%] might have been due to nosocomial infections). Adults with asthma were found to be at an increased risk of COVID-19 hospital admission (adjusted HR 1·27, 95% CI 1·23-1·32) compared with those without asthma. When using oral corticosteroid prescribing in the preceding 2 years as a marker for history of an asthma attack, the adjusted HR was 1·54 (95% CI 1·46-1·61) for those with three or more prescribed courses of oral corticosteroids, 1·37 (1·26-1·48) for those with two prescribed courses, 1·30 (1·23-1·37) for those with one prescribed course, and 1·15 (1·11-1·21) for those without any courses, compared with those aged 18 years or older without asthma. Adults with asthma were found to be at an increased risk of COVID-19 ICU admission or death compared with those without asthma (adjusted HR 1·13, 95 % CI 1·05-1·22). The adjusted HR was 1·44 (95% CI 1·31-1·58) for those with three or more prescribed courses of oral corticosteroids, 1·27 (1·09-1·48) for those with two prescribed courses, 1·04 (0·93-1·16) for those with one prescribed course, and 1·06 (0·97-1·17) for those without any course, compared with adults without asthma.

INTERPRETATION

Adults with asthma who have required two or more courses of oral corticosteroids in the previous 2 years or a hospital admission for asthma before March 1, 2020, are at increased risk of both COVID-19 hospitalisation and ICU admission or death. Patients with a recent asthma attack should be considered a priority group for booster COVID-19 vaccines.

FUNDING

UK Research and Innovation (Medical Research Council), Research and Innovation Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund, Health Data Research UK, and Scottish Government.

Risk Factors for Severe COVID-19 in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been the most important global issue since December 2019. Although the clinical course of COVID-19 is known to be milder in children than in adults, associated hospitalizations among children have increased since the emergence of contagious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants and the achievement of a high vaccination rate in adults. Considering these global and domestic situations, we believe that risk stratification in children with COVID-19 is urgently needed for decision making regarding hospitalization priority in children infected with SARS-CoV-2 and vaccination priority against COVID-19.

METHODS

This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed by comprehensively searching the PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus and KoreaMed databases through August 25, 2021. The criteria for enrollment were "severe COVID-19" as poor outcomes (intensive care unit admission, invasive mechanical ventilation, and/or death) and underlying comorbidities before SARS-CoV-2 infection.

RESULTS

Among 872 screened studies, 17 articles were included in the systematic review, and 10 articles were included in the meta-analysis. Neonate (risk ratio [RR], 2.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.83-3.97), prematurity in young infants (RR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.63-2.46), obesity (RR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.24-1.64), diabetes (RR, 2.26; 95% CI, 1.95-2.62), chronic lung disease (RR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.71-4.00), heart disease (RR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.58-2.09), neurologic disease (RR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.05-1.33), and immunocompromised status (RR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.01-2.04) were significant risk factors for severe COVID-19 in children. In the subgroup analysis, age younger than 3 months (RR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.11-0.66), asthma (RR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.98-1.20), and neurodevelopmental disorders (RR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.75-1.04) were not risk factors for severe COVID-19.

CONCLUSION

Children with comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes, heart disease, chronic lung diseases other than asthma, seizure disorders, and an immunocompromised status had a high prevalence of severe COVID-19. Neonate and premature infants had a high risk of severe COVID-19. Defining the high-risk group for severe COVID-19 could help to guide hospital admission and priority for vaccination against SARS-CoV-2.

Management of asthma patients during the COVID-19 pandemic: pathophysiological considerations to address the challenges

Background

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a serious global health issue, especially for people with pre-existing health conditions. Patients dealing with asthma are presumed to be at higher risk as COVID-19 may cause severe respiratory distress.

Main body

From the initial stage of the pandemic, several clinical trials and studies have assessed the association between COVID-19 and asthma; however, no significant association was reported. This may be due to the fact that most of the asthma cases remained undiagnosed and overlapping respiratory features make it difficult to differentiate between these two diseases. The pathomechanism of the conditions and the immune response generated in response to the conditions suggest that the presence of any of the conditions is very likely to influence the presence or severity of the other condition. So far, no specific treatments are known for COVID-19; however, the use of plasma therapy and broad-spectrum antiviral drugs during the initial phase of the pandemic and widespread vaccination during the latter phase has given positive outcomes in reducing COVID-19 cases as well as disease severity.

Short conclusion

Taking asthma as an increased risk factor for COVID-19 morbidity, this article aims to provide comprehensive insights into the risk and proper management of asthma patients during this COVID-19 pandemic. The common medications of asthma patients suppress their respiratory immune response that might facilitate cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients. Similarly, there are risks of viral-induced asthma exacerbations. Besides, different social issues such as shortage of medicines, SDOH, and delayed clinical trials put asthma patients through inconvenience. The primary focus at this point should be to reduce probable asthma attacks and severity to prevent hospitalization of asthma patients. Moreover, for better management of asthma patients maintaining an asthma action plan and healthy lifestyle, ensuring a nutritious diet, and developing self-management interventions can play a crucial role.

Usability Prototype Smart Portable Nebulizer for Self-care with Respiratory Disorders at Home

BACKGROUND: The increasing prevalence of patients with shortness of breath due to asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requires the development of a nebulizer design that is easy, fast, inexpensive, and has reusability for sufferers in the community. AIM: This study aims to design and assemble a prototype of a portable smart nebulizer for patients with respiratory disorders. METHODS: The research design used an experimental approach with the design and assembly of a nebulizer which aims to analyze the operating results of the prototype of a portable smart nebulizer device with standard health calibration test equipment, and compare it with a mesh nebulizer as a control. CONCLUSIONS: The prototype of the portable smart nebulizer had met the expected standard calibration of the instrument with the functioning of the component features of the device smartly, although it still requires improvement of the tool when used on patients.

Sex and gender in asthma

Asthma is a heterogenous disease, and its prevalence and severity are different in males versus females through various ages. As children, boys have an increased prevalence of asthma. As adults, women have an increased prevalence and severity of asthma. Sex hormones, genetic and epigenetic variations, social and environmental factors, and responses to asthma therapeutics are important factors in the sex differences observed in asthma incidence, prevalence and severity. For women, fluctuations in sex hormone levels during puberty, the menstrual cycle and pregnancy are associated with asthma pathogenesis. Further, sex differences in gene expression and epigenetic modifications and responses to environmental factors, including SARS-CoV-2 infections, are associated with differences in asthma incidence, prevalence and symptoms. We review the role of sex hormones, genetics and epigenetics, and their interactions with the environment in the clinical manifestations and therapeutic response of asthma.

Advances in clinical outcomes: what we have learned during the COVID-19 pandemic

Our understanding of risk factors and interventions influencing outcomes from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has continued to evolve, revealing advances emerging from hypotheses formed at the start of the pandemic. Epidemiologic studies have shown that asthma control, rather than a diagnosis of asthma, is a determinant of COVID-19 severity. Clinical outcomes in patients with primary immunodeficiencies, even in those with impaired cellular immunity, are variable. IL-6 has emerged as a reliable biomarker of COVID-19 severity, and large clinical trials have shown the potential for improving outcomes through inhibition of IL-6 signaling in some patients. Studies of genetic risk factors for severe COVID-19 have also revealed the importance of interferon homeostasis in the defense against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Because COVID-19 vaccines constitute the primary tool for ending this pandemic, strategies have been developed to address potential allergic and immune-mediated reactions. Here, we discuss advances in our understanding of COVID-19 risk factors and outcomes within the context of allergic and immunologic mechanisms.

An Analysis of Demographics and Inhaled Corticosteroid Use on COVID-19 Outcomes Among Hospitalized Adult Asthmatics: An Early Experience at a NY Hospital System

Purpose

It is unclear whether asthma is a risk factor for the development of COVID-19; however, severe asthma is a risk factor for morbidity and mortality. While systemic corticosteroids are beneficial during the inflammatory phase of COVID-19, the impact of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) is unclear. We sought to characterize asthmatics admitted with COVID-19 early in the pandemic, determine if baseline factors are associated with more severe COVID-19 disease, and if the use of ICS may mitigate the severity of COVID-19.

Patients and Methods

A retrospective chart review of hospitalized asthma patients >18 years testing positive for SARS-CoV2 from March to June 2020 was performed. Baseline demographic and asthma variables were collected. COVID-19 outcomes and laboratory values were extracted and compared between sex, race, ethnicity, and ICS use.

Results

Of the 906 patient charts reviewed, 787 asthmatics were confirmed to be admitted for symptomatic COVID-19. Sex differences were found in hospitalization and intubation. Non-Hispanic patients had a significantly greater number of days on ventilator. Patients on ICS were 1.6 times more likely to be discharged on supplemental oxygen compared to patients not on ICS (p = 0.01).

Conclusion

While our findings confirm trends observed by others with respect to risk factors among asthmatics with COVID-19, differences based on sex, ethnicity and ICS use in asthmatics were observed. Our finding that ICS use was associated with discharge with oxygen is novel. Future research is needed to study the trajectory of asthmatics from diagnosis to outcomes.

Effect modification by age of the association between obstructive lung diseases, smoking, and COVID-19 severity

Introduction

Obstructive lung diseases (asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)) and smoking are associated with greater risk of respiratory infections and hospitalisations, but conflicting data exist regarding their association with severity of COVID-19, and few studies have evaluated whether these associations differ by age.

Objectives

To examine the associations between asthma, COPD and smoking on the severity of COVID-19 among a cohort of hospitalised patients, and to test for effect modification by age.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of electronic health record data of patients admitted to Massachusetts General Hospital, assigning the maximal WHO Clinical Progression Scale score for each patient during the first 28 days following hospital admission. Using ordered logistic regression, we measured the association between maximal severity score and asthma, COPD and smoking and their interaction with age.

Measurements and main results

Among 1391 patients hospitalised with COVID-19, we found an increased risk of severe disease among patients with COPD and prior smoking, independent of age. We also found evidence of effect modification by age with asthma and current smoking; in particular, asthma was associated with decreased COVID-19 severity among older adults, and current smoking was associated with decreased severity among younger patients.

Conclusions

This cohort study identifies age as a modifying factor for the association between asthma and smoking on severity of COVID-19. Our findings highlight the complexities of determining risk factors for COVID-19 severity, and suggest that the effect of risk factors may vary across the age spectrum.

Long-Term Prognosis of Asthma-Bronchiectasis Overlapped Patients: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study

Purpose

Asthma and bronchiectasis are common chronic respiratory diseases, and their coexistence is frequently observed but not well investigated. Our aim was to study the effect of comorbid bronchiectasis on asthma.

Methods

A propensity score-matched cohort study was conducted using the National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening Cohort database. From 2005 to 2008, 8,034 participants with asthma were weighted based on propensity scores in a 1:3 ratio with 24,099 participants without asthma. From the asthma group, 141 participants with overlapped bronchiectasis were identified, and 7,892 participants had only asthma. Clinical outcomes of acute asthma exacerbation(s) and mortality rates were compared among the study groups.

Results

The prevalence of bronchiectasis (1.7%) was 3 times higher in asthmatics than in the general population of Korea. Patients who had asthma comorbid with bronchiectasis experienced acute exacerbation(s) more frequently than non-comorbid patients (11.3% vs. 5.8%, P = 0.007). Time to the first acute exacerbation was also shorter in the asthmatics with bronchiectasis group (1,970.9 days vs. 2,479.7 days, P = 0.005). Although bronchiectasis was identified as a risk factor for acute exacerbation (adjusted odds ratio, 1.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05–2.86), there was no significant relationship between bronchiectasis and all-cause or respiratory mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.17; 95% CI, 0.67–2.04 and aHR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.11–6.08).

Conclusions

Comorbid bronchiectasis increases asthma-related acute exacerbation, but it does not-raise the risk of all-cause or respiratory mortality. Close monitoring and accurate diagnosis of bronchiectasis are required for patients with frequent exacerbations of asthma.

A Fractional Ordered COVID-19 Model Incorporating Comorbidity and Vaccination

The primary goal of this research is to investigate COVID-19 transmission patterns in West Bengal, India in 2021; the first Coronavirus illness (COVID-19) in West Bengal was revealed on 17 March 2020. We employed the modified Susceptible-Asymptomatic-Vaccinated-Comorbidity-Infectious-Recovered (SAVICR) compartmental model as part of fractional orders because of the uncertainty created by the limited Coronavirus (COVID-19) information. In this article, two sub-compartments (Normal Infected and Infected with Co-morbidity) has been considered with vaccinated class, which is relevant in the present situation. We have studied the dynamical analysis of the system and also studied sensitivity of the parameters for West Bengal framework. We have also considered an optimal control problem taking social distancing (non-pharmaceutical treatments) as a control parameter along with vaccination.

The associations of previous influenza/upper respiratory infection with COVID-19 susceptibility/morbidity/mortality: a nationwide cohort study in South Korea

We aimed to investigate the associations of previous influenza/URI with the susceptibility of COVID-19 patients compared to that of non-COVID-19 participants. A nationwide COVID-19 cohort database was collected by the Korea National Health Insurance Corporation. A total of 8,070 COVID-19 patients (1 January 2020 through 4 June 2020) were matched with 32,280 control participants. Severe COVID-19 morbidity was defined based on the treatment histories of the intensive care unit, invasive ventilation, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and death. The susceptibility/morbidity/mortality associated with prior histories of 1-14, 1-30, 1-90, 15-45, 15-90, and 31-90 days before COVID-19 onset were analyzed using conditional/unconditional logistic regression. Prior influenza infection was related to increased susceptibility to COVID-19 (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 3.07 [1.61-5.85] for 1-14 days and 1.91 [1.54-2.37] for 1-90 days). Prior URI was also associated with increased susceptibility to COVID-19 (6.95 [6.38-7.58] for 1-14 days, 4.99 [4.64-5.37] for 1-30 days, and 2.70 [2.55-2.86] for 1-90 days). COVID-19 morbidity was positively associated with influenza (3.64 [1.55-9.21] and 3.59 [1.42-9.05]) and URI (1.40 [1.11-1.78] and 1.28 [1.02-1.61]) at 1-14 days and 1-30 days, respectively. Overall, previous influenza/URI did not show an association with COVID-19 mortality. Previous influenza/URI histories were associated with increased COVID-19 susceptibility and morbidity. Our findings indicate why controlling influenza/URI is important during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Predictive Role of Artificial Intelligence-Based Chest CT Quantification in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia

We sought to analyze the prognostic value of laboratory and clinical data, and an artificial intelligence (AI)-based algorithm for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity scoring, on CT-scans of patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Moreover, we aimed to determine personalized probabilities of clinical deterioration. Data of symptomatic patients with COVID-19 who underwent chest-CT-examination at the time of hospital admission between April and November 2020 were analyzed. COVID-19 severity score was automatically quantified for each pulmonary lobe as the percentage of affected lung parenchyma with the AI-based algorithm. Clinical deterioration was defined as a composite of admission to the intensive care unit, need for invasive mechanical ventilation, use of vasopressors or in-hospital mortality. In total 326 consecutive patients were included in the analysis (mean age 66.7 ± 15.3 years, 52.1% male) of whom 85 (26.1%) experienced clinical deterioration. In the multivariable regression analysis prior myocardial infarction (OR = 2.81, 95% CI = 1.12–7.04, p = 0.027), immunodeficiency (OR = 2.08, 95% CI = 1.02–4.25, p = 0.043), C-reactive protein (OR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.32–2.33, p < 0.001) and AI-based COVID-19 severity score (OR = 1.08; 95% CI = 1.02–1.15, p = 0.013) appeared to be independent predictors of clinical deterioration. Personalized probability values were determined. AI-based COVID-19 severity score assessed at hospital admission can provide additional information about the prognosis of COVID-19, possibly serving as a useful tool for individualized risk-stratification.

Identification of priority groups for COVID-19 vaccination in Brazil

In a context of community transmission and shortage of vaccines, COVID-19 vaccination should focus on directly reducing the morbidity and mortality caused by the disease. It was thus essential to define priority groups for vaccination by the Brazilian National Immunization Program (PNI in Portuguese), based on the risk of hospitalization and death from the disease. We calculated overrisk according to sex, age group, and comorbidities using hospitalization and death records from severe acute respiratory illness with confirmation of COVID-19 (SARI-COVID) in all of Brazil in the first 6 months of the epidemic. Higher overrisk was associated with male sex (hospitalization = 1.1 and death = 1.2), age over 45 years for hospitalization (OvRag ranging from 1.1 to 8.5), and age over 55 year for death (OvRag ranging from 1.5 to 18.3). In the groups with comorbidities, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and chronic lung disease were associated with overrisk, while there was no such evidence for asthma. Chronic kidney disease or diabetes and age over 60 showed an even stronger association, reaching overrisk of death 14 and 10 times greater than in the general population, respectively. For all the comorbidities, there was higher overrisk at older ages, with a downward gradient in the oldest age groups. This pattern was reversed when examining overrisk in the general population, for both hospitalization and death. The current study provided evidence of overrisk of hospitalization and death from SARI-COVID, assisting the definition of priority groups for COVID-19 vaccination.

Challenges to Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in Patients with Immune-Mediated Diseases

Aberrant deployment of the immune response is a hallmark pathogenic feature of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-related disease (COVID-19), possibly accounting for high morbidity and mortality, especially in patients with comorbidities, including immune-mediated disorders. Immunisation with SARS-COV-2 vaccines successfully instructs the immune system to limit viral spread into tissues, mitigate COVID-19 manifestations and prevent its most detrimental inflammatory complications in the general population. Patients with immune-mediated diseases have been excluded from vaccine registration trials, foreclosing the acquisition of specific efficacy and safety data. In this review, we aimed to summarise and critically discuss evidence from real-world studies addressing this issue to provide a comprehensive view of the impact of vaccination practices in patients with allergy, autoimmunity or immunodeficiency. We analysed clinical and laboratory data from 34 studies involving more than 13,000 subjects with various immune disorders who were vaccinated with mRNA- DNA- or inactivated viral particle-based vaccines. These data globally support the safe and effective use of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with immune-mediated diseases, although patient-tailored strategies to determine vaccination timing, vaccine choice and background therapy management are warranted to optimise vaccination outcomes. More data are needed regarding patients with primary immunodeficiencies.

Association of Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and clinical/severe outcomes of COVID-19 patients

Introduction

Growing evidence documented the critical impacts of vitamin D (VD) in the prognosis of COVID-19 patients. The functions of VD are dependent on the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in the VD/VDR signaling pathway. Therefore, we aimed to assess the association of VDR gene polymorphisms with COVID-19 outcomes.

Methods

In the present study, eight VDR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in 500 COVID-19 patients in Iran, including 160 asymptomatic, 250 mild/moderate, and 90 severe/critical cases. The association of these polymorphisms with severity, clinical outcomes, and comorbidities were evaluated through the calculation of the Odds ratio (OR).

Results

Interestingly, significant associations were disclosed for some of the SNP-related alleles and/or genotypes in one or more genetic models with different clinical data in COVID-19 patients. Significant association of VDR-SNPs with signs, symptoms, and comorbidities was as follows: ApaI with shortness of breath (P ˂ 0.001) and asthma (P = 0.034) in severe/critical patients (group III); BsmI with chronic renal disease (P = 0.010) in mild/moderate patients (group II); Tru9I with vomiting (P = 0.031), shortness of breath (P = 0.04), and hypertension (P = 0.030); FokI with fever and hypertension (P = 0.027) in severe/critical patients (group III); CDX2 with shortness of breath (P = 0.022), hypertension (P = 0.036), and diabetes (P = 0.042) in severe/critical patients (group III); EcoRV with diabetes (P ˂ 0.001 and P = 0.045 in mild/moderate patients (group II) and severe/critical patients (group III), respectively). However, the association of VDR TaqI and BglI polymorphisms with clinical symptoms and comorbidities in COVID-19 patients was not significant.

Conclusion

VDR gene polymorphisms might play critical roles in the vulnerability to infection and severity of COVID-19, probably by altering the risk of comorbidities. However, these results require further validation in larger studies with different ethnicities and geographical regions.

Neglected roles of IgG Fc-binding protein secreted from airway mucin-producing cells in protecting against SARS-CoV-2 infection

Both innate immunity and acquired immunity are involved in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The induction of Abs that neutralize the virus has been described, and certain Abs against endemic coronaviruses may cross-react with SARS-CoV-2. Detailed mechanisms to protect against the pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 remain unresolved. We previously reported that IgG Fc-binding protein (Fcγbp), a unique, large molecular weight, and mucin-like secretory Fc receptor protein, secreted from goblet cells of human small and large intestine, mediates the transportation of serum IgG onto the mucosal surface. In this review, we show that mucous bronchial gland cells and some goblet cells are immunoreactive for Fcγbp. Fcγbp traps the cross-reactive (both neutralizing and non-neutralizing) IgG bound to the virus and can consequently eliminate the virus from the mucosal surface to decrease viral loads. Fcγbp can also suppress immune overreaction by interfering with Fc-binding by macrophages and competing with complement fixation. Fcγbp secreted from mucin-producing cells of the airway functions as an important anti-infection mucosal defense. The Fcγbp-mediated mechanism can be a key factor in explaining why SARS-CoV-2 is less infective/lethal in children, and may also be involved in the unique Ab response, recurrent infection, and effects of serum therapy and vaccination.

The Association of Asthma With COVID-19 Mortality: An Updated Meta-Analysis Based on Adjusted Effect Estimates

Background

The association of asthma with the risk for mortality among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients is not clear.

Objective

To investigate the association between asthma and the risk for mortality among COVID-19 patients.

Methods

We performed systematic searches through electronic databases including PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science to identify potential articles reporting adjusted effect estimates on the association of asthma with fatal COVID-19. A random-effects model was conducted to estimate pooled effects. Sensitivity analysis, subgroup analysis, meta-regression, Begg's test and Egger's test were also performed.

Results

Based on 62 studies with 2,457,205 cases reporting adjusted effect estimates, COVID-19 patients with asthma had a significantly reduced risk for mortality compared with those without it (15 cohort studies: 829,670 patients, pooled hazard ratio [HR] = 0.88, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.82-0.95, I² = 65.9%, P < .001; 34 cohort studies: 1,008,015 patients, pooled odds ratio [OR] = 0.88, 95% CI, 0.82-0.94, I² = 39.4%, P = .011; and 11 cross-sectional studies: 1,134,738 patients, pooled OR = 0.87, 95% CI, 0.78-0.97, I² = 41.1%, P = .075). Subgroup analysis based on types of adjusted factors indicated that COVID-19 patients with asthma had a significantly reduced risk for mortality among studies adjusting for demographic, clinical, and epidemiologic variables (pooled OR = 0.87, 95% CI, 0.83-0.92, I² = 36.3%, P = .013; pooled HR = 0.90, 95% CI, 0.83-0.97, I² = 69.2%, P < .001), but not among studies adjusting only for demographic variables (pooled OR = 0.88, 95% CI, 0.70-1.12, I² = 40.5%, P = .097; pooled HR = 0.82, 95% CI, 0.64-1.06, I² = 0%, P = .495). Sensitivity analysis proved that our results were stable and robust. Both Begg's test and Egger's test indicated that potential publication bias did not exist.

Conclusions

Our data based on adjusted effect estimates indicated that asthma was significantly related to a reduced risk for COVID-19 mortality.