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Zhang X, Duan X, Liu X. The role of kinases in peripheral nerve regeneration: mechanisms and implications. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1340845. [PMID: 38689881 PMCID: PMC11058862 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1340845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury disease is a prevalent traumatic condition in current medical practice. Despite the present treatment approaches, encompassing surgical sutures, autologous nerve or allograft nerve transplantation, tissue engineering techniques, and others, an effective clinical treatment method still needs to be discovered. Exploring novel treatment methods to improve peripheral nerve regeneration requires more effort in investigating the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved. Many factors are associated with the regeneration of injured peripheral nerves, including the cross-sectional area of the injured nerve, the length of the nerve gap defect, and various cellular and molecular factors such as Schwann cells, inflammation factors, kinases, and growth factors. As crucial mediators of cellular communication, kinases exert regulatory control over numerous signaling cascades, thereby participating in various vital biological processes, including peripheral nerve regeneration after nerve injury. In this review, we examined diverse kinase classifications, distinct nerve injury types, and the intricate mechanisms involved in peripheral nerve regeneration. Then we stressed the significance of kinases in regulating autophagy, inflammatory response, apoptosis, cell cycle, oxidative processes, and other aspects in establishing conductive microenvironments for nerve tissue regeneration. Finally, we briefly discussed the functional roles of kinases in different types of cells involved in peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, School of Life Science, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Medical College, Clinical Medical Research Center, Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, China
| | - Xuchu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, School of Life Science, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Medical College, Clinical Medical Research Center, Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, School of Life Science, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Medical College, Clinical Medical Research Center, Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Patel NM, Collotta D, Aimaretti E, Ferreira Alves G, Kröller S, Coldewey SM, Collino M, Thiemermann C. Inhibition of the JAK/STAT Pathway With Baricitinib Reduces the Multiple Organ Dysfunction Caused by Hemorrhagic Shock in Rats. Ann Surg 2023; 278:e137-e146. [PMID: 35837955 PMCID: PMC10249600 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000005571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate (a) the effects of the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway inhibitor (baricitinib) on the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock (HS) and (b) whether treatment with baricitinib attenuates the activation of JAK/STAT, NF-κB, and NLRP3 caused by HS. BACKGROUND Posttraumatic MODS, which is in part due to excessive systemic inflammation, is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The JAK/STAT pathway is a regulator of numerous growth factor and cytokine receptors and, hence, is considered a potential master regulator of many inflammatory signaling processes. However, its role in trauma-hemorrhage is unknown. METHODS An acute HS rat model was performed to determine the effect of baricitinib on MODS. The activation of JAK/STAT, NF-κB, and NLRP3 pathways were analyzed by western blotting in the kidney and liver. RESULTS We demonstrate here for the first time that treatment with baricitinib (during resuscitation following severe hemorrhage) attenuates the organ injury and dysfunction and the activation of JAK/STAT, NF-κB, and NLRP3 pathways caused by HS in the rat. CONCLUSIONS Our results point to a role of the JAK/STAT pathway in the pathophysiology of the organ injury and dysfunction caused by trauma/hemorrhage and indicate that JAK inhibitors, such as baricitinib, may be repurposed for the treatment of the MODS after trauma and/or hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita M. Patel
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Debora Collotta
- Department of Neurosciences “Rita Levi Montalcini,” University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Eleonora Aimaretti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Sarah Kröller
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sina M. Coldewey
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Massimo Collino
- Department of Neurosciences “Rita Levi Montalcini,” University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Christoph Thiemermann
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Sará L, Clavijo AS, Niño-Torres JD, Solarte LM, Vergara A, Moreno OM, Rodríguez JL, Rojas A. Discordant results for ALK based on immunohistochemistry versus fluorescence in situ hybridization in a cohort of patients diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma. REVISTA ESPAÑOLA DE PATOLOGÍA 2023; 56:88-96. [PMID: 37061247 DOI: 10.1016/j.patol.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement located on the short arm of chromosome 2, region 2 and band 3 is frequent in lung cancer patients who respond to targeted therapies with ALK inhibitors Therefore, their identification has become a standard diagnostic test in patients with advanced NSCLS, as such chromosomal alterations may lead to the activation of important signalling pathways involved in cell survival and proliferation. METHODS To investigate the ALK gene status, we performed FISH and IHC assays in 18 lung adenocarcinoma patients, 12 women and 6 men, aged between 29 and 85 years. Paraffin-embedded samples were analyzed in the Pathology Department of the Hospital Universitario San Ignacio. RESULTS Results between the two techniques in 5 patients showed discordant patterns, being positive for FISH and negative for IHC. The borderline to define ALK positivity was set at 15%, These results present experimental evidence that the techniques differ in specific situations. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that it is advisable to investigate the ALK gene status in patients with suspected lung cancer using both FISH and IHC in combination.
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Potential Effects of Dietary Isoflavones on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. J FOOD QUALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/2870969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous prescribed drugs and herbal and dietary supplements have been reported to cause drug-induced acute liver injury, which is a frequent cause of acute liver failure (ALF). It is a tremendous challenge with ever-increasing drug application in the medication system for huge populations. Drug-induced acute liver injury can lead to diverse pathologies similar to acute and chronic hepatitis, acute liver failure, biliary obstruction, fatty liver disease, and so on. Recently, extensive work demonstrated that isoflavones play an essential and protecting role in drug-induced liver injury (DILI). The isoflavones mediated hepatoprotection by modulating specific genes linked with control of cellular redox homeostasis and inflammatory responses. Isoflavones upregulate oxidative stress-responsive nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (Nrf2), downregulate inflammatory nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways, and modulate a balance between cell survival and death. Moreover, isoflavones actively inhibit the expression of cytochromes P450 (CYPs) enzyme during drug metabolism. Moreover, isoflavones are also linked with farnesoid X receptor (FXR) activation and signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation in hepatoprotection DILI. In vivo and in vitro studies clearly stated that isoflavones bear strong antioxidant potential and promising agents for hepatotoxicity prevention and stressed their potential role as therapeutic supplements in DILI. The current review will elaborate on isoflavones’ preventive and therapeutic potential concisely and highlight various molecular targets to exert a protective effect on DILI.
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Alikiaii B, Bagherniya M, Askari G, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. The role of phytochemicals in sepsis: A mechanistic and therapeutic perspective. Biofactors 2021; 47:19-40. [PMID: 33217777 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis and septic shock are still a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in intensive care units worldwide. Sepsis is an uncontrolled and excessive response of the innate immune system toward the invading infectious microbes, characterized by the hyper-production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). In severe sepsis, the overwhelming production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species may compromise organ function and lead to the induction of abnormal apoptosis in different organs, resulting in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and death. Hence, compounds that are able to attenuate inflammatory responses may have therapeutic potential for sepsis treatment. Understanding the pathophysiology and underlying molecular mechanisms of sepsis may provide useful insights in the discovery and development of new effective therapeutics. Therefore, numerous studies have invested much effort into elucidating the mechanisms involved with the onset and development of sepsis. The present review mainly focuses on the molecules and signaling pathways involved in the pathogenicity of sepsis. Additionally, several well-known natural bioactive herbal compounds and phytochemicals, which have shown protective and therapeutic effects with regard to sepsis, as well as their mechanisms of action, are presented. This review suggests that these phytochemicals are able to attenuate the overwhelming inflammatory responses developed during sepsis by modulating different signaling pathways. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activities of phytochemicals make them potent compounds to be included as complementary therapeutic agents in the diets of patients suffering from sepsis in an effort to alleviate sepsis and its life-threatening complications, such as multi-organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Alikiaii
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagherniya
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Food Security Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Food Security Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
- Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
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Westlund KN, Lu Y, Zhang L, Pappas TC, Zhang WR, Taglialatela G, McIlwrath SL, McNearney TA. Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Reduce NMDA NR1 Subunit Expression, Nuclear Translocation, and Behavioral Pain Measures in Experimental Arthritis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:440. [PMID: 32536874 PMCID: PMC7267073 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn, release of afferent nerve glutamate activates the neurons that relay information about injury pain. Here, we examined the effects of protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibition on NMDA receptor NR1 subunit protein expression and subcellular localization in an acute experimental arthritis model. PTK inhibitors genistein and lavendustin A reduced cellular histological translocation of NMDA NR1 in the spinal cord occurring after the inflammatory insult and the nociceptive behavioral responses to heat. The PTK inhibitors were administered into lumbar spinal cord by microdialysis, and secondary heat hyperalgesia was determined using the Hargreaves test. NMDA NR1 cellular protein expression and nuclear translocation were determined by immunocytochemical localization with light and electron microscopy, as well as with Western blot analysis utilizing both C- and N-terminal antibodies. Genistein and lavendustin A (but not inactive lavendustin B or diadzein) effectively reduced (i) pain related behavior, (ii) NMDA NR1 subunit expression increases in spinal cord, and (iii) the shift of NR1 from a cell membrane to a nuclear localization. Genistein pre-treatment reduced these events that occur in vivo within 4 h after inflammatory insult to the knee joint with kaolin and carrageenan (k/c). Cycloheximide reduced glutamate activated upregulation of NR1 content confirming synthesis of new protein in response to the inflammatory insult. In addition to this in vivo data, genistein or staurosporin inhibited upregulation of NMDA NR1 protein and nuclear translocation in vitro after treatment of human neuroblastoma clonal cell cultures (SH-SY5Y) with glutamate or NMDA (4 h). These studies provide evidence that inflammatory activation of peripheral nerves initiates increase in NMDA NR1 in the spinal cord coincident with development of pain related behaviors through glutamate non-receptor, PTK dependent cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin N Westlund
- Research Division, New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Anesthesiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Ying Lu
- Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Liping Zhang
- Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Todd C Pappas
- Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Wen-Ru Zhang
- Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Giulio Taglialatela
- Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States.,Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Sabrina L McIlwrath
- Research Division, New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Terry A McNearney
- Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States.,Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States.,Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
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Kim P, Jia P, Zhao Z. Kinase impact assessment in the landscape of fusion genes that retain kinase domains: a pan-cancer study. Brief Bioinform 2019; 19:450-460. [PMID: 28013235 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbw127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing the impact of kinase in gene fusion is essential for both identifying driver fusion genes (FGs) and developing molecular targeted therapies. Kinase domain retention is a crucial factor in kinase fusion genes (KFGs), but such a systematic investigation has not been done yet. To this end, we analyzed kinase domain retention (KDR) status in chimeric protein sequences of 914 KFGs covering 312 kinases across 13 major cancer types. Based on 171 kinase domain-retained KFGs including 101 kinases, we studied their recurrence, kinase groups, fusion partners, exon-based expression depth, short DNA motifs around the break points and networks. Our results, such as more KDR than 5'-kinase fusion genes, combinatorial effects between 3'-KDR kinases and their 5'-partners and a signal transduction-specific DNA sequence motif in the break point intronic sequences, supported positive selection on 3'-kinase fusion genes in cancer. We introduced a degree-of-frequency (DoF) score to measure the possible number of KFGs of a kinase. Interestingly, kinases with high DoF scores tended to undergo strong gene expression alteration at the break points. Furthermore, our KDR gene fusion network analysis revealed six of the seven kinases with the highest DoF scores (ALK, BRAF, MET, NTRK1, NTRK3 and RET) were all observed in thyroid carcinoma. Finally, we summarized common features of 'effective' (highly recurrent) kinases in gene fusions such as expression alteration at break point, redundant usage in multiple cancer types and 3'-location tendency. Collectively, our findings are useful for prioritizing driver kinases and FGs and provided insights into KFGs' clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pora Kim
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Peilin Jia
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Saha S, Sadhukhan P, Mahalanobish S, Dutta S, Sil PC. Ameliorative role of genistein against age-dependent chronic arsenic toxicity in murine brains via the regulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling cascades. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 55:26-40. [PMID: 29331881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Ferlito M, Romanenko OG, Guyton K, Ashton S, Squadrito F, Halushka PV, Cook JA. Implication of G i proteins and Src tyrosine kinases in endotoxin-induced signal transduction events and mediator production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519020080061101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that heterotrimeric G proteins and tyrosine kinases may be involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) signaling events. Signal transduction pathways activated by LPS were examined in human promonocytic THP-1 cells. We hypothesized that Gi proteins and Src tyrosine kinase differentially affect mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa (NF- B) activation. Post-receptor coupling to G i proteins were examined using pertussis toxin (PTx), which inhibits G i receptor-coupling. The involvement of the Src family of tyrosine kinases was examined using the selective Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor pyrazolopyrimidine-2 (PP2). Pretreatment of THP-1 cells with PTx attenuated LPS-induced activation of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 kinase, and production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-) and thromboxane B2 (TxB2). Pretreatment with PP2 inhibited TNF- and TxB2 production, but had no effect on p38 kinase or JNK signaling. Therefore, the G i-coupled signaling pathways and Src tyrosine kinase-coupled signaling pathways are necessary for LPS-induced TNF- and TxB2 production, but differ in their effects on MAPK activation. Neither PTx nor PP2 inhibited LPS-induced activation of interleukin receptor activated kinase (IRAK) or inhibitedtranslocation of NF- B. However, PP2 inhibitedLPS-inducedNF-B transactivation of a luciferase reporter gene construct in a concentration-dependent manner. Thus, LPS induction of Src tyrosine kinases may be essential in downstream NF- B transactivation of genes following DNA binding. PTx had no effect on NF- B activation of the reporter construct. These data suggest upstream divergence in signaling through G i pathways leading to MAPK activation and other signaling events leading to I B degradation and NF- B DNA binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Ferlito
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA, Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Olga G. Romanenko
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kelly Guyton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah Ashton
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Perry V. Halushka
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - James A. Cook
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Tikhomirova IA, Muravyov AV, Petrochenko EP, Kislov NV, Cheporov SV, Peganova EV. Alteration of red blood cell microrheology by anti-tumor chemotherapy drugs. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW SUPPLEMENT SERIES A-MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747815050153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Regulation of Candida albicans Interaction with Macrophages through the Activation of HOG Pathway by Genistein. Molecules 2016; 21:162. [PMID: 26828477 PMCID: PMC6274511 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The severity of infections caused by Candida albicans, the most common opportunistic human fungal pathogen, needs rapid and effective antifungal treatments. One of the effective ways is to control the virulence factors of the pathogen. Therefore, the current study examined the effects of genistein, a natural isoflavone present in soybeans, on C. albicans. The genistein-treated C. albicans cells were then exposed to macrophages. Although no inhibition effect on the growth rates of C. albicans was noted an enhancement of the immune response to macrophages has been observed, indicated by phagocytosis and release of cytokines TNF-α and IL-10. The effect of genistein on the enhanced phagocytosis can be mimicked by the fungicides fludioxonil or iprodione, which inhibit the histidine kinase Cos1p and lead to activation of HOG pathway. The western blot results showed a clear phosphorylation of Hog1p in the wild type strain of C. albicans after incubation with genistein. In addition, effects of genistein on the phosphorylation of Hog1p in the histidine kinase mutants Δcos1 and Δsln1 were also observed. Our results thus indicate a new bio-activity of genistein on C. albicans by activation of the HOG pathway of the human pathogen C. albicans.
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Palladium-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Csp2–Csp2 Cross-Coupling Reactions: An Efficient Route for Synthesis of Azaisoflavone Derivatives. Catal Letters 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-015-1558-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Menzfeld C, John M, van Rossum D, Regen T, Scheffel J, Janova H, Götz A, Ribes S, Nau R, Borisch A, Boutin P, Neumann K, Bremes V, Wienands J, Reichardt HM, Lühder F, Tischner D, Waetzig V, Herdegen T, Teismann P, Greig I, Müller M, Pukrop T, Mildner A, Kettenmann H, Brück W, Prinz M, Rotshenker S, Weber MS, Hanisch UK. Tyrphostin AG126 exerts neuroprotection in CNS inflammation by a dual mechanism. Glia 2015; 63:1083-99. [PMID: 25731696 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The putative protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor tyrphostin AG126 has proven beneficial in various models of inflammatory disease. Yet molecular targets and cellular mechanisms remained enigmatic. We demonstrate here that AG126 treatment has beneficial effects in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for multiple sclerosis. AG126 alleviates the clinical symptoms, diminishes encephalitogenic Th17 differentiation, reduces inflammatory CNS infiltration as well as microglia activation and attenuates myelin damage. We show that AG126 directly inhibits Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), a PTK associated with B cell receptor and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. However, BTK inhibition cannot account for the entire activity spectrum. Effects on TLR-induced proinflammatory cytokine expression in microglia involve AG126 hydrolysis and conversion of its dinitrile side chain to malononitrile (MN). Notably, while liberated MN can subsequently mediate critical AG126 features, full protection in EAE still requires delivery of intact AG126. Its anti-inflammatory potential and especially interference with TLR signaling thus rely on a dual mechanism encompassing BTK and a novel MN-sensitive target. Both principles bear great potential for the therapeutic management of disturbed innate and adaptive immune functions.
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Tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostin AG490 reduces liver injury in LPS-induced shock. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 751:118-26. [PMID: 25666385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis remains a serious clinical problem despite continuous efforts to increase survival. Experimental animal models of sepsis are pointed to a great extent on blocking the activity of cytokines. A number of signal-transducing molecules are associated with the occurrence of excessive tissue inflammation. Through inhibition of tyrosine phosphorilation and thereby changing cell signaling, tyrosine kinase inhibitors can influence multiple inflammatory pathways. The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostin AG490 in a mouse LPS-induced shock. Cytokine and chemokine blood levels were determined by ELISA assays. CD11b(+) Ly6C(+), CD3(+)CD69(+) and C5aR positive cell populations in the peritoneal exudate were detected by flow cytometry. The expression of iNOS and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) in the liver were observed by immunohistochemistry. We found that tyrphostin AG490 inhibited Regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), IL-6 and IL-12 serum levels, decreased the number of CD11b(+)Ly6C(+) and CD3(+)CD69(+) subpopulations in the peritoneal exudate and prevented the decrease of cells expressing C5a receptor and TNF-alpha receptor. Tyrphostin ameliorated liver injury associated with suppressed iNOS, STAT3 and pSTAT3 expression. Our data suggest that tyrphostin AG490 diminished the degree of inflammation starting in peritoneal cavity and minimized liver dysfunction thus representing one approach for better outcome of sepsis conditions.
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Qiu LX, Chen T. Novel insights into the mechanisms whereby isoflavones protect against fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:1099-1107. [PMID: 25632182 PMCID: PMC4306153 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i4.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver disease (FLD) is a growing public health problem worldwide. There is an urgent requirement for alternative and natural medicine to treat this disease. As phytochemicals, isoflavones have attracted considerable attention for the prevention of FLD. Numerous studies have revealed that isoflavones protect against FLD through various pathways which modulate fatty acid β-oxidation, lipid synthesis, and oxidative stress. Recently, the aldose reductase (AR)/polyol pathway has been reported to be involved in the development of FLD by modulating hepatic fructose production, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α activity, cytochrome P450 (CYP)2E1 expression, and gut bacterial endotoxin-induced cytokine release. It has been reported that some isoflavones are potent AR inhibitors. Here, we review the anti-FLD actions of isoflavones and the proposed mechanism whereby isoflavones protect against FLD, with regard to the AR/polyol pathway. We propose that isoflavones block the AR/polyol pathway and in turn reduce fructose production and subsequent fat accumulation in the liver in diabetic or high-glucose-diet mice. In addition, in rodents with alcoholic liver disease or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, inhibition of AR by isoflavones may improve PPARα-mediated fatty acid oxidation, reduce hepatic steatosis, and attenuate CYP2E1-mediated oxidative stress or AR/gut bacterial endotoxin-mediated cytokine overproduction, to alleviate progression of FLD.
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Design and synthesis of azaisoflavone analogs as phytoestrogen mimetics. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 85:107-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Ma SL, Hu YP, Wang F, Huang ZC, Chen YF, Wang XK, Fu LW. Lapatinib antagonizes multidrug resistance-associated protein 1-mediated multidrug resistance by inhibiting its transport function. Mol Med 2014; 20:390-9. [PMID: 25105301 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lapatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is used in the treatment of advanced or metastatic breast cancer overexpressing human epidermal receptor 2 (HER2). Lapatinib can modulate the function of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters (ABCB1 and ABCG2), which are the major mechanism responsible for multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer. In this study, we investigated the effect of lapatinib on multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1 [ABCC1]), MRP2 (ABCC2), MRP4 (ABCC4) and lung relative resistance protein (LRP) drug efflux pumps. We demonstrated that lapatinib could enhance the efficacy of conventional chemotherapeutic agents in MRP1-overexpressing cells in vitro and in vivo, but no effect in MRP2-, MPR4- and LRP-overexpressing cells. Furthermore, lapatinib significantly increased the accumulation of rhodamine 123 (Rho123) and doxorubicin (DOX) in MRP1-overexpressing cells. However, lapatinib did not alter the protein or mRNA expression levels of MRP1. Further studies showed that the level of phosphorylation of AKT and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) were not altered at the indicated concentrations of lapatinib. In conclusion, lapatinib enhanced the efficacy of conventional chemotherapeutic agents in MRP1-overexpressing cells by inhibiting MRP1 transport function without altering the level of AKT or ERK1/2 phosphorylation. These findings will encourage the clinical research of lapatinib combined with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs in MRP1-overexpressing cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-lin Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-peng Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-cong Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-fan Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-kun Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-wu Fu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Synthesis and anticancer evaluation of 3-substituted quinolin-4-ones and 2,3-dihydroquinolin-4-ones. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 22:105-15. [PMID: 24332654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3-aryl-5,7-dimethoxyquinolin-4-ones 8 and 3-aryl-5,7-dimethoxy-2,3-dihydroquinolin-4-ones 13 were synthesized in good yields. Demethylation under a range of conditions afforded the corresponding 5-hydroxy and 5,7-dihydroxy derivatives. Biological evaluation against a range of cancer cells lines showed that the quinolin-4-one scaffold was more cytotoxic than the reduced 2,3-dihydroquinolin-4-one scaffold. The most active monohydroxy compound 15f demonstrated 85.9-99% reduction in cell viability against the cell lines tested.
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Cui S, Wienhoefer N, Bilitewski U. Genistein induces morphology change and G2/M cell cycle arrest by inducing p38 MAPK activation in macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 18:142-50. [PMID: 24290959 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Genistein is a well known natural compound which is present in soy foods and exerts many beneficial functions such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. However, until now little is known about the effects of genistein on the function of macrophages. The murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7 was used as target cell line. The results show that at concentrations of 50-100μM, genistein reduced cell viability to 70%-80% (after 24h) and 50%-60% (after 48h), which was due to G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. Treatment of the macrophages with genistein for 24 or 48h also led to significant morphological changes, such as elongation of the cells and development of long pseudopodia-like protrusions. By staining the F-actin cytoskeleton, we observed accumulation of actin-filaments at the edges of the cells. The morphology change and G2/M phase arrest after genistein treatment is due to the activation of the phosphorylation of MAP kinase p38. The morphology change and cell cycle arrest can be significantly reverted when treatment is combined with p38 inhibitor SB203580. Moreover, after treatment of the macrophages with genistein for 24 and 48h, the phagocytotic efficiency for Candida albicans was decreased in a time- and dose-dependent manner which correlates to the morphology change. The production of cytokines (TNF-α) stimulated by C. albicans was strongly inhibited by genistein. In conclusion, genistein showed a strong immune modulatory effect on the macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuna Cui
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Huaihai Road 11, 225001, Yangzhou, China; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nina Wienhoefer
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ursula Bilitewski
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Ha YR, Ha H, Lee SJ. Protection of vessel permeability by genistein against lipopolysaccharide induced acute inflammation in a chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane model. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Zhang W, Sun Q, Gao X, Jiang Y, Li R, Ye J. Anti-inflammation of spirocyclopiperazinium salt compound LXM-10 targeting α7 nAChR and M4 mAChR and inhibiting JAK2/STAT3 pathway in rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66895. [PMID: 23840548 PMCID: PMC3695990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the therapeutic effects of LXM-10 by intragastric administration in both acute and chronic inflammatory models, and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. The results showed that LXM-10 produced significant anti-inflammatory effects on carrageenan induced paw edema and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritis, in which LXM-10 inhibited paw swelling in a dose- and time-dependent manner. ELISA analysis showed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IL-6 was decreased by LXM-10. Western blot analysis showed that LXM-10 significantly reduced phosphorylation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and further blunted phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3). The effects that LXM-10 had shown were attenuated by methyllycaconitine citrate (an α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist) or tropicamide (an M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist) in vivo. In conclusion, the studies showed that intragastric administration of LXM-10 exerted significant anti-inflammation effects in acute and chronic models, which may be attribute to the activation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, thereby inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 signal pathway, and ultimately reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines of TNF-α and IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Gao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yimin Jiang
- Medical and Healthy Analysis Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Runtao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Si Y, Bao H, Han L, Shi H, Zhang Y, Xu L, Liu C, Wang J, Yang X, Vohra A, Ma D. Dexmedetomidine protects against renal ischemia and reperfusion injury by inhibiting the JAK/STAT signaling activation. J Transl Med 2013; 11:141. [PMID: 23759023 PMCID: PMC3700850 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The α2-adrenoreceptor agonist dexmedetomidine is known to provide renoprotection against ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. However the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the Janus kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway plays a role in dexmedetomidine’s renoprotection. Methods I/R model was induced by bilateral renal pedicle clamping for 45 min followed by 48 h of reperfusion in male Wistar rat. Sham laparotomy served as controls. Animals received dexmedetomidine (50 μg/kg, i.p.) in the absence or presence of atipamezole (250 μg/kg, i.p.), or vehicle (DMSO) in the absence or presence of selective JAK2 inhibitor tyrphostin AG490 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) before ischemia. Renal function, histology, apoptosis, expression of cleaved caspase 3 protein, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and phosphorylations of JAK2, STAT1 and STAT3 were assessed. Results The animals treated with either dexmedetomidine or AG490 exhibited an improved renal functional recovery, attenuated histological lesions and reduced number of apoptotic tubular epithelial cells. Either dexmedetomidine or AG490 inhibited the phosphorylations of JAK2 and its downstream molecule STAT1 and STAT3, accompanied by down-regulation the expression of cleaved caspase 3, ICAM-1 and MCP-1 proteins, and significantly ameliorated renal I/R injury. Conclusions Dexmedetomidine protects kidney against I/R injury, at least in part, through its inhibitory effects on injury-induced activation of JAK/STAT signaling pathway. If our data can be extrapolated to clinical setting, then dexmedetomidine may therefore serve as a clinical strategy to treat/prevent perioperative renal I/R injury.
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Lee TH, Jung M, Bang MH, Chung DK, Kim J. Inhibitory effects of a spinasterol glycoside on lipopolysaccharide-induced production of nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines via down-regulating MAP kinase pathways and NF-κB activation in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 13:264-70. [PMID: 22595195 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Extracts from the leaves of Stewartia koreana are known to exhibit strong anti-inflammatory activity. Investigation of bioactive compounds from S. koreana has led to the isolation of 3-O-β-d-glucopyanosylspinasterol (spinasterol-Glc), a spinasterol glycoside. In the present study, we examined the effects of spinasterol-Glc on production of nitric oxide (NO) and proinflammatory cytokines in LPS-treated RAW264.7 macrophage cells and in mouse models. Our results showed that spinasterol-Glc inhibited the production of NO and proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in dose-dependent manners in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Spinasterol-Glc inhibited the expression of iNOS and the proinflammatory cytokine genes. Spinasterol-Glc also inhibited phosphorylation of IκB-α and IKKα/β as well as translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus. We demonstrated that spinasterol-Glc reduced transcription of the NF-κB minimal promoter and NF-κB DNA binding activity. Administration of the spinasterol-Glc significantly decreased the plasma levels of these inflammatory mediators including TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in LPS-injected mice and improved survival of septic mice with lethal endotoxemia. These results suggest that spinasterol-Glc has effective inhibitory effects on production of inflammatory mediators via inhibition of MAP kinases/NF-κB activities, and can be used as a potential anti-inflammatory agent for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hoon Lee
- College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea
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Haddad JJ. The immunopharmacologic potential of Semaxanib and new generation directed therapeutic drugs: Receptor tyrosine kinase regulation with anti-tumorigenensis/angiogenesis properties. Saudi Pharm J 2012; 20:103-23. [PMID: 23960782 PMCID: PMC3744945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular signaling of messages emanating from cellular membranes through receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) is a major mechanism for intercellular communication and transduction during development and metabolism, as well as in disease-associated processes. The phosphorylation status and signaling activity of RTKs are determined by a dynamic equilibrium of the activity of both RTKs and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). RTKs are essentially a class of cell-surface receptors for growth factors and other extracellular ligands, the most conspicuous perhaps are members of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene family, which plays a fundamental role in the growth and differentiation of vascular, as well as lymphatic endothelial cells. In particular, VEGF is a major regulator of normal (physiologic) and abnormal (cancerous) angiogenesis, including that associated with tumors and cancer. Blockers/inhibitors and regulators of RTKs are indeed promising cancer interventions, their specific mechanisms are yet to be unraveled. In this cutting-edge synopsis, I elaborate on breakthroughs/advances and current concepts of RTK regulation, further shedding light on exploring the role of potential regulators, particularly the RTK inhibitor Semaxanib, and the mechanisms associated with tumorigenesis in an effort to understand a potentially alleviating pharmacologic therapeutic intervention. This survey also tackles the loopholes and shortcomings of the aforementioned inhibitory role of Semaxanib, especially its inefficacy and ultimate discontinuation of relevant clinical trials.
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Duan Y, Learoyd J, Meliton AY, Leff AR, Zhu X. Inhibition of Pyk2 blocks lung inflammation and injury in a mouse model of acute lung injury. Respir Res 2012; 13:4. [PMID: 22257498 PMCID: PMC3275485 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-13-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is essential in neutrophil degranulation and chemotaxis in vitro. However, its effect on the process of lung inflammation and edema formation during LPS induced acute lung injury (ALI) remains unknown. The goal of the present study was to determine the effect of inhibiting Pyk2 on LPS-induced acute lung inflammation and injury in vivo. Methods C57BL6 mice were given either 10 mg/kg LPS or saline intratracheally. Inhibition of Pyk2 was effected by intraperitoneal administration TAT-Pyk2-CT 1 h before challenge. Bronchoalveolar lavage analysis of cell counts, lung histology and protein concentration in BAL were analyzed at 18 h after LPS treatment. KC and MIP-2 concentrations in BAL were measured by a mouse cytokine multiplex kit. The static lung compliance was determined by pressure-volume curve using a computer-controlled small animal ventilator. The extravasated Evans blue concentration in lung homogenate was determined spectrophotometrically. Results Intratracheal instillation of LPS induced significant neutrophil infiltration into the lung interstitium and alveolar space, which was attenuated by pre-treatment with TAT-Pyk2-CT. TAT-Pyk2-CT pretreatment also attenuated 1) myeloperoxidase content in lung tissues, 2) vascular leakage as measured by Evans blue dye extravasation in the lungs and the increase in protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage, and 3) the decrease in lung compliance. In each paradigm, treatment with control protein TAT-GFP had no blocking effect. By contrast, production of neutrophil chemokines MIP-2 and keratinocyte-derived chemokine in the bronchoalveolar lavage was not reduced by TAT-Pyk2-CT. Western blot analysis confirmed that tyrosine phosphorylation of Pyk2 in LPS-challenged lungs was reduced to control levels by TAT-Pyk2-CT pretreatment. Conclusions These results suggest that Pyk2 plays an important role in the development of acute lung injury in mice and that pharmacological inhibition of Pyk2 might provide a potential therapeutic strategy in the pretreatment for patients at imminent risk of developing acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Duan
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein, reduces renal inflammation and injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Vascul Pharmacol 2011; 55:149-56. [PMID: 21807121 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibition is known to reduce diabetes-induced end-organ damage but the mechanisms remain elusive. We hypothesized that inhibition of tyrosine kinase reduces renal inflammation and injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Male C57BL/6 mice were given daily injections of streptozotocin (45 mg/kg/day, i.p. for 5 days); control animals received the vehicle (citrate buffer). Thereafter, streptozotocin-treated mice were treated with genistein (10 mg/kg, i.p three times a week for 10 weeks, n=8-10/group) or the vehicle (5% DMSO). The streptozotocin-treated mice displayed significant elevation in blood glucose level and decrease in plasma insulin level compared to their vehicle-treated controls. Treatment with genistein reduced blood glucose level (~15%; p<0.05) without a significant effect on plasma insulin level; however, blood glucose remained significantly higher than the control group. The development of diabetes was associated with significant increases in total protein, albumin, nephrin and collagen excretions compared to their controls. In addition, the diabetic mice displayed increased urinary MCP-1 excretion in association with increased renal ICAM-1 expression and apoptotic cells. Furthermore, renal gp91 expression levels and urinary Thio-Barbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARs) excretion, indices of oxidative stress, were also elevated in diabetic mice. These changes were associated with increased renal phospho-tyrosine expression and renal phospho-ERK/ERK ratio. Importantly, treatment with genistein reduced all these parameters towards control values. Collectively, the results suggest that the reno-protective effect of genistein likely relates to reduced renal inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis in diabetic mice.
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JAK2 inhibition prevents innate immune responses and rescues animals from sepsis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2010; 88:851-9. [PMID: 20393690 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-010-0628-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis, a leading cause of death in hospitalized patients, is characterized by lethal systemic inflammatory responses. JAK2 is an essential tyrosine kinase modulating immune responses. However, the implications of JAK2 in infectious disorders remain undetermined. Here, we report that JAK2 inhibitors rescue animals from polymicrobial sepsis in a clinically relevant time frame. JAK2 inhibition with AG490 prevents NF-kappaB activation, modulates macrophage activation, and restrains the production of inflammatory cytokines. The inhibition of JAK2 blunted TNF production in both macrophages and splenocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. JAK2 inhibition specifically prevents LPS-induced STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation without affecting serine phosphorylation in macrophages. JAK2 inhibitor prevents the activation of the canonical p65RelA/p50NF-kappaB1 pathway but not the other NF-kappaB proteins. In vivo, JAK2 inhibition restrains serum TNF levels by modulating TNF production in the lung and the spleen and protects mice from lethal endotoxemia in a concentration-dependent manner. AG490 also inhibits extracellular release of HMGB1 from macrophages and prevents an increase in serum HMGB1 levels during sepsis. JAK2 inhibition started at 24 h after the onset of sepsis rescued the mice from polymicrobial sepsis. Our study is the first experimental evidence that JAK2 inhibitors may provide a pharmacological advantage for the treatment of sepsis in a clinically relevant time frame.
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Bai HW, Zhu BT. Myricetin and quercetin are naturally occurring co-substrates of cyclooxygenases in vivo. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2010; 82:45-50. [PMID: 19897347 PMCID: PMC2818348 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bioflavonoids are ubiquitously present in the plant kingdom, and some of them are presently being sold as healthy dietary supplements around the world. Recently, it was shown that some of the dietary polyphenols were strong stimulators of the catalytic activity of cyclooxygenase I and II, resulting in increased formation of certain prostaglandin (PG) products in vitro and also in intact cells in culture. In the present study, we investigated the effect of two representative dietary compounds, quercetin and myricetin, on plasma and tissue levels of several PG products in normal Sprague-Dawley rats. We found that these two dietary bioflavonoids could strongly stimulate the formation of PG products in vivo in a time-dependent manner, and the stimulatory effect of these two bioflavonoids was dose-dependent with a unique biphasic pattern. At lower doses (<0.3mg/kg b.w.), they strongly stimulated the formation of PGE(2), but at higher doses (>0.3mg/kg b.w.), there was a dose-dependent reduction of the stimulatory effect. These results provide support for the hypothesis that some of the bioflavonoids are naturally occurring physiological co-substrates for the cyclooxygenases in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung-Woo Bai
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, MS-1018, room KLSIC-4061, 2146 W. 39th Ave, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Polyphenols in the prevention and treatment of sepsis syndromes: Rationale and pre-clinical evidence. Nutrition 2009; 25:981-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Flavonoids as anti-inflammatory agents: implications in cancer and cardiovascular disease. Inflamm Res 2009; 58:537-52. [PMID: 19381780 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-009-0037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 590] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is being shown to be increasingly involved in the onset and development of several pathological disturbances such as arteriosclerosis, obesity, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases and even cancer. Treatment for chronic inflammatory disorders has not been solved, and there is an urgent need to find new and safe anti-inflammatory compounds. Flavonoids belong to a group of natural substances occurring normally in the diet that exhibit a variety of beneficial effects on health. The anti-inflammatory properties of flavonoids have been studied recently, in order to establish and characterize their potential utility as therapeutic agents in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Several mechanisms of action have been proposed to explain in vivo flavonoid anti-inflammatory actions, such as antioxidant activity, inhibition of eicosanoid generating enzymes or the modulation of the production of proinflammatory molecules. Recent studies have also shown that some flavonoids are modulators of proinflammatory gene expression, thus leading to the attenuation of the inflammatory response. However, much work remains to be done in order to achieve definitive conclusions about their potential usefulness. This review summarizes the known mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory activity of flavonoids and the implications of these effects on the protection against cancer and cardiovascular disease.
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Dimitrova P, Ivanovska N. Tyrphostin AG-490 inhibited the acute phase of zymosan-induced inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8:1567-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to the pathogenesis of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. We found that genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor with broad specificities, and which also has estrogen-like activity, had protective effects on cisplatin-induced renal injury in mice. Genistein significantly decreased reactive oxygen species production, the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 proteins, as well as the translocation of the p65 subunit of nuclear factor-kappaB into the nucleus and the infiltration of macrophages, all of which were increased in the kidney by cisplatin treatment. Genistein also decreased cisplatin-induced apoptosis by regulating p53 induction in kidney. Genistein significantly reduced reactive oxygen species production in cisplatin-treated normal human kidney HK-2 cells. These studies show that genistein or similar compounds might be useful in prevention of cisplatin-induced renal injury.
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Jin GH, Ha SK, Park HM, Kang B, Kim SY, Kim HD, Ryu JH, Jeon R. Synthesis of azaisoflavones and their inhibitory activities of NO production in activated microglia. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:4092-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.05.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Revised: 04/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids: genistein, kaempferol, quercetin, and daidzein inhibit STAT-1 and NF-kappaB activations, whereas flavone, isorhamnetin, naringenin, and pelargonidin inhibit only NF-kappaB activation along with their inhibitory effect on iNOS expression and NO production in activated macrophages. Mediators Inflamm 2008; 2007:45673. [PMID: 18274639 PMCID: PMC2220047 DOI: 10.1155/2007/45673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2006] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In inflammation, bacterial products and proinflammatory cytokines induce the formation of large amounts of nitric oxide (NO) by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and compounds that inhibit NO production have anti-inflammatory effects.
In the present study, we systematically investigated the effects of 36 naturally occurring flavonoids and related compounds on NO production in macrophages exposed to an inflammatory stimulus (lipopolysaccharide, LPS), and evaluated the mechanisms of action of the effective compounds.
Flavone, the isoflavones daidzein and genistein, the flavonols isorhamnetin, kaempferol and quercetin, the flavanone naringenin, and the anthocyanin pelargonidin inhibited iNOS protein and mRNA expression and also NO production in a dose-dependent manner. All eight active compounds inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), which is a significant transcription factor for iNOS. Genistein, kaempferol, quercetin, and daidzein also inhibited the activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT-1), another important transcription factor for iNOS.
The present study characterises the effects and mechanisms of naturally occurring phenolic compounds on iNOS expression and NO production in activated macrophages. The results partially explain the pharmacological efficacy of flavonoids as anti-inflammatory compounds.
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Gong P, Angelini DJ, Yang S, Xia G, Cross AS, Mann D, Bannerman DD, Vogel SN, Goldblum SE. TLR4 signaling is coupled to SRC family kinase activation, tyrosine phosphorylation of zonula adherens proteins, and opening of the paracellular pathway in human lung microvascular endothelia. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:13437-49. [PMID: 18326860 PMCID: PMC2442341 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707986200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Revised: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a key mediator in the vascular leak syndromes associated with Gram-negative bacterial infections. LPS opens the paracellular pathway in pulmonary vascular endothelia through protein tyrosine phosphorylation. We now have identified the protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and their substrates required for LPS-induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation and opening of the paracellular pathway in human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC-Ls). LPS disrupted barrier integrity in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and prior broad spectrum PTK inhibition was protective. LPS increased tyrosine phosphorylation of zonula adherens proteins, VE-cadherin, gamma-catenin, and p120(ctn). Two SRC family PTK (SFK)-selective inhibitors, PP2 and SU6656, blocked LPS-induced increments in tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-cadherin and p120(ctn) and paracellular permeability. In HMVEC-Ls, c-SRC, YES, FYN, and LYN were expressed at both mRNA and protein levels. Selective small interfering RNA-induced knockdown of c-SRC, FYN, or YES diminished LPS-induced SRC Tyr(416) phosphorylation, tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-cadherin and p120(ctn), and barrier disruption, whereas knockdown of LYN did not. For VE-cadherin phosphorylation, knockdown of either c-SRC or FYN provided total protection, whereas YES knockdown was only partially protective. For p120(ctn) phosphorylation, knockdown of FYN, c-SRC, or YES each provided comparable but partial protection. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was expressed both on the surface and intracellular compartment of HMVEC-Ls. Prior knockdown of TLR4 blocked both LPS-induced SFK activation and barrier disruption. These data indicate that LPS recognition by TLR4 activates the SFKs, c-SRC, FYN, and YES, which, in turn, contribute to tyrosine phosphorylation of zonula adherens proteins to open the endothelial paracellular pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gong
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Kox M, Wijetunge S, Pickkers P, Hughes AD. Inhibition of Src family tyrosine kinases prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced hyporeactivity in isolated rat tail arteries. Vascul Pharmacol 2007; 46:195-200. [PMID: 17113356 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinases may play a role in the vascular response to sepsis. We investigated the effect of selective inhibitors of Src family tyrosine kinases (SFK) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced vascular hyporeactivity. Rat tail artery segments were mounted in an isometric wire myograph. The effect of incubation with LPS was examined on phenylephrine (PE) and high potassium (KPSS)-induced contraction, with and without the selective SFK inhibitors SU6656 or PP1. Western blotting was performed to assess SFK phosphorylation and iNOS induction. Incubation with LPS for 18 h induced marked vascular hyporeactivity to both PE (p<0.001) and KPSS (P<0.001). Incubation with SU6656 alone had no effect on contractility to PE and KPSS, and SU6656 partially prevented LPS-induced hyporeactivity to PE (p<0.01) and KPSS (p<0.001). In contrast, PP1 alone diminished contractility to PE (p<0.01) and KPSS (p<0.001), and co-incubation of LPS with PP1 completely prevented LPS-induced hyporeactivity. LPS increased tyrosine phosphorylation of SFK and this effect was inhibited by SFK inhibitors. LPS also increased levels of iNOS and this was also inhibited by SU6656 and PP1. LPS-induced hyporeactivity in vitro is mediated by activation of SFK. Selective inhibitors of SFK may have therapeutic potential in the management of septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs Kox
- Clinical Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, QEQM Wing, St Mary's Hospital, South Wharf Road, London W2 1NY, UK
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Hasumuma R, Kawaguchi K, Kikuchi SI, Sugiyama T, Kumazawa Y. Effects of isoflavones and soybeans fermented with Bacillus subtilis on lipopolysaccharide-induced production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and fibrinolysis in vivo. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2007; 29:323-33. [PMID: 17849275 DOI: 10.1080/08923970701513526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of isoflavones and of a derivative of soybeans fermented with Bacillus subtilis, designated Nattoesse, on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and fibrinolysis were investigated in vivo. The dietary supplement Nattoesse contains several isoflavones. Therefore, we examined the effects of individual isoflavones (daidzein, daidzin, genistein, and genistin) on the LPS-induced production of TNF-alpha. Intraperitoneal injections of daidzein, daidzin, and genistin (but not of genistein before a challenge with LPS) resulted in significant depression of serum levels of TNF-alpha in mice. Daidzein had the strongest activity in this assay. Oral administration of daidzein to mice also had a significant suppressive effect, as compared with that of the Citrus flavanone naringin. In galactosamine-sensitized mice, by contrast, the suppression of LPS-induced lethal shock by daidzein was very weak. Nattoesse did not inhibit the production of TNF-alpha nor did it prevent lethal shock. However, oral administration of Nattoesse to mice significantly suppressed LPS-induced increases in scores of the fibrin degradation product, and the effect was both dose- and time-dependent. Thus, it appears that Nattoesse has fibrinolytic activity during LPS-induced circulatory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Hasumuma
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Graduate School of Fundamental Life Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
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Collin M, Anuar FBM, Murch O, Bhatia M, Moore PK, Thiemermann C. Inhibition of endogenous hydrogen sulfide formation reduces the organ injury caused by endotoxemia. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 146:498-505. [PMID: 16100527 PMCID: PMC1751176 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a naturally occurring gaseous transmitter, which may play important roles in normal physiology and disease. Here, we investigated the role of H2S in the organ injury caused by severe endotoxemia in the rat. Male Wistar rats were subjected to acute endotoxemia (Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 6 mg kg(-1) intravenously (i.v.) for 6 h) and treated with vehicle (saline, 1 ml kg(-1) i.v.) or DL-propargylglycine (PAG, 10-100 mg kg(-1) i.v.), an inhibitor of the H2S-synthesizing enzyme cystathionine-gamma-lyase (CSE). PAG was administered either 30 min prior to or 60 min after the induction of endotoxemia. Endotoxemia resulted in circulatory failure (hypotension and tachycardia) and an increase in serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase (markers for hepatic injury), lipase (indicator of pancreatic injury) and creatine kinase (indicator of neuromuscular injury). In the liver, endotoxemia induced a significant increase in the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and in the expression and activity of the H2S-synthesizing enzymes CSE and cystathionine-beta-synthase. Administration of PAG either prior to or after the injection of LPS dose-dependently reduced the hepatocellular, pancreatic and neuromuscular injury caused by endotoxemia, but not the circulatory failure. Pretreatment of rats with PAG abolished the LPS-induced increase in the MPO activity and in the formation of H2S and in the liver. These findings support the view that an enhanced formation of H2S contributes to the pathophysiology of the organ injury in endotoxemia. We propose that inhibition of H2S synthesis may be a useful therapeutic strategy against the organ injury associated with sepsis and shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Collin
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Nephrology & Critical Care, The William Harvey Research Institute, St Bartholomew's and The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary - University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ
| | - Farhana B M Anuar
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Block MD2, 18 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Oliver Murch
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Nephrology & Critical Care, The William Harvey Research Institute, St Bartholomew's and The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary - University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ
| | - Madhav Bhatia
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Block MD2, 18 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Philip K Moore
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Block MD2, 18 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Christoph Thiemermann
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Nephrology & Critical Care, The William Harvey Research Institute, St Bartholomew's and The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary - University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ
- Author for correspondence:
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Rachid MA, Camargos ERS, Barcellos L, Marques CA, Chiari E, Huang H, Tanowitz HB, Teixeira MM, Machado CRS. Blockade of endothelin ETA/ETB receptors favors a role for endothelin during acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rats. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:2113-9. [PMID: 16844401 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Revised: 03/08/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin has been implicated in the pathogenesis of experimental and human Chagas' disease (American trypanosomiasis). In the present study, we tested the effect of bosentan, an antagonist of both ET(A) and ET(B) endothelin receptors, on parasitemia, histopathology (heart and diaphragm), heart levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-10, interferon (IFN)-gamma, CCL2, CCL3 and CCL5, and the serum levels of nitrate/nitrite (NOx). Bosentan treatment was accompanied by a significant increase in parasitemia and tissue parasitism or inflammation. In vehicle-treated rats, Trypanosoma cruzi infection increased the cardiac levels of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma and IL-10, at day 9 post inoculation, and the TNF-alpha remained elevated until day 13. The infection also caused a significant increase in the cardiac levels of the chemokines CCL2 (9, 13 and 18 days) and CCL3 (13 and 18 days). Bosentan-treatment had no significant effect on the infection-associated increase in IFN-gamma and chemokine concentrations. There was a lower increase in IL-10 at day 9 and this was mirrored by a greater increase of TNF-alpha at day 13, in comparison with vehicle-treated rats. These latter findings correlated well with the enhanced inflammatory process in hearts of bosentan-treated infected rats. Bosentan treatment reduced the infection-associated increase in NOx serum concentration. Altogether, our data suggest that ET action on ET(A) and ET(B) receptors may play a role in the initial control of T. cruzi infection in rats probably by interfering in NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milene A Rachid
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Collin M, Murch O, Thiemermann C. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma antagonists GW9662 and T0070907 reduce the protective effects of lipopolysaccharide preconditioning against organ failure caused by endotoxemia. Crit Care Med 2006; 34:1131-8. [PMID: 16484917 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000206472.63040.6d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is evidence that a) ligands of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma and b) lipopolysaccharide preconditioning protect the organs against the multiple organ injury and dysfunction caused by endotoxemia. Here we investigate the hypothesis that the protective effects of lipopolysaccharide preconditioning are due to an enhanced formation of endogenous ligands of PPAR-gamma. DESIGN Prospective, randomized study. SETTING University-based research laboratory. SUBJECTS Ninety-nine anesthetized male Wistar rats. INTERVENTIONS Rats were pretreated with low-dose lipopolysaccharide (1 mg/kg intraperitoneally, 24 hrs before induction of endotoxemia) in the absence or presence of the selective PPAR-gamma antagonists GW9662 (1 mg/kg intraperitoneally) or T0070907 (1 mg/kg intraperitoneally) or the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor parecoxib (20 mg/kg intraperitoneally). At 24 hrs after preconditioning with low-dose lipopolysaccharide, the rats were subjected to acute severe endotoxemia (lipopolysaccharide 6 mg/kg intravenously). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Lipopolysaccharide preconditioning significantly attenuated the development of renal dysfunction (serum creatinine), hepatocellular injury (serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase), and circulatory failure (hypotension) as well as the increase in the plasma levels of interleukin-1beta caused by severe endotoxemia. All of these beneficial effects afforded by preconditioning with lipopolysaccharide were attenuated by the specific PPAR-gamma antagonists used. In contrast, the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor parecoxib did not affect the beneficial effects afforded by preconditioning with lipopolysaccharide. CONCLUSIONS We propose that endogenous ligands of PPAR-gamma contribute to the protection afforded by lipopolysaccharide preconditioning against the organ injury and dysfunction associated with severe endotoxemia in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Collin
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Nephrology and Critical Care, the William Harvey Research Institute, St. Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary-University of London, UK
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Marzocco S, Mazzon E, Pinto A, Autore G, Cuzzocrea S. Tyrphostin AG 126 reduces intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2006; 372:362-73. [PMID: 16485131 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-005-0029-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effect of tyrphostin AG126, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in the splanchnic artery occlusion (SAO) shock mediated injury. SAO shock was induced in rats by clamping both the superior mesenteric artery and the celiac trunk for 45 min. After 1 h of reperfusion, SAO shocked rats developed a significant fall in mean arterial blood pressure. Ileum analysis revealed that SAO shock is characterized by a significant (P<0.01) induction in TNF-alpha and IL-1 ileum levels, while immunohistochemistry examination of necrotic ileum demonstrated a marked increase in the immunoreactivity in intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) and nitrotyrosine formation. A significant increase in myeloperoxidase activity (P<0.01) was also observed in rats subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Tyrphostin AG126, given intraperitoneally 30 min before ischemia at the dose of 5 mg/kg, significantly improved mean arterial blood pressure, markedly reduced TNF-alpha and IL-1beta levels and the positive staining of ICAM-1 into the reperfused ileum. Tyrphostin AG126 significantly improved the histological status of the reperfused tissue. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that tyrphostin AG126 exerts multiple protective effects in splanchnic artery occlusion/reperfusion shock and suggests that this tyrosine kinase inhibitor may be a candidate for consideration as a therapeutic intervention for ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Marzocco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo 11/c, 84084 Fisciano-Salerno, Italy.
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Balachandra S, Genovese T, Mazzon E, Di Paola R, Thiemerman C, Siriwardena AK, Cuzzocrea S. Inhibition of tyrosine-kinase-mediated cellular signaling by tyrphostins AG 126 and AG556 modulates murine experimental acute pancreatitis. Surgery 2006; 138:913-23. [PMID: 16291393 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2005.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2004] [Accepted: 05/31/2005] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, tyrphostin AG126 and AG556 in a murine model of acute pancreatitis are investigated. METHODS Intraperitoneal injection of cerulein in mice resulted in a severe, acute pancreatitis, which was characterized by edema, neutrophil infiltration, tissue hemorrhage, and cell necrosis as well as elevation in the serum activities of amylase or lipase. RESULTS Infiltration of the pancreatic tissue of these animals with neutrophils (measured as increase in myeloperoxidase activity) was associated with signs of enhanced lipid peroxidation (increased tissue levels of malondialdehyde). Immunohistochemical examination showed a marked increase in immunoreactivity for nitrotyrosine and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in the pancreas of cerulein-treated mice. Pretreatment or posttreatment with tyrphostin AG126 and AG556, 2 different tyrosine kinase inhibitors, significantly reduced the degree of pancreatic inflammation and tissue injury (histologic score). In particular, the treatment with the 2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors reduced the cerulein-induced nitrotyrosine formation and PARP activation in the pancreas as well as the systemic release of tumor necrosis factor alpha. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first evidence that (1) prevention of the activation of protein tyrosine kinases reduces the development of acute pancreatitis, and (2) inhibition of the activity of certain tyrosine kinases may represent a novel approach for the therapy of acute pancreatitis.
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Dugo L, Collin M, Allen DA, Patel NSA, Bauer I, Mervaala EMA, Louhelainen M, Foster SJ, Yaqoob MM, Thiemermann C. GSK-3beta inhibitors attenuate the organ injury/dysfunction caused by endotoxemia in the rat. Crit Care Med 2005; 33:1903-12. [PMID: 16148458 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000178350.21839.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Serine-threonine protein kinase glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3 is involved in regulation of many cell functions, but its role in regulation of inflammatory response is unknown. Here we investigate the effects of GSK-3beta inhibition on organ injury/dysfunction caused by lipopolysaccharide or coadministration of lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan in the rat. DESIGN Prospective, randomized study. SETTING University-based research laboratory. SUBJECTS Ninety-nine anesthetized male Wistar rats. INTERVENTIONS Study 1: Rats received either intravenous Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (6 mg/kg) or vehicle (1 mL/kg; saline). Study 2: Rats received either intravenous E. coli lipopolysaccharide (1 mg/kg) and Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan (0.3 mg/kg) or vehicle. The potent and selective GSK-3beta inhibitors TDZD-8 (1 mg/kg intravenously), SB216763 (0.6 mg/kg intravenously), and SB415286 (1 mg/kg intravenously) or vehicle (10% dimethyl sulfoxide) was administered 30 mins before lipopolysaccharide or lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Endotoxemia resulted in increases in the serum levels of creatinine (indicator of renal dysfunction), aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase (markers for hepatocellular injury), lipase (indicator of pancreatic injury), and creatine kinase (indicator of neuromuscular injury). Coadministration of lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan resulted in hepatocellular injury and renal dysfunction. All GSK-3beta inhibitors attenuated the organ injury/dysfunction caused by lipopolysaccharide or lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan. GSK-3beta inhibition reduced the Ser536 phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappaB subunit p65 and the messenger RNA expression of nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent proinflammatory mediators but had no effect on the nuclear factor-kappaB/DNA binding activity in the lung. GSK-3beta inhibition reduced the increase in nuclear factor-kappaB p65 activity caused by interleukin-1 in human embryonic kidney cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS The potent and selective GSK-3beta inhibitors TDZD-8, SB216763, and SB415286 reduced the organ injury/dysfunction caused by lipopolysaccharide or lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan in the rat. We propose that GSK-3beta inhibition may be useful in the therapy of the organ injury/dysfunction associated with sepsis, shock, and other diseases associated with local or systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dugo
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine, The William Harvey Research Institute, St. Bartholomew's and The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
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Kang JL, Lee HW, Kim HJ, Lee HS, Castranova V, Lim CM, Koh Y. Inhibition of SRC tyrosine kinases suppresses activation of nuclear factor-kappaB, and serine and tyrosine phosphorylation of IkappaB-alpha in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated raw 264.7 macrophages. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2005; 68:1643-62. [PMID: 16195219 DOI: 10.1080/15287390500192114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Involvement of protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation has been demonstrated. Studies investigated the role of PTK and the underlying mechanisms by which PTK play a role in LPS induction of pathways leading to NF-kappaB activation in macrophages. Inhibitors of PTK-genistein, herbimycin A, or AG126-blocked LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation. Genistein also blocked pervanadate-induced NF-kappaB activation. Furthermore, Src TK selective inhibitors-damnacanthal or PP1-blocked LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation over a range of nanomolar concentrations. Genistein, damnacanthal, or PP1 blocked the LPS-induced serine phosphorylation, the degradation of IkappaB-alpha, and the consequent translocation of the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB to the nucleus. In addition to serine phosphorylation of IkappaB-alpha, LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation also required tyrosine phosphorylation of IkappaB-alpha. These TK inhibitors blocked substantially LPS induction of tyrosine phosphorylation of IkappaB-alpha. Furthermore, cSrc and Lck were physically associated with IkappaB-alpha. These results suggest that the LPS-induced NF-kappaB pathways are dependent on both serine and tyrosine phosphorylation of IkappaB-alpha, and that Src TK, such as cSrc and Lck, are key components of the LPS signaling pathway through at least two different mechanisms associated with NF-kappaB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihee Lee Kang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Ewha Medical Research Center, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
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Gardner JD, Brower GL, Janicki JS. Effects of dietary phytoestrogens on cardiac remodeling secondary to chronic volume overload in female rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 99:1378-83. [PMID: 15961607 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01141.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that intact female rats fed a standard rodent diet containing soybean products exhibit essentially no adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling in response to aortocaval fistula-induced chronic volume overload. We hypothesized that phytoestrogenic compounds in the diet contributed to the female cardioprotection. To test this hypothesis, four groups of female rats were studied: sham-operated (Sham) and fistula (Fist) rats fed a diet with [P(+)] or without [P(-)] phytoestrogens. Eight weeks postfistula, systolic and diastolic cardiac function was assessed by using a blood-perfused, isolated heart preparation. High-phytoestrogen diet had no effect on body, heart, and lung weights, or cardiac function in Sham rats. Fistula groups developed LV hypertrophy, which was not reduced by dietary phytoestrogens [1,184 +/- 229 mg Fist-P(-) and 1,079 +/- 199 mg Fist-P(+) vs. 620 +/- 47 mg for combined Sham groups, P < 0.05]. Unstressed LV volume increased in Fist-P(-) rats (428 +/- 16 vs. 300 +/- 14 microl Sham, P < 0.0001), but it was not different from Sham for Fist-P(+) animals (286 +/- 17 microl). Fist-P(-) rats developed increased ventricular compliance (5.3 +/- 0.8 vs. 2.3 +/- 0.3 microl/mmHg Sham, P < 0.01), whereas Fist-P(+) rats had no change in compliance (2.8 +/- 0.4 mul/mmHg). Intrinsic ventricular contractility was maintained in the Fist-P(+) rats, but it was reduced (P < 0.001) in the Fist-P(-) rats [systolic pressure-volume slope: 1.04 +/- 0.03, 0.60 +/- 0.06, and 0.99 +/- 0.08 mmHg/microl, for Fist-P(+), Fist-P(-), and Sham, respectively]. These data indicate that dietary phytoestrogens contribute significantly to female cardioprotection against volume overload-induced adverse ventricular remodeling and that studies evaluating gender differences in cardiovascular remodeling must consider the influence of dietary phytoestrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Gardner
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Auburn University, USA.
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Severgnini M, Takahashi S, Tu P, Perides G, Homer RJ, Jhung JW, Bhavsar D, Cochran BH, Simon AR. Inhibition of the Src and Jak Kinases Protects against Lipopolysaccharide-induced Acute Lung Injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171:858-67. [PMID: 15665321 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200407-981oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cascade of cellular and molecular pathways mediating acute lung injury is complex and incompletely defined. Although the Src and Jak family of kinases is upregulated in LPS-induced murine lung injury, their role in the development of lung injury is unknown. Here we report that systemic inhibition of these kinases using specific small molecule inhibitors (PP2, SU6656, tyrphostin A1) significantly attenuated LPS-induced lung injury, as determined by histologic and capillary permeability assays. These inhibitors blocked LPS-dependent cytokine and chemokine production in the lung and in the serum. In contrast, lung-targeted inhibition of these kinases in the airway epithelium via adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of dominant negative Src or of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS-1) disrupted lung cytokine production but had no effect on systemic cytokine production or lung vascular permeability. Mice were significantly protected from lethal LPS challenge by the small molecule inhibitors of Jak and Src kinase. Importantly, this protection was still evident even when the inhibitors were administered 6 hours after LPS challenge. Taken together, these observations suggest that Jak and Src kinases participate in acute lung injury and verify the potential of this class of selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors to serve as novel therapeutic agents for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Severgnini
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Box 369, 750 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Iqbal O, Messmore H, Fareed J, Ahmad S, Hoppensteadt D, Hazar S, Tobu M, Aziz S, Wehrmacher W. Antithrombotic agents in the treatment of severe sepsis. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2005; 7:111-39. [PMID: 15989540 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.7.1.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis, a systemic inflammatory syndrome, is a response to infection and when associated with multiple organ dysfunction is termed severe sepsis. It remains a leading cause of mortality in the critically ill. The response to the invading microorganisms may be considered as a balance between a pro-inflammatory and an anti-inflammatory reaction. While an inadequate pro-inflammatory reaction and a strong anti-inflammatory response could lead to overwhelming infection and the death of the patient, a strong and uncontrolled pro-inflammatory response, manifested by the release of pro-inflammatory mediators may lead to microvascular thrombosis and multiple organ failure. Endotoxin triggers sepsis via the release of various mediators such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 (IL-1). These cytokines activate the complement and coagulation systems, release adhesion molecules, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide. Other mediators involved in the sepsis syndrome include IL-1, -6 and -8; arachidonic acid metabolites; platelet activating factor; histamine; bradykinin; angiotensin; complement components and vasoactive intestinal peptide. These pro-inflammatory responses are counteracted by IL-10. Most of the trials targeting the different mediators of the pro-inflammatory response have failed due to a lack of correct definition of sepsis. Understanding the exact pathophysiology of the disease will enable more advanced treatment options. Targeting the coagulation system with various anticoagulant agents including, activated protein C, and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is a rational approach. Many clinical trials have been conducted to evaluate these agents in severe sepsis. While trials on antithrombin and TFPI were not so successful, the double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase III trial of recombinant human activated Protein C Worldwide Evaluation in Severe Sepsis (PROWESS) was successful, creating a significant decrease in mortality when compared to the placebo group. A better understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanism of severe sepsis will provide better treatment options, and combination antithrombotic treatment may provide a multipronged approach for the treatment of severe sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Iqbal
- Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
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48
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Abstract
The inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in vascular smooth muscle cells is an important factor for pathogenesis of septic shock or multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. The mechanisms of iNOS expression in such conditions are partly known. This study tried to clarify the signal transduction of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) single stimulation that induces iNOS mRNA and protein in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). VSMC were primarily cultured from rat aorta. The concentrations of nitrite in culture media were measured by the Griess reaction. Western blottings and immunoreaction for iNOS, nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) p65, and CD14 protein were performed. mRNAs of iNOS and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha were analyzed by RT-PCR. Genistein inhibited LPS induced early phase nitrite production, while pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) inhibited nitrite production at a late phase. PDTC significantly reduced NFkappaB p65 and iNOS protein expression by LPS. TNFalpha mRNA expression by LPS was not detected in VSMC. Membranous CD14 glycoprotein was detected in VSMC and soluble CD14 glycoprotein was not detected in fetal bovine serum added in culture media. These results suggest that CD14 glycoprotein is present on the cell membranes of VSMC, a non-myelomonocyte lineage, acting as an LPS receptor. Activations of tyrosine kinase and NFkappaB p65 are essential for iNOS expression by LPS single stimulation, while TNFalpha is not a concern to iNOS expression in VSMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Chul Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Namgu, Daegu, Korea.
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49
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Paradkar PN, Blum PS, Berhow MA, Baumann H, Kuo SM. Dietary isoflavones suppress endotoxin-induced inflammatory reaction in liver and intestine. Cancer Lett 2004; 215:21-8. [PMID: 15374628 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2003] [Revised: 05/20/2004] [Accepted: 05/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dietary isoflavone intake has been linked to cancer prevention and their anti-inflammation activity was examined. Intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection in mice led to a decrease in the liver antioxidant glutathione level but this decrease was prevented in mice fed with an isoflavone-containing diet. Similarly, isoflavone diet prevented the inflammation-associated induction of metallothionein (MT) in the intestine; and the induction of manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) in the liver. Results from the intestinal cell studies suggest that isoflavones suppress the intestinal response to inflammation by modulating the action of pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-6. IL-6 secretion and the STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription protein 3) nuclear translocation in response to IL-6 were both decreased by genistein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad N Paradkar
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, 15 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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50
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Collin M, Rossi A, Cuzzocrea S, Patel NSA, Di Paola R, Hadley J, Collino M, Sautebin L, Thiemermann C. Reduction of the multiple organ injury and dysfunction caused by endotoxemia in 5-lipoxygenase knockout mice and by the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 76:961-70. [PMID: 15328337 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0604338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) in the pathophysiology of the organ injury/dysfunction caused by endotoxin is not known. Here, we investigate the effects of treatment with 5-LOX inhibitor zileuton in rats and targeted disruption of the 5-LOX gene in mice (5-LOX(-/-)) on multiple organ injury/dysfunction caused by severe endotoxemia. We also investigate the expression of beta2-integrins CD11a/CD18 and CD11b/CD18 on rat leukocytes by flow cytometry. Zileuton [3 mg/kg intravenously (i.v.)] or vehicle (10% dimethyl sulfoxide) was administered to rats 15 min prior to lipopolysaccharide (LPS; Escherichia coli, 6 mg/kg i.v.) or vehicle (saline). 5-LOX(-/-) mice and wild-type littermate controls were treated with LPS (E. coli, 20 mg/kg intraperitoneally) or vehicle (saline). Endotoxemia for 6 h in rats or 16 h in mice resulted in liver injury/dysfunction (increase in the serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin), renal dysfunction (creatinine), and pancreatic injury (lipase, amylase). Absence of functional 5-LOX (zileuton treatment or targeted disruption of the 5-LOX gene) reduced the multiple organ injury/dysfunction caused by endotoxemia. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration (myeloperoxidase activity) in the lung and ileum as well as pulmonary injury (histology) were markedly reduced in 5-LOX(-/-) mice. Zileuton also reduced the LPS-induced expression of CD11b/CD18 on rat leukocytes. We propose that endogenous 5-LOX metabolites enhance the degree of multiple organ injury/dysfunction caused by severe endotoxemia by promoting the expression of the adhesion molecule CD11b/CD18 and that inhibitors of 5-LOX may be useful in the therapy of the organ injury/dysfunction associated with endotoxic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Collin
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Nephrology and Critical Care, The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, UK
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