Antidepressants promote the spread of extracellular antibiotic resistance genes via transformation

Antihistamine drug loratadine at environmentally relevant concentrations promotes conjugative transfer of antibiotic resistance genes: Coeffect of oxidative stress and ion transport

Due to the widespread use of loratadine (LOR) as an antihistamine, it is widely distributed in the environment as an emerging contaminant. However, its impact on the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) remains unclear. This study investigated the effect of LOR on the conjugative transfer of ARGs and elucidated the potential mechanisms through transcriptome analysis. The results showed that LOR significantly promoted the frequency of conjugative transfer up to 1.5- to 8.6-fold higher compared with the control group. Exposure to LOR increased reactive oxidative species (ROS) and intracellular Ca2+ concentrations, leading to the upregulation of expression of genes related to transmembrane transport and SOS response. Meanwhile, it stimulated the increase of cell membrane permeability. Moreover, LOR exposure could enhance H+ efflux in donor bacteria, resulting in the decrease of intracellular pH and the elevation of transmembrane potential, which could induce the increase of ion transport, thereby promoting plasmid efflux from the cell membrane. Based on this, we inferred that LOR can induce an increase in ROS level and intracellular Ca2+ concentrations, and promoted the efflux of intracellular H+. This, in turn, triggered the intensification of various ion transport processes on the cell membrane, thereby increasing membrane permeability and accelerating plasmid efflux. Ultimately, the coeffect of oxidative stress response and ion transport promoted conjugative transfer. This study demonstrated that LOR significantly promotes plasmid-mediated conjugative transfer of ARGs, providing novel insights into the mechanisms underlying this process.

Chiral pesticide permethrin promotes the antibiotic resistance genes dissemination by transformation: Different chiral isomers engage in distinct regulatory pathways

The global dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) poses an increasingly urgent threat to both environmental and human health. The extensive use of chiral permethrin (PM), the most popular synthetic type I pyrethroid insecticide worldwide, has led to its increased detection in aquatic environments. However, our understanding of PM's role in spreading ARGs is still limited. Here, we systematically assessed the effects of two chiral isomers of 1R-cis-PM (CPM) and 1R-trans-PM (TPM) on the dissemination of ARGs in the aquatic environments by using a natural transformation (NT) model comprising plasmid pWH1274 and Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1. It was found that reactive oxygen species (ROS) was the main factor facilitating the NT of ARGs mediated by CPM and TPM, although their respective production mechanisms exhibited distinct pathways: CPM generates ROS primarily through the primary electron transport chain (ETC), whereas TPM does so via a secondary ETC. Furthermore, CPM enhanced NT by improving the bacterial competent state, while TPM promotes it by enhancing recombination. It was confirmed that both CPM and TPM have the potential to accelerate the spread of ARGs through distinct mechanisms. These findings will help us understand that different chiral isomers may pose risks through distinct mechanisms.

Biofilm formation on microplastics and interactions with antibiotics, antibiotic resistance genes and pathogens in aquatic environment

Microplastics (MPs) in aquatic environments easily support biofilm development, which can interact with other environmental pollutants and act as harbors for microorganisms. Recently, numerous studies have investigated the fate and behavior of MP biofilms in aquatic environments, highlighting their roles in the spread of pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) to aquatic organisms and new habitats. The prevalence and effects of MP biofilms in aquatic environments have been extensively investigated in recent decades, and their behaviors in aquatic environments need to be synthesized systematically with updated information. This review aims to reveal the development of MP biofilm and its interactions with antibiotics, ARGs, and pathogens in aquatic environments. Recent research has shown that the adsorption capabilities of MPs to antibiotics are enhanced after the biofilm formation, and the adsorption of biofilms to antibiotics is biased towards chemisorption. ARGs and microorganisms, especially pathogens, are selectively enriched in biofilms and significantly different from those in surrounding waters. MP biofilm promotes the propagation of ARGs through horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and vertical gene transfer (VGT) and induces the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, resulting in increased threats to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Some future research needs and strategies in this review are also proposed to better understand the antibiotic resistance induced by MP biofilms in aquatic environments.

Non-antibiotic compounds associated with humans and the environment can promote horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes

Horizontal gene transfer plays a key role in the global dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). AMR genes are often carried on self-transmissible plasmids, which are shared amongst bacteria primarily by conjugation. Antibiotic use has been a well-established driver of the emergence and spread of AMR. However, the impact of commonly used non-antibiotic compounds and environmental pollutants on AMR spread has been largely overlooked. Recent studies found common prescription and over-the-counter drugs, artificial sweeteners, food preservatives, and environmental pollutants, can increase the conjugative transfer of AMR plasmids. The potential mechanisms by which these compounds promote plasmid transmission include increased membrane permeability, upregulation of plasmid transfer genes, formation of reactive oxygen species, and SOS response gene induction. Many questions remain around the impact of most non-antibiotic compounds on AMR plasmid conjugation in clinical isolates and the long-term impact on AMR dissemination. By elucidating the role of routinely used pharmaceuticals, food additives, and pollutants in the dissemination of AMR, action can be taken to mitigate their impact by closely monitoring use and disposal. This review will discuss recent progress on understanding the influence of non-antibiotic compounds on plasmid transmission, the mechanisms by which they promote transfer, and the level of risk they pose.

Toxicity of selected pharmaceuticals and their mixtures to the aquatic indicators Daphnia magna and Aliivibrio fischeri

Despite the benefits derived from the use of pharmaceuticals, these compounds are currently considered contaminants of emerging concern because of their presence and persistence in the environment. This study aimed to determine the toxicity of 27 pharmaceuticals and the interaction effects of binary mixtures of selected compounds towards two model organisms: the microcrustacean Daphnia magna and the bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri (Microtox test). Six compounds, namely polymyxin B, polymyxin E, fluoxetine, diphenhydramine, clenbuterol and ketoprofen exhibited moderate toxicity towards D. magna. Additionally, three compounds (cefotaxime, polymyxin B, polymyxin E) also showed a moderate toxic effect on A. fischeri. The comparison of such results with model estimations showed inaccuracy in the predicted data, highlighting the relevance of experimental ecotoxicological assays. The assayed mixtures contained four selected drugs of high-hazard according to their reported concentrations in wastewater and surface water (diphenhydramine, trimethoprim, ketoprofen, and fluoxetine); data revealed interactions only in the fluoxetine-containing mixtures for D. magna, while all mixtures showed interactions (mostly synergistic) for Microtox. Chronic effects on the reproduction of D. magna were observed after exposure to fluoxetine and diphenhydramine, although higher sensitivity was determined for the latter, while the mixture of these compounds (which showed acute synergy in both models) also affected the reproduction patterns. Nonetheless, all the effects described at the acute or chronic level (for individual compounds or mixtures) were determined at concentrations higher than commonly reported at environmental levels. This work provides valuable ecotoxicological information for the risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and their mixtures in the environment.

Viral and thermal lysis facilitates transmission of antibiotic resistance genes during composting

While the distribution of extracellular ARGs (eARGs) in the environment has been widely reported, the factors governing their release remain poorly understood. Here, we combined multi-omics and direct experimentation to test whether the release and transmission of eARGs are associated with viral lysis and heat during cow manure composting. Our results reveal that the proportion of eARGs increased 2.7-fold during composting, despite a significant and concomitant reduction in intracellular ARG abundances. This relative increase of eARGs was driven by composting temperature and viral lysis of ARG-carrying bacteria based on metagenome-assembled genome (MAG) analysis. Notably, thermal lysis of mesophilic bacteria carrying ARGs was a key factor in releasing eARGs at the thermophilic phase, while viral lysis played a relatively stronger role during the non-thermal phase of composting. Furthermore, MAG-based tracking of ARGs in combination with direct transformation experiments demonstrated that eARGs released during composting pose a potential transmission risk. Our study provides bioinformatic and experimental evidence of the undiscovered role of temperature and viral lysis in co-driving the spread of ARGs in compost microbiomes via the horizontal transfer of environmentally released DNA.

IMPORTANCE

The spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is a critical global health concern. Understanding the factors influencing the release of extracellular ARGs (eARGs) is essential for developing effective strategies. In this study, we investigated the association between viral lysis, heat, and eARG release during composting. Our findings revealed a substantial increase in eARGs despite reduced intracellular ARG abundance. Composting temperature and viral lysis were identified as key drivers, with thermal lysis predominant during the thermophilic phase and viral lysis during non-thermal phases. Moreover, eARGs released during composting posed a transmission risk through horizontal gene transfer. This study highlights the significance of temperature and phage lysis in ARG spread, providing valuable insights for mitigating antibiotic resistance threats.

Integrative genomics would strengthen AMR understanding through ONE health approach

Emergence of drug-induced antimicrobial resistance (AMR) forms a crippling health and economic crisis worldwide, causing high mortality from otherwise treatable diseases and infections. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) has significantly augmented detection of culture independent microbes, potential AMR in pathogens and elucidation of mechanisms underlying it. Here, we review recent findings of AMR evolution in pathogens aided by integrated genomic investigation strategies inclusive of bacteria, virus, fungi and AMR alleles. While AMR monitoring is dominated by data from hospital-related infections, we review genomic surveillance of both biotic and abiotic components involved in global AMR emergence and persistence. Identification of pathogen-intrinsic as well as environmental and/or host factors through robust genomics/bioinformatics, along with monitoring of type and frequency of antibiotic usage will greatly facilitate prediction of regional and global patterns of AMR evolution. Genomics-enabled AMR prediction and surveillance will be crucial - in shaping health and economic policies within the One Health framework to combat this global concern.

Effect of chemotherapeutic agents on natural transformation frequency in Acinetobacter baylyi

Natural transformation is the ability of a bacterial cell to take up extracellular DNA which is subsequently available for recombination into the chromosome (or maintenance as an extrachromosomal element). Like other mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer, natural transformation is a significant driver for the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. Recent studies have shown that many pharmaceutical compounds such as antidepressants and anti-inflammatory drugs can upregulate transformation frequency in the model species Acinetobacter baylyi. Chemotherapeutic compounds have been shown to increase the abundance of antimicrobial resistance genes and increase colonization rates of potentially pathogenic bacteria in patient gastrointestinal tracts, indicating an increased risk of infection and providing a pool of pathogenicity or resistance genes for transformable commensal bacteria. We here test for the effect of six cancer chemotherapeutic compounds on A. baylyi natural transformation frequency, finding two compounds, docetaxel and daunorubicin, to significantly decrease transformation frequency, and daunorubicin to also decrease growth rate significantly. Enhancing our understanding of the effect of chemotherapeutic compounds on the frequency of natural transformation could aid in preventing the horizontal spread of antimicrobial resistance genes.

Phthalates Boost Natural Transformation of Extracellular Antibiotic Resistance Genes through Enhancing Bacterial Motility and DNA Environmental Persistence

The environmental dissemination of extracellular antibiotic resistance genes (eARGs) in wastewater and natural water bodies has aroused growing ecological concerns. The coexisting chemical pollutants in water are known to markedly affect the eARGs transfer behaviors of the environmental microbial community, but the detailed interactions and specific impacts remain elusive so far. Here, we revealed a concentration-dependent impact of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and several other types of phthalate esters (common water pollutants released from plastics) on the natural transformation of eARGs. The DMP exposure at an environmentally relevant concentration (10 μg/L) resulted in a 4.8-times raised transformation frequency of Acinetobacter baylyi but severely suppressed the transformation at a high concentration (1000 μg/L). The promotion by low-concentration DMP was attributed to multiple mechanisms, including increased bacterial mobility and membrane permeability to facilitate eARGs uptake and improved resistance of the DMP-bounded eARGs (via noncovalent interaction) to enzymatic degradation (with suppressed DNase activity). Similar promoting effects of DMP on the eARGs transformation were also found in real wastewater and biofilm systems. In contrast, higher-concentration DMP suppressed the eARGs transformation by disrupting the DNA structure. Our findings highlight a potentially underestimated eARGs spreading in aquatic environments due to the impacts of coexisting chemical pollutants and deepen our understanding of the risks of biological-chemical combined pollution in wastewater and environmental water bodies.

Nanoscale zero-valent iron alleviate antibiotic resistance risk during managed aquifer recharge (MAR) by regulating denitrifying bacterial network

The frequent occurrence of antibiotics in reclaimed water is concerning, in the case of managed aquifer recharge (MAR), it inevitably hinders further water purification and accelerates the evolutionary resistance in indigenous bacteria. In this study, we constructed two column reactors and nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) amendment was applied for its effects on water quality variation, microbial community succession, and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) dissemination, deciphered the underlying mechanism of resistance risk reduction. Results showed that nZVI was oxidized to iron oxides in the sediment column, and total effluent iron concentration was within permissible limits. nZVI enhanced NO3--N removal by 15.5% through enriching denitrifying bacteria and genes, whereas made no effects on oxacillin (OXA) removal. In addition, nZVI exhibited a pivotal impact on ARGs and plasmids decreasing. Network analysis elucidated that the diversity and richness of ARG host declined with nZVI amendment. Denitrifying bacteria play a key role in suppressing horizontal gene transfer (HGT). The underlying mechanisms of inhibited HGT included the downregulated SOS response, the inhibited Type-Ⅳ secretion system and the weakened driving force. This study afforded vital insights into ARG spread control, providing a reference for future applications of nZVI in MAR.

Sudden-Onset Acute Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Associated with Streptococcus and Brain MRI Hyperintensity in a Young Adult

BACKGROUND

Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal (strep) infections (PANDAS) are a recognized medical entity among children. But evidence for strep-mediated sudden-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in young adults is very limited. Delayed strep assessment and treatment may negatively impact clinical outcomes.

METHODS

We describe a young adult with acute sudden-onset OCD (age 24), treated unsuccessfully with medication and therapy for 3 years. At age 27, antistreptolysin-O (ASO) was tested, based on extensive pediatric history of strep infections. Antibiotic treatment was initiated.

RESULTS

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) identified a new temporal lobe hyperintensity at OCD onset (age 24), which persisted at ages 25 and 30. ASO titers were elevated from age 27 through 29. Following Amoxicillin treatment, ASO initially increased. Subsequent Amoxicillin + Clavulin treatment produced improved OCD symptoms and treatment response, with no adverse effects.

CONCLUSION

These results strongly suggest an association among strep infection, neuro-inflammation and sudden-onset OCD in this young adult whose response to medication and therapy was successful only after high-dose antibiotic intervention. Greater OCD remission potential may be possible with earlier identification and antibiotic treatment than 3 years post OCD onset. These findings add to the limited literature on strep as an etiology of the sudden-onset of OCD in young adults. They also lend urgency to increased frontline awareness for early strep and ASO assessment in sudden-onset acute OCD among young adults.

Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma prevents the fluoxetine-induced multiple-drug resistance of Escherichia coli against antibiotics

BACKGROUND

In treating depression, the residual anti-depressant in gut interacts with the microbiome, leading to the appearance of multiple drug resistant (MDR) mutants, which poses a challenge for the treatment of infectious complications. Strategy is needed to combat this issue. Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma (ATR, rhizome of Acorus tatarinowii Schott, Araceae), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used for treatment of neurological disorders and gastrointestinal digestive disease in China. Here, ATR was demonstrated an excellent MDR-preventing effect in fluoxetine-induced Escherichia coli (E. coli).

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to reveal the effective role of ATR and its signaling cascades involved in preventing fluoxetine-induced MDR.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The water extract of ATR was co-applied with sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (100 mg/l) of fluoxetine in E. coli to evaluate its anti-MDR potential. Formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and expression of MDR-related genes in bacteria were measured by dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate assay and real-time PCR, respectively. Two fluorescent dyes, 1-N-phenylnapthylamine and 3,3'-dipropylthiadicarbocyanine were used to analyze the outer membrane permeability and inner membrane depolarization of E. coli. The accumulation of fluoxetine in the treated E. coli was determined via HPLC. The active fraction of ATR was identified.

RESULTS

The water extract of ATR significantly decreased the number of MDR mutants induced by fluoxetine and had half effective concentrations (EC50) of 55.5 μg/ml and 16.8 μg/ml for chloramphenicol and tetracycline, respectively. ATR robustly reversed the fluoxetine-induced superoxide response and membrane damage in E. coli. In addition, the inclusion of ATR significantly reduced the accumulation of fluoxetine in E. coli. After further fractionation, the polysaccharide of ATR was demonstrated as the fraction with the most significant anti-MDR activity.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first report to investigate the MDR-preventing effect of ATR. The results of this study proposed ATR as an excellent herbal product to prevent MDR issues, as induced by fluoxetine, with the potential to reduce the side effects during the drug therapy of depression.

A quaternary ammonium salt grafted tannin-based flocculant boosts the conjugative transfer of plasmid-born antibiotic resistance genes: The nonnegligible side of their flocculation-sterilization properties

This study developed dual-function tannin-based flocculants, namely tannin-graft-acrylamide-diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (TGCC-A/TGCC-C), endowed with enhanced flocculation-sterilization properties. The impacts of these flocculants on proliferation and transformation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) among bacteria during the flocculation-deposition process were examined. TGCC-A/TGCC-C exhibited remarkable flocculation capacities towards both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, encompassing a logarithmic range of initial cell density (108-109 CFU/mL) and a broad pH spectrum (pH 2-11). The grafted quaternary ammonium salt groups played pivotal parts in flocculation through charge neutralization and bridging mechanisms, concurrently contributing to sterilization by disrupting cellular membranes. The correlation between flocculation and sterilization entails a sequential progression, where an excess of TGCC, initially employed for flocculation, is subsequently consumed for sterilization purposes. The frequencies of ARGs conjugative transfer were enhanced in bacterial flocs across all TGCC treatments, stemming from augmented bacterial aggregation and cell membrane permeability, elicited stress response, and up-regulated genes encoding plasmid transfer. These findings underscore the indispensable role of flocculation-sterilization effects in mediating the propagation of ARGs, consequently providing substantial support for the scientific evaluation of the environmental risks associated with flocculants in the context of ARGs dissemination during the treatment of raw water featuring high bacterial density.

Environmental concentrations of surfactants as a trigger for climax of horizonal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance

Ubiquitous antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is a significant global human health concern. Surfactants have been extensively used worldwide, and the consumption of surfactants containing hygiene, cleaning agents and disinfectants was multiplied during COVID-19 pandemic, which have caused significantly increased pollution of surfactants in aquatic environment. Whether such ever-increasing surfactant concentration boost dissemination risk of ARGs still remains unknown. Here the effects of three typical surfactants such as sodium dodecyl sulfate, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and benzalkonium chloride on the transformation of pUC19 plasmid (2686 bp)-borne ARGs to recipient bacteria E. coli DH5ɑ were investigated. It was found that these surfactants at environmental concentrations facilitated horizonal gene transfer (HGT) via transformation. The transformation triggering concentrations for the three surfactants were 0.25-0.34 mg/L with a maximum increased transformation frequency of 13.51-22.93-fold. The mechanisms involved in activated HGT of ARGs via transformation triggered by surfactants could be mainly attributed to the increased production of reactive oxygen species, which further enhanced cell membrane permeability. These findings provide new sights for understanding of ARG propagation and also imply that the drastic rise of surfactant concentration in aquatic environment may significantly increase the dissemination risk of antibiotic resistance.

Clinical significance of microbiota changes under the influence of psychotropic drugs. An updated narrative review

Relationship between drugs and microbiota is bilateral. Proper composition thus function of microbiota is a key to some medications used in modern medicine. However, there is also the other side of the coin. Pharmacotherapeutic agents can modify the microbiota significantly, which consequently affects its function. A recently published study showed that nearly 25% of drugs administered to humans have antimicrobial effects. Multiple antidepressants are antimicrobials,. and antibiotics with proven antidepressant effects do exist. On the other hand, antibiotics (e.g., isoniaside, minocycline) confer mental phenotype changes, and adverse effects caused by some antibiotics include neurological and psychological symptoms which further supports the hypothesis that intestinal microbiota may affect the function of the central nervous system. Here we gathered comprehensively data on drugs used in psychiatry regarding their antimicrobial properties. We believe our data has strong implications for the treatment of psychiatric entities. Nevertheless the study of ours highlights the need for more well-designed trials aimed at analysis of gut microbiota function.

Triclosan Promotes Conjugative Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes to Opportunistic Pathogens in Environmental Microbiome

Although triclosan, as a widely used antiseptic chemical, is known to promote the transmission of antibiotic resistance to diverse hosts in pure culture, it is still unclear whether and how triclosan could affect the transmission of broad-host-range plasmids among complex microbial communities. Here, bacterial culturing, fluorescence-based cell sorting, and high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing were combined to investigate contributions of triclosan on the transfer rate and range of an IncP-type plasmid from a proteobacterial donor to an activated sludge microbiome. Our results demonstrate that triclosan significantly enhances the conjugative transfer of the RP4 plasmid among activated sludge communities at environmentally relevant concentrations. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing on sorted transconjugants demonstrates that triclosan not only promoted the intergenera transfer but also the intragenera transfer of the RP4 plasmid among activated sludge communities. Moreover, triclosan mediated the transfer of the RP4 plasmid to opportunistic human pathogens, for example, Legionella spp. The mechanism of triclosan-mediated conjugative transfer is primarily associated with excessive oxidative stress, followed by increased membrane permeability and provoked SOS response. Our findings offer insights into the impacts of triclosan on the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in the aquatic environmental microbiome.