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Kim DH, Lee J, Lee DY, Lee SH, Jeong JH, Kim JY, Kim J, Choi YK, Lee JB, Park SY, Choi IS, Lee SW, Youk S, Song CS. Intranasal Administration of Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus Expressing SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Protects hACE2 TG Mice against Lethal SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:921. [PMID: 39204044 PMCID: PMC11359043 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12080921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged as a global outbreak in 2019, profoundly affecting both human health and the global economy. Various vaccine modalities were developed and commercialized to overcome this challenge, including inactivated vaccines, mRNA vaccines, adenovirus vector-based vaccines, and subunit vaccines. While intramuscular vaccines induce high IgG levels, they often fail to stimulate significant mucosal immunity in the respiratory system. We employed the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vector expressing the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant (rK148/beta-S), and evaluated the efficacy of intranasal vaccination with rK148/beta-S in K18-hACE2 transgenic mice. Intranasal vaccination with a low dose (106.0 EID50) resulted in an 86% survival rate after challenge with the SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant. Administration at a high dose (107.0 EID50) led to a reduction in lung viral load and 100% survival against the SARS-CoV-2 Beta and Delta variants. A high level of the SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific IgA was also induced in vaccinated mice lungs following the SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Our findings suggest that rK148/beta-S holds promise as an intranasal vaccine candidate that effectively induces mucosal immunity against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Hwan Kim
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (D.-H.K.)
- KHAV Co., Ltd., 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiho Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (D.-H.K.)
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Da-Ye Lee
- KHAV Co., Ltd., 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hun Lee
- KHAV Co., Ltd., 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jei-Hyun Jeong
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (D.-H.K.)
- KHAV Co., Ltd., 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Kim
- KHAV Co., Ltd., 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang-Kyu Choi
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea;
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (D.-H.K.)
| | - Seung-Young Park
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (D.-H.K.)
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (D.-H.K.)
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (D.-H.K.)
| | - Sungsu Youk
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (D.-H.K.)
- KHAV Co., Ltd., 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Eliadis P, Mais A, Papazisis A, Loxa EK, Dimitriadis A, Sarrigeorgiou I, Backovic M, Agallou M, Zouridakis M, Karagouni E, Lazaridis K, Mamalaki A, Lymberi P. Novel Competitive ELISA Utilizing Trimeric Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2, Could Identify More Than RBD-RBM Specific Neutralizing Antibodies in Hybrid Sera. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:914. [PMID: 39204038 PMCID: PMC11359269 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12080914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the initiation of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a need for the development of diagnostic methods to determine the factors implicated in mounting an immune response against the virus. The most promising indicator has been suggested to be neutralizing antibodies (nAbs), which mainly block the interaction between the Spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 and the host entry receptor ACE2. In this study, we aimed to develop and optimize conditions of a competitive ELISA to measure serum neutralizing titer, using a recombinant trimeric Spike protein modified to have six additional proline residues (S(6P)-HexaPro) and h-ACE2. The results of our surrogate Virus Neutralizing Assay (sVNA) were compared against the commercial sVNT (cPass, Nanjing GenScript Biotech Co., Nanjing City, China), using serially diluted sera from vaccinees, and a high correlation of ID50-90 titer values was observed between the two assays. Interestingly, when we tested and compared the neutralizing activity of sera from eleven fully vaccinated individuals who subsequently contracted COVID-19 (hybrid sera), we recorded a moderate correlation between the two assays, while higher sera neutralizing titers were measured with sVNA. Our data indicated that the sVNA, as a more biologically relevant model assay that paired the trimeric S(6P) with ACE2, instead of the isolated RBD-ACE2 pairing cPass test, could identify nAbs other than the RBD-RBM specific ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Eliadis
- Immunology Laboratory, Immunology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (E.K.L.); (I.S.); (K.L.)
- Biotechnology Unit, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (A.D.); (A.M.)
| | - Annie Mais
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology, Immunology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece;
| | - Alexandros Papazisis
- Immunology Laboratory, Immunology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (E.K.L.); (I.S.); (K.L.)
| | - Eleni K. Loxa
- Immunology Laboratory, Immunology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (E.K.L.); (I.S.); (K.L.)
| | - Alexios Dimitriadis
- Biotechnology Unit, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (A.D.); (A.M.)
| | - Ioannis Sarrigeorgiou
- Immunology Laboratory, Immunology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (E.K.L.); (I.S.); (K.L.)
| | - Marija Backovic
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Université Paris Cité, CNRS-UMR3569, 75724 Paris, France;
| | - Maria Agallou
- Immunology of Infection Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (M.A.); (E.K.)
| | - Marios Zouridakis
- Structural Neurobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Immunology, Department of Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece;
| | - Evdokia Karagouni
- Immunology of Infection Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (M.A.); (E.K.)
| | - Konstantinos Lazaridis
- Immunology Laboratory, Immunology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (E.K.L.); (I.S.); (K.L.)
- Biotechnology Unit, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (A.D.); (A.M.)
| | - Avgi Mamalaki
- Biotechnology Unit, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (A.D.); (A.M.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology, Immunology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece;
| | - Peggy Lymberi
- Immunology Laboratory, Immunology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (E.K.L.); (I.S.); (K.L.)
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Mallick A, Sukla S, De A, Biswas S. Evidences support that dengue virus can impart broad-spectrum immunity against betacoronaviruses in dengue endemic regions. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29771. [PMID: 38932494 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
COVID-19 tended to be less aggressive in dengue endemic regions. Conversely, dengue cases plummeted in dengue endemic zones during the active years of the pandemic (2020-2021). We and others have demonstrated serological cross-reactivity between these two viruses of different families. We further demonstrated that COVID-19 serum samples that were cross-reactive in dengue virus (DV) serological tests, "cross-neutralized" all DV serotypes in Huh7 cells. Here we showed by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging that severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV)-2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S) protein subunit S1 and S2 monoclonal antibodies can indeed, bind to DV particles. Likewise, DV envelope antibodies (DV E Abs) showed high docking frequency with other human pathogenic beta-CoVs and murine hepatitis virus-1 (MHV-1). SARS-CoV-2 Ab didn't show docking or Co-IP with MHV-1 supporting poor cross-protection among CoVs. DV E Abs showed binding to MHV-1 (AFM, Co-IP, and immunofluorescence) and prepandemic dengue patients' serum samples even "cross-neutralized" MHV-1 plaques in cell culture. Furthermore, dengue serum samples showed marked inhibition potential in a surrogate virus-based competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, used for determining neutralizing Abs against SARS-CoV-2 S protein receptor-binding domain in COVID-19 serum samples. We therefore, provide multiple evidence as to why CoVs are epidemiologically less prevalent in highly dengue endemic regions globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinash Mallick
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Soumi Sukla
- CHINTA, TCG-Centres for Research and Education in Science and Technology, Kolkata, India
| | - Abhishek De
- Department of Dermatology, Calcutta National Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Subhajit Biswas
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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4
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Thomas S, Smatti MK, Alsulaiti H, Zedan HT, Eid AH, Hssain AA, Abu Raddad LJ, Gentilcore G, Ouhtit A, Althani AA, Nasrallah GK, Grivel JC, Yassine HM. Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of SARS-CoV-2 in patients exposed to MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 antigens. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29628. [PMID: 38682568 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated the potential for antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) in serum samples from patients exposed to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination on ADE in individuals with a MERS infection history. We performed ADE assay in sera from MERS recovered and SARS-CoV-2-vaccinated individuals using BHK cells expressing FcgRIIa, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV pseudoviruses (PVs). Further, we analyzed the association of ADE to serum IgG levels and neutralization. Out of 16 MERS patients, nine demonstrated ADE against SARS-CoV-2 PV, however, none of the samples demonstrated ADE against MERS-CoV PV. Furthermore, out of the seven patients exposed to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination after MERS-CoV infection, only one patient (acutely infected with MERS-CoV) showed ADE for SARS-CoV-2 PV. Further analysis indicated that IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 against SARS-CoV-2 S1 and RBD subunits, IgG1 and IgG2 against the MERS-CoV S1 subunit, and serum neutralizing activity were low in ADE-positive samples. In summary, samples from MERS-CoV-infected patients exhibited ADE against SARS-CoV-2 and was significantly associated with low levels of neutralizing antibodies. Subsequent exposure to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination resulted in diminished ADE activity while the PV neutralization assay demonstrated a broadly reactive antibody response in some patient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapna Thomas
- Biomedical Research Center, Research Complex, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maria K Smatti
- Biomedical Research Center, Research Complex, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Haya Alsulaiti
- Biomedical Research Center, Research Complex, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hadeel T Zedan
- Biomedical Research Center, Research Complex, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences-QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali H Eid
- College of Medicine-QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali A Hssain
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Laith J Abu Raddad
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Allal Ouhtit
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Asmaa A Althani
- Biomedical Research Center, Research Complex, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Gheyath K Nasrallah
- Biomedical Research Center, Research Complex, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences-QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Hadi M Yassine
- Biomedical Research Center, Research Complex, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences-QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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5
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Ferrari L, Ruggiero A, Stefani C, Benedetti L, Piermatteo L, Andreassi E, Caldara F, Zace D, Pagliari M, Ceccherini-Silberstein F, Jones C, Iannetta M, Geretti AM. Utility of accessible SARS-CoV-2 specific immunoassays in vaccinated adults with a history of advanced HIV infection. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8337. [PMID: 38594459 PMCID: PMC11003986 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58597-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Accessible SARS-CoV-2-specific immunoassays may inform clinical management in people with HIV, particularly in case of persisting immunodysfunction. We prospectively studied their application in vaccine recipients with HIV, purposely including participants with a history of advanced HIV infection. Participants received one (n = 250), two (n = 249) or three (n = 42) doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine. Adverse events were documented through questionnaires. Sample collection occurred pre-vaccination and a median of 4 weeks post-second dose and 14 weeks post-third dose. Anti-spike and anti-nucleocapsid antibodies were measured with the Roche Elecsys chemiluminescence immunoassays. Neutralising activity was evaluated using the GenScript cPass surrogate virus neutralisation test, following validation against a Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test. T-cell reactivity was assessed with the Roche SARS-CoV-2 IFNγ release assay. Primary vaccination (2 doses) was well tolerated and elicited measurable anti-spike antibodies in 202/206 (98.0%) participants. Anti-spike titres varied widely, influenced by previous SARS-CoV-2 exposure, ethnicity, intravenous drug use, CD4 counts and HIV viremia as independent predictors. A third vaccine dose significantly boosted anti-spike and neutralising responses, reducing variability. Anti-spike titres > 15 U/mL correlated with neutralising activity in 136/144 paired samples (94.4%). Three participants with detectable anti-S antibodies did not develop cPass neutralising responses post-third dose, yet displayed SARS-CoV-2 specific IFNγ responses. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is well-tolerated and immunogenic in adults with HIV, with responses improving post-third dose. Anti-spike antibodies serve as a reliable indicator of neutralising activity. Discordances between anti-spike and neutralising responses were accompanied by detectable IFN-γ responses, underlining the complexity of the immune response in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Ferrari
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fondazione PTV, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ruggiero
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Stefani
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Livia Benedetti
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Eleonora Andreassi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Caldara
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fondazione PTV, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Drieda Zace
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fondazione PTV, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Pagliari
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Models, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | - Christopher Jones
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, UK
| | - Marco Iannetta
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fondazione PTV, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Geretti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fondazione PTV, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Infection, North Middlesex University Hospital, London, UK.
- School of Immunity & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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Zedan HT, Smatti MK, Al-Sadeq DW, Al Khatib HA, Nicolai E, Pieri M, Bernardini S, Hssain AA, Taleb S, Qotba H, Issa K, Abu Raddad LJ, Althani AA, Nasrallah GK, Yassine HM. SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers more potent antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) responses than mRNA-, vector-, and inactivated virus-based COVID-19 vaccines. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29527. [PMID: 38511514 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are elicited after infection and vaccination and have been well studied. However, their antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) functionality is still poorly characterized. Here, we investigated ADCC activity in convalescent sera from infected patients with wild-type (WT) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) or omicron variant compared with three coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine platforms and postvaccination breakthrough infection (BTI). We analyzed ADCC activity targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins in convalescent sera following WT SARS-CoV-2-infection (n = 91), including symptomatic and asymptomatic infections, omicron-infection (n = 8), COVID-19 vaccination with messenger RNA- (mRNA)- (BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273, n = 77), adenovirus vector- (n = 41), and inactivated virus- (n = 46) based vaccines, as well as post-mRNA vaccination BTI caused by omicron (n = 28). Correlations between ADCC, binding, and NAb titers were reported. ADCC was elicited within the first month postinfection and -vaccination and remained detectable for ≥3 months. WT-infected symptomatic patients had higher S-specific ADCC levels than asymptomatic and vaccinated individuals. Also, no difference in N-specific ADCC activity was seen between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, but the levels were higher than the inactivated vaccine. Notably, omicron infection showed reduced overall ADCC activity compared to WT SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although post-mRNA vaccination BTI elicited high levels of binding and NAbs, ADCC activity was significantly reduced. Also, there was no difference in ADCC levels across the four vaccines, although NAbs and binding antibody titers were significantly higher in mRNA-vaccinated individuals. All evaluated vaccine platforms are inferior in inducing ADCC compared to natural infection with WT SARS-CoV-2. The inactivated virus-based vaccine can induce N-specific ADCC activity, but its relevance to clinical outcomes requires further investigation. Our data suggest that ADCC could be used to estimate the extra-neutralization level against COVID-19 and provides evidence that vaccination should focus on other Fc-effector functions besides NAbs. Also, the decreased susceptibility of the omicron variant to ADCC offers valuable guidance for forthcoming efforts to identify the specific targets of antibodies facilitating ADCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeel T Zedan
- Infectious Diseases Department, Biomedical Research Center, Research Complex, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maria K Smatti
- Infectious Diseases Department, Biomedical Research Center, Research Complex, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Duaa W Al-Sadeq
- College of Medicine, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hebah A Al Khatib
- Infectious Diseases Department, Biomedical Research Center, Research Complex, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Eleonora Nicolai
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Pieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Ali Ait Hssain
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sara Taleb
- Department of Research, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hamda Qotba
- Department of Clinical Research, Primary Health Care Centers, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khodr Issa
- Proteomics, Inflammatory Response, and Mass Spectrometry (PRISM) Laboratory, INSERM U-1192, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Laith J Abu Raddad
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Asmaa A Althani
- Infectious Diseases Department, Biomedical Research Center, Research Complex, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Gheyath K Nasrallah
- Infectious Diseases Department, Biomedical Research Center, Research Complex, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hadi M Yassine
- Infectious Diseases Department, Biomedical Research Center, Research Complex, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Xu J, Chen J, Wen F, Liu K, Chen Y. Detection methods and dynamic characteristics of specific antibodies in patients with COVID-19: A review of the early literature. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24580. [PMID: 38317938 PMCID: PMC10839880 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused a global pandemic. Early and accurate diagnosis and quarantine remain the most effective mitigation strategy. Although reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is the gold standard for COVID-19 diagnosis, recent studies suggest that nucleic acids were undetectable in a significant number of cases with clinical features of COVID-19.Serological assays for SARS-CoV-2 play a role in diagnosis of COVID-19, in understanding viral epidemiology and screening convalescent sera for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes, to better understand the immune response to the virus, and to assess the degree and duration of the response of specific antibodies. In this article, we retrieved PubMed, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and WEB OF SCI databases for articles and reviews published before December 1, 2022. Using "IgM, IgG,IgA, neutralizing antibody, specific antibody,COVID-19, dynamic characteristics" as keywords, and comprehensively reviewed on their basis.According to the authors' criteria, only articles deemed relevant were included, covering original articles, case series, experimental studies, reviews, and case reports. Articles on performance evaluation, opinion pieces, and technical issues were excluded. From the onset of COVID-19 symptoms, the median time of seroconversion was 11 days for immunoglobulin A (IgA), the median time of peak antibody titer was 23 (16-30 days) for IgA.Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is detected prior to immunoglobulin G (IgG), peaking 2-5 weeks post symptom onset and detectable for a minimum of 8 weeks in the immunocompetent.Neutralizing antibodies were earliest detectable within 6-7 days following disease onset, with levels increasing until days 14-22 before levelling and then decreasing, but titres were lower in clinically mild disease. Different clinical types of patients showed different antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2, with severe COVID-19 patients > non-severe COVID-19 patients > asymptomatic infected persons, but no difference in the early stage of the disease. Usually, IgM and IgA antibodies are detectable earlier than IgG antibodies.IgA antibodys plays an important role in local mucosal immunity.Detection of IgM antibodies tends to indicate recent exposure to SARS-CoV-2, whereas the detection of COVID-19 IgG antibodies indicates virus exposure some time ago. The detection of potent neutralizing antibodies in convalescent plasma is important in the context of development of therapeutics and vaccines.With the emergence of immune escape variants of SARS-CoV-2, humoral immunity is being challenged, and a detailed understanding of Specific antibodies is critical to guide vaccine design strategies and antibody-mediated therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianteng Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fazhi Wen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - KangSheng Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yajun Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China
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Varvel S, Galdzicka M, Nystrom S, Liu H, Chen G, Ragan I, Shabahang S. An omicron-specific neutralizing antibody test predicts neutralizing activity against XBB 1.5. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1334250. [PMID: 38322270 PMCID: PMC10845052 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1334250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Understanding the immune status of an individual using neutralizing antibody testing is complicated by the continued evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Previous work showed that assays developed against the wildtype strain of SARS-CoV-2 were insufficient predictors of neutralization of omicron variants, thus we developed an omicron-specific flow cytometry-based neutralizing antibody test and performed experiments to assess how well it compared to an omicron-specific PRNT assay (gold standard) and whether it could predict neutralizing activity to more recent omicron subvariants such as XBB.1.5. Methods Accuracy of a novel flow cytometry-based neutralizing antibody (FC-NAb) assay was determined by comparison with an omicron-specific PRNT assay. A series of samples were evaluated in both the omicron FC-NAb assay and a second test was designed to assess neutralization of XBB.1.5. Results Good concordance between the omicron FC-NAb test and the omicron PRNT was demonstrated (AUC = 0.97, p <0.001; sensitivity = 94%, specificity = 100%, PPV = 100%, and NPV = 97%). A strong linear relationship between the omicron FC-NAb and neutralization of XBB1.5 was observed (r = 0.83, p<0.001). Additionally, the omicron FC-NAb test was a very strong predictor of positive XBB1.5 NAb activity (AUC = 0.96, p<0.001; sensitivity = 94%, specificity = 90%, positive predictive value = 90%, and negative predictive values = 94%). Discussion Our data suggest that despite continued evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, the omicron FC-NAb assay described here is a good predictor of XBB1.5 neutralizing activity, as evidenced by a strong correlation and good predictive performance characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hong Liu
- Aditxt, Inc., Mountain View, CA, United States
| | - Ge Chen
- Aditxt, Inc., Mountain View, CA, United States
| | - Izabela Ragan
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Infectious Disease Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Tiara MR, Djauhari H, Rachman FR, Rettob AC, Utami D, Pulungan FCS, Purwanta H, Wisaksana R, Alisjahbana B, Indrati AR. Performance of a Point-of-Care Fluorescence Immunoassay Test to Measure the Anti-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 Spike, Receptor Binding Domain Antibody Level. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3686. [PMID: 38132270 PMCID: PMC10743294 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13243686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative determination of anti-SARS-CoV2-S-RBD is necessary for the evaluation of vaccination effectiveness. The surrogate viral neutralization test (SVNT) is approved for measuring anti-SARS-CoV2-S-RBD, but a point-of-care platform is needed to simplify anti-SARS-CoV-2-S-RBD measurement. We aimed to evaluate the performance of a rapid fluorescent immunoassay-based kit, FastBio-RBDTM, compared to the SVNT. During April-September 2021, we enrolled two groups of subjects, convalescent subjects and subjects without a COVID-19 history. The subjects were tested for the anti-SARS-CoV2-S-RBD antibody using FastBio-RBDTM and the GenScript-cPASSTM SVNT. We measured the correlation coefficient and conducted an ROC analysis to determine the best cut-off value of anti-SARS-CoV2-S-RBD against the SVNT percent inhibition levels of 30% and 60%. We included 109 subjects. Anti-SARS-CoV-2-S-RBD strongly correlated to SVNT % inhibition with an R value of 0.866 (p < 0.0001). The ROC analysis showed that the anti-SARS-CoV-2-S-RBD of 6.71 AU/mL had 95.7% sensitivity and 87.5% specificity to detect a percentage inhibition of 30%. The anti-SARS-CoV-2-S-RBD of 59.76 AU/mL had a sensitivity of 88.1% and specificity of 97.0% to detect a percentage inhibition of 60%. FastBio-RBDTM could determine the presence and level of anti-SARS-CoV-2-S-RBD with good sensitivity and specificity. It has the potential to be deployed in health facilities with limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marita Restie Tiara
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Hofiya Djauhari
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Febi Ramdhani Rachman
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Antonius Christianus Rettob
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Darmastuti Utami
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Fahda Cintia Suci Pulungan
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Heru Purwanta
- Research Center for Agroindustry–National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta 16911, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rudi Wisaksana
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, West Java, Indonesia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Bachti Alisjahbana
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, West Java, Indonesia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Agnes Rengga Indrati
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, West Java, Indonesia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, West Java, Indonesia
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10
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Cheedarla N, Verkerke HP, Potlapalli S, McLendon KB, Patel A, Frank F, O’Sick WH, Cheedarla S, Baugh TJ, Damhorst GL, Wu H, Graciaa D, Hudaib F, Alter DN, Bryksin J, Ortlund EA, Guarner J, Auld S, Shah S, Lam W, Mattoon D, Johnson JM, Wilson DH, Dhodapkar MV, Stowell SR, Neish AS, Roback JD. Rapid, high throughput, automated detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies against Wuhan-WT, delta and omicron BA1, BA2 spike trimers. iScience 2023; 26:108256. [PMID: 37965140 PMCID: PMC10641509 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional cellular and live-virus methods for detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are labor- and time-intensive, and thus not suited for routine use in the clinical lab to predict vaccine efficacy and natural immune protection. Here, we report the development and validation of a rapid, high throughput method for measuring SARS-CoV-2 nAbs against native-like trimeric spike proteins. This assay uses a blockade of human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE-2) binding (BoAb) approach in an automated digital immunoassay on the Quanterix HD-X platform. BoAb assays using Wuhan-WT (vaccine strain), delta (B.1.167.2), omicron BA1 and BA2 variant viral strains showed strong correlation with cell-based pseudovirus neutralization activity (PNA) and live-virus neutralization activity. Importantly, we were able to detect similar patterns of delta and omicron variant resistance to neutralization in samples with paired vaccine strain and delta variant BoAb measurements. Finally, we screened clinical samples from patients with or without evidence of SARS-CoV-2 exposure by a single-dilution screening version of our assays, finding significant nAb activity only in exposed individuals. Importantly, this completely automated assay can be performed in 4 h to measure neutralizing antibody titers for 16 samples over 8 serial dilutions or, 128 samples at a single dilution with replicates. In principle, these assays offer a rapid, robust, and scalable alternative to time-, skill-, and cost-intensive standard methods for measuring SARS-CoV-2 nAb levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanaiah Cheedarla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hans P. Verkerke
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sindhu Potlapalli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kaleb Benjamin McLendon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Anamika Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Filipp Frank
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - William Henry O’Sick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Suneethamma Cheedarla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tyler Jon Baugh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Gregory L. Damhorst
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Huixia Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Daniel Graciaa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Fuad Hudaib
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David N. Alter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Janetta Bryksin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Eric A. Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jeanette Guarner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sara Auld
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sarita Shah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Wilbur Lam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dawn Mattoon
- Quanterix Corporation, 900 Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Joseph M. Johnson
- Quanterix Corporation, 900 Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - David H. Wilson
- Quanterix Corporation, 900 Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Madhav V. Dhodapkar
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sean R. Stowell
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew S. Neish
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - John D. Roback
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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11
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Llorente F, Pérez-Ramírez E, Pérez-Olmeda M, Dafouz-Bustos D, Fernández-Pinero J, Martínez-Cortés M, Jiménez-Clavero MÁ. The Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in an Exposed Human Population Is Biased by the Immunoassay Used: Implications in Serosurveillance. Pathogens 2023; 12:1360. [PMID: 38003824 PMCID: PMC10675702 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was examined over 7 months in a population of essential service workers exposed during the first epidemic wave in Madrid (Spain). Results obtained with different serological assays were compared. Firstly, serum samples obtained in April 2020 were analyzed using eleven SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection methods, including seven ELISAs, two CLIAs and two LFAs. While all of the ELISA tests and the Roche eCLIA method showed good performance, it was poorer for the Abbott CLIA and LFA tests. Sera from 115 workers with serologically positive results in April were collected 2 and 7 months after the first sampling and were analyzed using five of the tests previously assessed. The results showed that while some ELISA tests consistently detected the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies even 7 months after first detection, other methods, such as the Abbott CLIA test, showed an important reduction in sensitivity for these mature antibodies. The sensitivity increased after establishing new cut-off values, calculated taking into account both recent and old infections, suggesting that an adjustment of assay parameters may improve the detection of individuals exposed to the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Llorente
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain (M.Á.J.-C.)
| | - Elisa Pérez-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain (M.Á.J.-C.)
| | - Mayte Pérez-Olmeda
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Desirée Dafouz-Bustos
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain (M.Á.J.-C.)
| | - Jovita Fernández-Pinero
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain (M.Á.J.-C.)
| | | | - Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain (M.Á.J.-C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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12
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Zedan HT, Smatti MK, Thomas S, Nasrallah GK, Afifi NM, Hssain AA, Abu Raddad LJ, Coyle PV, Grivel JC, Almaslamani MA, Althani AA, Yassine HM. Assessment of Broadly Reactive Responses in Patients With MERS-CoV Infection and SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2319222. [PMID: 37389876 PMCID: PMC10314312 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.19222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance In the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, there remain unanswered questions regarding the nature and importance of the humoral immune response against other coronaviruses. Although coinfection of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) with the SARS-CoV-2 has not been documented yet, several patients previously infected with MERS-CoV received the COVID-19 vaccine; data describing how preexisting MERS-CoV immunity may shape the response to SARS-CoV-2 following infection or vaccination are lacking. Objective To characterize the cross-reactive and protective humoral responses in patients exposed to both MERS-CoV infection and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study involved a total of 18 sera samples collected from 14 patients with MERS-CoV infection before (n = 12) and after (n = 6) vaccination with 2 doses of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273). Of those patients, 4 had prevaccination and postvaccination samples. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV were assessed as well as cross-reactive responses to other human coronaviruses. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcomes measured were binding antibody responses, neutralizing antibodies, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity. Binding antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 main antigens (spike [S], nucleocapsid, and receptor-binding domain) were detected using automated immunoassays. Cross-reactive antibodies with the S1 protein of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and common human coronaviruses were analyzed using a bead-based assay. Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 as well as ADCC activity against SARS-CoV-2 were assessed. Results A total of 18 samples were collected from 14 male patients with MERS-CoV infection (mean [SD] age, 43.8 [14.6] years). Median (IQR) duration between primary COVID-19 vaccination and sample collection was 146 (47-189) days. Prevaccination samples had high levels of anti-MERS S1 immunoglobin M (IgM) and IgG (reactivity index ranging from 0.80 to 54.7 for IgM and from 0.85 to 176.3 for IgG). Cross-reactive antibodies with SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 were also detected in these samples. However, cross-reactivity against other coronaviruses was not detected by the microarray assay. Postvaccination samples showed significantly higher levels of total antibodies, IgG, and IgA targeting SARS-CoV-2 S protein compared with prevaccination samples (eg, mean total antibodies: 8955.0 AU/mL; 95% CI, -5025.0 to 22936.0 arbitrary units/mL; P = .002). In addition, significantly higher anti-SARS S1 IgG levels were detected following vaccination (mean reactivity index, 55.4; 95% CI, -9.1 to 120.0; P = .001), suggesting potential cross-reactivity with these coronaviruses. Also, anti-S NAbs were significantly boosted against SARS-CoV-2 (50.5% neutralization; 95% CI, 17.6% to 83.2% neutralization; P < .001) after vaccination. Furthermore, there was no significant increase in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against SARS-CoV-2 S protein postvaccination. Conclusions and Relevance This cohort study found a significant boost in cross-reactive NAbs in some patients exposed to MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 antigens. These findings suggest that isolation of broadly reactive antibodies from these patients may help guide the development of a pancoronavirus vaccine by targeting cross-reactive epitopes between distinct strains of human coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeel T. Zedan
- Biomedical Research Center, Research Complex, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maria K. Smatti
- Biomedical Research Center, Research Complex, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Swapna Thomas
- Biomedical Research Center, Research Complex, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Gheyath K. Nasrallah
- Biomedical Research Center, Research Complex, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Ali Ait Hssain
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Laith J. Abu Raddad
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Peter V. Coyle
- Virology laboratory, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Asmaa A. Althani
- Biomedical Research Center, Research Complex, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hadi M. Yassine
- Biomedical Research Center, Research Complex, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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13
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Gattinger P, Ohradanova-Repic A, Valenta R. Importance, Applications and Features of Assays Measuring SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065352. [PMID: 36982424 PMCID: PMC10048970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
More than three years ago, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the unforeseen COVID-19 pandemic with millions of deaths. In the meantime, SARS-CoV-2 has become endemic and is now part of the repertoire of viruses causing seasonal severe respiratory infections. Due to several factors, among them the development of SARS-CoV-2 immunity through natural infection, vaccination and the current dominance of seemingly less pathogenic strains belonging to the omicron lineage, the COVID-19 situation has stabilized. However, several challenges remain and the possible new occurrence of highly pathogenic variants remains a threat. Here we review the development, features and importance of assays measuring SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). In particular we focus on in vitro infection assays and molecular interaction assays studying the binding of the receptor binding domain (RBD) with its cognate cellular receptor ACE2. These assays, but not the measurement of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies per se, can inform us of whether antibodies produced by convalescent or vaccinated subjects may protect against the infection and thus have the potential to predict the risk of becoming newly infected. This information is extremely important given the fact that a considerable number of subjects, in particular vulnerable persons, respond poorly to the vaccination with the production of neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, these assays allow to determine and evaluate the virus-neutralizing capacity of antibodies induced by vaccines and administration of plasma-, immunoglobulin preparations, monoclonal antibodies, ACE2 variants or synthetic compounds to be used for therapy of COVID-19 and assist in the preclinical evaluation of vaccines. Both types of assays can be relatively quickly adapted to newly emerging virus variants to inform us about the magnitude of cross-neutralization, which may even allow us to estimate the risk of becoming infected by newly appearing virus variants. Given the paramount importance of the infection and interaction assays we discuss their specific features, possible advantages and disadvantages, technical aspects and not yet fully resolved issues, such as cut-off levels predicting the degree of in vivo protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Gattinger
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Ohradanova-Repic
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
- Laboratory for Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, 115478 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Development of an IgY-Based Treatment to Control Bovine Coronavirus Diarrhea in Dairy Calves. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030708. [PMID: 36992417 PMCID: PMC10059803 DOI: 10.3390/v15030708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV) is a major pathogen associated with neonatal calf diarrhea. Standard practice dictates that to prevent BCoV diarrhea, dams should be immunized in the last stage of pregnancy to increase BCoV-specific antibody (Ab) titers in serum and colostrum. For the prevention to be effective, calves need to suck maternal colostrum within the first six to twelve hours of life before gut closure to ensure a good level of passive immunity. The high rate of maternal Ab transfer failure resulting from this process posed the need to develop alternative local passive immunity strategies to strengthen the prevention and treatment of BCoV diarrhea. Immunoglobulin Y technology represents a promising tool to address this gap. In this study, 200 laying hens were immunized with BCoV to obtain spray-dried egg powder enriched in specific IgY Abs to BCoV on a large production scale. To ensure batch-to-batch product consistency, a potency assay was statistically validated. With a sample size of 241, the BCoV-specific IgY ELISA showed a sensitivity and specificity of 97.7% and 98.2%, respectively. ELISA IgY Abs to BCoV correlated with virus-neutralizing Ab titers (Pearson correlation, R2 = 0.92, p < 0.001). Most importantly, a pilot efficacy study in newborn calves showed a significant delay and shorter duration of BCoV-associated diarrhea and shedding in IgY-treated colostrum-deprived calves. Calves were treated with milk supplemented with egg powder (final IgY Ab titer to BCoV ELISA = 512; VN = 32) for 14 days as a passive treatment before a challenge with BCoV and were compared to calves fed milk with no supplementation. This is the first study with proof of efficacy of a product based on egg powder manufactured at a scale that successfully prevents BCoV-associated neonatal calf diarrhea.
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Fogolari M, Leoni BD, De Cesaris M, Italiano R, Davini F, Miccoli GA, Donati D, Clerico L, Stanziale A, Savini G, Petrosillo N, Ciccozzi M, Sommella L, Riva E, Fazii P, Angeletti S. Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Beta and Omicron Variants Inhibition Comparison after BNT162b2 mRNA Booster Doses with a New PETIA sVNT Assay. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:889. [PMID: 36900033 PMCID: PMC10000738 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13050889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring antibody response following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is strategic, and neutralizing antibodies represent the gold standard. The neutralizing response to Beta and Omicron VOCs was evaluated versus the gold standard by a new commercial automated assay. METHODS Serum samples from 100 healthcare workers from the Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Biomedico and the Pescara Hospital were collected. IgG levels were determined by chemiluminescent immunoassay (Abbott Laboratories, Wiesbaden, Germany) and serum neutralization assay as the gold standard. Moreover, a new commercial immunoassay, the PETIA test Nab (SGM, Rome, Italy), was used for neutralization evaluation. Statistical analysis was performed with R software, version 3.6.0. RESULTS Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers decayed during the first ninety days after the vaccine second dose. The following booster dose significantly (p < 0.001) increased IgG levels. A correlation between IgG expression and neutralizing activity modulation was found with a significant increase after the second and the third booster dose (p < 0.05. Compared to the Beta variant of the virus, the Omicron VOC was associated with a significantly larger quantity of IgG antibodies needed to achieve the same degree of neutralization. The best Nab test cutoff for high neutralization titer (≥1:80) was set for both Beta and Omicron variants. CONCLUSION This study correlates vaccine-induced IgG expression and neutralizing activity using a new PETIA assay, suggesting its usefulness for SARS-CoV2 infection management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fogolari
- Clinical Laboratory Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marina De Cesaris
- Clinical Laboratory Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Flavio Davini
- Clinical Laboratory Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Ginevra Azzurra Miccoli
- Infection Prevention and Control Service, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Donati
- Infection Prevention and Control Service, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Clerico
- Clinical Microbiology and Virology, Spirito Santo Hospital, 65122 Pescara, Italy
| | - Andrea Stanziale
- Clinical Microbiology and Virology, Spirito Santo Hospital, 65122 Pescara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise ‘G Caporale’, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Nicola Petrosillo
- Infection Prevention and Control Service, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Sommella
- Health Management, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Riva
- Clinical Laboratory Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Unit of Virology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Fazii
- Clinical Microbiology and Virology, Spirito Santo Hospital, 65122 Pescara, Italy
| | - Silvia Angeletti
- Clinical Laboratory Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
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Iglesias García G, Díaz Rodríguez Á, Díaz Fernández B, Cuello Estrada C, García Ferreiro T, Crespo García N, Seco-Calvo J. An Evaluation of Serological Tests to Determine Postvaccinal Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 by mRNA Vaccines. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11247534. [PMID: 36556149 PMCID: PMC9781667 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11247534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The duration of the protective efficacy of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 is unknown. Thus, an evaluation of the clinical performance of available tests is required. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the clinical performance of LFIA immunoassay compared to ELIA and CLIA immunoassays available in Europe for the detection of IgG antibodies generated by mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. METHODS Two automated immunoassays (the EUROIMMUN anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG S1 ELISA and the LIAISON de Diasorin anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG S1/S2 test) and a lateral flow immunoassay (the Livzon LFIA anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG S test) were tested. We analyzed 300 samples distributed in three groups: 100 subjects aged over 18 years and under 45 years, 100 subjects aged between 45 and 65 years, and 100 subjects aged over 65 years. The samples were collected before vaccination; at 21 days; and then at 1, 2, 3, and 6 months after vaccination. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive probability quotient, negative probability quotient, and concordance (kappa index) were calculated for each serological test. RESULTS The maximum sensitivity values for IgG were 98.7%, 98.1%, and 97.8% for the EUROIMMUN ELISA, Abbott CLIA, and Livzon LFIA tests, respectively, and the maximum specificity values for IgG were 99.4%, 99.9%%, and 98.4% for the ELISA, CLIA, and LFIA tests, respectively, at the third month after vaccination, representing a decrease in the antibody levels after the sixth month. The best agreement was observed between the ELISA and CLIA tests at 100% (k = 1.00). The agreement between the ELIA, CLIA, and LFIA tests was 99% (k = 0.964) at the second and third month after vaccination. Seroconversion was faster and more durable in the younger age groups. CONCLUSION Our study examined the equivalent and homogeneous clinical performance for IgG of three immunoassays after vaccination and found LFIA to be the most cost-effective, reliable, and accurate for routine use in population seroconversion and seroprevalence studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ángel Díaz Rodríguez
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Campus of Vegazana, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain
- Bembibre Health Center, University of Leon, Carbajal Street 1, 24300 Bembibre, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | | | | | - Tania García Ferreiro
- Bembibre Health Center, University of Leon, Carbajal Street 1, 24300 Bembibre, Spain
| | - Noelia Crespo García
- Bembibre Health Center, University of Leon, Carbajal Street 1, 24300 Bembibre, Spain
| | - Jesús Seco-Calvo
- Physiotherapy Department, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Campus of Vegazana, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Basque Country University, 48900 Leioa, Spain
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