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Rufyikiri AS, Martinez R, Addo PW, Wu BS, Yousefi M, Malo D, Orsat V, Vidal SM, Fritz JH, MacPherson S, Lefsrud M. Germicidal efficacy of continuous and pulsed ultraviolet-C radiation on pathogen models and SARS-CoV-2. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:339-354. [PMID: 38308169 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00521-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation's germicidal efficacy depends on several parameters, including wavelength, radiant exposure, microbial physiology, biological matrices, and surfaces. In this work, several ultraviolet radiation sources (a low-pressure mercury lamp, a KrCl excimer, and four UV LEDs) emitting continuous or pulsed irradiation were compared. The greatest log reductions in E. coli cells and B. subtilis endospores were 4.1 ± 0.2 (18 mJ cm-2) and 4.5 ± 0.1 (42 mJ cm-2) with continuous 222 nm, respectively. The highest MS2 log reduction observed was 2.7 ± 0.1 (277 nm at 3809 mJ cm-2). Log reductions of SARS-CoV-2 with continuous 222 nm and 277 nm were ≥ 3.4 ± 0.7, with 13.3 mJ cm-2 and 60 mJ cm-2, respectively. There was no statistical difference between continuous and pulsed irradiation (0.83-16.7% [222 nm and 277 nm] or 0.83-20% [280 nm] duty rates) on E. coli inactivation. Pulsed 260 nm radiation (0.5% duty rate) at 260 nm yielded significantly greater log reduction for both bacteria than continuous 260 nm radiation. There was no statistical difference in SARS-CoV-2 inactivation between continuous and pulsed 222 nm UV-C radiation and pulsed 277 nm radiation demonstrated greater germicidal efficacy than continuous 277 nm radiation. Greater radiant exposure for all radiation sources was required to inactivate MS2 bacteriophage. Findings demonstrate that pulsed irradiation could be more useful than continuous UV radiation in human-occupied spaces, but threshold limit values should be respected. Pathogen-specific sensitivities, experimental setup, and quantification methods for determining germicidal efficacy remain important factors when optimizing ultraviolet radiation for surface decontamination or other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sophie Rufyikiri
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Rebecca Martinez
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Philip W Addo
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Bo-Sen Wu
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Mitra Yousefi
- Dahdaleh Institute of Genomic Medicine and McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, Life Sciences Complex, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Danielle Malo
- Dahdaleh Institute of Genomic Medicine and McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, Life Sciences Complex, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Valérie Orsat
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Silvia M Vidal
- Dahdaleh Institute of Genomic Medicine and McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, Life Sciences Complex, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 Rue University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Jörg H Fritz
- Dahdaleh Institute of Genomic Medicine and McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, Life Sciences Complex, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 Rue University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Sarah MacPherson
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Mark Lefsrud
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada.
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2
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Boytz R, Keita K, Pawlak JB, Laurent-Rolle M. Comprehensive Assessment of Inactivation Methods for Madariaga Virus. Viruses 2024; 16:206. [PMID: 38399982 PMCID: PMC10892135 DOI: 10.3390/v16020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (EEEV) is an emerging public health threat, with the number of reported cases in the US increasing in recent years. EEEV is a BSL3 pathogen, and the North American strain is a US Federal Select Agent (SA). These restrictions make experiments with EEEV difficult to perform, as high-tech equipment is often unavailable in BSL3 spaces and due to concerns about generating aerosols during manipulations. Therefore, a range of inactivation methods suitable for different downstream analysis methods are essential for advancing research on EEEV. We used heat, chemical, and ultraviolet (UV)-based methods for the inactivation of infected cells and supernatants infected with the non-select agent Madariaga virus (MADV). Although the MADV and EEEV strains are genetically distinct, differing by 8-11% at the amino acid level, they are expected to be similarly susceptible to various inactivation methods. We determined the following to be effective methods of inactivation: heat, TRIzol LS, 4% PFA, 10% formalin, and UV radiation for infected supernatants; TRIzol, 2.5% SDS with BME, 0.2% NP40, 4% PFA, and 10% formalin for infected cells. Our results have the potential to expand the types and complexity of experiments and analyses performed by EEEV researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- RuthMabel Boytz
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
| | - Kadiatou Keita
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (K.K.); (J.B.P.)
| | - Joanna B Pawlak
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (K.K.); (J.B.P.)
| | - Maudry Laurent-Rolle
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (K.K.); (J.B.P.)
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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3
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Sommerfeld F, Weyersberg L, Vatter P, Hessling M. Photoinactivation of the bacteriophage PhiX174 by UVA radiation and visible light in SM buffer and DMEM-F12. BMC Res Notes 2024; 17:3. [PMID: 38167092 PMCID: PMC10759336 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06658-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been observed that viruses can be inactivated by UVA radiation and visible light. The aim of this study is to investigate whether a medium that contains a photosensitizer might have an influence on viral reduction under irradiation by UVA, violet or blue light. Test virus is the bacteriophage PhiX174 in the photosensitizer-free SM buffer and DMEM-F12, which contains the known photosensitizer riboflavin. RESULTS The determined PhiX174 D90 doses in SM buffer and DMEM were 36.8 J/cm² and 13.6 J/cm² at 366 nm, 153.6 J/cm² and 129.1 J/cm² at 408 nm and 4988 J/cm² and 2477.1 J/cm² at 455 nm, respectively. It can be concluded that the medium has a large influence on the results. This might be caused by the photosensitizer riboflavin in DMEM-F12. As riboflavin is a key component in many cell culture media, irradiation experiments with viruses in cell culture media should be avoided if the investigation of intrinsical photoinactivation properties of viruses is aimed for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Sommerfeld
- Department of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Albert-Einstein-Allee 55, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Laura Weyersberg
- Department of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Albert-Einstein-Allee 55, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Petra Vatter
- Department of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Albert-Einstein-Allee 55, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Hessling
- Department of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Albert-Einstein-Allee 55, D-89081, Ulm, Germany.
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4
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Huang R, Ma C, Huangfu X, Ma J. Preparing for the Next Pandemic: Predicting UV Inactivation of Coronaviruses with Machine Learning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13767-13777. [PMID: 37660353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The epidemic of coronaviruses has posed significant public health concerns in the last two decades. An effective disinfection scheme is critical to preventing ambient virus infections and controlling the spread of further outbreaks. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation has been a widely used approach to inactivating pathogenic viruses. However, no viable framework or model can accurately predict the UV inactivation of coronaviruses in aqueous solutions or on environmental surfaces, where viruses are commonly found and spread in public places. By conducting a systematic literature review to collect data covering a wide range of UV wavelengths and various subtypes of coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2), we developed machine learning models for predicting the UV inactivation effects of coronaviruses in aqueous solutions and on environmental surfaces, for which the optimal test performance was obtained with R2 = 0.927, RMSE = 0.565 and R2 = 0.888, RMSE = 0.439, respectively. Besides, the required UV doses at different wavelengths to inactivate the SARS-CoV-2 to 1 Log TCID50/mL titer from different initial titers were predicted for inactivation in protein-free water, saliva on the environmental surface, or the N95 respirator. Our models are instructive for eliminating the ongoing pandemic and controlling the spread of an emerging and unknown coronavirus outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Chengxue Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xiaoliu Huangfu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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5
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Fujimoto N, Nagaoka K, Tatsuno I, Oishi H, Tomita M, Hasegawa T, Tanaka Y, Matsumoto T. Wavelength dependence of ultraviolet light inactivation for SARS-CoV-2 omicron variants. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9706. [PMID: 37322228 PMCID: PMC10272214 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36610-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation offers an effective and convenient method for the disinfection of pathogenic microorganisms. However, UV irradiation causes protein and/or DNA damage; therefore, further insight into the performance of different UV wavelengths and their applications is needed to reduce risks to the human body. In this paper, we determined the efficacy of UV inactivation of the SARS-CoV-2 omicron BA.2 and BA.5 variants in a liquid suspension at various UV wavelengths by the 50% tissue culture infection dose (TCID50) method and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. The inactivation efficacy of 220 nm light, which is considered safe for the human body, was approximately the same as that of health hazardous 260 nm light for both BA.2 and BA.5. Based on the inactivation rate constants determined by the TCID50 and qPCR methods versus the UV wavelength, the action spectra were determined, and BA.2 and BA.5 showed almost the same spectra. This result suggests that both variants have the same UV inactivation characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahoko Fujimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Katsuya Nagaoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tatsuno
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hisashi Oishi
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Makoto Tomita
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Tadao Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takahiro Matsumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan.
- Graduate School of Design and Architecture, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 464-0083, Japan.
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6
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Li P, Ke X, Leng D, Lin X, Yang W, Zhang H, Tian C, Xu H, Chen Q. High-Intensity Ultraviolet-C Irradiation Efficiently Inactivates SARS-CoV-2 Under Typical Cold Chain Temperature. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2023; 15:123-130. [PMID: 36890342 PMCID: PMC9994784 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-023-09552-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 contaminated items in the cold chain becomes a threat to public health, therefore the effective and safe sterilization method fit for the low temperature is needed. Ultraviolet is an effective sterilization method while its effect on SARS-CoV-2 under low-temperature environment is unclear. In this research, the sterilization effect of high-intensity ultraviolet-C (HIUVC) irradiation against SARS-CoV-2 and Staphylococcus aureus on different carriers at 4 °C and - 20 °C was investigated. The results showed that dose of 15.3 mJ/cm2 achieved more than 3 log reduction of SARS-CoV-2 on gauze at 4 °C and - 20 °C. The vulnerability of coronavirus to HIUVC under - 20 °C was not significantly different than those under 4 °C. Four models including Weibull, biphasic, log-linear tail and log linear were used to fit the survival curves of SARS-CoV-2 and Staphylococcus aureus. The biphasic model fitted best with R2 ranging from 0.9325 to 0.9878. Moreover, the HIUVC sterilization correlation between SARS-CoV-2 and Staphylococcus aureus was established. This paper provides data support for the employment of HIUVC under low-temperature environment. Also, it provides a method of using Staphylococcus aureus as a marker to evaluate the sterilization effect of cold chain sterilization equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiru Li
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Energy Conversion, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xianliang Ke
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Dongmei Leng
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Energy Conversion, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xian Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Wenling Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Hainan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Energy Conversion, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Changqing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Energy Conversion, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hongbo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Energy Conversion, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Quanjiao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
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7
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Zhang Q, Zhao L, Qi G, Zhang X, Tian C. Raman and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques for detection of coronavirus (COVID-19): a mini review. Front Chem 2023; 11:1193030. [PMID: 37273513 PMCID: PMC10232992 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1193030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus pandemic has been a huge jeopardy to human health in various systems since it outbroke, early detection and prevention of further escalation has become a priority. The current popular approach is to collect samples using the nasopharyngeal swab method and then test for RNA using the real-time polymerase chain reaction, which suffers from false-positive results and a longer diagnostic time scale. Alternatively, various optical techniques, namely, optical sensing, spectroscopy, and imaging shows a great promise in virus detection. In this mini review, we briefly summarize the development progress of vibrational spectroscopy techniques and its applications in the detection of SARS-CoV family. Vibrational spectroscopy techniques such as Raman spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy received increasing appreciation in bio-analysis for their speediness, accuracy and cost-effectiveness in detection of SARS-CoV. Further, an account of emerging photonics technologies of SARS-CoV-2 detection and future possibilities is also explained. The progress in the field of vibrational spectroscopy techniques for virus detection unambiguously show a great promise in the development of rapid photonics-based devices for COVID-19 detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuqi Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tumor Marker Detection Technology, Equipment and Diagnosis-Therapy Integration in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Guoliang Qi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tumor Marker Detection Technology, Equipment and Diagnosis-Therapy Integration in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Xiaoru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Cheng Tian
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tumor Marker Detection Technology, Equipment and Diagnosis-Therapy Integration in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi, China
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8
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Singh D, Soorneedi AR, Vaze N, Domitrovic R, Sharp F, Lindsey D, Rohr A, Moore MD, Koutrakis P, Nardell E, Demokritou P. Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 surrogate inactivation on surfaces and in air using UV and blue light-based intervention technologies. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2023; 73:200-211. [PMID: 36594726 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2022.2157907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has created an urgent need to utilize existing and develop new intervention technologies for SARS-CoV-2 inactivation on surfaces and in the air. Ultraviolet (UV) technology has been shown to be an effective antimicrobial intervention. Here a study was conducted to determine the efficacy of commercially available UV and blue light-based devices for inactivating HCoV-229E, a surrogate of SARS-CoV-2. The results indicate that two UV devices designed for surface disinfection, with doses of 8.07 µJ/cm2 for the 254 nm device and 20.61 µJ/cm2 for the 275 nm device, were efficient in inactivating 4.94 logs of surface inoculated HCoV-229E. Additionally, a 222 nm UV device with intended ceiling-based operation was effective in inactivating 1.7 logs of the virus inoculated on surface, with a dose of 6 mJ/cm2. A ceiling-based device designed to emit blue light at 405 nm was found to produce 89% reduction in HCoV-229E inoculated on a surface for a dose of 78 J/cm2. Finally, the UV based 222 nm device was found to produce a 90% reduction in the concentration of airborne HCoV-229E, at a 55 µJ/cm2 dose. These results are indicative of the great potential of using UV based technology for the control of SARS-CoV-2.Implications: An important avenue of arresting COVID-19 and future pandemics caused by infectious pathogens is through environmental disinfection. To this effect, the study presented here evaluates commercially available UV and blue light based antimicrobial devices for their ability to kill the human coronavirus HCoV-229E, a surrogate of SARS-CoV-2, on surfaces and in air. The results indicate that two handheld UV devices produced complete inactivation of surface viral inoculum and a UVC ceiling based device produced 1 log reduction in HCoV-229E in air. These results imply the efficacy of UV technology as an antimicrobial tool, especially for rapid disinfection of indoor air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilpreet Singh
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anand R Soorneedi
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Nachiket Vaze
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Research Center, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Ron Domitrovic
- The Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Frank Sharp
- The Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Annette Rohr
- The Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Matthew D Moore
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ed Nardell
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Global Health Equity, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Research Center, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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9
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Biffi S, Signorini L, Cattaneo L, Della Corna L, Guercilena A, D'Alessandro S, Ferrante P, Delbue S. Determination of the UV Inactivation Constant Under 280 nm UV LED Irradiation for SARS-CoV-2. Photochem Photobiol 2023; 99:101-105. [PMID: 35578782 PMCID: PMC9347497 DOI: 10.1111/php.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing emergency provoked by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic demands the development of technologies to mitigate the spread of infection, and UV irradiation is a technique that can efficiently address this issue. However, proper use of UV equipment for disinfection requires an understanding of how the effects on SARS-CoV-2 are dependent on certain parameters. In this work, we determined the UV-C inactivation constant k for SARS-CoV-2 using an LED source at λ = 280 nm. Specifically, a Log3 reduction was measured after irradiation for 24 min with a delivered UV-C dose of 23 J m-2 . By multitarget model fitting, n = 2 and k = 0.32 ± 0.02 m2 J-1 were obtained. A lag time for the inactivation effect was also observed, which was attributed to the low irradiation levels used to perform the study. The combination of k and delay time allows for reliable estimation of disinfection times in small, closed environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Biffi
- Light and Colour Engineering s.r.l, Piazza Della Repubblica, Mediglia, Italy
| | - Lucia Signorini
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luciano Cattaneo
- Light and Colour Engineering s.r.l, Piazza Della Repubblica, Mediglia, Italy
| | | | | | - Sarah D'Alessandro
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Pasquale Ferrante
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Delbue
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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10
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Song C, Wen R, Zhou J, Zeng X, Kou Z, Li Y, Yun F, Wu R. UV C Light from a Light-Emitting Diode at 275 Nanometers Shortens Wound Healing Time in Bacterium- and Fungus-Infected Skin in Mice. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0342422. [PMID: 36453911 PMCID: PMC9769979 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03424-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the changes in pathogenic species and the absence of research on topical skin antibiotics, the therapy of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) is facing more and more severe challenges. It is particularly urgent to look for alternative therapies without induction of drug resistance. UV C (UVC) light within the range of 200 to 280 nm is one of the most common techniques used to kill and/or inactivate pathogenic microorganisms. However, the traditional most commonly used wavelength of 254 nm irradiated from a low-pressure mercury lamp is hazardous to human health, being both carcinogenic and damaging to eye tissues, which limits its applications in vivo. This research aimed to investigate the antimicrobial properties and influence of 275-nm UVC light from a light-emitting diode (UVC-LED light) on wound healing time. Five bacteria, three fungi, and scalded-mouse models combined with SSTIs were used to evaluate the antimicrobial effect in vitro and in vivo. 275-nm UVC-LED light inactivated both bacteria and fungi with a very short irradiation time in vitro and induced neither DNA damage nor epidermal lesions in the mice's skin. Furthermore, in mouse models of SSTIs induced by either methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or Candida albicans, the 275-nm UVC-LED light showed significant antimicrobial effects and shortened the wound healing time compared with that in the no-irradiation group. UVC-LED light at 275 nm has the potential to be a new form of physical therapy for SSTIs. IMPORTANCE As a common clinical problem, the therapy of SSTIs is facing growing challenges due to an increase in the number of drug-resistant bacteria and fungi. UV C (UVC) light sterilization has been widely used in all aspects of daily life, but there are very few reports about in vivo therapy using UVC light. It is well known that prolonged exposure to UVC light increases the possibility of skin cancer. In addition, it is also very harmful for eyes. UV irradiation with 254-nm UVC light can cause corneal damage, like thinning of the corneal epithelial layer, superficial punctate keratitis, corneal erosion, etc. In this study, we focused on looking for a more accessible light source and safer UVC wavelength, and 275-nm UVC LED light was chosen. We investigated its applicability for SSTIs therapy with relative skin safety and expected that it could be used as a new physical therapy method for SSTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghua Song
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ruichao Wen
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jiaxuan Zhou
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zi Kou
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yufeng Li
- Solid-State Lighting Engineering Research Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Feng Yun
- Solid-State Lighting Engineering Research Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Rongqian Wu
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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11
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Matsuura R, Lo CW, Ogawa T, Nakagawa M, Takei M, Matsumoto Y, Wada S, Aida Y. Comparison of the inactivation capacity of various UV wavelengths on SARS-CoV-2. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 32:101379. [PMCID: PMC9638801 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a worldwide pandemic. Ultraviolet (UV) is regarded as a very powerful tool against SARS-CoV-2. However, the inactivating effects of different UV wavelengths on SARS-CoV-2 under the same conditions have hardly been compared. Here, we showed that SARS-CoV-2 cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium and 2% fetal bovine serum was efficiently inactivated by irradiation with 222, 254, and 265 wavelengths UV, but not at 308 nm. In addition, it was revealed that UV absorption by DMEM-2% FBS is very efficient at 222 nm. Our results present potentially important information for selecting the optimum UV wavelength according to the application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Matsuura
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamichou, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Chieh-Wen Lo
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamichou, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
- Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takayo Ogawa
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masaru Nakagawa
- Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamichou, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Masami Takei
- Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamichou, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wada
- Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamichou, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamichou, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
- Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- Corresponding author. Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
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12
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Ultrafast inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 with 266 nm lasers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18640. [PMID: 36333440 PMCID: PMC9636154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23423-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Disinfection eliminates pathogenic microorganisms and ensures a biosafe environment for human beings. The rapid spread of COVID-19 is challenging traditional disinfection methods in terms of reducing harmful side effects and conducting faster processes. Spraying large-scale chemical disinfectants is harmful to individuals and the environment, while UV lamp and light-emitting diode (LED) disinfection still requires a long exposure time due to the low irradiance and highly divergent beam characteristics. Given that a laser maintains a high irradiance over a long distance, we studied the effectiveness of lasers as a new disinfection method, and the results show the capability for ultrafast inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 virus with a 266 nm laser. This work confirms UV lasers as a good candidate for disinfection.
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13
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Kumar U, Fox CR, Kolanthai E, Neal CJ, Kedarinath K, Fu Y, Marcelo E, Babu B, Parks GD, Seal S. Potent Inactivation of Human Respiratory Viruses Including SARS-CoV-2 by a Photoactivated Self-Cleaning Regenerative Antiviral Coating. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:40659-40673. [PMID: 36004755 PMCID: PMC9438480 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic marks an inflection point in the perception and treatment of human health. Substantial resources have been reallocated to address the direct medical effects of COVID-19 and to curtail the spread of the virus. Thereby, shortcomings of traditional disinfectants, especially their requirement for regular reapplication and the related complications (e.g., dedicated personnel and short-term activity), have become issues at the forefront of public health concerns. This issue became especially pressing when infection-mitigating supplies dwindled early in the progression of the pandemic. In consideration of the constant threat posed by emerging novel viruses, we report a platform technology for persistent surface disinfection to combat virus transmission through nanomaterial-mediated, localized UV radiation emission. In this work, two formulations of Y2SiO5-based visible-to-UV upconversion nanomaterials were developed using a facile sol-gel-based synthesis. Our formulations have shown substantial antiviral activities (4 × 104 to 0 TCID50 units in 30 min) toward an enveloped, circulating human coronavirus strain (OC43) under simple white light exposure as an analogue to natural light or common indoor lighting. Additionally, we have shown that our two formulations greatly reduce OC43 RNA recovery from surfaces. Antiviral activities were further demonstrated toward a panel of structurally diverse viruses including enveloped viruses, SARS-CoV-2, vaccinia virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, parainfluenza virus, and Zika virus, as well as nonenveloped viruses, rhinovirus, and calicivirus, as evidence of the technology's broad antiviral activity. Remarkably, one formulation completely inactivated 105 infectious units of SARS-CoV-2 in only 45 min. The detailed technology has implications for the design of more potent, long-lived disinfectants and modified/surface-treated personal protective equipment targeting a wide range of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udit Kumar
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center,
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central
Florida, Orlando, Florida32816, United States
| | - Candace R. Fox
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of
Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida32827,
United States
| | - Elayaraja Kolanthai
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center,
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central
Florida, Orlando, Florida32816, United States
| | - Craig J. Neal
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center,
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central
Florida, Orlando, Florida32816, United States
| | - Kritika Kedarinath
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of
Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida32827,
United States
| | - Yifei Fu
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center,
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central
Florida, Orlando, Florida32816, United States
| | - Erik Marcelo
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center,
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central
Florida, Orlando, Florida32816, United States
| | - Balaashwin Babu
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center,
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central
Florida, Orlando, Florida32816, United States
- NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC),
University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida32816,
United States
| | - Griffith D. Parks
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of
Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida32827,
United States
| | - Sudipta Seal
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center,
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central
Florida, Orlando, Florida32816, United States
- NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC),
University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida32816,
United States
- Biionix Cluster, College of Medicine,
University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida32816,
United States
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14
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Ambardar S, Howell MC, Mayilsamy K, McGill A, Green R, Mohapatra S, Voronine DV, Mohapatra SS. Ultrafast-UV laser integrating cavity device for inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11935. [PMID: 35831374 PMCID: PMC9279343 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13670-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation-based methods used for viral inactivation have provided an important avenue targeting severe acute respiratory-syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. A major problem with state-of-the-art UV inactivation technology is that it is based on UV lamps, which have limited efficiency, require high power, large doses, and long irradiation times. These drawbacks limit the use of UV lamps in air filtering systems and other applications. To address these limitations, herein we report on the fabrication of a device comprising a pulsed nanosecond 266 nm UV laser coupled to an integrating cavity (LIC) composed of a UV reflective material, polytetrafluoroethylene. Previous UV lamp inactivation cavities were based on polished walls with specular reflections, but the diffuse reflective UV ICs were not thoroughly explored for virus inactivation. Our results show that LIC device can inactivate several respiratory viruses including SARS-CoV-2, at ~ 1 ms effective irradiation time, with > 2 orders of magnitude higher efficiency compared to UV lamps. The demonstrated 3 orders of magnitude cavity enhancement relative to direct exposure is crucial for the development of efficient real-time UV air and water purification systems. To the best of our knowledge this is the first demonstration of LIC application for broad viral inactivation with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad Ambardar
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, USF Cherry Drive ISA 6049, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Mark C Howell
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd. MDC 2511, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Karthick Mayilsamy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd. MDC 2525, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Andrew McGill
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd. MDC 2511, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd. MDC 2525, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Ryan Green
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd. MDC 2511, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Subhra Mohapatra
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd. MDC 2525, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| | - Dmitri V Voronine
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, USF Cherry Drive ISA 6049, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| | - Shyam S Mohapatra
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd. MDC 2511, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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15
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Enhancement of Light Extraction Efficiency of UVC-LED by SiO2 Antireflective Film. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12070928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to achieve high quantum efficiency of AlGaN-based deep ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UVC-LED), it is important to improve the light extraction efficiency (LEE). In this paper, theoretical simulation and experiment of SiO2 anti-reflective film deposited on UVC-LED were investigated. The effect of different SiO2 thickness on the light extraction efficiency of 275 nm UVC-LED was studied, showing that 140 nm SiO2 anti-reflective film can effectively improve the light output power of UVC-LED by more than 5.5%, which were also confirmed by the TFCALC simulation. The enhancement of UVC-LED light extraction efficiency by this antireflective film is mainly due to the 3λ2 light coherent effect at the SiO2/Al2O3 interface. Our work proved the promising application of antireflective coating on UVC-LED.
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16
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Raypah ME, Faris AN, Mohd Azlan M, Yusof NY, Suhailin FH, Shueb RH, Ismail I, Mustafa FH. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy as a Potential COVID-19 Early Detection Method: A Review and Future Perspective. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22124391. [PMID: 35746172 PMCID: PMC9229781 DOI: 10.3390/s22124391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a worldwide health anxiety. The rapid dispersion of the infection globally results in unparalleled economic, social, and health impacts. The pathogen that causes COVID-19 is known as a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A fast and low-cost diagnosis method for COVID-19 disease can play an important role in controlling its proliferation. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a quick, non-destructive, non-invasive, and inexpensive technique for profiling the chemical and physical structures of a wide range of samples. Furthermore, the NIRS has the advantage of incorporating the internet of things (IoT) application for the effective control and treatment of the disease. In recent years, a significant advancement in instrumentation and spectral analysis methods has resulted in a remarkable impact on the NIRS applications, especially in the medical discipline. To date, NIRS has been applied as a technique for detecting various viruses including zika (ZIKV), chikungunya (CHIKV), influenza, hepatitis C, dengue (DENV), and human immunodeficiency (HIV). This review aims to outline some historical and contemporary applications of NIRS in virology and its merit as a novel diagnostic technique for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna E. Raypah
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;
| | - Asma Nadia Faris
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (A.N.F.); (M.M.A.); (N.Y.Y.); (R.H.S.)
| | - Mawaddah Mohd Azlan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (A.N.F.); (M.M.A.); (N.Y.Y.); (R.H.S.)
| | - Nik Yusnoraini Yusof
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (A.N.F.); (M.M.A.); (N.Y.Y.); (R.H.S.)
| | - Fariza Hanim Suhailin
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
| | - Rafidah Hanim Shueb
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (A.N.F.); (M.M.A.); (N.Y.Y.); (R.H.S.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Irneza Ismail
- Advanced Devices & System (ADS) Research Group, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (I.I.); (F.H.M.); Tel.: +60-7986569 (I.I.); +60-9-7672432 (F.H.M.)
| | - Fatin Hamimi Mustafa
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (A.N.F.); (M.M.A.); (N.Y.Y.); (R.H.S.)
- Correspondence: (I.I.); (F.H.M.); Tel.: +60-7986569 (I.I.); +60-9-7672432 (F.H.M.)
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17
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Nambu T, Yano T, Umeda S, Yokoyama N, Honda H, Tanaka Y, Maegaki Y, Mori Y, Yoshimura M, Kobayashi S, Ichikawa S, Fujiwara Y, Ishii R, Kawakami Y, Uemukai M, Tanikawa T, Katayama R. DUV coherent light emission from ultracompact microcavity wavelength conversion device. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:18628-18637. [PMID: 36221660 DOI: 10.1364/oe.457538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A unique design of our ultracompact microcavity wavelength conversion device exploits the simple principle that the wavelength conversion efficiency is proportional to the square of the electric field amplitude of enhanced pump light in the microcavity, and expands the range of suitable device materials to include crystals that do not exhibit birefringence or ferroelectricity. Here, as a first step toward practical applications of all-solid-state ultracompact deep-ultraviolet coherent light sources, we adopted a low-birefringence paraelectric SrB4O7 crystal with great potential for wavelength conversion and high transparency down to 130 nm as our device material, and demonstrated 234 nm deep-ultraviolet coherent light generation, whose wavelength band is expected to be used for on-demand disinfection tools that can irradiate the human body.
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18
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Baek KH, Jang D, Kim T, Park JY, Kim D, Ryoo S, Lee S. Instant inactivation of aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 by dielectric filter discharge. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268049. [PMID: 35587941 PMCID: PMC9119459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the instant inactivation effect of dielectric filter discharge (DFD) on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) aerosols. The filter consisted of one layer of ZrO2 beads covered by aluminum mesh electrodes; this porous structure of DFD part generates filter-type surface discharge and reactive oxygen species. In a closed cylindrical chamber, DFD treated air flow containing SARS-CoV-2 aerosols, primarily composed of particle diameters of ≤ 1 μm. A polypropylene melt-blown filter collected the treated bioaerosols for inactivation analysis. Plaque and polymerase chain reaction assays showed that the aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 that passed through the filter were more than 99.84% inactivated with degradation of SARS-CoV-2 genes (ORF1ab and E). However, ozone exposure without DFD passage was not found to be effective for bioaerosol inactivation in plaque assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Ho Baek
- Department of Nano-Bio Convergence, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwan Jang
- Clinical Research Centre, Masan National Tuberculosis Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- Clinical Research Centre, Masan National Tuberculosis Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Park
- Department of Nano-Bio Convergence, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dojoon Kim
- Purunbit, Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungweon Ryoo
- Clinical Research Centre, Masan National Tuberculosis Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghun Lee
- Department of Nano-Bio Convergence, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon, Republic of Korea
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19
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Zhang F, Zhang J, Huang L, Liu S, Luo W, Kang J, Liang Z, Cao J, Zhang C, Wang Q, Yuan Y. The Structural Evolution of Semipolar (11-22) Plane AlN Tem-Plate on m-Plane Sapphire Prepared by Sputtering and High Temperature Annealing. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15082945. [PMID: 35454640 PMCID: PMC9032474 DOI: 10.3390/ma15082945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the epitaxial semipolar (11-22) AlN was prepared on nonpolar m-sapphire substrate by combining sputtering and high-temperature annealing. According to our systematic measurements and analysis from XRD, Raman spectra, and AFM, the evolution of crystalline structure and morphology was investigated upon increasing AlN thickness and annealing duration. The annealing operation intensively resets the lattice and improves the crystalline quality. By varying the film thickness, the contribution from the AlN-sapphire interface on crystalline quality and lattice parameters during the annealing process was investigated, and its contribution was found to be not so obvious when the thickness increased from 300 nm to 1000 nm. When the annealing was performed under durations from 1 to 5 h, the crystalline quality was found unchanged; meanwhile, the evolution of morphology was pronounced, and it means the crystalline reorganization happens prior to morphology reset. Finally, the annealing treatment enabled a zig-zag morphology on the AlN template along the sapphire [0001] direction in the plane, which potentially affects the subsequent device epitaxy process. Therefore, our results act as important experience for the semipolar nitride semiconductor laser device preparation, particularly for the epitaxy of microcavity structure through providing the crystalline evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabi Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation Technology and Application, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (F.Z.); (J.Z.); (L.H.)
| | - Jin Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation Technology and Application, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (F.Z.); (J.Z.); (L.H.)
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China; (S.L.); (J.K.); (J.C.)
| | - Lijie Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation Technology and Application, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (F.Z.); (J.Z.); (L.H.)
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China; (S.L.); (J.K.); (J.C.)
| | - Shangfeng Liu
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China; (S.L.); (J.K.); (J.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China; (S.L.); (J.K.); (J.C.)
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Junjie Kang
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China; (S.L.); (J.K.); (J.C.)
| | - Zhiwen Liang
- Dongguan Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Dongguan 523808, China; (Z.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Jiakang Cao
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China; (S.L.); (J.K.); (J.C.)
| | - Chenhui Zhang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Qi Wang
- Dongguan Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Dongguan 523808, China; (Z.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Ye Yuan
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China; (S.L.); (J.K.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (Y.Y.)
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20
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Tizaoui C, Stanton R, Statkute E, Rubina A, Lester-Card E, Lewis A, Holliman P, Worsley D. Ozone for SARS-CoV-2 inactivation on surfaces and in liquid cell culture media. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 428:128251. [PMID: 35032958 PMCID: PMC8744407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, by ozone using virus grown in cell culture media either dried on surfaces (plastic, glass, stainless steel, copper, and coupons of ambulance seat and floor) or suspended in liquid. Treatment in liquid reduced SARS-CoV-2 at a rate of 0.92 ± 0.11 log10-reduction per ozone CT dose(mg min/L); where CT is ozone concentration times exposure time. On surface, the synergistic effect of CT and relative humidity (RH) was key to virus inactivation; the rate varied from 0.01 to 0.27 log10-reduction per ozone CT value(g min/m3) as RH varied from 17% to 70%. Depletion of ozone by competitive reactions with the medium constituents, mass transfer limiting the penetration of ozone to the bulk of the medium, and occlusion of the virus in dried matrix were postulated as potential mechanisms that reduce ozone efficacy. RH70% was found plausible since it provided the highest disinfection rate while being below the critical RH that promotes mould growth in buildings. In conclusion, through careful choice of (CT, RH), gaseous ozone is effective against SARS-CoV-2 and our results are of significance to a growing field where ozone is applied to control the spread of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chedly Tizaoui
- College of Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom.
| | - Richard Stanton
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Evelina Statkute
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Anzelika Rubina
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Lester-Card
- College of Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Lewis
- College of Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Holliman
- College of Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
| | - Dave Worsley
- College of Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
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21
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Ye ZT, Wei L, Tien CH, Pan SM. Enhancement of the light extraction characteristics and wide-angle emissive behavior of deep-ultraviolet flip-chip light-emitting diodes by using optimized optical films. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:13447-13458. [PMID: 35472956 DOI: 10.1364/oe.450662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We propose the use of optical films to enhance the light extraction efficiency (LEE) and wide-angle emission of traditional packaged deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (DUV-LEDs). Total internal reflection occurs easily in DUV-LEDs because they contain sapphire, which has a high refractive index. DUV-LEDs also contain an aluminum nitride (AlN) ceramic substrate, which has high light absorption in the ultraviolet band. Photons are absorbed by the sapphire and AlN ceramic substrate, which reduces the LEE of DUV-LEDs. By adding a brightness enhancement film (BEF) on the sapphire surface and a high-reflection film (HRF) on the surface of the AlN ceramic substrate, the LEE of DUV-LEDs can be increased. Moreover, we designed a single-layer metal reflective film (SMRF) on the upper surface of the quartz glass in order to achieve wide-angle emission. Experimental results indicated that compared with traditional packaged DUV-LEDs, the light output power and external quantum efficiency of DUV-LEDs with a plated BEF, HRF, and SMRF increased by 18.3% and 18.2%, respectively. Moreover, an emission angle of 160° was achieved. In a reliability test, DUV-LEDs maintained more than 95% of the initial forward voltage and light output power after 1000 h of operation at 25°C, which indicated that the addition of an optical film can improve the light efficiency and long-term reliability of DUV-LEDs.
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22
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Skudra A, Revalde G, Zajakina A, Mezule L, Spunde K, Juhna T, Rancane K. UV inactivation of Semliki Forest virus and bacteria by alternative light sources. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2022; 10:100120. [PMID: 35437519 PMCID: PMC8994679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2022.100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The quick spreading of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, initiating the global pandemic with a significant impact on economics and health, highlighted an urgent need for effective and sustainable restriction mechanisms of pathogenic microorganisms. UV-C radiation, causing inactivation of many viruses and bacteria, is one of the tools for disinfection of different surfaces, liquids, and air; however, mainly mercury 254 nm line is commonly used for it. In this paper, we report our results of the experiments with newly elaborated special type polychromatic non-mercury UV light sources, having spectral lines in the spectral region from 190 nm to 280 nm. Inactivation tests were performed with both Escherichia coli (E.coli) bacteria and Semliki Forest virus (SFV) as a representative of human enveloped RNA viruses. In addition, the effect of prepared lamps on virus samples in liquid and dry form (dried virus-containing solution) was tested. Reduction of 4 log10 of E.coli was obtained after 10 min of irradiation with both thallium-antimony and arsenic high-frequency electrodeless lamps. High reduction results for the arsenic light source demonstrated sensitivity of E. coli to wavelengths below 230 nm, including spectral lines around 200 nm. For the Semliki Forest virus, the thallium-antimony light source showed virus inactivation efficiency with a high virus reduction rate in the range of 3.10 to > 4.99 log10 within 5 min of exposure. Thus, the new thallium-antimony light source showed the most promising disinfection effect in bacteria and viruses, and arsenic light sources for bacteria inactivation, opening doors for many applications in disinfection systems, including for pathogenic human RNA viruses.
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23
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Xu J, Liang Q, Li Z, Osipov VY, Lin Y, Ge B, Xu Q, Zhu J, Bi H. Rational Synthesis of Solid-State Ultraviolet B Emitting Carbon Dots via Acetic Acid-Promoted Fractions of sp 3 Bonding Strategy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200011. [PMID: 35246877 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) have received tremendous attention for their excellent photoluminescence (PL) properties. However, it remains a great challenge to obtain CDs with ultraviolet (UV, 200-400 nm) emission in solid state, which requires strict control of the CDs structure and overcoming the aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ). Herein, a new sp3 compartmentalization strategy is developed to meet these requirements, by employing acetic acid to promote fractions of sp3 bonding during the synthesis of CDs. It markedly decreases the size of sp2 conjugating units in the CDs, and shifts PL emission to the ultraviolet B (UVB) region (λmax = 308 nm). Moreover, sp2 domains are well spatially compartmentalized by sp3 domains and the ACQ effect is minimized, enabling the high quantum yield in solid state (20.2%, λex = 265 nm) with a narrow bandwidth of 24 nm and environmental robustness. The solid-state UVB emissive CDs are highly desired for application in photonic devices. Hence, a demo of UVB light-emitting diodes is fabricated for plant lighting, leading to a 29% increase of ascorbic acid content in the basil. Overall, a rational and efficient way to construct solid UVB-CDs phosphors for wide applications is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Qingjing Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Zijian Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
| | | | - Yangjian Lin
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Binghui Ge
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Qian Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 42 South Hezuohua Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 42 South Hezuohua Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, China
| | - Hong Bi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
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24
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Bui TKN, Mawatari K, Emoto T, Fukushima S, Shimohata T, Uebanso T, Akutagawa M, Kinouchi Y, Takahashi A. UV-LED irradiation reduces the infectivity of herpes simplex virus type 1 by targeting different viral components depending on the peak wavelength. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 228:112410. [PMID: 35193038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is an enveloped virus that mainly infects humans. Given its high global prevalence, disinfection is critical for reducing the risk of infection. Ultraviolet-light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) are eco-friendly irradiating modules with different peak wavelengths, but the molecules degraded by UV-LED irradiation have not been clarified. To identify the target viral molecules of UV-LEDs, we exposed HSV-1 suspensions to UV-LED irradiation at wavelengths of 260-, 280-, 310-, and 365-nm and measured viral DNA, protein, and lipid damage and infectivity in host cells. All UV-LEDs substantially reduced by inhibiting host cell transcription, but 260- and 280-nm UV-LEDs had significantly stronger virucidal efficiency than 310- and 365-nm UV-LEDs. Meanwhile, 260- and 280-nm UV-LEDs induced the formation of viral DNA photoproducts and the degradation of viral proteins and some phosphoglycerolipid species. Unlike 260- and 280-nm UV-LEDs, 310- and 365-nm UV-LEDs decreased the viral protein levels, but they did not drastically change the levels of viral DNA photoproducts and lipophilic metabolites. These results suggest that UV-LEDs reduce the infectivity of HSV-1 by targeting different viral molecules based on the peak wavelength. These findings could facilitate the optimization of UV-LED irradiation for viral inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Kim Ngan Bui
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Mawatari
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Emoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokushima University, Minamijyousanjima-cho 2-1, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Shiho Fukushima
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Takaaki Shimohata
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; Department of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Obama, Fukui 917-0003, Japan
| | - Takashi Uebanso
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masatake Akutagawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokushima University, Minamijyousanjima-cho 2-1, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Yohsuke Kinouchi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokushima University, Minamijyousanjima-cho 2-1, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Akira Takahashi
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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25
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Mariita RM, Davis JH, Randive RV. Illuminating Human Norovirus: A Perspective on Disinfection of Water and Surfaces Using UVC, Norovirus Model Organisms, and Radiation Safety Considerations. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020226. [PMID: 35215169 PMCID: PMC8879714 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a major cause of gastroenteritis and are associated with high morbidity because of their ability to survive in the environment and small inoculum size required for infection. Norovirus is transmitted through water, food, high touch-surfaces, and human-to-human contact. Ultraviolet Subtype C (UVC) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can disrupt the norovirus transmission chain for water, food, and surfaces. Here, we illuminate considerations to be adhered to when picking norovirus surrogates for disinfection studies and shine light on effective use of UVC for norovirus infection control in water and air and validation for such systems and explore the blind spot of radiation safety considerations when using UVC disinfection strategies. This perspective also discusses the promise of UVC for norovirus mitigation to save and ease life.
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26
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Mariita RM, Peterson JW. Not all wavelengths are created equal: disinfection of SARS-CoV-2 using UVC radiation is wavelength-dependent. Access Microbiol 2022; 3:000276. [PMID: 35018323 PMCID: PMC8742593 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is mostly transmitted through close contact with infected people by infected aerosols and fomites. Ultraviolet subtype C (UVC) lamps and light-emitting diodes can be used to disrupt the transmission chain by disinfecting fomites, thus managing the disease outbreak progression. Here, we assess the ultraviolet wavelengths that are most effective in inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 on fomites. Variations in UVC wavelengths impact the dose required for disinfection of SARS-CoV-2 and alter how rapidly and effectively disruption of the virus transmission chain can be achieved. This study reveals that shorter wavelengths (254–268 nm) take a maximum of 6.25 mJ/cm2 over 5 s to obtain a target SARS-CoV-2 reduction of 99.9%. Longer wavelengths, like 280 nm, take longer irradiation time and higher dose to inactivate SARS-CoV-2. These observations emphasize that SARS-CoV-2 inactivation is wavelength-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Mariita
- Crystal IS Inc., an Asahi Kasei company, Green Island, New York, 12183, USA
| | - James W Peterson
- Crystal IS Inc., an Asahi Kasei company, Green Island, New York, 12183, USA
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27
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Biasin M, Strizzi S, Bianco A, Macchi A, Utyro O, Pareschi G, Loffreda A, Cavalleri A, Lualdi M, Trabattoni D, Tacchetti C, Mazza D, Clerici M. UV and violet light can Neutralize SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2022; 10:100107. [PMID: 35036965 PMCID: PMC8741330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed an in-depth analysis of the virucidal effect of discrete wavelengths: UV-C (278 nm), UV-B (308 nm), UV-A (366 nm) and violet (405 nm) on SARS-CoV-2. By using a highly infectious titer of SARS-CoV-2 we observed that the violet light-dose resulting in a 2-log viral inactivation is only 104 times less efficient than UV-C light. Moreover, by qPCR (quantitative Polymerase chain reaction) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) approach we verified that the viral titer typically found in the sputum of COVID-19 patients can be completely inactivated by the long UV-wavelengths corresponding to UV-A and UV-B solar irradiation. The comparison of the UV action spectrum on SARS-CoV-2 to previous results obtained on other pathogens suggests that RNA viruses might be particularly sensitive to long UV wavelengths. Our data extend previous results showing that SARS-CoV-2 is highly susceptible to UV light and offer an explanation to the reduced incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection seen in the summer season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Strizzi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Bianco
- Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) - Brera Astronomical Observatory, Merate, Italy
| | - Alberto Macchi
- Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) - Brera Astronomical Observatory, Merate, Italy
| | - Olga Utyro
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pareschi
- Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) - Brera Astronomical Observatory, Merate, Italy
| | - Alessia Loffreda
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Adalberto Cavalleri
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, IRCCS Foundation, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Lualdi
- Department of Imaging Diagnostic and Radioterapy, IRCCS Foundation, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Daria Trabattoni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Tacchetti
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Mazza
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, IRCCS Foundation, Milan, Italy
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28
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Pokrajac L, Abbas A, Chrzanowski W, Dias GM, Eggleton BJ, Maguire S, Maine E, Malloy T, Nathwani J, Nazar L, Sips A, Sone J, van den Berg A, Weiss PS, Mitra S. Nanotechnology for a Sustainable Future: Addressing Global Challenges with the International Network4Sustainable Nanotechnology. ACS NANO 2021; 15:18608-18623. [PMID: 34910476 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has important roles to play in international efforts in sustainability. We discuss how current and future capabilities in nanotechnology align with and support the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. We argue that, as a field, we can accelerate the progress toward these goals both directly through technological solutions and through our special interdisciplinary skills in communication and tackling difficult challenges. We discuss the roles of targeting solutions, technology translation, the circular economy, and a number of examples from national efforts around the world in reaching these goals. We have formed a network of leading nanocenters to address these challenges globally and seek to recruit others to join us.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Pokrajac
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Mike & Ophelia Lazaridis Quantum Nano Centre, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ali Abbas
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Wojciech Chrzanowski
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Goretty M Dias
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Mike & Ophelia Lazaridis Quantum Nano Centre, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Benjamin J Eggleton
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Steven Maguire
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Elicia Maine
- Beedie School of Business, Simon Fraser University, 500 Granville Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6C 1W6, Canada
| | - Timothy Malloy
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jatin Nathwani
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Mike & Ophelia Lazaridis Quantum Nano Centre, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Linda Nazar
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Mike & Ophelia Lazaridis Quantum Nano Centre, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Adrienne Sips
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jun'ichi Sone
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi Center Building, 4 Chome-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Albert van den Berg
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Hallenweg 15, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Paul S Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, and Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Sushanta Mitra
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Mike & Ophelia Lazaridis Quantum Nano Centre, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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29
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Wang D, Kuzma ML, Tan X, He TC, Dong C, Liu Z, Yang J. Phototherapy and optical waveguides for the treatment of infection. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:114036. [PMID: 34740763 PMCID: PMC8665112 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With rapid emergence of multi-drug resistant microbes, it is imperative to seek alternative means for infection control. Optical waveguides are an auspicious delivery method for precise administration of phototherapy. Studies have shown that phototherapy is promising in fighting against a myriad of infectious pathogens (i.e. viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa) including biofilm-forming species and drug-resistant strains while evading treatment resistance. When administered via optical waveguides, phototherapy can treat both superficial and deep-tissue infections while minimizing off-site effects that afflict conventional phototherapy and pharmacotherapy. Despite great therapeutic potential, exact mechanisms, materials, and fabrication designs to optimize this promising treatment option are underexplored. This review outlines principles and applications of phototherapy and optical waveguides for infection control. Research advances, challenges, and outlook regarding this delivery system are rigorously discussed in a hope to inspire future developments of optical waveguide-mediated phototherapy for the management of infection and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingbowen Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Michelle Laurel Kuzma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xinyu Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Academy of Orthopedics, Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510280, China
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Cheng Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Zhiwen Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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30
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Lai PY, Liu H, Ng RJH, Wint Hnin Thet B, Chu HS, Teo JWR, Ong Q, Liu Y, Png CE. Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 inactivation using UV-C LEDs in public environments via ray-tracing simulation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22612. [PMID: 34799671 PMCID: PMC8605003 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper proposes an investigating SARS-CoV-2 inactivation on surfaces with UV-C LED irradiation using our in-house-developed ray-tracing simulator. The results are benchmarked with experiments and Zemax OpticStudio commercial software simulation to demonstrate our simulator's easy accessibility and high reliability. The tool can input the radiant profile of the flexible LED source and accurately yield the irradiance distribution emitted from an LED-based system in 3D environments. The UV-C operating space can be divided into the safe, buffer, and germicidal zones for setting up a UV-C LED system. Based on the published measurement data, the level of SARS-CoV-2 inactivation has been defined as a function of UV-C irradiation. A realistic case of public space, i.e., a food court in Singapore, has been numerically investigated to demonstrate the relative impact of environmental UV-C attenuation on the SARS-CoV-2 inactivation. We optimise a specific UV-C LED germicidal system and its corresponding exposure time according to the simulation results. These ray-tracing-based simulations provide a useful guideline for safe deployment and efficient design for germicidal UV-C LED technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yen Lai
- A*STAR Institute of High Performance Computing, Electronics and Photonics, 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16, Connexis, 138632, Singapore.
| | - Huizhe Liu
- A*STAR Institute of High Performance Computing, Electronics and Photonics, 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16, Connexis, 138632, Singapore
| | - Ray Jia Hong Ng
- A*STAR Institute of High Performance Computing, Electronics and Photonics, 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16, Connexis, 138632, Singapore
| | - Bianca Wint Hnin Thet
- A*STAR Institute of High Performance Computing, Electronics and Photonics, 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16, Connexis, 138632, Singapore
| | - Hong-Son Chu
- A*STAR Institute of High Performance Computing, Electronics and Photonics, 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16, Connexis, 138632, Singapore
| | - Jin Wah Ronnie Teo
- A*STAR Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-04, Innovis, 138634, Singapore
| | - Qunxiang Ong
- A*STAR Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, 11 Biopolis Way, #02-02, Helios, 138667, Singapore
| | - Yuanjie Liu
- A*STAR National Metrology Centre, 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-05, Innovis, 138634, Singapore
| | - Ching Eng Png
- A*STAR Institute of High Performance Computing, Electronics and Photonics, 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16, Connexis, 138632, Singapore
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Rowan NJ, Meade E, Garvey M. Efficacy of frontline chemical biocides and disinfection approaches for inactivating SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern that cause coronavirus disease with the emergence of opportunities for green eco-solutions. CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & HEALTH 2021; 23:100290. [PMID: 34250323 PMCID: PMC8254398 DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2021.100290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory disease (SARS-CoV-2) variants that cause coronavirus disease is of global concern. Severe acute respiratory disease variants of concern (VOC) exhibiting greater transmissibility, and potentially increased risk of hospitalization, severity and mortality, are attributed to molecular mutations in outer viral surface spike proteins. Thus, there is a reliance on using appropriate counter-disease measures, including non-pharmaceutical interventions and vaccination. The best evidence suggests that the use of frontline biocides effectively inactivate coronavirus similarly, including VOC, such as 202012/01, 501Y.V2 and P.1 that have rapidly replaced the wild-type variant in the United Kingdom, South Africa and Brazil, respectively. However, this review highlights that efficacy of VOC-disinfection will depend on the type of biocide and the parameters governing the activity. VOC are likely to be similar in size to the wild-type strain, thus implying that existing guidelines for use and re-use of face masks post disinfection remain relevant. Monitoring to avoid injudicious use of biocides during the coronavirus disease era is required as prolonged and excessive biocide usage may negatively impact our receiving environments; thus, highlighting the potential for alternative more environmental-friendly sustainable biocide solutions. Traditional biocides may promote cross-antimicrobial resistance to antibiotics in problematical bacteria. The existing filtration efficacy of face masks is likely to perform similarly for VOC due to similar viral size; however, advances in face mask manufacturing by way incorporating new anti-viral materials will potentially enhance their design and functionality for existing and potential future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Rowan
- Centre for Disinfection and Sterilisation, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Ireland
- Department of Nursing and Healthcare, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Ireland
| | - Elaine Meade
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Technology, Sligo, Ash Lane, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Mary Garvey
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Technology, Sligo, Ash Lane, Sligo, Ireland
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Sellera FP, Sabino CP, Cabral FV, Ribeiro MS. A systematic scoping review of ultraviolet C (UVC) light systems for SARS-CoV-2 inactivation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2021; 8:100068. [PMID: 34549200 PMCID: PMC8444477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant amount of epidemiological evidence has underlined that human-to-human transmission due to close contacts is considered the main pathway of transmission, however since the SARS-CoV-2 can also survive in aerosols, water, and surfaces, the development and implementation of effective decontamination strategies are urgently required. In this regard, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) using ultraviolet C (UVC) has been proposed to disinfect different environments and surfaces contaminated by SARS-CoV-2. Herein, we performed a systematic scoping review strictly focused on peer-reviewed studies published in English that reported experimental results of UVC-based technologies against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Studies were retrieved from PubMed and the Web of Science database. After our criterious screening, we identified 13 eligible articles that used UVC-based systems to inactivate SARS-CoV-2. We noticed the use of different UVC wavelengths, technologies, and light doses. The initial viral titer was also heterogeneous among studies. Most studies reported virus inactivation in well plates, even though virus persistence on N95 respirators and different surfaces were also evaluated. SARS-CoV-2 inactivation reached from 90% to 100% depending on experimental conditions. We concluded that there is sufficient evidence to support the use of UVC-based technologies against SARS-CoV-2. However, appropriate implementation is required to guarantee the efficacy and safety of UVC strategies to control the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio P Sellera
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Metropolitan University of Santos, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda V Cabral
- Center for Lasers and Applications, IPEN-CNEN, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Martha S Ribeiro
- Center for Lasers and Applications, IPEN-CNEN, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Fredes P, Raff U, Gramsch E, Tarkowski M. Estimation of the Ultraviolet-C Doses from Mercury Lamps and Light-Emitting Diodes Required to Disinfect Surfaces. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 126:126025. [PMID: 38469433 PMCID: PMC10857788 DOI: 10.6028/jres.vol.126.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Disinfection of surfaces by ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiation is gaining importance in diverse applications. However, there is generally no accepted computational procedure to determine the minimum irradiation times and UV-C doses required for reliable and secure disinfection of surfaces. UV-C dose distributions must be comparable for devices presently on the market and future ones, as well as for the diverse surfaces of objects to be disinfected. A mathematical model is presented to estimate irradiance distributions. To this end, the relevant parameters are defined. These parameters are the optical properties of the UV-C light sources, such as wavelength and emitted optical power, as well as electrical features, like radiant efficiency and consumed power. Furthermore, the characteristics and geometry of the irradiated surfaces as well as the positions of the irradiated surfaces in relation to the UV-C light sources are considered. Because mercury (Hg) lamps are competitive with UV-C light-emitting diodes, a comparative analysis between these two light sources based on the simulation results is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Fredes
- Hydraluvx, Minerva 2576, Maipú,
Santiago 9254013,
Chile
| | - Ulrich Raff
- Physics Department, University of Santiago of Chile,
Av. Ecuador 3493, Estación Central,
Santiago 9170124,
Chile
| | - Ernesto Gramsch
- Physics Department, University of Santiago of Chile,
Av. Ecuador 3493, Estación Central,
Santiago 9170124,
Chile
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34
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Djellabi R, Basilico N, Delbue S, D’Alessandro S, Parapini S, Cerrato G, Laurenti E, Falletta E, Bianchi CL. Oxidative Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 on Photoactive AgNPs@TiO 2 Ceramic Tiles. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168836. [PMID: 34445543 PMCID: PMC8396237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic causes serious public health, social, and economic issues all over the globe. Surface transmission has been claimed as a possible SARS-CoV-2 infection route, especially in heavy contaminated environmental surfaces, including hospitals and crowded public places. Herein, we studied the deactivation of SARS-CoV-2 on photoactive AgNPs@TiO2 coated on industrial ceramic tiles under dark, UVA, and LED light irradiations. SARS-CoV-2 inactivation is effective under any light/dark conditions. The presence of AgNPs has an important key to limit the survival of SARS-CoV-2 in the dark; moreover, there is a synergistic action when TiO2 is decorated with Ag to enhance the virus photocatalytic inactivation even under LED. The radical oxidation was confirmed as the the central mechanism behind SARS-CoV-2 damage/inactivation by ESR analysis under LED light. Therefore, photoactive AgNPs@TiO2 ceramic tiles could be exploited to fight surface infections, especially during viral severe pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridha Djellabi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence: (R.D.); (C.L.B.)
| | - Nicoletta Basilico
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Carlo Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; (N.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Serena Delbue
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Carlo Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; (N.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Sarah D’Alessandro
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Carlo Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Silvia Parapini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Carlo Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Giuseppina Cerrato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy; (G.C.); (E.L.)
| | - Enzo Laurenti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy; (G.C.); (E.L.)
| | - Ermelinda Falletta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Claudia Letizia Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence: (R.D.); (C.L.B.)
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