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Bustin KA, Shishikura K, Chen I, Lin Z, McKnight N, Chang Y, Wang X, Li JJ, Arellano E, Pei L, Morton PD, Gregus AM, Buczynski MW, Matthews ML. Phenelzine-based probes reveal Secernin-3 is involved in thermal nociception. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 125:103842. [PMID: 36924917 PMCID: PMC10247460 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical platforms that facilitate both the identification and elucidation of new areas for therapeutic development are necessary but lacking. Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) leverages active site-directed chemical probes as target discovery tools that resolve activity from expression and immediately marry the targets identified with lead compounds for drug design. However, this approach has traditionally focused on predictable and intrinsic enzyme functionality. Here, we applied our activity-based proteomics discovery platform to map non-encoded and post-translationally acquired enzyme functionalities (e.g. cofactors) in vivo using chemical probes that exploit the nucleophilic hydrazine pharmacophores found in a classic antidepressant drug (e.g. phenelzine, Nardil®). We show the probes are in vivo active and can map proteome-wide tissue-specific target engagement of the drug. In addition to engaging targets (flavoenzymes monoamine oxidase A/B) that are associated with the known therapeutic mechanism as well as several other members of the flavoenzyme family, the probes captured the previously discovered N-terminal glyoxylyl (Glox) group of Secernin-3 (SCRN3) in vivo through a divergent mechanism, indicating this functional feature has biochemical activity in the brain. SCRN3 protein is ubiquitously expressed in the brain, yet gene expression is regulated by inflammatory stimuli. In an inflammatory pain mouse model, behavioral assessment of nociception showed Scrn3 male knockout mice selectively exhibited impaired thermal nociceptive sensitivity. Our study provides a guided workflow to entangle molecular (off)targets and pharmacological mechanisms for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn A Bustin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kyosuke Shishikura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Irene Chen
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Zongtao Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nate McKnight
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yuxuan Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xie Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jing Jing Li
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eric Arellano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Liming Pei
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Paul D Morton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Ann M Gregus
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Matthew W Buczynski
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Megan L Matthews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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2
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Bustin KA, Shishikura K, Chen I, Lin Z, McKnight N, Chang Y, Wang X, Li JJ, Arellano E, Pei L, Morton PD, Gregus AM, Buczynski MW, Matthews ML. Phenelzine-based probes reveal Secernin-3 is involved in thermal nociception. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.02.526866. [PMID: 36778412 PMCID: PMC9915563 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.02.526866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemical platforms that facilitate both the identification and elucidation of new areas for therapeutic development are necessary but lacking. Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) leverages active site-directed chemical probes as target discovery tools that resolve activity from expression and immediately marry the targets identified with lead compounds for drug design. However, this approach has traditionally focused on predictable and intrinsic enzyme functionality. Here, we applied our activity-based proteomics discovery platform to map non-encoded and post-translationally acquired enzyme functionalities (e.g. cofactors) in vivo using chemical probes that exploit the nucleophilic hydrazine pharmacophores found in a classic antidepressant drug (e.g. phenelzine, Nardil ® ). We show the probes are in vivo active and can map proteome-wide tissue-specific target engagement of the drug. In addition to engaging targets (flavoenzymes monoamine oxidase A/B) that are associated with the known therapeutic mechanism as well as several other members of the flavoenzyme family, the probes captured the previously discovered N -terminal glyoxylyl (Glox) group of Secernin-3 (SCRN3) in vivo through a divergent mechanism, indicating this functional feature has biochemical activity in the brain. SCRN3 protein is ubiquitously expressed in the brain, yet gene expression is regulated by inflammatory stimuli. In an inflammatory pain mouse model, behavioral assessment of nociception showed Scrn3 male knockout mice selectively exhibited impaired thermal nociceptive sensitivity. Our study provides a guided workflow to entangle molecular (off)targets and pharmacological mechanisms for therapeutic development.
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3
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Sved AF, Weeks JJ, Grace AA, Smith TT, Donny EC. Monoamine oxidase inhibition in cigarette smokers: From preclinical studies to tobacco product regulation. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:886496. [PMID: 36051642 PMCID: PMC9424897 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.886496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity is reduced in cigarette smokers and this may promote the reinforcing actions of nicotine, thereby enhancing the addictive properties of cigarettes. At present, it is unclear how cigarette smoking leads to MAO inhibition, but preclinical studies in rodents show that MAO inhibition increases nicotine self-administration, especially at low doses of nicotine. This effect of MAO inhibition develops slowly, likely due to plasticity of brain monoamine systems; studies relying on acute MAO inhibition are unlikely to replicate what happens with smoking. Given that MAO inhibition may reduce the threshold level at which nicotine becomes reinforcing, it is important to consider this in the context of very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes and potential tobacco product regulation. It is also important to consider how this interaction between MAO inhibition and the reinforcing actions of nicotine may be modified in populations that are particularly vulnerable to nicotine dependence. In the context of these issues, we show that the MAO-inhibiting action of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) is similar in VLNC cigarettes and cigarettes with a standard nicotine content. In addition, we present evidence that in a rodent model of schizophrenia the effect of MAO inhibition to enhance nicotine self-administration is absent, and speculate how this may relate to brain serotonin systems. These issues are relevant to the MAO-inhibiting effect of cigarette smoking and its implications to tobacco product regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan F. Sved
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Alan F. Sved,
| | - Jillian J. Weeks
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Anthony A. Grace
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Tracy T. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Eric C. Donny
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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4
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Omarmeli V, Sharafshah A, Albonaim A, Keshavarz P. A study on methylation of two CpG islands of MAOA gene promoter among opium-addicted males undergoing methadone treatment. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 41:841-850. [PMID: 35759647 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2022.2085291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The association between methylation of MAOA gene promoter and alcohol and nicotine dependence has been demonstrated in women but not in men yet. Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and substance use disorders (SUD) are two types of disorders that could highly be influenced by methylation-induced changes in MAOA function. The aim of the current study is to investigate the effect of opioid addiction on methylation of MAOA gene promoter in males. DNA was extracted from the whole blood of all samples (29 opium-addicted individuals undergoing methadone treatment and 28 healthy people) according to the extraction protocol, followed by treating these samples with bisulfite kits. The investigated region including two CpG islands in the promoter region of MAOA gene contained 35 CpG dinucleotides investigated through Sanger sequencing method. The frequency of methylation at two CpG islands of MAOA gene promoter regions was equal to zero among addicted individuals undergoing methadone treatment and healthy peoples. Then, comparing methylation levels among the study group is not applicable. In conclusion, there was no association between opium addiction and methylation of the MAOA promoter regions in opium-addicted male undergoing methadone treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Omarmeli
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Alireza Sharafshah
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ali Albonaim
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Keshavarz
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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5
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Hong SW, Teesdale-Spittle P, Page R, Ellenbroek B, Truman P. Biologically Active Compounds Present in Tobacco Smoke: Potential Interactions Between Smoking and Mental Health. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:885489. [PMID: 35557609 PMCID: PMC9087043 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.885489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco dependence remains one of the major preventable causes of premature morbidity and mortality worldwide. There are well over 8,000 compounds present in tobacco and tobacco smoke, but we do not know what effect, if any, many of them have on smokers. Major interest has been on nicotine, as well as on toxic and carcinogenic effects and several major and minor components of tobacco smoke responsible for the negative health effects of smoking have been elucidated. Smokers themselves report a variety of positive effects from smoking, including effects on depression, anxiety and mental acuity. Smoking has also been shown to have protective effects in Parkinson’s Disease. Are the subjective reports of a positive effect of smoking due to nicotine, of some other components of tobacco smoke, or are they a manifestation of the relief from nicotine withdrawal symptoms that smoking provides? This mini-review summarises what is currently known about the components of tobacco smoke with potential to have positive effects on smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa Weon Hong
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Paul Teesdale-Spittle
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Rachel Page
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Bart Ellenbroek
- Department of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Penelope Truman
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
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6
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Lin Z, Wang X, Bustin KA, Shishikura K, McKnight NR, He L, Suciu RM, Hu K, Han X, Ahmadi M, Olson EJ, Parsons WH, Matthews ML. Activity-Based Hydrazine Probes for Protein Profiling of Electrophilic Functionality in Therapeutic Targets. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:1524-1534. [PMID: 34584954 PMCID: PMC8461768 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Most known probes for activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) use electrophilic groups that tag a single type of nucleophilic amino acid to identify cases in which its hyper-reactivity underpins function. Much important biochemistry derives from electrophilic enzyme cofactors, transient intermediates, and labile regulatory modifications, but ABPP probes for such species are underdeveloped. Here, we describe a versatile class of probes for this less charted hemisphere of the proteome. The use of an electron-rich hydrazine as the common chemical modifier enables covalent targeting of multiple, pharmacologically important classes of enzymes bearing diverse organic and inorganic cofactors. Probe attachment occurs by both polar and radicaloid mechanisms, can be blocked by molecules that occupy the active sites, and depends on the proper poise of the active site for turnover. These traits will enable the probes to be used to identify specific inhibitors of individual members of these multiple enzyme classes, making them uniquely versatile among known ABPP probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongtao Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Xie Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Katelyn A. Bustin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kyosuke Shishikura
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Nate R. McKnight
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Lin He
- Zenagem,
LLC, Fountain Valley, California 92708, United States
| | - Radu M. Suciu
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kai Hu
- Department
of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University
of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Xian Han
- Department
of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s
Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Mina Ahmadi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Erika J. Olson
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - William H. Parsons
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074, United States
| | - Megan L. Matthews
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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7
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Karabelyov V, Kondeva-Burdina M, Angelova VT. Synthetic approaches to unsymmetrical 2,5-disubstituted 1,3,4-oxadiazoles and their MAO-B inhibitory activity. A review. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 29:115888. [PMID: 33360082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Selective monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) inhibitors are currently used as coadjuvants for treating early motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Aiming at the elucidation of MAO-B inhibitors with 1,3,4-oxadiazole scaffolds, we make a comprehensive update on the new and old chemical methods employed for the synthesis of the unsymmetrical oxadiazole derivatives that lead to high yield compounds. We summarize a state of the selective MAO-B inhibitors with oxadiazole scaffold, describing the results, structures, structure-activity relationships (SARs) and medicinal chemistry strategies over the years. The analysis of the recent papers would facilitate tracking the increasing number of oxadiazole derivatives as new chemical spaces with MAO-B inhibitory potential designed to ensure the safe use of the compounds and elimination of the unwanted drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Karabelyov
- Laboratory "Drug metabolism and drug toxicity", Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, Bulgaria; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Magdalena Kondeva-Burdina
- Laboratory "Drug metabolism and drug toxicity", Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, Bulgaria; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Violina T Angelova
- Laboratory "Drug metabolism and drug toxicity", Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, Bulgaria; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, Bulgaria.
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8
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Trigo JM, Le Foll B. Nicotine Self-Administration as Paradigm for Medication Discovery for Smoking Cessation: Recent Findings in Medications Targeting the Cholinergic System. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2011:165-193. [PMID: 31273700 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9554-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco kills every year approximately six million people as a direct result of direct use, and it is still considered one of the most excruciating threats for human health worldwide. The low successful rates of the currently available pharmacotherapies to assist in quitting tobacco use suggest there is a need for more effective treatments.The intravenous self-administration (IVSA) paradigm is considered the gold standard to study voluntary drug intake in animal models, including nicotine. The IVSA paradigm has been used to identify key mechanisms involved in the addictive properties of nicotine in both rodents and nonhuman primates. In this chapter we describe how the IVSA paradigm has served to further investigate the role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the reinforcing properties of nicotine. Notably, this review will cover recent advances (i.e., research carried out during the past decade) using the IVSA paradigm, with a focus on the status of research on current smoking cessation medications (such as varenicline and bupropion) and of other nAChR ligands.The combination of the IVSA paradigm with pharmacological and genetic tools (e.g., knockout animals) has greatly contributed to our understanding of the role of specific subtype nAChRs in nicotine reinforcement processes. We also discuss some of the limitations of the IVSA paradigm so these can be taken into consideration when interpreting and designing new studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Trigo
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Addictions Division, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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9
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Ziegler C, Domschke K. Epigenetic signature of MAOA and MAOB genes in mental disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 125:1581-1588. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1929-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Chirkova ZV, Kabanova MV, Filimonov SI, Abramov IG, Petzer A, Engelbrecht I, Petzer JP, Yu Suponitsky K, Veselovsky AV. An investigation of the monoamine oxidase inhibition properties of pyrrolo[3,4-f]indole-5,7-dione and indole-5,6-dicarbonitrile derivatives. Drug Dev Res 2018; 79:81-93. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanna V. Chirkova
- Yaroslavl State Technical University; Yaroslavl 150023 Russian Federation
| | - Mariya V. Kabanova
- Yaroslavl State Technical University; Yaroslavl 150023 Russian Federation
| | | | - Igor G. Abramov
- Yaroslavl State Technical University; Yaroslavl 150023 Russian Federation
| | - Anél Petzer
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences; North-West University; Potchefstroom 2520 South Africa
| | - Idalet Engelbrecht
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences; North-West University; Potchefstroom 2520 South Africa
| | - Jacobus P. Petzer
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences; North-West University; Potchefstroom 2520 South Africa
| | - Kyrill Yu Suponitsky
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
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11
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Carradori S, Secci D, Petzer JP. MAO inhibitors and their wider applications: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2018; 28:211-226. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2018.1427735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Carradori
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara , Chieti, Italy
| | - Daniela Secci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Jacques P. Petzer
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University , Potchefstroom, South Africa
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12
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Shoaib M, Buhidma Y. Why are Antidepressant Drugs Effective Smoking Cessation Aids? Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:426-437. [PMID: 28925882 PMCID: PMC6018185 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170915142122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Before the advent of varenicline, antidepressant drugs were reported to exhibit better clinical efficacy than nicotine replacement therapy as smoking cessation aids. The most studied is bupropion, a clinically-effective antidepressant, the first to be marketed throughout Europe for smoking cessation. Since depression and tobacco smoking have a high incidence of cooccurrence, this would implicate an underlying link between these two conditions. If this correlation can be confirmed, then by treating one condition the related state would also be treated. OBJECTIVES This review article will evaluate the various theories relating to the use of antidepressant drugs as smoking cessation aids and the underlying mechanisms link tobacco smoking and depression to explain the action of antidepressants in smoking cessation. One plausible theory of self-medication which proposes that people take nicotine to treat their own depressive symptoms and the affective withdrawal symptoms seen with abstinence from the drug. If the depression can instead be treated with antidepressants, then they may stop smoking altogether. Another theory is that the neurobiological pathways underlying smoking and depression may be similar. By targeting the pathways of depression in the brain, antidepressants would also treat the pathways affected by smoking and ease nicotine cravings and withdrawal. The role of genetic variation predisposing an individual to depression and initiation of tobacco smoking has also been discussed as a potential link between the two conditions. Such variation could either occur within the neurobiological pathways involved in both disorders or it could lead to an individual being depressed and selfmedicating with nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Shoaib
- Institute of Neuroscience, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Yazead Buhidma
- Institute of Neuroscience, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
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13
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Truman P, Grounds P, Brennan KA. Monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity in tobacco particulate matter: Are harman and norharman the only physiologically relevant inhibitors? Neurotoxicology 2017; 59:22-26. [PMID: 28057462 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase inhibition is significant in smokers, but it is still unclear how the inhibition that is seen in the brains and bodies of smokers is brought about. Our aim was to test the contribution of the harman and norharman in tobacco smoke to MAO-A inhibition from tobacco smoke preparations, as part of a re-examination of harman and norharman as the cause of the inhibition of MAO-A inhibition in the brain. Tobacco smoke particulate matter and cigarette smoke particulate matter were prepared and the amounts of harman and norharman measured. The results were compared with the total monoamine oxidase-A inhibitory activity. At a nicotine concentration of 0.6μM (a "physiological" concentration in blood) the total monoamine oxidase-A inhibitory activity measured in these samples was sufficient to inhibit the enzyme by approximately 10%. Of this inhibitory activity, only a small proportion of the total was found to be due to harman and norharman. These results show that harman and norharman provide only a moderate contribution to the total monoamine oxidase-A inhibitory activity of tobacco smoke, perhaps under 10%. This suggests that other inhibitors (either known or unknown) may be more significant contributors to total inhibitory activity than has yet been established, and deserve closer examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Truman
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd, Porirua, New Zealand; Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Peter Grounds
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd, Christchurch, New Zealand
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14
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Mostert S, Petzer A, Petzer JP. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase by benzoxathiolone analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1200-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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15
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Mostert S, Petzer A, Petzer JP. Evaluation of Natural and Synthetic 1,4-naphthoquinones as Inhibitors of Monoamine Oxidase. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 87:737-46. [PMID: 26684482 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports have documented that 1,4-naphthoquinones act as inhibitors of the monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzymes. In particular, fractionation of the extracts of cured tobacco leafs has led to the characterization of 2,3,6-trimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, a non-selective MAO inhibitor. To derive structure-activity relationships for MAO inhibition by the 1,4-naphthoquinone class of compounds, this study investigates the human MAO inhibitory activities of fourteen structurally diverse 1,4-naphthoquinones of natural and synthetic origin. Of these, 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone was found to be the most potent inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.860 μm for the inhibition of MAO-B. A related compound, shikonin, inhibits both the MAO-A and MAO-B isoforms with IC50 values of 1.50 and 1.01 μm, respectively. It is further shown that MAO-A and MAO-B inhibition by these compounds is reversible by dialysis. In this respect, kinetic analysis suggests that the modes of MAO inhibition are competitive. This study contributes to the discovery of novel MAO inhibitors, which may be useful in the treatment for disorders such as Parkinson's disease, depressive illness, congestive heart failure and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Mostert
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.,Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Anél Petzer
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Jacobus P Petzer
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.,Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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Hogg RC. Contribution of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition to Tobacco Dependence: A Review of the Evidence. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 18:509-23. [PMID: 26508396 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a hypothesis that substances present in, or derived from, tobacco smoke inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the brains of smokers, reducing the degradation of catecholamine neurotransmitters involved in central reward pathways and acting synergistically with nicotine to increase its addictive effects. OBJECTIVE The objective of this review was to evaluate the evidence for a role of MAO inhibition by tobacco-derived substances in tobacco dependence. INVESTIGATIONAL PLAN Relevant studies on the effects of tobacco use on MAO levels or activity in humans were identified by electronic searches. RESULTS The identified data show a clear association between smoking and lower density of MAO-A and MAO-B binding sites in the brains of smokers and strong evidence that MAO is inhibited by a substance or substances in, or derived from, tobacco smoke. There was little evidence to support the hypothesis that low MAO levels/activity is a predictive factor for tobacco use. Substances that inhibit MAO in in vitro assays have been isolated from tobacco leaves and tobacco smoke; however, no single substance has been shown to be absorbed from tobacco smoke and to inhibit MAO in the brains of human smokers. Nevertheless, it is possible that MAO inhibition in smokers could result from additive or synergistic effects of several tobacco-derived substances. MAO inhibition potentiates the reinforcing effects of intravenous nicotine in rodents; however, no data were identified to support the hypothesis that MAO inhibitors in or derived from tobacco or tobacco additives affect tobacco dependence in human smokers. IMPLICATIONS This comprehensive review describes the available evidence for the role of MAO inhibition in tobacco dependence and points the way for further research in this field. In view of the large number of MAO inhibitors identified in tobacco and tobacco smoke, identification of the putative inhibitors responsible for the lower level/activity of MAO in smokers may be impractical. Future studies must address whether the lower level/activity of MAO observed in smokers is also seen in users of other tobacco products and if this change is implicated in their dependence-inducing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron C Hogg
- Medical Writing, OmniScience Ltd, Geneva, Switzerland
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Van Dyk AS, Petzer JP, Petzer A, Legoabe LJ. 3-Coumaranone derivatives as inhibitors of monoamine oxidase. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:5479-89. [PMID: 26491258 PMCID: PMC4599074 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s89961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study examines the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitory properties of a series of 20 3-coumaranone [benzofuran-3(2H)-one] derivatives. The 3-coumaranone derivatives are structurally related to series of α-tetralone and 1-indanone derivatives, which have recently been shown to potently inhibit MAO, with selectivity for MAO-B (in preference to the MAO-A isoform). 3-Coumaranones are similarly found to selectively inhibit human MAO-B with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 0.004–1.05 µM. Nine compounds exhibited IC50<0.05 µM for the inhibition of MAO-B. For the inhibition of human MAO-A, IC50 values ranged from 0.586 to >100 µM, with only one compound possessing an IC50<1 µM. For selected 3-coumaranone derivatives, it is established that MAO-A and MAO-B inhibition are reversible since dialysis of enzyme–inhibitor mixtures almost completely restores enzyme activity. On the basis of the selectivity profiles and potent action, it may be concluded that the 3-coumaranone derivatives are suitable leads for the development of selective MAO-B inhibitors as potential treatment for disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan S Van Dyk
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa ; Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Jacobus P Petzer
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa ; Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Anél Petzer
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Lesetja J Legoabe
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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18
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Farsalinos KE, Le Houezec J. Regulation in the face of uncertainty: the evidence on electronic nicotine delivery systems (e-cigarettes). Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2015; 8:157-67. [PMID: 26457058 PMCID: PMC4598199 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s62116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is the largest single preventable cause of many chronic diseases and death. Effective treatments exist; however, few smokers use them and most try to quit by themselves. Most of the tobacco cigarette’s toxicity is related to the combustion process. Models of harm reduction applied to tobacco suggest that switching from inhalation of combustible products to a noncombustible nicotine delivery product would likely result in a vast reduction in tobacco-related death and illness. Currently available evidence raises no doubt that electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) are by far less harmful than smoking (although probably not absolutely safe) and have the potential to be the most effective tobacco harm reduction products due to their unique property of resembling smoking and providing satisfaction to the user. A lot of controversy is surrounding e-cigs and their regulation, much of which is based on the precautionary principle. Although monitoring and further research is definitely needed, the arguments used to implement severe restrictions or bans are mostly hypothetical, weakly supported by evidence, and, in some cases, derived from mispresentation or misinterpretation of the study findings. Regulators should keep in mind that the target population is smokers who want to reduce or quit their deadly tobacco consumption. To achieve this goal, smokers should be honestly informed on the relative harmfulness of the different products. E-cigs are not tobacco products and are not used as medications. For this reason, a specific regulatory scheme is needed, separate from tobacco or medicinal products regulation. Regulation should implement specific quality criteria for products, rules for the exclusion of chemicals of reasonable concern, and appropriate testing for possible contaminants. Additionally, manufacturing standards derived from the food industry should be implemented and adjusted for specific conditions related to e-cigs. Finding the appropriate balance between safety and acceptability of use by smokers will be important in achieving the maximum public health benefit. Labeling should be specified, with warnings about exposure to skin or through ingestion and discouragement of use by nonsmokers, related to the presence of nicotine. Finally, advertising and marketing should not be banned, but appropriately regulated in order to encourage use by the intended population while avoiding use by never-smokers. E-cigs should be appealing to smokers (but not to nonsmokers), while availability and pricing should be strong competitive advantages of e-cigs relative to tobacco cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos E Farsalinos
- Department of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Kallithea, Greece ; Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Jacques Le Houezec
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England, UK ; Addiction Research Unit, INSERM 1178 (Mental and Public Health), Paris, France
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19
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Verplaetse TL, Weinberger AH, Smith PH, Cosgrove KP, Mineur YS, Picciotto MR, Mazure CM, McKee SA. Targeting the noradrenergic system for gender-sensitive medication development for tobacco dependence. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 17:486-95. [PMID: 25762760 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco use remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality for both women and men in the United States, and women often experience poorer smoking cessation outcomes than men. Preliminary evidence suggests there are sex differences in medication effectiveness for smoking cessation. However, current medications do not take into account gender-sensitive treatment development and efficacy, underscoring the importance of this underdeveloped area of research. METHODS We reviewed preclinical and clinical evidence for gender differences in the inability to quit smoking by examining (a) the effect of increased negative affect and stress reactivity on smoking outcomes in women and (b) smoking for nicotine reinforcement in men. We also reviewed the current literature targeting the noradrenergic system as a novel gender-sensitive treatment strategy for tobacco dependence. RESULTS We hypothesize that noradrenergic agents that normalize noradrenergic activity may differentially attenuate stress reactivity in women and nicotine-related reinforcement in men, indicating that targeting the noradrenergic system for smoking cessation may be effective for both genders, with benefits operating through sex-specific mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Converging lines of preclinical and clinical evidence suggest that gender-sensitive approaches to medication development for smoking cessation are a critical next step for addressing low quit rates and exacerbated health risks among women. Evidence reviewed indicates that smoking activates different brain systems modulated by noradrenergic activity in women versus men, and noradrenergic compounds may preferentially target these gender-sensitive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terril L Verplaetse
- Department of Psychiatry and Women's Health Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Philip H Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Women's Health Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Kelly P Cosgrove
- Department of Psychiatry and Women's Health Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Yann S Mineur
- Department of Psychiatry and Women's Health Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Marina R Picciotto
- Department of Psychiatry and Women's Health Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Carolyn M Mazure
- Department of Psychiatry and Women's Health Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Sherry A McKee
- Department of Psychiatry and Women's Health Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT;
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Aubin HJ, Luquiens A, Berlin I. Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: pharmacological principles and clinical practice. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 77:324-36. [PMID: 23488726 PMCID: PMC4014023 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies for assisting smoking cessation include behavioural counselling to enhance motivation and to support attempts to quit and pharmacological intervention to reduce nicotine reinforcement and withdrawal from nicotine. Three drugs are currently used as first line pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation, nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion and varenicline. Compared with placebo, the drug effect varies from 2.27 (95% CI 2.02, 2.55) for varenicline, 1.69 (95% CI 1.53, 1.85) for bupropion and 1.60 (95% CI 1.53, 1.68) for any form of nicotine replacement therapy. Despite some controversy regarding the safety of bupropion and varenicline, regulatory agencies consider these drugs as having a favourable benefit/risk profile. However, given the high rate of psychiatric comorbidity in dependent smokers, practitioners should closely monitor patients for neuropsychiatric symptoms. Second-line pharmacotherapies include nortriptyline and clonidine. This review also offers an overview of pipeline developments and issues related to smoking cessation in special populations such as persons with psychiatric comorbidity and pregnant and adolescent smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri-Jean Aubin
- Centre d'enseignement, de recherche, et de traitement des addictions, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Pars-Sud 11 UniversityINSERM U669, 94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Amandine Luquiens
- Centre d'enseignement, de recherche, et de traitement des addictions, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Pars-Sud 11 UniversityINSERM U669, 94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Ivan Berlin
- Département de Pharmacologie, Université P.&M. Curie, Faculté de médecine, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière75013, Paris, France
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21
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Pentel PR, LeSage MG. New directions in nicotine vaccine design and use. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2014; 69:553-80. [PMID: 24484987 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420118-7.00014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials of nicotine vaccines suggest that they can enhance smoking cessation rates but do not reliably produce the consistently high serum antibody concentrations required. A wide array of next-generation strategies are being evaluated to enhance vaccine efficacy or provide antibody through other mechanisms. Protein conjugate vaccines may be improved by modifications of hapten or linker design or by optimizing hapten density. Conjugating hapten to viruslike particles or disrupted virus may allow exploitation of naturally occurring viral features associated with high immunogenicity. Conjugates that utilize different linker positions on nicotine can function as independent immunogens, so that using them in combination generates higher antibody concentrations than can be produced by a single immunogen. Nanoparticle vaccines, consisting of hapten, T cell help peptides, and adjuvants attached to a liposome or synthetic scaffold, are in the early stages of development. Nanoparticle vaccines offer the possibility of obtaining precise and consistent control of vaccine component stoichiometry and spacing and immunogen size and shape. Passive transfer of nicotine-specific monoclonal antibodies offers a greater control of antibody dose, the ability to give very high doses, and an immediate onset of action but is expensive and has a shorter duration of action than vaccines. Viral vector-mediated transfer of genes for antibody production can elicit high levels of antibody expression in animals and may present an alternative to vaccination or passive immunization if the long-term safety of this approach is confirmed. Next-generation immunotherapies are likely to be substantially more effective than first-generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Pentel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
| | - Mark G LeSage
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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22
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Le Houezec J, Aubin HJ. Pharmacotherapies and harm-reduction options for the treatment of tobacco dependence. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2013; 14:1959-67. [PMID: 23978314 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2013.818978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco dependence, a chronic relapsing condition, requires repeated interventions and multiple attempts to quit. AREAS COVERED Strategies for assisting smoking cessation include behavioural counselling and pharmacotherapy. Three drugs are currently used as first-line pharmacotherapy: nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), bupropion and varenicline. Compared to placebo, the drug effect varies from RR = 2.27 for varenicline, to 1.69 for bupropion, and 1.60 for any form of NRT. Cytisine (similar to varenicline) has a RR = 3.98 compared to placebo (two trials). Second-line pharmacotherapies include nortriptyline and clonidine. This review also offers an overview of pipeline developments. EXPERT OPINION Effective medications exist, and clinicians should encourage and offer treatment to every smoker. However, most smokers try to quit by themselves, with only about 3% quitting successfully each year. Alternative interventions are needed. Harm reduction has not received much support to date. Safer alternative to tobacco smoking (smoke-free products, long-term use of cessation drugs, or electronic cigarettes) could save lives and reduce the burden of tobacco-related deaths and diseases. Despite some encouragement to develop a research agenda for e-cigarettes, particularly on the safety issues, too little attention has been brought to this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Le Houezec
- Consultant in Public Health, Tobacco dependence, Amzer Glas , 176 rue de Brest, 35000 Rennes , France +332 99 33 72 67 ;
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23
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A selective reversible monoamine oxidase B inhibitor in smoking cessation: effects on its own and in association with transdermal nicotine patch. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 223:89-98. [PMID: 22451094 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2692-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) activity is reduced in smokers. A MAO-B inhibitor alone or co-administered with nicotine may mimic the effects of smoking and be a candidate drug for smoking cessation. OBJECTIVE This study aims to determine the efficacy and safety of EVT302, a selective reversible MAO-B inhibitor, alone and on top of nicotine patch (NP) in smoking cessation. METHODS This was a randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled phase II, multicentre trial. Smokers (≥10 cigarettes/day) received either EVT302 (N = 145) or placebo (N = 145), or EVT302 (N = 61) or placebo (N = 61) on top of open label NP 21 mg/day for 8 weeks. The main comparison was between EVT302 and placebo without NP. The primary outcome measure was end-of-treatment 4-week continuous abstinence rate (CAR). SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES point prevalence abstinence rate, saliva cotinine concentrations in the groups without NP, urge to smoke, nicotine withdrawal symptoms and assessment of subjective effects of cigarettes. RESULTS The 4-week CAR was 15.2 % in the placebo, 17.2 % in the EVT302, 26.8 % in the NP + placebo and 32.8 % in the NP + EVT302 groups, respectively. There was no difference between EVT302 and placebo either alone (adjusted OR: 1.45, 95 % CI: 0.65-3.26) or when co-administered with NP. No statistically significant difference occurred for the secondary outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS The selective, reversible MAO-B inhibitor EVT302 was not superior to placebo in helping smokers quit, in line with data with selegiline and confirms that MAO-B inhibitors are not effective in smoking cessation. Co-administration of NP does not provide a supplementary benefit.
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Abstract
The application of genomic medicine to the treatment of nicotine dependence holds great promise for revitalizing the steady decline in smoking rates witnessed in the USA over the past several decades. This paper examines the current knowledge base concerning the use of biomarkers to guide the selection of nicotine dependence treatments. First, we review the neurobiology of nicotine dependence and present evidence that supports its heritability. We then discuss the various studies of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic genes related to therapeutic response. Current evidence suggests that biomarkers of genetic variability in both nicotine metabolism, referred to as the nicotine metabolite ratio, and dopamine genotypes may be useful for guiding treatment selection for nicotine dependence. Barriers to the translation of this research to clinical practice are discussed, as are directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Schnoll
- Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania, Presbyterian Medical Center -1 PHI, 51 N 39th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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25
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Kalman D, Herz L, Monti P, Kahler CW, Mooney M, Rodrigues S, O'Connor K. Incremental efficacy of adding bupropion to the nicotine patch for smoking cessation in smokers with a recent history of alcohol dependence: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2011; 118:111-8. [PMID: 21507585 PMCID: PMC3142284 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The primary aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of smoking cessation treatment using a combination of nicotine patch and bupropion vs. nicotine patch and placebo bupropion. A secondary aim was to investigate whether the efficacy of bupropion is moderated by belief about whether one is receiving active or placebo medication. METHODS Participants were recruited from a residential substance abuse treatment program and the community. We randomly assigned 148 smokers with between 2 and 12 months of alcohol abstinence to nicotine patch plus bupropion or nicotine patch plus placebo. All participants also received seven counseling sessions. RESULTS At follow up, differences between medication conditions were not significant. Seven-day point prevalence quit rates in the patch plus bupropion vs. patch plus placebo conditions at week 24 were 6% and 11%, respectively. Differences between groups on prolonged abstinence and time to first smoking lapse were also not significant. However, among participants who received bupropion, those who accurately "guessed" that they were receiving bupropion were more likely to remain abstinent than those who incorrectly believed they were receiving placebo. CONCLUSIONS Findings do not support combining nicotine patch and bupropion for smoking cessation in this population. However, findings support previous studies suggesting the importance of assessing the blind in smoking cessation studies and its possible moderating effect on medication efficacy. Future directions for enhancing smoking cessation outcome in these smokers include investigations of intensive behavioral and pharmacological interventions, including studies of potential interactions between individual genetic differences and medication efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kalman
- Univeristy of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Survival functions from smoking cessation interventions are described by a three-state Markov model. On quitting, smokers transit through a state of withdrawal characterized by a high rate of relapse, and then into a more secure state of long-term abstinence. The Markov model embodies the dynamic nature of the cessation/relapse process; it permits stronger inference to long-term abstinence rates, provides measures of treatment efficacy, describes the outcomes of new quit attempts, and suggests mechanisms for the survival process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Killeen
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, USA.
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Philibert RA, Wernett P, Plume J, Packer H, Brody GH, Beach SRH. Gene environment interactions with a novel variable Monoamine Oxidase A transcriptional enhancer are associated with antisocial personality disorder. Biol Psychol 2011; 87:366-71. [PMID: 21554924 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine Oxidase A (MAOA) is a critical enzyme in the catabolism of monoaminergic neurotransmitters. MAOA transcriptional activity is thought to be regulated by a well characterized 30 base pair (bp) variable nucleotide repeat (VNTR) that lies approximately ∼1000 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site (TSS). However, clinical associations between this VNTR genotype and behavioral states have been inconsistent. Herein, we describe a second, 10 bp VNTR that lies ∼1500 bp upstream of the TSS. We provide in vitro and in silico evidence that this new VNTR region may be more influential in regulating MAOA transcription than the more proximal VNTR and that methylation of this CpG-rich VNTR is genotype dependent in females. Finally, we demonstrate that genotype at this new VNTR interacts significantly with history of child abuse to predict antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) in women and accounts for variance in addition to that explained by the prior VNTR.
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28
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Escobar-Chávez JJ, Domínguez-Delgado CL, Rodríguez-Cruz IM. Targeting nicotine addiction: the possibility of a therapeutic vaccine. Drug Des Devel Ther 2011; 5:211-24. [PMID: 21607018 PMCID: PMC3096537 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s10033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the primary cause of lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases, reproductive disorders, and delayed wound healing all over the world. The goals of smoking cessation are both to reduce health risks and to improve quality of life. The development of novel and more effective medications for smoking cessation is crucial in the treatment of nicotine dependence. Currently, first-line smoking cessation therapies include nicotine replacement products and bupropion. The partial nicotinic receptor agonist, varenicline, has recently been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for smoking cessation. Clonidine and nortriptyline have demonstrated some efficacy, but side effects may limit their use to second-line treatment products. Other therapeutic drugs that are under development include rimonabant, mecamylamine, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and dopamine D3 receptor antagonists. Nicotine vaccines are among newer products seeking approval from the FDA. Antidrug vaccines are irreversible, provide protection over years and need booster injections far beyond the critical phase of acute withdrawal symptoms. Interacting with the drug in the blood rather than with a receptor in the brain, the vaccines are free of side effects due to central interaction. For drugs like nicotine, which interacts with different types of receptors in many organs, this is a further advantage. Three anti-nicotine vaccines are today in an advanced stage of clinical evaluation. Results show that the efficiency of the vaccines is directly related to the antibody levels, a fact which will help to optimize the vaccine effect. The vaccines are expected to appear on the market between 2011 and 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Juan Escobar-Chávez
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, México
| | - Clara Luisa Domínguez-Delgado
- División de Estudios de Posgrado (Tecnología Farmacéutica), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, México
| | - Isabel Marlen Rodríguez-Cruz
- División de Estudios de Posgrado (Tecnología Farmacéutica), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, México
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Mattioli L, Perfumi M. Evaluation of Rhodiola rosea L. extract on affective and physical signs of nicotine withdrawal in mice. J Psychopharmacol 2011; 25:402-10. [PMID: 19939867 DOI: 10.1177/0269881109348166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a Rhodiola rosea L. extract on the prevention of the development of nicotine dependence and for the reduction of abstinence suffering following nicotine cessation in mice. Dependence was induced in mice by subcutaneous injections of nicotine (2 mg/kg, 4 times/day) for eight days. Spontaneous abstinence syndrome was evaluated 20 h after the last nicotine administration, by analysis of withdrawal signs, as affective (anxiety-like behaviour) and physical (somatic signs and locomotor activity). Rhodiola rosea L. extract was administered orally during nicotine treatment (10, 15 and 20 mg/kg) or during nicotine withdrawal (20 mg/kg). Results show that both affective and somatic signs (head shaking, paw tremors, body tremors, ptosis, jumping, piloerection and chewing) induced by nicotine withdrawal are abolished by administration of Rhodiola rosea L. extract in a dose-dependent fashion, during both nicotine exposure and nicotine cessation. In conclusion, our data encourage additional studies to define the use of R. rosea L. as a therapeutic approach in the treatment of smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mattioli
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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Weinberger AH, McKee SA, George TP. Changes in smoking expectancies in abstinent, reducing, and non-abstinent participants during a pharmacological trial for smoking cessation. Nicotine Tob Res 2010; 12:937-43. [PMID: 20644207 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntq120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smoking expectancies are related to smoking consumption and predict smoking cessation. Little is known about whether expectancies change during smoking treatments, consistent with changes in smoking behavior. This study examined reported changes in smoking beliefs during an 8-week smoking cessation trial, which evaluated the safety and efficacy of the monoamine oxidase B inhibitor selegiline hydrochloride versus placebo. METHODS Participants were classified as "Quit" (n = 18), "Reduced" (n = 34), or "Not Quit" (n = 49) by 7-day point prevalence abstinence at the end of treatment. Expectancies were assessed at randomization, 1 week after the target quit date, and at the end of treatment. RESULTS Beliefs about smoking assessed prior to the quit attempt were not associated with cessation outcomes. Participants who quit smoking reported a reduction in expectations that smoking would reduce negative affect, boredom, and cravings, and facilitate social interactions, while participants who did not quit smoking reported an increase in Negative Social Impression beliefs. There were gender differences in beliefs related to Negative Affect Reduction, Negative Physical Feelings, Social Facilitation, and Cravings and significant Gender X Smoking Status interactions for Health Risk and Weight Control beliefs. There were no significant effects of medication on expectancies. DISCUSSION Baseline expectancies were not associated with abstinence outcomes; however, expectancies changed over time with changes in smoking, and the greatest changes were seen with smoking abstinence. Information about the relationship between smoking beliefs and behaviors may be used to enhance or tailor smoking cessation treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea H Weinberger
- Division of Substance Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, SAC, Room S-211, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
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Philibert RA, Beach SRH, Gunter TD, Brody GH, Madan A, Gerrard M. The effect of smoking on MAOA promoter methylation in DNA prepared from lymphoblasts and whole blood. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:619-628. [PMID: 19777560 PMCID: PMC3694401 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Prior work using lymphoblast DNA prepared from 192 subjects from the Iowa Adoption Studies (IAS) demonstrated that decreased MAOA promoter methylation was associated with lifetime symptom count for nicotine dependence (ND) and provided suggestive evidence that the amount of methylation is genotype dependent. In the current investigation, we replicate and extend these prior findings in three ways using another 289 IAS subjects and the same methodologies. First, we show that methylation is dependent on current smoking status. Second, we introduce a factor analytic approach to DNA methylation, highlighting three distinct regions of the promoter that may function in somewhat different ways for males and females. Third, we directly compare the methylation signatures in DNA prepared from whole blood and lymphoblasts from a subset of these subjects and provide suggestive evidence favoring the use of lymphoblast DNA. We conclude that smoking reliably decreases MAOA methylation, but exact characterization of effects on level of methylation depend on genotype, smoking history, current smoking status, gender, and region of the promoter-associated CpG Island examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Philibert
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.
,Neuroscience and Genetics Programs, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.
,To whom correspondence should be addressed. Rm 2-126 MEB Psychiatry Research/MEB, Iowa City, IA, USA. 52242-1000 TEL 319-353-4986, FAX 301-353-3003,
| | - Steven R. H. Beach
- Institute for Behavioral Research, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Tracy D. Gunter
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Gene H. Brody
- Institute for Behavioral Research, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Anup Madan
- The Swedish Hospital Institute for Neuroscience, Seattle, WA
| | - Meg Gerrard
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
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Weinberger AH, Reutenauer EL, Jatlow PI, O'Malley SS, Potenza MN, George TP. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial of oral selegiline hydrochloride for smoking cessation in nicotine-dependent cigarette smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2010; 107:188-95. [PMID: 19939587 PMCID: PMC2822098 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM The primary aim of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of the monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitor selegiline hydrochloride (SEL, l-Deprenyl; Eldepryl) as an aid for smoking cessation in cigarette smokers. METHODS One hundred and one nicotine-dependent adult cigarette smokers without current psychiatric or substance use disorders participated in this 8-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Participants received either SEL (5mg bid, n=51) or placebo (PLO, n=50), in combination with brief (<10 min) manualized smoking cessation counseling. The main smoking outcome measures were 7-day point prevalence abstinence at end of trial (EOT), 4-week continuous smoking abstinence at end of trial (CA), and 7-day point prevalence abstinence at 6-month follow-up (6MFU). Abstinence was determined by an absence of self-reported cigarette smoking and biochemically verified by expired breath carbon monoxide and plasma cotinine levels. RESULTS Rates of smoking abstinence did not differ by medication group (EOT: SEL=16%, PLO=20%, p=0.57; CA: SEL=14%, PLO=18%, p=0.56; 6MFU: SEL=12%, PLO=16%, p=0.54). Adverse events were modest and comparable between medication groups. Participants receiving SEL were more likely than those receiving PLO to report dry mouth (25.5% versus 8.2%, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that SEL was safe and well-tolerated by adult cigarette smokers, but did not improve smoking abstinence rates compared to PLO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea H. Weinberger
- Program for Research in Smokers with Mental Illness (PRISM), Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519 USA
- Substance Abuse Center (SAC), Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519 USA
| | - Erin L. Reutenauer
- Program for Research in Smokers with Mental Illness (PRISM), Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519 USA
- Substance Abuse Center (SAC), Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519 USA
| | - Peter I. Jatlow
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519 USA
| | - Stephanie S. O'Malley
- Substance Abuse Center (SAC), Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519 USA
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Substance Abuse Center (SAC), Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519 USA
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519 USA
| | - Tony P. George
- Program for Research in Smokers with Mental Illness (PRISM), Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519 USA
- Substance Abuse Center (SAC), Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519 USA
- Division of Addiction Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Schizophrenia Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8 Canada
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Edens E, Massa A, Petrakis I. Novel pharmacological approaches to drug abuse treatment. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2010; 3:343-86. [PMID: 21161760 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2009_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The field of pharmacologic addiction treatment is expanding rapidly. While there are currently several FDA-approved medications for nicotine, alcohol, and opiate dependence, research into novel pharmacological approaches for these and additional substances is legion. Each drug of abuse, while sharing a common final neural pathway of increasing dopaminergic tone, has unique and individual characteristics that are important in developing improved and varied treatments. In this chapter, we discuss such research and present the neurobiological underpinnings of these explorations. In general, addiction treatment is focused on four areas: (1) reducing withdrawal discomfort, (2) diminishing cravings, (3) blocking rewarding effects of the drug, and (4) treating comorbidities, such as depression or ADHD. We present current ideas in pharmacologic research for nicotine, alcohol, cannabis, stimulants, and opiates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Edens
- West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
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Nicotine dependence – human and animal studies, current pharmacotherapies and future perspectives. Pharmacol Rep 2009; 61:957-65. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Dome P, Lazary J, Kalapos MP, Rihmer Z. Smoking, nicotine and neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009; 34:295-342. [PMID: 19665479 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is an extremely addictive and harmful form of nicotine (NIC) consumption, but unfortunately also the most prevalent. Although disproportionately high frequencies of smoking and its health consequences among psychiatric patients are widely known, the neurobiological background of this epidemiological association is still obscure. The diverse neuroactive effects of NIC and some other major tobacco smoke constituents in the central nervous system may underlie this association. This present paper summarizes the pharmacology of NIC and its receptors (nAChR) based on a systematic review of the literature. The role of the brain's reward system(s) in NIC addiction and the results of functional and structural neuroimaging studies on smoking-related states and behaviors (i.e. dependence, craving, withdrawal) are also discussed. In addition, the epidemiological, neurobiological, and genetic aspects of smoking in several specific neuropsychiatric disorders are reviewed and the clinical relevance of smoking in these disease states addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dome
- Department of Clinical and Theoretical Mental Health, Kutvolgyi Clinical Center, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Kutvolgyi ut 4, 1125 Budapest, Hungary.
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Chronic treatment with monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors decreases cocaine reward in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 205:141-9. [PMID: 19343328 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1524-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE Whether monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) can be used to suppress the reinforcing effect of cocaine remains unknown. This study was undertaken to examine effects of a long-term dosing regimen with selective MAOIs on cocaine and food reward. MATERIALS AND METHODS Since single dose of clorgyline (2 mg/kg), deprenyl (1 mg/kg), and pargyline (10 mg/kg) did not acutely affect mouse locomotor activity, these doses were chosen to treat the male C57BL/6j mice on a daily basis. RESULTS Fourteen consecutive days of pretreatments with clorgyline, deprenyl, or pargyline (one injection per day) did not affect natural reward-supported operant behavior, since acquisition of the lever pressing responses for food pellets under an FR-1 protocol did not differ among these drug- and saline-treated mice. Likewise, 24 consecutive days of pretreatments with clorgyline did not alter acquisition of the cocaine (0.3 mg/kg per infusion)-supported operant responses under an FR-1 protocol. In contrast, 24 days of pretreatments with deprenyl and pargyline abolished the cocaine-supported operant responses under a similar protocol. Twenty-four days of clorgyline treatment enhanced serotonin contents in striatum, nucleus accumbens, and frontal cortex. Frontal cortical 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacidic acid concentrations were decreased following 24 days of pretreatments with deprenyl and pargyline. These changes were not evident in mice pretreated with clorgyline. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that long-term treatments with MAO-B inhibitors may decrease cocaine-supported operant responses in cocaine-naïve mice by selectively decreasing frontal cortical metabolism of dopamine and serotonin.
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Zaniewska M, McCreary AC, Stefański R, Przegaliński E, Filip M. Effect of varenicline on the acute and repeated locomotor responses to nicotine in rats. Synapse 2009; 62:935-9. [PMID: 18798299 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of varenicline, a novel partial agonist at alpha 4 beta 2 and full agonist at alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes, in blocking the locomotor effects of acute or repeated treatments with nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, s.c.) in rats. Varenicline (0.3-3 mg/kg, s.c.) by itself enhanced the basal locomotor activity in naive rats while it had an inhibitory effect on acute nicotine-induced hyperlocomotion. Varenicline (0.3-3 mg/kg) did not change the nicotine-evoked conditioned locomotion, but when administered to nicotine-sensitized rats (0.1 and 1 mg/kg), reduced the expression of nicotine sensitization. In another set of experiments, varenicline (1 mg/kg) administered during the second withdrawal period (days 11-14) to nicotine-treated rats, attenuated the reestablishment of the expression of nicotine sensitization. Our pharmacological analyses further support the hypothesis that varenicline might be a useful treatment for smoking cessation considering its actions on the locomotor and reinforcing effects of nicotine without inhibition of conditioned locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zaniewska
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
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Philibert RA, Gunter TD, Beach SR, Brody G, Madan A. MAOA methylation is associated with nicotine and alcohol dependence in women. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B:565-70. [PMID: 18454435 PMCID: PMC3685146 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the role of epigenetic phenomenon, such as methylation, in mediating vulnerability to behavioral illness has become increasingly appreciated. One prominent locus at which epigenetic phenomena are thought to be in play is the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) locus. In order to examine the role of methylation at this locus, we performed quantitative methylation analysis across the promoter region of this gene in lymphoblast lines derived from 191 subjects participating in the Iowa Adoption Studies (IAS). We analyzed the resulting data with respect to genotype and lifetime symptom counts for the more common major behavioral disorders in the IAS, antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), and substance use disorders (alcohol (AD) and nicotine dependence (ND)). We found that methylation status was significantly associated with lifetime symptom counts for ND (P < 0.001) and AD (P < 0.008) in women, but not men. Furthermore, a trend was found for women homozygous for the 3,3 allele to have a higher degree of overall methylation than women homozygous for the 4,4 allele (P < 0.10). We conclude that methylation of MAOA may play a significant role in common psychiatric illness and that further examination of epigenetic processes at this locus is in order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Philibert
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
,Neuroscience and Genetics Programs, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
,To whom correspondence should be addressed. Rm 2-126 MEB Psychiatry Research/MEB, Iowa City, IA, USA. 52242-1000 TEL 319-353-4986, FAX 301-353-3003,
| | - Tracy D. Gunter
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | | | | | - Anup Madan
- The Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA
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