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Xiang Q, Geng ZX, Yi X, Wei X, Zhu XH, Jiang DS. PANoptosis: a novel target for cardiovascular diseases. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2024; 45:739-756. [PMID: 39003157 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
PANoptosis is a unique innate immune inflammatory lytic cell death pathway initiated by an innate immune sensor and driven by caspases and RIPKs. As a distinct pathway, the execution of PANoptosis cannot be hindered by targeting other cell death pathways, such as pyroptosis, apoptosis, or necroptosis. Instead, targeting key PANoptosome components can serve as a strategy to prevent this form of cell death. Given the physiological relevance in several diseases, PANoptosis is a pivotal therapeutic target. Notably, previous research has primarily focused on the role of PANoptosis in cancer and infectious and inflammatory diseases. By contrast, its role in cardiovascular diseases has not been comprehensively discussed. Here, we review the available evidence on PANoptosis in cardiovascular diseases, including cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, myocarditis, and aortic aneurysm and dissection, and explore a variety of agents that target PANoptosis, with the overarching goal of providing a novel complementary approach to combatting cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xiang
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhen-Xi Geng
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xin Yi
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiang Wei
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education; NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xue-Hai Zhu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education; NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Ding-Sheng Jiang
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education; NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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2
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Qin P, Zhou P, Huang Y, Long B, Gao R, Zhang S, Zhu B, Li YQ, Li Q. Upregulation of rate-limiting enzymes in cholesterol metabolism by PKCδ mediates endothelial apoptosis in diabetic wound healing. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:263. [PMID: 38811564 PMCID: PMC11137154 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a prevalent complication of diabetes that poses significant challenges in terms of treatment and management. It is characterized by heightened endothelial apoptosis and impaired angiogenesis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) in regulating endothelial apoptosis in diabetic wounds by promoting cholesterol biosynthesis. The expression of PKCδ was increased in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) cultivated in high glucose medium and skin tissue isolated from diabetic mice. High glucose-induced HUVECs apoptosis was reduced by PKCδ inhibition with siRNA or rottlerin. RNA-seq identified two enzymes, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 1 (HMGCS1) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), as the downstream of PKCδ. PKCδ knockdown or inhibition suppressed the expression of HMGCS1 and HMGCR and lowered free cholesterol (FC) levels. Cholesterol restored high glucose-induced apoptosis in siRNA- or rottlerin-treated HUVECs. In vivo use of rosuvastatin calcium, an inhibitor of HMGCR, downregulated free cholesterol levels and accelerated the wound healing process. In conclusion, PKCδ expression in endothelial cells was activated by high glucose, which subsequently upregulates the expression of two enzymes catalyzing cholesterol biosynthesis, HMGCS1 and HMGCR. Enhanced cholesterol biosynthesis raises free cholesterol levels, promotes endothelial apoptosis, and finally delays wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiliang Qin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yating Huang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Binbin Long
- General Surgery Department, Taihe Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Ruikang Gao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bingjie Zhu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yi-Qing Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Huang J, Lin Z, Lin J, Xie S, Xia S, Chen G, Zheng Z, Xu Z, Liu F, Wu H, Li S. Causal role of lipid metabolism in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: an observational and mendelian randomisation study. Thorax 2024; 79:135-143. [PMID: 38124156 DOI: 10.1136/thorax-2023-220789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare interstitial lung disease characterised by the accumulation of lipoprotein material in the alveoli. Although dyslipidaemia is a prominet feature, the causal effect of lipid traits on PAP remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the role of lipid traits in PAP and evaluate the potential of lipid-lowering drug targets in PAP. METHODS Clinical outcomes, lipid profiles and lung function tests were analysed in a clinical cohort of diagnosed PAP patients and propensity score-matched healthy controls. Genome-wide association study data on PAP, lipid metabolism, blood cells and variants of genes encoding potential lipid-lowering drug targets were obtained for Mendelian randomisation (MR) and mediation analyses. FINDINGS Observational results showed that higher levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were associated with increased risks of PAP. Higher levels of TC and LDL were also associated with worse PAP severity. In MR analysis, elevated LDL was associated with an increased risk of PAP (OR: 4.32, 95% CI: 1.63 to 11.61, p=0.018). Elevated monocytes were associated with a lower risk of PAP (OR 0.34, 95% CI: 0.18 to 0.66, p=0.002) and mediated the risk impact of LDL on PAP. Genetic mimicry of PCSK9 inhibition was associated with a reduced risk of PAP (OR 0.03, p=0.007). INTERPRETATION Our results support the crucial role of lipid and metabolism-related traits in PAP risk, emphasising the monocyte-mediated, causal effect of elevated LDL in PAP genetics. PCSK9 mediates the development of PAP by raising LDL. These finding provide evidence for lipid-related mechanisms and promising lipid-lowering drug target for PAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Huang
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zikai Lin
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinsheng Lin
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuojia Xie
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shixin Xia
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Gengjia Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziwen Zheng
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fangcheng Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongkai Wu
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiyue Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Perrotta I. Seeing beyond apoptosis: ultrastructural aspects of necrosis in human atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Pathol 2023; 66:107560. [PMID: 37453592 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2023.107560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an explosive growth of research to decipher the pathobiologic relevance of cell death in the development and progression of various cardiovascular disorders such as arterial remodeling and atherosclerosis. High rates of cell death have been reported in animal models, particularly following balloon catheter injury. Also, in humans there is considerable evidence indicating a close connection between cell death and atherosclerosis. In this regard, diverse biochemical and molecular analysis have suggested that intraplaque cells preferentially die by apoptosis, a mode of cell death considered to be active, highly regulated and programmed. In contrast to apoptosis, necrosis has been classically defined as an uncontrolled form of cell death that can occur in response to chemical or physical insults such as trauma, infection, toxins, or lack of blood supply. Necrosis has long been known to be present within atherosclerotic plaques but to date it is still less well understood and characterized than apoptosis. In addition, although electron microscopy (EM) remains essential in cell death research, only a very small proportion of studies deal with the ultrastructural aspects of cell death and/or include EM images to support their findings. As a consequence, many features of cell death modes in human atherosclerosis have not yet been thoroughly investigated and defined. The present study was undertaken to provide an ultrastructural description of the route/s by which intraplaque cells can die also suggesting novel insights for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Perrotta
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy.
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Neels JG, Gollentz C, Chinetti G. Macrophage death in atherosclerosis: potential role in calcification. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1215612. [PMID: 37469518 PMCID: PMC10352763 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1215612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death is an important aspect of atherosclerotic plaque development. Insufficient efferocytosis of death cells by phagocytic macrophages leads to the buildup of a necrotic core that impacts stability of the plaque. Furthermore, in the presence of calcium and phosphate, apoptotic bodies resulting from death cells can act as nucleation sites for the formation of calcium phosphate crystals, mostly in the form of hydroxyapatite, which leads to calcification of the atherosclerotic plaque, further impacting plaque stability. Excessive uptake of cholesterol-loaded oxidized LDL particles by macrophages present in atherosclerotic plaques leads to foam cell formation, which not only reduces their efferocytosis capacity, but also can induce apoptosis in these cells. The resulting apoptotic bodies can contribute to calcification of the atherosclerotic plaque. Moreover, other forms of macrophage cell death, such as pyroptosis, necroptosis, parthanatos, and ferroptosis can also contribute by similar mechanisms to plaque calcification. This review focuses on macrophage death in atherosclerosis, and its potential role in calcification. Reducing macrophage cell death and/or increasing their efferocytosis capacity could be a novel therapeutic strategy to reduce the formation of a necrotic core and calcification and thereby improving atherosclerotic plaque stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap G. Neels
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France
| | - Claire Gollentz
- Université Côte d’Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (NSERM), Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France
| | - Giulia Chinetti
- Université Côte d’Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (NSERM), Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France
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Maity J, Dey T, Banerjee A, Chattopadhyay A, Das AR, Bandyopadhyay D. Melatonin ameliorates myocardial infarction in obese diabetic individuals: The possible involvement of macrophage apoptotic factors. J Pineal Res 2023; 74:e12847. [PMID: 36456538 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
In recent days, the hike in obesity-mediated epidemics across the globe and the prevalence of obesity-induced cardiovascular disease has become one of the chief grounds for morbidity and mortality. This epidemic-driven detrimental events in the cardiac tissues start with the altered distribution and metabolism pattern of high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) leading to cholesterol (oxidized LDL) deposition on the arterial wall and atherosclerotic plaque generation, followed by vascular spasms and infarction. Subsequently, obesity-triggered metabolic malfunctions induce free radical generation which may further trigger pro-inflammatory signaling and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells transcriptional factor, thus inducing interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. This terrifying cardiomyopathy can be further aggravated in type 2 diabetes mellitus, thereby making obese diabetic patients prone toward the development of myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke in comparison to their nondiabetic counterparts. The accelerated oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory response induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, followed by apoptosis in obese diabetic individuals, causing progression of athero-thrombotic vascular disease. Being an efficient antioxidative and anti-inflammatory indolamine, melatonin effectively inhibits lipid peroxidation, pro-inflammatory reactions, thereby resolving free radical-induced myocardial damages along with maintaining antioxidant reservoir to preserve cardiovascular integrity. Prolonged melatonin treatment maintains balanced body weight and serum total cholesterol concentration by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis and promoting cholesterol catabolism. Additionally, melatonin promotes macrophage polarization toward the anti-inflammatory state, providing a proper shield during the recovery period. Therefore, the protective role of melatonin in maintaining the lipid metabolism homeostasis and blocking the atherosclerotic plaque rupture could be targeted as the possible therapeutic strategy for the management of obesity-induced acute MI. This review aimed at orchestrating the efficacy of melatonin in ameliorating irrevocable oxidative cardiovascular damage induced by the obesity-diabetes correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juin Maity
- Oxidative Stress and Free Radical Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Tiyasa Dey
- Oxidative Stress and Free Radical Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Adrita Banerjee
- Oxidative Stress and Free Radical Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Asish R Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Debasish Bandyopadhyay
- Oxidative Stress and Free Radical Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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Ramirez RX, Campbell O, Pradhan AJ, Atilla-Gokcumen GE, Monje-Galvan V. Modeling the molecular fingerprint of protein-lipid interactions of MLKL on complex bilayers. Front Chem 2023; 10:1088058. [PMID: 36712977 PMCID: PMC9877227 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1088058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids, the structural part of membranes, play important roles in biological functions. However, our understanding of their implication in key cellular processes such as cell division and protein-lipid interaction is just emerging. This is the case for molecular interactions in mechanisms of cell death, where the role of lipids for protein localization and subsequent membrane permeabilization is key. For example, during the last stage of necroptosis, the mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) protein translocates and, eventually, permeabilizes the plasma membrane (PM). This process results in the leakage of cellular content, inducing an inflammatory response in the microenvironment that is conducive to oncogenesis and metastasis, among other pathologies that exhibit inflammatory activity. This work presents insights from long all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of complex membrane models for the PM of mammalian cells with an MLKL protein monomer. Our results show that the binding of the protein is initially driven by the electrostatic interactions of positively charged residues. The protein bound conformation modulates lipid recruitment to the binding site, which changes the local lipid environment recruiting PIP lipids and cholesterol, generating a unique fingerprint. These results increase our knowledge of protein-lipid interactions at the membrane interface in the context of molecular mechanisms of the necroptotic pathway, currently under investigation as a potential treatment target in cancer and inflamatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo X. Ramirez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Oluwatoyin Campbell
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Apoorva J. Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - G. Ekin Atilla-Gokcumen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Viviana Monje-Galvan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States,*Correspondence: Viviana Monje-Galvan,
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Cardiovascular/Stroke Risk Stratification in Diabetic Foot Infection Patients Using Deep Learning-Based Artificial Intelligence: An Investigative Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11226844. [PMID: 36431321 PMCID: PMC9693632 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11226844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A diabetic foot infection (DFI) is among the most serious, incurable, and costly to treat conditions. The presence of a DFI renders machine learning (ML) systems extremely nonlinear, posing difficulties in CVD/stroke risk stratification. In addition, there is a limited number of well-explained ML paradigms due to comorbidity, sample size limits, and weak scientific and clinical validation methodologies. Deep neural networks (DNN) are potent machines for learning that generalize nonlinear situations. The objective of this article is to propose a novel investigation of deep learning (DL) solutions for predicting CVD/stroke risk in DFI patients. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) search strategy was used for the selection of 207 studies. We hypothesize that a DFI is responsible for increased morbidity and mortality due to the worsening of atherosclerotic disease and affecting coronary artery disease (CAD). Since surrogate biomarkers for CAD, such as carotid artery disease, can be used for monitoring CVD, we can thus use a DL-based model, namely, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) for CVD/stroke risk prediction in DFI patients, which combines covariates such as office and laboratory-based biomarkers, carotid ultrasound image phenotype (CUSIP) lesions, along with the DFI severity. We confirmed the viability of CVD/stroke risk stratification in the DFI patients. Strong designs were found in the research of the DL architectures for CVD/stroke risk stratification. Finally, we analyzed the AI bias and proposed strategies for the early diagnosis of CVD/stroke in DFI patients. Since DFI patients have an aggressive atherosclerotic disease, leading to prominent CVD/stroke risk, we, therefore, conclude that the DL paradigm is very effective for predicting the risk of CVD/stroke in DFI patients.
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Dai T, He W, Tu S, Han J, Yuan B, Yao C, Ren W, Wu A. Black TiO2 nanoprobe-mediated mild phototherapy reduces intracellular lipid levels in atherosclerotic foam cells via cholesterol regulation pathways instead of apoptosis. Bioact Mater 2022; 17:18-28. [PMID: 35386468 PMCID: PMC8958315 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that apoptosis increases the risk of plaque rupture, strategies that reduce intracellular lipid levels without killing foam cells are warranted for safe and effective treatment of atherosclerosis. In this study, a mild phototherapy strategy is carried out to achieve the hypothesis. Foam cell-targeted nanoprobes that allow photothermal therapy (PTT) and/or photodynamic therapy (PDT) were prepared by loading hyaluronan and porphine onto black TiO2 nanoparticles. The results showed that when temperatures below 45 °C, PTT alone and PTT + PDT significantly reduced the intracellular lipid burden without inducing evidently apoptosis or necrosis. In contrast, the use of PDT alone resulted in only a slight reduction in lipid levels and induced massive apoptosis or necrosis. The protective effect against apoptosis or necrosis after mild-temperature PTT and PTT + PDT was correlated with the upregulation of heat shock protein 27. Further, mild-temperature PTT and PTT + PDT attenuated intracellular cholesterol biosynthesis and excess cholesterol uptake via the SREBP2/LDLR pathway, and also triggered ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux, ultimately inhibiting lipid accumulation in foam cells. Our results offer new insights into the mechanism of lipid regulation in foam cells and indicate that the black TiO2 nanoprobes could allow safer and more effective phototherapy of atherosclerosis. Mild phototherapy reduced the intracellular lipid in foam cells without inducing obvious apoptosis or necrosis. HSP27 was upregulated in foam cells treated by mild phototherapy, which could protect cells against apoptosis or necrosis. Mild phototherapy attenuated intracellular cholesterol biosynthesis and excess uptake, also boosted cholesterol efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Dai
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, 247 Renmin Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315020, China
| | - Wenming He
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, 247 Renmin Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315020, China
| | - Shuangshuang Tu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, 247 Renmin Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315020, China
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Jinru Han
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Yanqihu East Road, Huairou District, Beijing, 101408, China
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou, 516000, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou, 516000, China
| | - Chenyang Yao
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou, 516000, China
| | - Wenzhi Ren
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou, 516000, China
- Corresponding author. Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, China.
| | - Aiguo Wu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou, 516000, China
- Corresponding author. Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, China.
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Singh B, Li K, Cui K, Peng Q, Cowan DB, Wang DZ, Chen K, Chen H. Defective efferocytosis of vascular cells in heart disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1031293. [PMID: 36247464 PMCID: PMC9561431 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1031293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficient phagocytic clearance of dying cells and apoptotic cells is one of the processes that is essential for the maintenance of physiologic tissue function and homeostasis, which is termed "efferocytosis." Under normal conditions, "find me" and "eat me" signals are released by apoptotic cells to stimulate the engulfment and efferocytosis of apoptotic cells. In contrast, abnormal efferocytosis is related to chronic and non-resolving inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis. In the initial steps of atherosclerotic lesion development, monocyte-derived macrophages display efficient efferocytosis that restricts plaque progression; however, this capacity is reduced in more advanced lesions. Macrophage reprogramming as a result of the accumulation of apoptotic cells and augmented inflammation accounts for this diminishment of efferocytosis. Furthermore, defective efferocytosis plays an important role in necrotic core formation, which triggers plaque rupture and acute thrombotic cardiovascular events. Recent publications have focused on the essential role of macrophage efferocytosis in cardiac pathophysiology and have pointed toward new therapeutic strategies to modulate macrophage efferocytosis for cardiac tissue repair. In this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate efferocytosis in vascular cells, including macrophages and other phagocytic cells and detail how efferocytosis-related molecules contribute to the maintenance of vascular hemostasis and how defective efferocytosis leads to the formation and progression of atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandana Singh
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kathryn Li
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kui Cui
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Qianman Peng
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Douglas B. Cowan
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Da-Zhi Wang
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of South Florida Health Heart Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Kaifu Chen
- Basic and Translational Research Division, Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hong Chen
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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11
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Rykaczewska U, Zhao Q, Saliba-Gustafsson P, Lengquist M, Kronqvist M, Bergman O, Huang Z, Lund K, Waden K, Pons Vila Z, Caidahl K, Skogsberg J, Vukojevic V, Lindeman JHN, Roy J, Hansson GK, Treuter E, Leeper NJ, Eriksson P, Ehrenborg E, Razuvaev A, Hedin U, Matic L. Plaque Evaluation by Ultrasound and Transcriptomics Reveals BCLAF1 as a Regulator of Smooth Muscle Cell Lipid Transdifferentiation in Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:659-676. [PMID: 35321563 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.317018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the processes behind carotid plaque instability is necessary to develop methods for identification of patients and lesions with stroke risk. Here, we investigated molecular signatures in human plaques stratified by echogenicity as assessed by duplex ultrasound. METHODS Lesion echogenicity was correlated to microarray gene expression profiles from carotid endarterectomies (n=96). The findings were extended into studies of human and mouse atherosclerotic lesions in situ, followed by functional investigations in vitro in human carotid smooth muscle cells (SMCs). RESULTS Pathway analyses highlighted muscle differentiation, iron homeostasis, calcification, matrix organization, cell survival balance, and BCLAF1 (BCL2 [B-cell lymphoma 2]-associated transcription factor 1) as the most significant signatures. BCLAF1 was downregulated in echolucent plaques, positively correlated to proliferation and negatively to apoptosis. By immunohistochemistry, BCLAF1 was found in normal medial SMCs. It was repressed early during atherogenesis but reappeared in CD68+ cells in advanced plaques and interacted with BCL2 by proximity ligation assay. In cultured SMCs, BCLAF1 was induced by differentiation factors and mitogens and suppressed by macrophage-conditioned medium. BCLAF1 silencing led to downregulation of BCL2 and SMC markers, reduced proliferation, and increased apoptosis. Transdifferentiation of SMCs by oxLDL (oxidized low-denisty lipoprotein) was accompanied by upregulation of BCLAF1, CD36, and CD68, while oxLDL exposure with BCLAF1 silencing preserved MYH (myosin heavy chain) 11 expression and prevented transdifferentiation. BCLAF1 was associated with expression of cell differentiation, contractility, viability, and inflammatory genes, as well as the scavenger receptors CD36 and CD68. BCLAF1 expression in CD68+/BCL2+ cells of SMC origin was verified in plaques from MYH11 lineage-tracing atherosclerotic mice. Moreover, BCLAF1 downregulation associated with vulnerability parameters and cardiovascular risk in patients with carotid atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS Plaque echogenicity correlated with enrichment of distinct molecular pathways and identified BCLAF1, previously not described in atherosclerosis, as the most significant gene. Functionally, BCLAF1 seems necessary for survival and transdifferentiation of SMCs into a macrophage-like phenotype. The role of BCLAF1 in plaque vulnerability should be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Rykaczewska
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (U.R., M.L., M.K., K.L., K.W., K.C., J.R., A.R., U.H., L.M.), Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Quanyi Zhao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute (Q.Z., P.S.-G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Peter Saliba-Gustafsson
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine (P.S.-G., O.B., G.K.H., P.E., E.E.), Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute (Q.Z., P.S.-G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Mariette Lengquist
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (U.R., M.L., M.K., K.L., K.W., K.C., J.R., A.R., U.H., L.M.), Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Kronqvist
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (U.R., M.L., M.K., K.L., K.W., K.C., J.R., A.R., U.H., L.M.), Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Otto Bergman
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine (P.S.-G., O.B., G.K.H., P.E., E.E.), Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhiqiang Huang
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (Z.H., E.T.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kent Lund
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (U.R., M.L., M.K., K.L., K.W., K.C., J.R., A.R., U.H., L.M.), Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katarina Waden
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (U.R., M.L., M.K., K.L., K.W., K.C., J.R., A.R., U.H., L.M.), Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zara Pons Vila
- Clinical Chemistry and Blood Coagulation, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (Z.P.V.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Caidahl
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (U.R., M.L., M.K., K.L., K.W., K.C., J.R., A.R., U.H., L.M.), Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (K.C.)
| | - Josefin Skogsberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (J.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vladana Vukojevic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine (V.V.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan H N Lindeman
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands (J.H.N.L.)
| | - Joy Roy
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (U.R., M.L., M.K., K.L., K.W., K.C., J.R., A.R., U.H., L.M.), Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran K Hansson
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine (P.S.-G., O.B., G.K.H., P.E., E.E.), Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eckardt Treuter
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (Z.H., E.T.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J Leeper
- Department of Surgery (N.J.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA.,Department of Medicine (N.J.L.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Per Eriksson
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine (P.S.-G., O.B., G.K.H., P.E., E.E.), Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ewa Ehrenborg
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine (P.S.-G., O.B., G.K.H., P.E., E.E.), Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anton Razuvaev
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (U.R., M.L., M.K., K.L., K.W., K.C., J.R., A.R., U.H., L.M.), Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (U.R., M.L., M.K., K.L., K.W., K.C., J.R., A.R., U.H., L.M.), Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ljubica Matic
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (U.R., M.L., M.K., K.L., K.W., K.C., J.R., A.R., U.H., L.M.), Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Simion V, Zhou H, Haemmig S, Pierce JB, Mendes S, Tesmenitsky Y, Pérez-Cremades D, Lee JF, Chen AF, Ronda N, Papotti B, Marto JA, Feinberg MW. A macrophage-specific lncRNA regulates apoptosis and atherosclerosis by tethering HuR in the nucleus. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6135. [PMID: 33262333 PMCID: PMC7708640 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19664-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging regulators of pathophysiological processes including atherosclerosis. Using RNA-seq profiling of the intima of lesions, here we identify a macrophage-specific lncRNA MAARS (Macrophage-Associated Atherosclerosis lncRNA Sequence). Aortic intima expression of MAARS increases by 270-fold with atherosclerotic progression and decreases with regression by 60%. MAARS knockdown reduces atherosclerotic lesion formation by 52% in LDLR-/- mice, largely independent of effects on lipid profile and inflammation, but rather by decreasing macrophage apoptosis and increasing efferocytosis in the vessel wall. MAARS interacts with HuR/ELAVL1, an RNA-binding protein and important regulator of apoptosis. Overexpression and knockdown studies verified MAARS as a critical regulator of macrophage apoptosis and efferocytosis in vitro, in an HuR-dependent manner. Mechanistically, MAARS knockdown alters HuR cytosolic shuttling, regulating HuR targets such as p53, p27, Caspase-9, and BCL2. These findings establish a mechanism by which a macrophage-specific lncRNA interacting with HuR regulates apoptosis, with implications for a broad range of vascular disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viorel Simion
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Haoyang Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Stefan Haemmig
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacob B Pierce
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shanelle Mendes
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yevgenia Tesmenitsky
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Pérez-Cremades
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James F Lee
- The Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alex F Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Nicoletta Ronda
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Bianca Papotti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Jarrod A Marto
- The Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark W Feinberg
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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13
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Yamashita M, Nomura Y, Ishikawa M, Shimoda S, Hanada N. Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Promotes In Vitro Calcification. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13225120. [PMID: 33202824 PMCID: PMC7697660 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Calcification plays an important role in the human body in maintaining homeostasis. In the human body, the presence of a high amount of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) is a consistent feature of the local areas that are common sites of ectopic calcification, namely dental calculus, renal calculus, and the areas affected by arteriosclerosis. Hence, ox-LDL may have some effect on calcification. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation revealed a high amount of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) when ox-LDL was included in the solution. In the in vitro experiment, the highest amount of precipitation of calcium phosphate was observed in the solution containing ox-LDL compared to the inclusion of other biomaterials and was 4.2 times higher than that of deionized water for 4.86 mM calcium and 2.71 mM phosphate. The morphology of calcium phosphate precipitates in the solution containing ox-LDL differed from that of the precipitates in solutions containing other biomaterials, as determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Through the time course observation of the sediments using TEM, it was observed that the sediments changed from spherical or oval shape to a thin film shape. These results indicate that sediments acquired a long-range order array, and the phase transitioned from non-crystalline to crystalline with an increased time and density of ACP. Thus, it is concluded that ox-LDL promoted ACP precipitation and it plays an important role in ectopic calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamiko Yamashita
- Department of Translational Research, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan; (M.Y.); (N.H.)
| | - Yoshiaki Nomura
- Department of Translational Research, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan; (M.Y.); (N.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Misao Ishikawa
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan; (M.I.); (S.S.)
| | - Shinji Shimoda
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan; (M.I.); (S.S.)
| | - Nobuhiro Hanada
- Department of Translational Research, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan; (M.Y.); (N.H.)
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14
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Yin C, Vrieze AM, Rosoga M, Akingbasote J, Pawlak EN, Jacob RA, Hu J, Sharma N, Dikeakos JD, Barra L, Nagpal AD, Heit B. Efferocytic Defects in Early Atherosclerosis Are Driven by GATA2 Overexpression in Macrophages. Front Immunol 2020; 11:594136. [PMID: 33193444 PMCID: PMC7644460 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.594136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The loss of efferocytosis-the phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells-is an initiating event in atherosclerotic plaque formation. While the loss of macrophage efferocytosis is a prerequisite for advanced plaque formation, the transcriptional and cellular events in the pre-lesion site that drive these defects are poorly defined. Transcriptomic analysis of macrophages recovered from early-stage human atherosclerotic lesions identified a 50-fold increase in the expression of GATA2, a transcription factor whose expression is normally restricted to the hematopoietic compartment. GATA2 overexpression in vitro recapitulated many of the functional defects reported in patient macrophages, including deficits at multiple stages in the efferocytic process. These findings included defects in the uptake of apoptotic cells, efferosome maturation, and in phagolysosome function. These efferocytic defects were a product of GATA2-driven alterations in the expression of key regulatory proteins, including Src-family kinases, Rab7 and components of both the vacuolar ATPase and NADPH oxidase complexes. In summary, these data identify a mechanism by which efferocytic capacity is lost in the early stages of plaque formation, thus setting the stage for the accumulation of uncleared apoptotic cells that comprise the bulk of atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Yin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and The Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Angela M Vrieze
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and The Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mara Rosoga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and The Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - James Akingbasote
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and The Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Emily N Pawlak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and The Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Rajesh Abraham Jacob
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and The Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and The Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Neha Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and The Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jimmy D Dikeakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and The Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Lillian Barra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and The Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - A Dave Nagpal
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Bryan Heit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and The Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
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15
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Jung BC, Lim J, Kim SH, Kim YS. Cathepsin B Is Implicated in Triglyceride (TG)-Induced Cell Death of Macrophage. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2020.52.3.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Byung Chul Jung
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, United States
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Jaewon Lim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Korea Nazarene University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Yoon Suk Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
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16
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Bonaterra GA, Bender K, Wilhelm B, Schwarzbach H, Metz S, Kelber O, Weiser D, Metz J, Kinscherf R. Effect of cholesterol re-supplementation and atorvastatin on plaque composition in the thoracic aorta of New Zealand white rabbits. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2020; 20:420. [PMID: 32942987 PMCID: PMC7499881 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-020-01703-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effects of re-supplementation of a cholesterol-enriched diet (CEDrs) on size, cholesterol content and morphology of already existing plaques are not known to date. METHODS A group of rabbits received standard chow (SC) for 6 weeks ("negative control"; for plasma lipid measurements only). Group I-IV received 2% CED (induction) for 6 weeks; thereafter, groups II-IV have been fed a SC (= cholesterol withdrawal) for 68 weeks. Afterwards, feeding of groups II-IV was continued as follows: Group II - 10 weeks SC, group III - 4 weeks 0.5% CED (~re-supplementation), afterwards 6 weeks SC (~withdrawal again); group IV - 4 weeks 0.5% CED (re-supplementation) + atorvastatin (2.5 mg/kg body weight/day), afterwards 6 weeks SC (~withdrawal again) + atorvastatin. Plasma lipids, but also plaque size, morphology and cholesterol contents of thoracic aortas were quantified. RESULTS After CEDrs, plasma cholesterol levels were increased. However, after withdrawal of CEDrs, plasma cholesterol levels decreased, whereas the cholesterol content of the thoracic aorta was increased in comparison with the group without CEDrs. Plaque size remained unaffected. Atorvastatin application did not change plasma cholesterol level, cholesterol content of the thoracic aorta and plaque size in comparison with the group without drug treatment. However, atorvastatin treatment increased the density of macrophages (MΦ) compared with the group without treatment, with a significant correlation between densities of MΦ (Mac-1+) and apoptotic (TUNEL+; TP53+), antigen-presenting (HLA-DR+) or oxidatively stressed (SOD2+) cells. CONCLUSIONS In rabbits with already existing plaques, CEDrs affects plaque morphology and cellular composition, but not plaque size. Despite missing effects on plasma cholesterol levels, cholesterol content of the thoracic aorta and size of already existing atherosclerotic plaques, atorvastatin treatment transforms the already existing lesions to a more active form, which may accelerate the remodelling to a more stable plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Bonaterra
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany.
| | - K Bender
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology III, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B Wilhelm
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - H Schwarzbach
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - S Metz
- Department of Radiology, Technical University, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - O Kelber
- Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk, 64295, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - D Weiser
- Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk, 64295, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - J Metz
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology III, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Kinscherf
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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17
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Lee AS, Wang YC, Chang SS, Lo PH, Chang CM, Lu J, Burns AR, Chen CH, Kakino A, Sawamura T, Chang KC. Detection of a High Ratio of Soluble to Membrane-Bound LOX-1 in Aspirated Coronary Thrombi From Patients With ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e014008. [PMID: 31928155 PMCID: PMC7033847 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.014008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background The circulating level of soluble lectin‐like oxidized low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐1 (sLOX‐1) is a valuable biomarker of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The most electronegative low‐density lipoprotein, L5, signals through LOX‐1 to trigger atherogenesis. We examined the characteristics of LOX‐1 and the role of L5 in aspirated coronary thrombi of AMI patients. Methods and Results Intracoronary thrombi were aspirated by performing interventional thrombosuction in patients with ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI; n=32) or non–ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction (n=12). LOX‐1 level and the ratio of sLOX‐1 to membrane‐bound LOX‐1 were higher in thrombi of STEMI patients than in those of non–ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction patients. In all aspirated thrombi, LOX‐1 colocalized with apoB100. When we explored the role of L5 in AMI, deconvolution microscopy showed that particles of L5 but not L1 (the least electronegative low‐density lipoprotein) quickly formed aggregates prone to retention in thrombi. Treating human monocytic THP‐1 cells with L5 or L1 showed that L5 induced cellular adhesion and promoted the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages in a dose‐dependent manner. In a second cohort of AMI patients, the L5 percentage and plasma concentration of sLOX‐1 were higher in STEMI patients (n=33) than in non–ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction patients (n=25), and sLOX‐1 level positively correlated with L5 level in AMI patients. Conclusions The level of LOX‐1 and the ratio of sLOX‐1 to membrane‐bound LOX‐1 in aspirated thrombi, as well as the circulating level of sLOX‐1 were higher in STEMI patients than in non–ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction patients. L5 may play a role in releasing a high level of sLOX‐1 into the circulation of STEMI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Sheng Lee
- Department of Medicine Mackay Medical College New Taipei City Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Laboratory China Medical University Hospital Taichung Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory China Medical University Hospital Taichung Taiwan.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Asia University Hospital Taichung Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology Asia University Taichung Taiwan.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine China Medical University Hospital Taichung Taiwan
| | - Shih-Sheng Chang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine China Medical University Hospital Taichung Taiwan
| | - Ping-Hang Lo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine China Medical University Hospital Taichung Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ming Chang
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory China Medical University Hospital Taichung Taiwan
| | - Jonathan Lu
- Vascular and Medicinal Research Texas Heart Institute Houston TX.,InVitro Cell Research LLC Englewood NJ
| | - Alan R Burns
- College of Optometry University of Houston Houston TX
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Vascular and Medicinal Research Texas Heart Institute Houston TX.,New York Heart Research Foundation Mineola NY
| | - Akemi Kakino
- Department of Life Innovation Institute for Biomedical Sciences Shinshu University Matsumoto Japan.,Department of Molecular Pathophysiology Shinshu University School of Medicine Matsumoto Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Life Innovation Institute for Biomedical Sciences Shinshu University Matsumoto Japan.,Department of Molecular Pathophysiology Shinshu University School of Medicine Matsumoto Japan
| | - Kuan-Cheng Chang
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory China Medical University Hospital Taichung Taiwan.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine China Medical University Hospital Taichung Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences China Medical University Taichung Taiwan
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18
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Maxfield FR, Barbosa-Lorenzi VC, Singh RK. Digestive exophagy: Phagocyte digestion of objects too large for phagocytosis. Traffic 2019; 21:6-12. [PMID: 31664749 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian phagocytes carry out several essential functions, including killing and digesting infectious organisms, clearing denatured proteins, removing dead cells and removing several types of debris from the extracellular space. Many of these functions involve phagocytosis, the engulfment of a target in a specialized endocytic process and then fusion of the new phagosome with lysosomes. Phagocytes such as macrophages can phagocytose targets that are several micrometers in diameter (eg, dead cells), but in some cases they encounter much larger objects. We have studied two such examples in some detail: large deposits of lipoproteins such as those in the wall of blood vessels associated with atherosclerosis, and dead adipocytes, which are dozens of micrometers in diameter. We describe a process, which we call digestive exophagy, in which macrophages create a tight seal in contact with the target, acidify the sealed zone and secrete lysosomal contents into the contact zone. By this process, hydrolysis by lysosomal enzymes occurs in a compartment that is outside the cell. We compare this process to the well characterized digestion of bone by osteoclasts, and we point out key similarities and differences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rajesh K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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19
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Xie W, Li L, Gong D, Zhang M, Lv YC, Guo DM, Zhao ZW, Zheng XL, Zhang DW, Dai XY, Yin WD, Tang CK. Krüppel-like factor 14 inhibits atherosclerosis via mir-27a-mediated down-regulation of lipoprotein lipase expression in vivo. Atherosclerosis 2019; 289:143-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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20
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Zhou PL, Li M, Han XW, Bi YH, Zhang WG, Wu ZY, Wu G. Perilipin 5 deficiency promotes atherosclerosis progression through accelerating inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:19107-19123. [PMID: 31297870 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Excessive plasma triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol levels promote the progression of several prevalent cardiovascular risk factors, including atherosclerosis, which is a leading death cause. Perilipin 5 (Plin5), an important perilipin protein, is abundant in tissues with very active lipid catabolism and is involved in the regulation of oxidative stress. Although inflammation and oxidative stress play a critical role in atherosclerosis development, the underlying mechanisms are complex and not completely understood. In the present study, we demonstrated the role of Plin5 in high-fat-diet-induced atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E null (ApoE-/- ) mice. Our results suggested that Plin5 expressions increased in the artery tissues of ApoE-/- mice. ApoE/Plin5 double knockout (ApoE-/- Plin5-/- ) exacerbated severer atherogenesis, accompanied with significantly disturbed plasma metabolic profiles, such as elevated TG, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol contents. ApoE-/- Plin5-/- exhibited a higher number of inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils, as well as overexpression of cytokines and chemokines linked with an inflammatory response. Consistently, the IκBα/nuclear factor kappa B pathway was strongly activated in ApoE-/- Plin5-/- . Notably, apoptosis was dramatically induced by ApoE-/- Plin5-/- , as evidenced by increased cleavage of Caspase-3 and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-2. In addition, ApoE-/- Plin5-/- contributed to oxidative stress generation in the aortic tissues, which was linked with the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B and mitogen-activated protein kinases pathways. In vitro, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) increased Plin5 expression in RAW264.7 cells. Its knockdown enhanced inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and lipid accumulation, while promotion of Plin5 markedly reduced all the effects induced by ox-LDL in cells. These studies strongly supported that Plin5 could be a new regulator against atherosclerosis, providing new insights on therapeutic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Li Zhou
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xin-Wei Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yong-Hua Bi
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wen-Guang Zhang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zheng-Yang Wu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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21
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Hu X, Cai X, Ma R, Fu W, Zhang C, Du X. Iron‐load exacerbates the severity of atherosclerosis via inducing inflammation and enhancing the glycolysis in macrophages. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:18792-18800. [PMID: 30927265 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Hu
- Department of Cardiology Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyong Cai
- Department of Cardiology Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University Nanchang Jiangxi People's Republic of China
| | - Ruisong Ma
- Department of Cardiology Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Fu
- Department of Cardiology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei People's Republic of China
| | - Changjiang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei People's Republic of China
| | - Xianjin Du
- Department of Emergency Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei People's Republic of China
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22
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Miliani M, Nouar M, Paris O, Lefranc G, Mennechet F, Aribi M. Thymoquinone Potently Enhances the Activities of Classically Activated Macrophages Pulsed with Necrotic Jurkat Cell Lysates and the Production of Antitumor Th1-/M1-Related Cytokines. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2018; 38:539-551. [PMID: 30422744 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2018.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antitumor activity of classically activated macrophage (Mϕ) may be impaired within the tumors, spleen, and bone marrow. Thus, it is possible to boost its antitumor activity after its pulsing with necrotic tumor cell lysates combined with an adjuvant. We set out to determine the potential adjuvant effects of thymoquinone (TQ; 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone, C10H12O2) on both functional activities of classically activated Mϕs, pulsed or not with necrotic Jurkat T cell line lysates (NecrJCL), and the balance of antitumor cytokines (ATCs) versus immunosuppressive cytokines (ISCs) during crosstalk with autologous human CD4+ T cells. We found that TQ treatment resulted in a significant upregulation of phagocytic activity, respiratory burst, the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-6, and IL-17 in NecrJCL-pulsed Mϕ co-culture system, and, conversely, in downregulation of the production of IL-6, IL-17, nitric oxide (NO), and arginase activity in nonpulsed TQ-treated Mϕs co-culture system. In addition, TQ has also shown low upregulation effect on the production of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-1β, pathogen killing capacity and H2O2 in NecrJCL-pulsed Mϕs co-cultures. Moreover, TQ significantly downregulated arginase activity, and significantly upregulated inducible NO synthase (iNOS) activity-to-arginase activity ratio in NecrJCL-pulsed Mϕ co-cultures. Furthermore, TQ downregulated IL-10-to-IL-17 ratio and total cellular cholesterol content (ttcCHOL), but upregulated the ratios of IL-1β-to-IL-4, IL-1β-to-IL-10, IFN-γ-to-IL-4, IFN-γ-to-IL-10, TNF-α-to-IL-4, TNF-α-to-IL-10, and combined proinflammatory cytokines (PICs)-to-anti-inflammatory cytokines (AICs) in NecrJCL-pulsed Mϕs co-culture system, whereas significant differences were highlighted only for IL-10-to-IL-17, IFN-γ-to-IL-10, and PICs-to-AICs ratios. Our outcomes demonstrated that TQ can act as potent adjuvant for enhancing both the functional activities of NecrJCL-pulsed Mϕ and the production of ATCs during their interplay with CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroua Miliani
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Mouna Nouar
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Océane Paris
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM)-UMR5535, CNRS et Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Gérard Lefranc
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, UMR 9002 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Mennechet
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM)-UMR5535, CNRS et Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Mourad Aribi
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
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Hypoxic Signaling and Cholesterol Lipotoxicity in Fatty Liver Disease Progression. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:2548154. [PMID: 29955245 PMCID: PMC6000860 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2548154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is the only lipid whose absorption in the gastrointestinal tract is limited by gate-keeping transporters and efflux mechanisms, preventing its rapid absorption and accumulation in the liver and blood vessels. In this review, I explored the current data regarding cholesterol accumulation in liver cells and key mechanisms in cholesterol-induced fatty liver disease associated with the activation of deleterious hypoxic and nitric oxide signal transduction pathways. Although nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects both obese and nonobese individuals, the mechanism of NAFLD progression in lean individuals with healthy metabolism is puzzling. Lean NAFLD individuals exhibit normal metabolic responses, implying that liver damage is not associated with impaired metabolism per se and that direct lipotoxic effects are crucial for disease progression. Several redox and oxidant signaling pathways involving cholesterol are at play in fatty liver disease development. These include impairment of the mitochondrial and lysosomal function by cholesterol loading of the inner-cell membranes; formation of cholesterol crystals and hepatocyte degradation; and crown-like structures surrounding degrading hepatocytes, activating Kupffer cells, and evoking inflammation. The current review focuses on the induction of liver inflammation, fibrosis, and steatosis by free cholesterol via the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), a main oxygen-sensing transcription factor involved in all stages of NAFLD. Cholesterol loading in hepatocytes can result in chronic HIF-1α activity because of the decreased oxygen availability and excessive production of nitric oxide and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To highlight recent studies that describe novel inflammatory and signaling mechanisms that regulate macrophage death in atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS Macrophages contribute to all stages of atherosclerosis. The traditional dogma states that in homeostatic conditions, macrophages undergo apoptosis and are efficiently phagocytosed to be cleared by a process called efferocytosis. In advanced atherosclerosis, however, defective efferocytosis results in secondary necrosis of these uncleared apoptotic cells, which ultimately contributes to the formation of the characteristic necrotic core and the vulnerable plaque. Here, we outline the different types of lesional macrophage death: apoptosis, autophagic and the newly defined necroptosis (i.e. a type of programmed necrosis). Recent discoveries demonstrate that macrophage necroptosis directly contributes to necrotic core formation and plaque instability. Further, promoting the resolution of inflammation using preresolving mediators has been shown to enhance efferocytosis and decrease plaque vulnerability. Finally, the canonical 'don't eat me' signal CD47 has recently been described as playing an important role in atherosclerotic lesion progression by impairing efficient efferocytosis. Although we have made significant strides in improving our understanding of cell death and clearance mechanisms in atherosclerosis, there still remains unanswered questions as to how these pathways can be harnessed using therapeutics to promote lesion regression and disease stability. SUMMARY Improving our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate macrophage death in atherosclerosis, in particular apoptosis, necroptosis and efferocytosis, will provide novel therapeutic opportunities to resolve atherosclerosis and promote plaque stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katey J Rayner
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- Correspondence to: Denuja Karunakaran, PhD or Katey J Rayner, PhD, Cardiometabolic microRNA Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin St, Ottawa, K1Y 4W7. ; or
| | - Denuja Karunakaran
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- Correspondence to: Denuja Karunakaran, PhD or Katey J Rayner, PhD, Cardiometabolic microRNA Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin St, Ottawa, K1Y 4W7. ; or
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25
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Brophy ML, Dong Y, Wu H, Rahman HNA, Song K, Chen H. Eating the Dead to Keep Atherosclerosis at Bay. Front Cardiovasc Med 2017; 4:2. [PMID: 28194400 PMCID: PMC5277199 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the primary cause of coronary heart disease (CHD), ischemic stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. Despite effective lipid-lowering therapies and prevention programs, atherosclerosis is still the leading cause of mortality in the United States. Moreover, the prevalence of CHD in developing countries worldwide is rapidly increasing at a rate expected to overtake those of cancer and diabetes. Prominent risk factors include the hardening of arteries and high levels of cholesterol, which lead to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. However, cell death and efferocytosis are critical components of both atherosclerotic plaque progression and regression, yet, few currently available therapies focus on these processes. Thus, understanding the causes of cell death within the atherosclerotic plaque, the consequences of cell death, and the mechanisms of apoptotic cell clearance may enable the development of new therapies to treat cardiovascular disease. Here, we review how endoplasmic reticulum stress and cholesterol metabolism lead to cell death and inflammation, how dying cells affect plaque progression, and how autophagy and the clearance of dead cells ameliorates the inflammatory environment of the plaque. In addition, we review current research aimed at alleviating these processes and specifically targeting therapeutics to the site of the plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Brophy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Karp Family Research Laboratories, Vascular Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yunzhou Dong
- Karp Family Research Laboratories, Vascular Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Karp Family Research Laboratories, Vascular Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, MA , USA
| | - H N Ashiqur Rahman
- Karp Family Research Laboratories, Vascular Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Kai Song
- Karp Family Research Laboratories, Vascular Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Karp Family Research Laboratories, Vascular Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, MA , USA
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26
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Farhane Z, Bonnier F, Byrne HJ. Monitoring doxorubicin cellular uptake and trafficking using in vitro Raman microspectroscopy: short and long time exposure effects on lung cancer cell lines. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:1333-1346. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Dai X, Ding Y, Liu Z, Zhang W, Zou MH. Phosphorylation of CHOP (C/EBP Homologous Protein) by the AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Alpha 1 in Macrophages Promotes CHOP Degradation and Reduces Injury-Induced Neointimal Disruption In Vivo. Circ Res 2016; 119:1089-1100. [PMID: 27650555 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Elevated levels of CHOP (C/EBP homologous protein), a member of the C/EBP transcription factor family, in advanced atherosclerotic plaques is reported to be associated with atherosclerotic plaque rupture in humans. However, the molecular mechanism by which CHOP accumulation occurs is poorly defined. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate if (1) macrophage AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) regulates cellular CHOP accumulation and (2) whole-body Ampk deletion leads to neointimal disruption. METHODS AND RESULTS In isolated or cultured macrophages, Ampkα1 deletion markedly increased apoptosis and CHOP, whereas pharmacological activation of AMPK dramatically reduced CHOP protein level via promoting CHOP degradation by proteasome. In addition, cotransfection of Chop-specific siRNA, but not control siRNA, markedly reduced apoptosis in macrophages transfected with Ampkα1-specific siRNA. Mechanistically, AMPKα1 was found to coimmunoprecipitate with CHOP and phosphorylate CHOP at serine 30. Furthermore, serine 30 phosphorylation of CHOP triggered its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. In a mouse model of plaque stability, deletion of Ampkα1 but not Ampkα2 promoted injury-induced neointimal disruption. This was paralleled by increased CHOP expression and apoptosis in vivo. Finally, transfection of Chop-specific siRNA but not control siRNA reduced both CHOP level and injury-induced neointimal disruption in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that AMPKα1 mediates CHOP ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation in macrophages by promoting the phosphorylation of CHOP at serine 30. We conclude that AMPKα1 might be a valid therapeutic target in preventing atherosclerotic vulnerable plaque formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Dai
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (X.D., Y.D., Z.L., M.-H.Z.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health; and the State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (W.Z.)
| | - Ye Ding
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (X.D., Y.D., Z.L., M.-H.Z.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health; and the State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (W.Z.)
| | - Zhaoyu Liu
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (X.D., Y.D., Z.L., M.-H.Z.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health; and the State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (W.Z.)
| | - Wencheng Zhang
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (X.D., Y.D., Z.L., M.-H.Z.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health; and the State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (W.Z.)
| | - Ming-Hui Zou
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (X.D., Y.D., Z.L., M.-H.Z.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health; and the State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (W.Z.).
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Karimi A, Rahmati SM, Sera T, Kudo S, Navidbakhsh M. A combination of experimental and numerical methods to investigate the role of strain rate on the mechanical properties and collagen fiber orientations of the healthy and atherosclerotic human coronary arteries. Bioengineered 2016; 8:154-170. [PMID: 27588460 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2016.1212134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis enables to alter not only the microstructural but also the physical properties of the arterial walls by plaque forming. Few studies so far have been conducted to calculate the isotropic or anisotropic mechanical properties of the healthy and atherosclerotic human coronary arteries. To date there is a paucity of knowledge on the mechanical response of the arteries under different strain rates. Therefore, the objective of the concurrent research was to comprehend whether the alteration in the strain rates of the human atherosclerotic arteries in comparison with the healthy ones contribute to the biomechanical behaviors. To do this, healthy and atherosclerotic human coronary arteries were removed from 18 individuals during autopsy. Histological analyses by both an expert histopathologist and an imaged-based recognizer software were performed to figure out the average angle of collagen fibers in the healthy and atherosclerotic arterial walls. Thereafter, the samples were subjected to 3 diverse strain rates, i.e., 5, 20, and 50 mm/min, until the material failure occurs. The stress-strain diagrams of the arterial tissues were calculated in order to capture their linear elastic and nonlinear hyperelastic mechanical properties. In addition, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) was employed to predict the alteration of mean angle of collagen fibers during load bearing up to failure. The findings suggest that strain rate has a significant (p < 0.05) role in the linear elastic and nonlinear hyperelastic mechanical properties as well as the mean angle of collagen fibers of the atherosclerotic arteries, whereas no specific impact on the healthy ones. Furthermore, the mean angle of collagen fibers during the load bearing up to the failure at each strain rate was well predicted by the proposed ANNs code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Karimi
- a Tissue Engineering and Biological Systems Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology , Tehran , Iran.,b Basir Health Research Center , Tehran , Iran
| | | | - Toshihiro Sera
- d Department of Mechanical Engineering , Kyushu University , Nishi-ku , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Susumu Kudo
- d Department of Mechanical Engineering , Kyushu University , Nishi-ku , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Mahdi Navidbakhsh
- a Tissue Engineering and Biological Systems Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology , Tehran , Iran
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29
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Karunakaran D, Geoffrion M, Wei L, Gan W, Richards L, Shangari P, DeKemp EM, Beanlands RA, Perisic L, Maegdefessel L, Hedin U, Sad S, Guo L, Kolodgie FD, Virmani R, Ruddy T, Rayner KJ. Targeting macrophage necroptosis for therapeutic and diagnostic interventions in atherosclerosis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1600224. [PMID: 27532042 PMCID: PMC4985228 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis results from maladaptive inflammation driven primarily by macrophages, whose recruitment and proliferation drive plaque progression. In advanced plaques, macrophage death contributes centrally to the formation of plaque necrosis, which underlies the instability that promotes plaque rupture and myocardial infarction. Hence, targeting macrophage cell death pathways may offer promise for the stabilization of vulnerable plaques. Necroptosis is a recently discovered pathway of programmed cell necrosis regulated by RIP3 and MLKL kinases that, in contrast to apoptosis, induces a proinflammatory state. We show herein that necroptotic cell death is activated in human advanced atherosclerotic plaques and can be targeted in experimental atherosclerosis for both therapeutic and diagnostic interventions. In humans with unstable carotid atherosclerosis, expression of RIP3 and MLKL is increased, and MLKL phosphorylation, a key step in the commitment to necroptosis, is detected in advanced atheromas. Investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying necroptosis showed that atherogenic forms of low-density lipoprotein increase RIP3 and MLKL transcription and phosphorylation-two critical steps in the execution of necroptosis. Using a radiotracer developed with the necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), we show that (123)I-Nec-1 localizes specifically to atherosclerotic plaques in Apoe (-/-) mice, and its uptake is tightly correlated to lesion areas by ex vivo nuclear imaging. Furthermore, treatment of Apoe (-/-) mice with established atherosclerosis with Nec-1 reduced lesion size and markers of plaque instability, including necrotic core formation. Collectively, our findings offer molecular insight into the mechanisms of macrophage cell death that drive necrotic core formation in atherosclerosis and suggest that this pathway can be used as both a diagnostic and therapeutic tool for the treatment of unstable atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele Geoffrion
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Lihui Wei
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y4W7, Canada
- Canadian Molecular Imaging Centre of Excellence, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Wei Gan
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y4W7, Canada
- Canadian Molecular Imaging Centre of Excellence, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Laura Richards
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Prakriti Shangari
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Ella M. DeKemp
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y4W7, Canada
| | | | - Ljubica Perisic
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden
| | - Lars Maegdefessel
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden
| | - Subash Sad
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8L1, Canada
| | - Liang Guo
- CVPath Institute Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | - Renu Virmani
- CVPath Institute Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Terrence Ruddy
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y4W7, Canada
- Canadian Molecular Imaging Centre of Excellence, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Katey J. Rayner
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y4W7, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8L1, Canada
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Xie W, Li L, Zhang M, Cheng HP, Gong D, Lv YC, Yao F, He PP, Ouyang XP, Lan G, Liu D, Zhao ZW, Tan YL, Zheng XL, Yin WD, Tang CK. MicroRNA-27 Prevents Atherosclerosis by Suppressing Lipoprotein Lipase-Induced Lipid Accumulation and Inflammatory Response in Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157085. [PMID: 27257686 PMCID: PMC4892477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic lesions are lipometabolic disorder characterized by chronic progressive inflammation in arterial walls. Previous studies have shown that macrophage-derived lipoprotein lipase (LPL) might be a key factor that promotes atherosclerosis by accelerating lipid accumulation and proinflammatory cytokine secretion. Increasing evidence indicates that microRNA-27 (miR-27) has beneficial effects on lipid metabolism and inflammatory response. However, it has not been fully understood whether miR-27 affects the expression of LPL and subsequent development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE KO) mice. To address these questions and its potential mechanisms, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-treated THP-1 macrophages were transfected with the miR-27 mimics/inhibitors and apoE KO mice fed high-fat diet were given a tail vein injection with miR-27 agomir/antagomir, followed by exploring the potential roles of miR-27. MiR-27 agomir significantly down-regulated LPL expression in aorta and peritoneal macrophages by western blot and real-time PCR analyses. We performed LPL activity assay in the culture media and found that miR-27 reduced LPL activity. ELISA showed that miR-27 reduced inflammatory response as analyzed in vitro and in vivo experiments. Our results showed that miR-27 had an inhibitory effect on the levels of lipid both in plasma and in peritoneal macrophages of apoE KO mice as examined by HPLC. Consistently, miR-27 suppressed the expression of scavenger receptors associated with lipid uptake in ox-LDL-treated THP-1 macrophages. In addition, transfection with LPL siRNA inhibited the miR-27 inhibitor-induced lipid accumulation and proinflammatory cytokines secretion in ox-LDL-treated THP-1 macrophages. Finally, systemic treatment revealed that miR-27 decreased aortic plaque size and lipid content in apoE KO mice. The present results provide evidence that a novel antiatherogenic role of miR-27 was closely related to reducing lipid accumulation and inflammatory response via downregulation of LPL gene expression, suggesting a potential strategy to the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xie
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,Laboratory of Clinical Anatomy, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Hai-Peng Cheng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Duo Gong
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yun-Cheng Lv
- Laboratory of Clinical Anatomy, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Feng Yao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Ping-Ping He
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xin-Ping Ouyang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Gang Lan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zhen-Wang Zhao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yu-Lin Tan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xi-Long Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Health Sciences Center, Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Wei-Dong Yin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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Lactobacillus acidophilus Increases the Anti-apoptotic Micro RNA-21 and Decreases the Pro-inflammatory Micro RNA-155 in the LPS-Treated Human Endothelial Cells. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2016; 8:61-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s12602-016-9214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Shao Q, Han F, Peng S, He B. Nur77 inhibits oxLDL induced apoptosis of macrophages via the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 471:633-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Morita SY. Metabolism and Modification of Apolipoprotein B-Containing Lipoproteins Involved in Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:1-24. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ya Morita
- Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital
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Hur SK, Park SH, Oh GT. The Role of Autophagy in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. J Lipid Atheroscler 2016. [DOI: 10.12997/jla.2016.5.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Kyoung Hur
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hee Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Goo Taeg Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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Oropesa Ávila M, Fernández Vega A, Garrido Maraver J, Villanueva Paz M, De Lavera I, De La Mata M, Cordero MD, Alcocer Gómez E, Delgado Pavón A, Álvarez Córdoba M, Cotán D, Sánchez-Alcázar JA. Emerging roles of apoptotic microtubules during the execution phase of apoptosis. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2015; 72:435-46. [PMID: 26382917 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a genetically programmed energy-dependent process of cell demise, characterized by specific morphological and biochemical events in which the activation of caspases has an essential role. During apoptosis the cytoskeleton participates actively in characteristic morphological rearrangements of the dying cell. This reorganisation has been assigned mainly to actinomyosin ring contraction, while microtubule and intermediate filaments are depolymerized at early stages of apoptosis. However, recent reports have showed that microtubules are reformed during the execution phase of apoptosis organizing an apoptotic microtubule network (AMN). AMN is organized behind plasma membrane, forming a cortical structure. Apoptotic microtubules repolymerization takes place in many cell types and under different apoptotic inducers. It has been hypothesized that AMN is critical for maintaining plasma membrane integrity and cell morphology during the execution phase of apoptosis. AMN disorganization leads apoptotic cells to secondary necrosis and the release of potential toxic molecules which can damage neighbor cells and promotes inflammation. Therefore, AMN formation during physiological apoptosis or in pathological apoptosis induced by anti-cancer treatments is essential for tissue homeostasis and the prevention of additional cell damage and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Oropesa Ávila
- Centro Andaluz De Biología Del Desarrollo (CABD), and Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo De Olavide-Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - Alejandro Fernández Vega
- Centro Andaluz De Biología Del Desarrollo (CABD), and Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo De Olavide-Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - Juan Garrido Maraver
- Centro Andaluz De Biología Del Desarrollo (CABD), and Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo De Olavide-Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - Marina Villanueva Paz
- Centro Andaluz De Biología Del Desarrollo (CABD), and Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo De Olavide-Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - Isabel De Lavera
- Centro Andaluz De Biología Del Desarrollo (CABD), and Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo De Olavide-Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - Mario De La Mata
- Centro Andaluz De Biología Del Desarrollo (CABD), and Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo De Olavide-Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - Mario D Cordero
- Facultad De Odontología. Universidad De Sevilla, Sevilla, 41009, Spain
| | - Elizabet Alcocer Gómez
- Centro Andaluz De Biología Del Desarrollo (CABD), and Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo De Olavide-Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - Ana Delgado Pavón
- Centro Andaluz De Biología Del Desarrollo (CABD), and Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo De Olavide-Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - Mónica Álvarez Córdoba
- Centro Andaluz De Biología Del Desarrollo (CABD), and Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo De Olavide-Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - David Cotán
- Centro Andaluz De Biología Del Desarrollo (CABD), and Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo De Olavide-Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - José Antonio Sánchez-Alcázar
- Centro Andaluz De Biología Del Desarrollo (CABD), and Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo De Olavide-Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
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Cai X, Bao L, Dai X, Ding Y, Zhang Z, Li Y. Quercetin protects RAW264.7 macrophages from glucosamine-induced apoptosis and lipid accumulation via the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:7545-53. [PMID: 26398703 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly recognized that macrophages are a key cell in the development of atherosclerosis. Glucosamine, the product of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway in diabetes mellitus, can disturb lipid metabolism, induce apoptosis and accelerate atherosclerosis via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in various types of cells. Previous studies have indicated that quercetin possesses antidiabetic, anti‑oxidative, anti‑inflammatory and anti‑apoptotic activities as a flavonoid. Studies have also demonstrated its novel pharmacological properties for inhibiting ER stress. The present study focussed on the effects of quercetin on cell injury and ER stress in glucosamine‑induced macrophages. RAW264.7 macrophages were cultured with 15 mM glucosamine, following which the levels of apoptosis, intracellular total and free cholesterol, and apoptosis‑ and ER stress‑associated proteins were measured in the macrophages treated with or without quercetin. Additionally, the ratio of cholestryl ester/total cholesterol was calculated to observe the formation of foam cells. The results demonstrated that apoptosis and abnormal lipid accumulation in the RAW264.7 cells, which was induced by glucosamine, were significantly reversed by quercetin. In addition, quercetin treatment suppressed the increase of C/EBP homologous protein, and inhibited the activation of JNK and caspase‑12, which was induced by glucosamine. Quercetin also increased the expression level of full length activating transcriptional factor 6 and decreased the expression of glucose regulated protein 78. Of note, the beneficial effects of quercetin on the glucosamine‑induced RAW264.7 cells were reversed by treatment with tunicamycin. These findings suggest that quercetin may have properties to prevent glucosamine‑induced apoptosis and lipid accumulation via the ER stress pathway in RAW264.7 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaxia Cai
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Lei Bao
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqian Dai
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Ye Ding
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Zhaofeng Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
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Seo HS, Choi MH. Cholesterol homeostasis in cardiovascular disease and recent advances in measuring cholesterol signatures. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 153:72-9. [PMID: 25910582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the biochemical importance of cholesterol, its abnormal metabolism has serious cellular consequences that lead to endocrine disorders such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). Nevertheless, the impact of blood cholesterol as a CVD risk factor is still debated, and treatment with cholesterol-lowering drugs remains controversial, particularly in older patients. Although, the prevalence of CVD increases with age, the underlying mechanisms for this phenomenon are not well understood, and metabolic changes have not been confirmed as predisposing factors of atherogenesis. The quantification of circulating biomarkers for cholesterol homeostasis is therefore warranted, and reference values for cholesterol absorption and synthesis should be determined in order to establish CVD risk factors. The traditional lipid profile is often derived rather than directly measured and lacks a universal standard to interpret the results. In contrast, mass spectrometry-based cholesterol profiling can accurately measure free cholesterol as a biologically active component. This approach allows to detect alterations in various metabolic pathways that control cholesterol homeostasis, by quantitative analysis of cholesterol and its precursors/metabolites as well as dietary sterols. An overview of the mechanism of cholesterol homeostasis under different physiological conditions may help to identify predictive biomarkers of concomitant atherosclerosis and conventional CVD risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Seog Seo
- Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 152-703, South Korea; Korea University-Korea Institute of Science and Technology Graduated School of Converging Science and Technology, Seoul 152-703, South Korea
| | - Man Ho Choi
- Materials and Life Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, South Korea.
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Navratil AR, Vozenilek AE, Cardelli JA, Green JM, Thomas MJ, Sorci-Thomas MG, Orr AW, Woolard MD. Lipin-1 contributes to modified low-density lipoprotein-elicited macrophage pro-inflammatory responses. Atherosclerosis 2015; 242:424-32. [PMID: 26288136 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of large and medium-sized arteries and the underlying cause of cardiovascular disease, a major cause of mortality worldwide. The over-accumulation of modified cholesterol-containing low-density lipoproteins (e.g. oxLDL) in the artery wall and the subsequent recruitment and activation of macrophages contributes to the development of atherosclerosis. The excessive uptake of modified-LDL by macrophages leads to a lipid-laden "foamy" phenotype and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Modified-LDLs promote foam cell formation in part by stimulating de novo lipid biosynthesis. However, it is unknown if lipid biosynthesis directly regulates foam cell pro-inflammatory mediator production. Lipin-1, a phosphatidate phosphohydrolase required for the generation of diacylglycerol during glycerolipid synthesis has recently been demonstrated to contribute to bacterial-induced pro-inflammatory responses by macrophages. In this study we present evidence demonstrating the presence of lipin-1 within macrophages in human atherosclerotic plaques. Additionally, reducing lipin-1 levels in macrophages significantly inhibits both modified-LDL-induced foam cell formation in vitro, as observed by smaller/fewer intracellular lipid inclusions, and ablates modified-LDL-elicited production of the pro-atherogenic mediators tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and prostaglandin E2. These findings demonstrate a critical role for lipin-1 in the regulation of macrophage inflammatory responses to modified-LDL. These data begin to link the processes of foam cell formation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production within macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R Navratil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
| | - Aimee E Vozenilek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
| | - James A Cardelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA; Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
| | - Jonette M Green
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
| | - Michael J Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Mary G Sorci-Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - A Wayne Orr
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
| | - Matthew D Woolard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
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Hill AA, Anderson-Baucum EK, Kennedy AJ, Webb CD, Yull FE, Hasty AH. Activation of NF-κB drives the enhanced survival of adipose tissue macrophages in an obesogenic environment. Mol Metab 2015; 4:665-77. [PMID: 26779432 PMCID: PMC4588436 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue (AT) during obesity contributes to inflammation and insulin resistance. Recruitment of monocytes to obese AT has been the most studied mechanism explaining this accumulation. However, recent evidence suggests that recruitment-independent mechanisms may also regulate pro-inflammatory AT macrophage (ATM) numbers. The role of increased ATM survival during obesity has yet to be explored. Results We demonstrate that activation of apoptotic pathways is significantly reduced in ATMs from diet-induced and genetically obese mice. Concurrently, pro-survival Bcl-2 family member protein levels and localization to the mitochondria is elevated in ATMs from obese mice. This increased pro-survival signaling was associated with elevated activation of the transcription factor, NF-κB, and increased expression of its pro-survival target genes. Finally, an obesogenic milieu increased ATM viability only when NF-κB signaling pathways were functional. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that obesity promotes survival of inflammatory ATMs, possibly through an NF-κB-regulated mechanism. Macrophage apoptosis is decreased in obese adipose tissue. ATMs from obese mice display increased mitochondrial localization of Bcl-2. The pro-survival targets of NF-κB are increased in ATMs from obese mice. NF-κB activation in ATMs during metabolic stimulation increases their survival. Decreased ATM apoptosis contributes to macrophage accumulation in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea A Hill
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Emily K Anderson-Baucum
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Arion J Kennedy
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Corey D Webb
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Fiona E Yull
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Alyssa H Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, United States
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Wang S, Zhang X, Liu M, Luan H, Ji Y, Guo P, Wu C. Chrysin inhibits foam cell formation through promoting cholesterol efflux from RAW264.7 macrophages. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 53:1481-1487. [PMID: 25857322 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.986688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Chrysin, a natural flavonoid, has been shown to possess multiple pharmacological activities including anti-atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVE The effects of chrysin on foam cell formation and cholesterol flow in RAW264.7 macrophages were investigated in this work to explore the potential mechanism underlying its anti-atherogenic activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The inhibitive effect of chrysin on foam cell formation and cholesterol accumulation induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (ox-LDL) was assessed by oil red O staining and intracellular total cholesterol and triglyceride quantification in RAW264.7 macrophages. The action of chrysin on cholesterol efflux and influx was tested by fluorescent assays. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to quantify the relative expression of cholesterol flow-associated genes and luciferase assay was applied to test the transcription activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). RESULTS Chrysin dose dependently inhibited the formation of foam cells and prevented the enhanced cholesterol accumulation by ox-LDL. Treatment with chrysin (10 μM) significantly enhanced cholesterol efflux and substantially inhibited cholesterol influx. Simultaneously, chrysin significantly increased the mRNA levels of PPARγ, liver X receptor alpha (LXRα), ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A1 (ABCA1), and sub-family G1 (ABCG1), decreased scavenger receptor A1 (SR-A1) and SR-A2, and increased the transcriptional activity of PPARγ. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Chrysin is a new inhibitor of foam cell formation that may stimulate cholesterol flow. Up-regulation of the classical PPARγ-LXRα-ABCA1/ABCG1 pathway and down-regulation of SR-A1 and SR-A2 may participate in its suppressive effect on intracellular cholesterol accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , PR China and
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Zhu GF, Yang LX, Guo RW, Liu H, Shi YK, Wang H, Ye JS, Yang ZH, Liang X. miR-155 inhibits oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced apoptosis of RAW264.7 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 382:253-61. [PMID: 23797321 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1741-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage apoptosis is a prominent feature of advanced atherosclerotic plaques. Here, we examined the hypothesis that the apoptotic machinery is regulated by microRNA-155 (miR-155). Constitutive expression of miR-155 was detected in RAW264.7 cells, which was increased following stimulation with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. OxLDL-treated RAW264.7 cells showed a marked time- and dose-dependent increase in apoptosis, which was suppressed in the presence of mimics and increased with antagonists of miR-155. Bioinformatics analysis revealed Fas-associated death domain-containing protein (FADD) as a putative target of miR-155. Luciferase reporter assay and Western blot further disclosed that miR-155 inhibits FADD expression by directly targeting the 3'-UTR region. We propose that miR-155 attenuates the macrophage apoptosis, at least in part, through FADD regulation, since forced expression of FADD blocked the ability of miR-155 to inhibit apoptosis. Our results collectively suggest that miR-155 attenuates apoptosis of OxLDL-mediated RAW264.7 cells by targeting FADD, supporting a possible therapeutic role in atherosclerosis.
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Hong D, Gao HC, Wang X, Li LF, Li CC, Luo Y, Wang KK, Bai YP, Zhang GG. Asymmetric dimethylarginine triggers macrophage apoptosis via the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 398:31-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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43
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Subcellular localization of DAXX influence ox-LDL induced apoptosis in macrophages. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:7183-90. [PMID: 25120166 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3601-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Here we aimed to evaluate the effects of DAXX subcellular localization on ox-LDL induced macrophages apoptosis. Cytoplasmic localization vector DAXX-W621A and nuclear localization vector DAXX-S667A were constructed by point mutation in DAXX. Blank vector, full length DAXX, DAXX-W621A, DAXX-S667A was transfect into RAW264.7 cells, respectively. Then the cells were incubated with 100 mg/ml ox-LDL for 48 h. Immunofluorescent assay was used to assay the localization of DAXX. MTT and Flow cytometry was used to determine cellular viability and apoptosis. RT-PCR and Western blot were used to analyze the expression levels. A significantly increased expression of DAXX was found in transfected cells of DAXX. The content of DAXX in nucleus was significantly increased in DAXX(S667A), and DAXX was significantly increased in cytoplasm of DAXX(W621A). Besides, we found DAXX was mainly expressed in nucleus with a low-level expression in cytoplasm through immunofluorescence. However in DAXX(W621A) group, the DAXX began to transferred to cytoplasm, which exhibited significant florescence. After treated with ox-LDL, the cytoactive of DAXX-W621A exhibited significantly decreased level when compared DAXX group. However, after added inhibitor LMB, the inhibition was relieved. The cell viability was also significantly increased in DAXX-S667A group. The results of apoptosis rates were similar in each group. Furthermore, we found the expression of ASK1 and JNK was also consistent with the apoptosis rates. Cytoplasmic localization of DAXX can increase injury sensitivity of ox-LDL on cells, and nuclear localization can antagonise the effect of ox-LDL. Besides, it is certified ox-LDL induced apoptosis is mainly through ASK1-JNK pathway.
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Oropesa-Ávila M, Fernández-Vega A, de la Mata M, Garrido-Maraver J, Cotán D, Paz MV, Pavón AD, Cordero MD, Alcocer-Gómez E, de Lavera I, Lema R, Zaderenko AP, Sánchez-Alcázar JA. Apoptotic cells subjected to cold/warming exposure disorganize apoptotic microtubule network and undergo secondary necrosis. Apoptosis 2014; 19:1364-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-014-1015-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Keshavarz-Motamed Z, Saijo Y, Majdouline Y, Riou L, Ohayon J, Cloutier G. Coronary artery atherectomy reduces plaque shear strains: An endovascular elastography imaging study. Atherosclerosis 2014; 235:140-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Abstract
In the early stages of atherosclerotic lesion development, cholesterol is mostly present as esterified cholesterol stored in macrophage cytoplasmic lipid droplets. However, when the lesion evolves, free cholesterol accumulates in other compartments, such as lysosomes and plasma membrane. A number of studies support a role for intracellular cholesterol content and distribution in regulating several cell functions. Particularly, membrane free cholesterol content has a specific effect on signaling pathways involved in regulating cell motility and organization of the actin cytoskeleton. These processes are regulated by several signaling pathways including the small GTPase Rac1. Rac1 belongs to the Rho GTPases of the Ras protein superfamily involved in the regulation of multiple cell functions, including cell proliferation, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, degranulation, and superoxide production. In this review, we discuss the role of Rac1 in macrophage with respect to cholesterol metabolism and trafficking as critical aspects for the development of atherosclerotic plaque.
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MicroRNA-27a/b regulates cellular cholesterol efflux, influx and esterification/hydrolysis in THP-1 macrophages. Atherosclerosis 2014; 234:54-64. [PMID: 24608080 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Macrophage cholesterol homeostasis maintenance is the result of a balance between influx, endogenous synthesis, esterification/hydrolysis and efflux. Excessive accumulation of cholesterol leads to foam cell formation, which is the major pathology of atherosclerosis. Previous studies have shown that miR-27 (miR-27a and miR-27b) may play a key role in the progression of atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVE We set out to investigate the molecular mechanisms of miR-27a/b in intracellular cholesterol homeostasis. METHODS AND RESULTS In the present study, our results have shown that the miR-27 family is highly conserved during evolution, present in mammals and directly targets the 3' UTR of ABCA1, LPL, and ACAT1. apoA1, ABCG1 and SR-B1 lacking miR-27 bind sites should not be influenced by miR-27 directly. miR-27a and miR-27b directly regulated the expression of endogenous ABCA1 in different cells. Treatment with miR-27a and miR-27b mimics reduced apoA1-mediated cholesterol efflux by 33.08% and 44.61% in THP-1 cells, respectively. miR-27a/b also regulated HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux in THP-1 macrophages and affected the expression of apoA1 in HepG2 cells. However, miR-27a/b had no effect on total cellular cholesterol accumulation, but regulated the levels of cellular free cholesterol and cholesterol ester. We further found that miR-27a/b regulated the expression of LPL and CD36, and then affected the ability of THP-1 macrophages to uptake Dil-oxLDL. Finally, we identified that miR-27a/b regulated cholesterol ester formation by targeting ACAT1 in THP-1 macrophages. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that miR-27a/b affects the efflux, influx, esterification and hydrolysis of cellular cholesterol by regulating the expression of ABCA1, apoA1, LPL, CD36 and ACAT1.
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Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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Halasiddappa LM, Koefeler H, Futerman AH, Hermetter A. Oxidized phospholipids induce ceramide accumulation in RAW 264.7 macrophages: role of ceramide synthases. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70002. [PMID: 23936132 PMCID: PMC3729465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs), including 1-palmitoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PGPC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oxovaleroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POVPC) are among several biologically active derivatives that are generated during oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). These OxPLs are factors contributing to pro-atherogenic effects of oxidized LDLs (OxLDLs), including inflammation, proliferation and death of vascular cells. OxLDL also elicits formation of the lipid messenger ceramide (Cer) which plays a pivotal role in apoptotic signaling pathways. Here we report that both PGPC and POVPC are cytotoxic to cultured macrophages and induce apoptosis in these cells which is associated with increased cellular ceramide levels after several hours. In addition, exposure of RAW 264.7 cells to POVPC and PGPC under the same conditions resulted in a significant increase in ceramide synthase activity, whereas, acid or neutral sphingomyelinase activities were not affected. PGPC is not only more toxic than POVPC, but also a more potent inducer of ceramide formation by activating a limited subset of CerS isoforms. The stimulated CerS activities are in line with the C16-, C22-, and C24:0-Cer species that are generated under the influence of the OxPL. Fumonisin B1, a specific inhibitor of CerS, suppressed OxPL-induced ceramide generation, demonstrating that OxPL-induced CerS activity in macrophages is responsible for the accumulation of ceramide. OxLDL elicits the same cellular ceramide and CerS effects. Thus, it is concluded that PGPC and POVPC are active components that contribute to the capacity of this lipoprotein to elevate ceramide levels in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingaraju M. Halasiddappa
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Harald Koefeler
- Core Facility for Mass Spectrometry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anthony H. Futerman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Albin Hermetter
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
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Li H, Li H, Guo H, Liu F. Cholesterol suppresses adipocytic differentiation of mouse adipose-derived stromal cells via PPARγ2 signaling. Steroids 2013; 78:454-61. [PMID: 23454216 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The effects of cholesterol on cell proliferation and adipocytic differentiation have been evaluated for the first time in mouse adipose-derived stromal cells (mASCs). Cholesterol loading by using cholesterol:methyl- β-cyclodextrin (Chol:MβCD) complexes promoted cellular levels of free cholesterol (FC) and cholesteryl ester (CE), induced high cell proliferation of mASCs dose-dependently. Compared with control cells, cholesterol-treated mASCs showed an impaired differentiation process in both dose- and time-dependent manners, based on reduced oil red O-stained lipid droplets, SREBP-1, PPARγ2 and aP2 expression levels. The involvement of SREBP-1-mediated PPARγ2 in the effects of cholesterol on mASC adipogenesis was elucidated. These results point to cholesterol as a modulator of adipogenesis, which separate cholesterol itself from other components of modified lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
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