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Saintila J, Baquedano-Santana LE, Calizaya-Milla YE, Ramos-Vera C, Barrientos AS, Carranza-Esteban RF. Association between frequency of breakfast consumption and cardiometabolic risk in Peruvian university teachers, 2019-2020. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1238223. [PMID: 37575324 PMCID: PMC10419266 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1238223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although the relationship between health status and dietary intake has been extensively studied in the general population, there is a lack of research that has specifically examined the association between frequency of breakfast consumption and cardiometabolic risk in university teachers. Objective To determine the association between the frequency of breakfast consumption and cardiometabolic risk in university teachers. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 176 teachers from a private university located in the eastern region of Lima, Peru (Mage: 37.0 years; SD: 0.8, range: 24-59 years). The study was conducted during the period from December 2019 to February 2020. Information was collected on anthropometric and biochemical parameters and frequency of breakfast consumption. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to explore the association between frequency of breakfast with sociodemographic, anthropometric, and biochemical variables. Results The highest prevalence of excess body weight (44.4%) was observed in those who consumed breakfast 0 to 2 days/week, but without statistical differences. Those who reported Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) < 160 mg/dL were 77% less likely to fall into the 3-5 day/week breakfast frequency category than those who reported a regular frequency of breakfast (6 to 7 days/week) (Adjusted OR = 0.23, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.73; p < 0.05). In addition, teachers who reported a breakfast frequency of 3 to 5 days/week were 83% more likely to have a glucose concentration < 110 mg/dL compared to those who consumed breakfast of 6 to 7 days/week (Adjusted OR = 0.17, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.75; p < 0.05). Conclusion Skipping breakfast for an extended period of time can have detrimental effects on cardiometabolic health. Promoting the benefits of breakfast could be a health message of great public health interest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura E. Baquedano-Santana
- Research and Development Laboratories, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | | | - Renzo F. Carranza-Esteban
- Grupo de Investigación Avances en Investigación Psicológica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
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Krzykała M, Karpowicz K, Karpowicz M, Bartkowiak S, Demuth A, Czerniak U, Janowski J. Somatic characteristic, morphological asymmetry and postural stability of youth male canoeists compared to control. A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285997. [PMID: 37216383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the relationships between selected morphological characteristics and the level of body composition asymmetry with postural stability among canoeists and a control group. METHODS The sample consisted of 43 males (21 canoeists 21.8±3.29 years and 22 university students 21.7±1.32 years). Measurements included body height and weight. Segmental body composition analysis was assessed using the bioelectrical impedance by determining: fat mass (FM, kg, %), fat-free mass (FFM, kg) and predicted muscle mass (PMM, kg). Postural stability was tested using the BIODEX Balance System. Anterior-posterior stability index (APSI), medial-lateral stability index (MLSI) and overall stability index (OSI) were calculated. RESULTS Our findings suggest that the canoeists had statistically lower level of fatty tissue compared to controls. There was a statistically important difference between groups in lower limb FM (% and kg). In both groups morphological asymmetry was observed, but in most cases-in athletes. Asymmetries between right and left arms appeared in all parameters, while asymmetries between right and left legs were noted in all parameters except FM (kg). There were relationships between stature and body weight with postural stability in canoeists. Canoeists demonstrated better balance than controls, particularly in the APSI. For all stability indices, significant differences were observed between right and left legs across all participants. CONCLUSIONS Athletes, with larger asymmetries or poorer balance, require more attention to improve performance and reduce the risk of overload injury. Future studies needed to develop sport-specific level of morphofunctional asymmetry which would be optimal for sport results and health as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Krzykała
- Department of Methodology of Recreation, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Karpowicz
- Department of Theory of Sports, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Karpowicz
- Department of Team Sports Games, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Sylwia Bartkowiak
- Department of Theory of Sports, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Demuth
- Department of Anthropology and Biometry, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Urszula Czerniak
- Department of Anthropology and Biometry, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jarosław Janowski
- Department of Theory of Sports, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
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Dixit S, Gular K, Gautam AP, Reddy RS, Ahmad I, Tedla JS, Taneja V. Association between Handgrip Strength, Skinfold Thickness, and Trunk Strength among University Students. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13050904. [PMID: 36900048 PMCID: PMC10000733 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13050904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main goal was to explore the relationship between hand grip strength (HGS), the thickness of the skinfold at multiple sites, and the trunk flexor (TF) and extensor (TE) muscle strength among healthy participants. METHODS We employed a cross-sectional design and randomly recruited 40 participants. Ultimately, only 39 participants were included. First, measurements for demographic and anthropometric variables were carried out. After that, the evaluation of hand grip strength and skinfold was performed. DATA ANALYSIS Descriptive statistics were used to explore the amount of interaction between the smoking and nonsmoking groups, and a repeated measures analysis of variance was employed. Furthermore, associations between dependent and independent variables were discovered through a multiple linear regression model. RESULTS The participants had a mean age of 21.59 ± 1.19 years. The results of the repeated measures analysis of variance validated an acceptable interaction between the trunk and hand grip strength at a significance level of p < 0.01, further emphasized by their moderate association (p < 0.05). Multiple regressions between TE, TF, the independent variables T score, height, and age were also significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The trunk muscle strength can be used as a health indicator for comprehensive evaluation. The present study also found a moderate relationship between hand grip strength, trunk strength, and T score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehil Dixit
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +966-559105324
| | - Kumar Gular
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajay Prashad Gautam
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ravi Shankar Reddy
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaya Shanker Tedla
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vani Taneja
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
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Equations based on anthropometric measurements for adipose tissue, body fat, or body density prediction in children and adolescents: a scoping review. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:2321-2338. [PMID: 35699918 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01405-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Assessing the body composition of children and adolescents is important to monitor their health status. Anthropometric measurements are feasible and less-expensive than other techniques for body composition assessment. This study aimed to systematically map anthropometric equations to predict adipose tissue, body fat, or density in children and adolescents, and to analyze methodological aspects of the development of anthropometric equations using skinfolds. METHODS A scoping review was carried out following the PRISMA-ScR criteria. The search was carried out in eight databases. The methodological structure protocol of this scoping review was retrospectively registered in the Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/35uhc/ ). RESULTS We included 78 reports and 593 anthropometric equations. The samples consisted of healthy individuals, people with different diseases or disabilities, and athletes from different sports. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was the reference method most commonly used in developing equations. Triceps and subscapular skinfolds were the anthropometric measurements most frequently used as predictors in the equations. Age, stage of sexual maturation, and peak height velocity were used as complementary variables in the equations. CONCLUSION Our scoping review identified equations proposed for children and adolescents with a great diversity of characteristics. In many of the reports, important methodological aspects were not addressed, a factor that may be associated with equation bias. LEVEL IV Evidence obtained from multiple time series analysis such as case studies. (NB: dramatic results in uncontrolled trials might also be regarded as this type of evidence).
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Use of Physical Activity and Exercise to Reduce Inflammation in Children and Adolescents with Obesity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116908. [PMID: 35682490 PMCID: PMC9180584 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Childhood obesity is a leading public health problem worldwide, as it is increasingly prevalent and therefore responsible for serious obesity-related comorbidities, not only in childhood but also in adulthood. In addition to cardio-metabolic obesity-related disorders, recent evidence suggests that excess adipose tissue in turn is associated with immune cell infiltration, increased adipokine release, and the development of low-grade systemic inflammation obesity. Exercise is considered a non-pharmacological intervention that can delay obesity-related comorbidities, improving cardiovascular fitness and modulating the inflammatory processes. It has been reported that the anti-inflammatory effect of regular exercise may be mediated by a reduction in visceral fat mass, with a subsequent decrease in the release of adipokines from adipose tissue (AT) and/or by the induction of an anti-inflammatory environment. In this narrative review, we discuss the role of AT as an endocrine organ associated with chronic inflammation and its role in obesity-related complications, focusing on the effect of exercise in reducing inflammation in children and adolescents with obesity. Regular physical exercise must be considered as a natural part of a healthy lifestyle, and promoting physical activity starting from childhood is useful to limit the negative effects of obesity on health. The crucial role of the immune system in the development of obesity-induced inflammatory processes and the efficacy of exercise as an anti-inflammatory, non-pharmacological intervention may provide possible targets for the development of new treatments and early preventive strategies.
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Nuñez-Leyva RE, Lozano-López TE, Calizaya-Milla YE, Calizaya-Milla SE, Saintila J. Excess Weight and Body Fat Percentage Associated with Waist Circumference as a Cardiometabolic Risk Factor in University Students. SCIENTIFICA 2022; 2022:1310030. [PMID: 35036024 PMCID: PMC8754593 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1310030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is one of the most important public health problems for university students. The objective of the study was to evaluate the association between body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (%BF) with waist circumference (WC) as a cardiometabolic risk factor (CMR) among university students. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out in 2,048 students from a private university located in Lima, Peru. Anthropometric data (weight, height, %BF, and WC) were collected. Chi-square test was used. Association analysis was performed using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS The findings indicated that 36.9% and 61.1% of men were overweight and had higher %BF, respectively, compared to women. Women (OR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.17, 0.29), Peruvian students (OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.39, 0.90), and students enrolled in the faculty of health sciences (OR = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.62, 0.94) are less likely to manifest CMR. Also, excess body weight (OR, 17.28; 95% CI, 13.21, 22.59) and a high %BF (OR, 4.55; 95% CI, 3.55, 5.84) were strongly associated with CMR. CONCLUSION CMRs are a public health problem among university students. Therefore, it is important to carry out healthy lifestyle programs to promote better control and prevention, particularly among male students and those who have excess weight and body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto E. Nuñez-Leyva
- Escuela de Posgrado, Unidad de Posgrado Salud Pública, Universidad Peruana Unión, Lima, Peru
| | - Tabita E. Lozano-López
- Grupo de Investigación en Nutrición y Estilos de Vida, Escuela de Nutrición Humana, Universidad Peruana Unión, Lima, Peru
| | - Yaquelin E. Calizaya-Milla
- Grupo de Investigación en Nutrición y Estilos de Vida, Escuela de Nutrición Humana, Universidad Peruana Unión, Lima, Peru
| | - Sergio E. Calizaya-Milla
- Grupo de Investigación en Nutrición y Estilos de Vida, Escuela de Nutrición Humana, Universidad Peruana Unión, Lima, Peru
| | - Jacksaint Saintila
- Escuela de Posgrado, Unidad de Posgrado Salud Pública, Universidad Peruana Unión, Lima, Peru
- Grupo de Investigación en Nutrición y Estilos de Vida, Escuela de Nutrición Humana, Universidad Peruana Unión, Lima, Peru
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Yılmaz B, Gezmen Karadağ M. The current review of adolescent obesity: the role of genetic factors. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2021; 34:151-162. [PMID: 33185580 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2020-0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, a complex, multi-factor and heterogeneous condition, is thought to result from the interaction of environmental and genetic factors. Considering the result of adolescence obesity in adulthood, the role of genetic factors comes to the fore. Recently, many genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been conducted and many loci associated with adiposity have been identified. In adolescents, the strongest association with obesity has been found in single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the FTO gene. Besides FTO, GWAS showed consistent effects between variants in MC4R, TMEM18, TNNI3K, SEC16B, GNPDA2, POMC and obesity. However, these variants may not have similar effects for all ethnic groups. Although recently genetic factors are considered to contribute to obesity, relatively little is known about the specific loci related to obesity and the mechanisms by which they cause obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birsen Yılmaz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Çankaya, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Makbule Gezmen Karadağ
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Çankaya, Ankara, Turkey
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8
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Salazar-Preciado LL, Vallarta-Robledo JR, Chávez-Palencia C, Lizárraga-Corona E, Larrosa-Haro A. Bilateral asymmetry in arm anthropometric measurements according to laterality and nutritional status in children and adolescents from 6 to 12 years old. Am J Hum Biol 2021; 34:e23585. [PMID: 33619837 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare and correlate anthropometric measurements of the left arm versus the right arm and to establish their relation to laterality, sex, and nutritional status in children and adolescents from 6 to 12 years of age. METHODS A cross-sectional study included 605 children and adolescents (285 males; 320 females), with a middle socioeconomic status, that attended an urban elementary school. Anthropometric measurements were taken in both arms, along with height and weight, to assess nutritional status. Self-reported hand preference was recorded. RESULTS A total of 49.3% were females and 93% of the subjects were right-handed (n = 563). The mean comparison of right arm and left arm measurements and areas, according to laterality, showed differences in arm fat measurements, with higher values in the right arm. However, the mean difference in triceps skinfold and upper arm measurements between the right arm and left arm was smaller than the technical error of measurement. Significant differences were observed between arm measurements and areas. Upper arm and total upper arm areas of both arms had the highest regression coefficients, with an adjusted R2 of .98, whereas the arm fat index had the lowest (adjusted R2 of .88). Adjusting the previous differences between the right arm and left arm by age, sex, BMI, and laterality produced similar results. CONCLUSIONS Statistical but not clinically significant differences were found between some measurements and areas of both arms, discretely modified in models adjusted for age and BMI, so the measurements can be made on either arm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Leticia Salazar-Preciado
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Mexico.,División de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Juan R Vallarta-Robledo
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Mexico.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Clío Chávez-Palencia
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Mexico.,División de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Lizárraga-Corona
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Mexico.,Instituto de Nutrición Humana, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Larrosa-Haro
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Mexico.,Instituto de Nutrición Humana, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
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Assessment of Nutritional Status and Body Composition in Tibetan Adolescent girls of Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh. ANTHROPOLOGICAL REVIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/anre-2020-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Malnutrition among adolescents is an important public health issue in India. The aim of the present study was to assess nutritional status and body composition characteristics of adolescent girls and their interrelationships with physical activity and socioeconomic status (SES). Nutritional status and body composition characteristics were assessed in terms of body mass index (BMI), upper arm muscle area by height (UAMAH) and percent body fat (PBF) among 276 Tibetan adolescent girls from Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh. Overall, 12.7% of the girls were in the wasting category (using Z-score based classification for UAMAH) and 9.8% were thin. About 16.3% girls were obese. Significant variabilities of PBF have been observed with respect to age and levels of physical activity and wasting. Adolescent girls were observed to have higher lean body mass than body fat.
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Vizzuso S, Amatruda M, Del Torto A, D’Auria E, Ippolito G, Zuccotti GV, Verduci E. Is Macronutrients Intake a Challenge for Cardiometabolic Risk in Obese Adolescents? Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061785. [PMID: 32560039 PMCID: PMC7353408 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Pediatric obesity is an emerging public health issue, mainly related to western diet. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the association between macronutrients intake and cardiometabolic risk factors in obese adolescents. (2) Methods: Ninety-three Italian obese adolescents were recruited; anthropometric parameters, body composition, glucose and lipid metabolism profiles were measured. Macronutrients intake was estimated by a software-assisted analysis of a 120-item frequency questionnaire. The association between macronutrients and cardiometabolic risk factors was assessed by bivariate correlation, and multiple regression analysis was used to adjust for confounders such as age and sex. (3) Results: By multiple regression analysis, we found that higher energy and lower carbohydrate intakes predicted higher body mass index (BMI) z-score, p = 0.005, and higher saturated fats intake and higher age predicted higher HOmeostasis Model Assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and lower QUantitative Insulin-sensitivity ChecK (QUICK) index, p = 0.001. In addition, a saturated fats intake <7% was associated with normal HOMA-IR, and a higher total fats intake predicted a higher HOMA of percent β-cell function (HOMA-β), p = 0.011. (4) Conclusions: Higher energy intake and lower carbohydrate dietary intake predicted higher BMI z-score after adjustment for age and sex. Higher total and saturated fats dietary intakes predicted insulin resistance, even after adjustment for confounding factors. A dietary pattern including appropriate high-quality carbohydrate and reduced saturated fat intakes could result in reduced cardiometabolic risk in obese adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Vizzuso
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.V.); (M.A.); (G.I.)
| | - Matilde Amatruda
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.V.); (M.A.); (G.I.)
| | | | - Enza D’Auria
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (E.D.); (G.V.Z.)
| | - Giulio Ippolito
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.V.); (M.A.); (G.I.)
| | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (E.D.); (G.V.Z.)
| | - Elvira Verduci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.V.); (M.A.); (G.I.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (E.D.); (G.V.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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Martín-Matillas M, Mora-Gonzalez J, Migueles JH, Ubago-Guisado E, Gracia-Marco L, Ortega FB. Validity of Slaughter Equations and Bioelectrical Impedance Against Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry in Children. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:803-812. [PMID: 32144886 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to 1) analyze the criterion validity of the Slaughter equations (Slg-Eq) and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to estimate body fat percentage (BFP) and fat mass index (FMI) at different degrees of obesity in children compared with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and 2) determine their agreement over time. METHODS Ninety-two children with overweight or obesity (10.0 [SD 1.2] years; 34.8% girls) participated in this 20-week study. Anthropometric, BIA, and DXA measurements were performed. RESULTS Both Slg-Eq and BIA methods underestimated BFP and FMI against DXA, and the bias was markedly larger with BIA (mean absolute percentage error = 11% for Slg-Eq vs. 18%-21% for BIA); a larger underestimation was observed in girls compared with boys for Slg-Eq (P ≤ 0.001), and the observed underestimation in adiposity was reduced as weight status increased. Systematic errors were kept constant over time, so no large differences between methods were observed in the change in adiposity. CONCLUSIONS At the group level, Slg-Eq provides a more valid estimation of BFP and FMI than BIA. At the individual level, Slg-Eq shows larger estimation errors. The validity of these methods might differ in sex and weight status. Nevertheless, both methods seem to be valid for monitoring changes in adiposity.
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Grants
- ID 100010434 La Caixa Foundation
- FPU14/06837 Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport
- FPU15/02645 Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport
- SOMM17/6107/UGR University of Granada, UGR Research and Knowledge Transfer Fund (PPIT) 2016, Excellence Actions Programme: Units of Scientific Excellence; Scientific Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES), and by the Regional Government of Andalusia, Regional Ministry of Economy, Knowledge, Entreprises and University and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)
- DEP2013-47540 Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness
- DEP2016-79512-R Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness
- DEP2017-91544-EXP Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness
- SOMM17/6107/UGR University of Granada, UGR Research and Knowledge Transfer Fund (PPIT) 2016, Excellence Actions Programme: Units of Scientific Excellence; Scientific Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES), and by the Regional Government of Andalusia, the Regional Ministry of Economy, Knowledge, Enterprises and University, and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Martín-Matillas
- PROFITH (PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity) Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose Mora-Gonzalez
- PROFITH (PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity) Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jairo H Migueles
- PROFITH (PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity) Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Esther Ubago-Guisado
- PROFITH (PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity) Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Health and Social Research Center, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
| | - Luis Gracia-Marco
- PROFITH (PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity) Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco B Ortega
- PROFITH (PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity) Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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Pourshirazi M, Golmakani N, Ebrahimzadeh Zagami S, Esmaily H, Tara F. The relationship between Cormic Index and uterine contractions' pattern in the active phase of the first stage of labour. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2019; 40:30-36. [PMID: 31221038 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2019.1594175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Uterine contractions are indicators of labour progress. The relationship between anthropometric indices and types of childbirth has been investigated. One of these indices is referred to as the Cormic Index, which provides an estimation of the sitting height and leg length. This cross-sectional study was performed to determine the relationship between the Cormic Index and the uterine contractions' pattern in the active phase of the first stage of labour. The standing and sitting heights of 150 pregnant women were measured to calculate the Cormic Index. Then, two Cardiotocographic traces were recorded during the 3 to 5 and 6 to 8 centimetres' dilations, by which the uterine contractions' pattern were determined. The mean Cormic Index was 51.84 ± 2.62. The results indicated that the Cormic Index had a positive linear correlation with MTIME (frequency of contractions) in the first monitoring episode and SDTIME (regularity of contractions) in the first and the second monitoring episode, which was significant (p < .05). However, there was no significant correlation between the Cormic Index and F:R ratio (shape of contractions) in both monitoring episodes. With the rise of the mother's Cormic Index, the frequency of contractions in the acceleration phase, and also their regularity in the acceleration phase and the phase of the maximum slope, were decreased during the active phase of labour.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? Uterine Contraction as an indicator of labour progress enforces cervical dilation. If uterine activity is analysed through electronic methods, one could assess labour outcome through some patterns of the contractions. Anthropometry provides a quick determination of the body proportions. The Cormic Index provides an estimation of the upper and lower body length. Several studies have investigated the relationship between the anthropometric indices and the types of childbirth. Despite the various approaches available, there is no objective means of precisely distinguishing the fact that whether labour can be successful in effecting vaginal delivery or not and diagnosis of dystocia still relies on the trial of labour.What do the results of this study add? The results of this study add to the growing body of research on the progression of labour that Cormic Index has a positive linear correlation with the frequency of contractions in acceleration phase, and with the regularity of contractions in the acceleration phase and the phase of maximum slope.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? The results can help professionals to evaluate the progress of labour based on the type of uterine contractions in the latent phase or the early active phase of labour using the Cormic Index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Pourshirazi
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nahid Golmakani
- Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Samira Ebrahimzadeh Zagami
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Habibollah Esmaily
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fateme Tara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Women Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Vizzari G, Sommariva MC, Dei Cas M, Bertoli S, Vizzuso S, Radaelli G, Battezzati A, Paroni R, Verduci E. Circulating Salicylic Acid and Metabolic Profile after 1-Year Nutritional⁻Behavioral Intervention in Children with Obesity. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051091. [PMID: 31100916 PMCID: PMC6566552 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives and Study: Salicylic acid (SA), a phenolic compound produced by plants, may play a beneficial role on health. A pilot study showed that children with obesity had lower serum SA than normal-weight children. The aim of this trial was to evaluate the effect of a 1-year nutritional–behavioral intervention on serum SA levels and to study a possible association between SA levels and metabolic profile changes in children with obesity. Methods: This was an interventional longitudinal observational uncontrolled cohort study. Forty-nine children with obesity, aged >6 years were evaluated. BMI (body mass index) z-scores were calculated. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for lipids, insulin, and glucose. The most significant metabolic variables were calculated. Serum SA was measured using a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method. The 1-year intervention was based on the promotion of a balanced and normocaloric diet, in accordance with the national guidelines for treatment of childhood obesity. Additionally, behavioral education, based on the revised CALO-RE (Coventry, Aberdeen, and London-REfined) taxonomy, was performed. Results: At the end of intervention, children showed an increase in serum SA levels (mean (Standard Deviation, SD) 0.06 (0.02) vs. 0.09 (0.05) µmol/L; p < 0.001), a reduction of BMI z-score (3.14 (0.79) vs. 3.02 (0.82); p < 0.001), TyG index (4.52 (0.20) vs. 4.48 (0.23); p < 0.001), AIP (atherogenic index of plasma) (0.36 (0.21) vs. 0.27 (0.25); p < 0.001), and triglycerides/HDL (high density lipoprotein) cholesterol (2.57 (1.28) vs. 2.18 (1.22); p < 0.001) ratio. No statistically significant change in HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment index) was observed (4.20 (3.29) vs. 4.03 (2.28)). An association between the longitudinal variation of serum SA and HOMA-IR was found (correlation coefficient: −0.338, p = 0.02). Conclusion: Nutritional–behavioral intervention may improve the circulating SA and the metabolic profile in children with obesity. Serum SA could influence mainly glucose metabolism. Further larger studies are needed to evaluate whether a nutritional intervention based on specific advice regarding the quantity and type of fruit and vegetables (FV) consumption could provide benefits in terms of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Vizzari
- Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy.
| | - Maria Chiara Sommariva
- Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy.
| | - Michele Dei Cas
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry, San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Science, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milano, Italy.
| | - Simona Bertoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari e Microbiologiche (DiSTAM), International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Colombo, 60, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Sara Vizzuso
- Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Radaelli
- Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy.
| | - Alberto Battezzati
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari e Microbiologiche (DiSTAM), International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Colombo, 60, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Rita Paroni
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry, San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Science, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milano, Italy.
| | - Elvira Verduci
- Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy.
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14
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Mayo B, Miles C, Sims S, Driller M. The Effect of Resistance Training in a Hypoxic Chamber on Physical Performance in Elite Rugby Athletes. High Alt Med Biol 2018; 19:28-34. [DOI: 10.1089/ham.2017.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brad Mayo
- Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
- Bay of Plenty Rugby Union, Mount Maunganui, New Zealand
| | - Cory Miles
- Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Stacy Sims
- Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Driller
- Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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15
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Kumar S, Kelly AS. Review of Childhood Obesity: From Epidemiology, Etiology, and Comorbidities to Clinical Assessment and Treatment. Mayo Clin Proc 2017; 92:251-265. [PMID: 28065514 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 791] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Childhood obesity has emerged as an important public health problem in the United States and other countries in the world. Currently 1 in 3 children in the United States is afflicted with overweight or obesity. The increasing prevalence of childhood obesity is associated with emergence of comorbidities previously considered to be "adult" diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, obstructive sleep apnea, and dyslipidemia. The most common cause of obesity in children is a positive energy balance due to caloric intake in excess of caloric expenditure combined with a genetic predisposition for weight gain. Most obese children do not have an underlying endocrine or single genetic cause for their weight gain. Evaluation of children with obesity is aimed at determining the cause of weight gain and assessing for comorbidities resulting from excess weight. Family-based lifestyle interventions, including dietary modifications and increased physical activity, are the cornerstone of weight management in children. A staged approach to pediatric weight management is recommended with consideration of the age of the child, severity of obesity, and presence of obesity-related comorbidities in determining the initial stage of treatment. Lifestyle interventions have shown only modest effect on weight loss, particularly in children with severe obesity. There is limited information on the efficacy and safety of medications for weight loss in children. Bariatric surgery has been found to be effective in decreasing excess weight and improving comorbidities in adolescents with severe obesity. However, there are limited data on the long-term efficacy and safety of bariatric surgery in adolescents. For this comprehensive review, the literature was scanned from 1994 to 2016 using PubMed using the following search terms: childhood obesity, pediatric obesity, childhood overweight, bariatric surgery, and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Kumar
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
| | - Aaron S Kelly
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
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Verduci E, Lassandro C, Giacchero R, Miniello VL, Banderali G, Radaelli G. Change in Metabolic Profile after 1-Year Nutritional-Behavioral Intervention in Obese Children. Nutrients 2015; 7:10089-99. [PMID: 26633492 PMCID: PMC4690072 DOI: 10.3390/nu7125520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Research findings are inconsistent about improvement of specific cardio-metabolic variables after lifestyle intervention in obese children. The aim of this trial was to evaluate the effect of a 1-year intervention, based on normocaloric diet and physical activity, on body mass index (BMI), blood lipid profile, glucose metabolism and metabolic syndrome. Eighty-five obese children aged ≥6 years were analyzed. The BMI z-score was calculated. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for lipids, insulin and glucose. The homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated and insulin resistance was defined as HOMA-IR >3.16. HOMA-β%, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index and triglyceride glucose index were calculated. The metabolic syndrome was defined in accordance with the International Diabetes Federation criteria. At the end of intervention children showed a reduction (mean (95% CI)) in BMI z-score (-0.58 (-0.66; -0.50)), triglycerides (-0.35 (-0.45; -0.25) mmol/L) and triglyceride glucose index (-0.29 (-0.37; -0.21)), and an increase in HDL cholesterol (0.06 (0.01; 0.11) mmol/L). Prevalence of insulin resistance declined from 51.8% to 36.5% and prevalence of metabolic syndrome from 17.1% to 4.9%. Nutritional-behavioral interventions can improve the blood lipid profile and insulin sensitivity in obese children, and possibly provide benefits in terms of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Verduci
- Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan 20142, Italy.
| | - Carlotta Lassandro
- Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan 20142, Italy.
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Milano, Milan 20157, Italy.
| | - Roberta Giacchero
- Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan 20142, Italy.
| | - Vito Leonardo Miniello
- Department of Pediatrics, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bari 70126, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Banderali
- Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan 20142, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Radaelli
- Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan 20142, Italy.
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17
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Horan MK, McGowan CA, Gibney ER, Donnelly JM, McAuliffe FM. The association between maternal dietary micronutrient intake and neonatal anthropometry - secondary analysis from the ROLO study. Nutr J 2015; 14:105. [PMID: 26445882 PMCID: PMC4597429 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-015-0095-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Micronutrients are necessary for fetal growth. However increasingly pregnant women are nutritionally replete and little is known about the effect of maternal micronutrient intakes on fetal adiposity in mothers with increased BMI. The aim of this study was to examine the association of maternal dietary micronutrient intake with neonatal size and adiposity in a cohort at risk of macrosomia. Methods This was a cohort analysis of 554 infants from the ROLO study. Three day food diaries from each trimester were collected. Neonatal weight, length, circumferences and skinfold thicknesses were measured at birth. Multiple linear regression was used to identify associations between micronutrient intakes and neonatal anthropometry. Results Birthweight was negatively associated with maternal trimester 3 vitamin D intake and positively associated with trimester 3 vitamin B12 intake R2adj 19.8 % (F = 13.19, p <0.001). Birth length was positively associated with trimester 3 magnesium intake R2adj 12.9 % (F = 8.06, p <0.001). In terms of neonatal central adiposity; abdominal circumference was positively associated with maternal trimester 3 retinol intake and negatively associated with trimester 3 vitamin E and selenium intake R2adj 11.9 % (F = 2.93, p = 0.002), waist:length ratio was negatively associated with trimester 3 magnesium intake R2adj 20.1 % (F = 3.92, p <0.001) and subscapular:triceps skinfold ratio was negatively associated with trimester 1 selenium intake R2adj7.2 % (F = 2.00, p = 0.047). Conclusions Maternal micronutrient intake was associated with neonatal anthropometry even in women not at risk of malnutrition. Further research is necessary to determine optimal micronutrient intake in overweight and obese pregnant women. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN54392969. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12937-015-0095-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Horan
- UCD Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ciara A McGowan
- UCD Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Eileen R Gibney
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jean M Donnelly
- UCD Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Fionnuala M McAuliffe
- UCD Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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18
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Ferrari M, Cuenca-García M, Valtueña J, Moreno LA, Censi L, González-Gross M, Androutsos O, Gilbert CC, Huybrechts I, Dallongeville J, Sjöström M, Molnar D, De Henauw S, Gómez-Martínez S, de Moraes ACF, Kafatos A, Widhalm K, Leclercq C. Inflammation profile in overweight/obese adolescents in Europe: an analysis in relation to iron status. Eur J Clin Nutr 2015; 69:247-55. [PMID: 25205319 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationship between inflammatory parameters (CRP, c-reactive protein; AGP, α1-acid glycoprotein), iron status indicators (SF, serum ferritin; sTfR, soluble transferrin receptor) and body mass index (BMI) z-score, fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) in European adolescents. Differences in intake for some nutrients (total iron, haem and non-haem iron, vitamin C, calcium, proteins) were assessed according to BMI categories, and the association of nutrient intakes with BMI z-score, FM and FFM was evaluated. METHODS A total of 876 adolescents participating in the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence-Cross Sectional Study were included in the study sample. RESULTS Mean CRP values (standard error; s.e.) were significantly higher in overweight/obese adolescents (1.7±0.3 and 1.4±0.3 mg/l in boys and girls, respectively) than in thin/normal-weight adolescents (1.1±0.2 and 1.0±0.1 mg/l in boys and girls, respectively) (P<0.05). For boys, mean SF values (s.e.) were significantly higher in overweight/obese adolescents (46.9±2.7 μg/l) than in thin/normal-weight adolescents (35.7±1.7 μg/l) (P<0.001), whereas median sTfR values did not differ among BMI categories for both boys and girls. Multilevel regression analyses showed that BMI z-score and FM were significantly related to CRP and AGP (P<0.05). Dietary variables did not differ significantly among BMI categories, except for the intake of vegetable proteins, which, for boys, was higher in thin/normal-weight adolescents than in overweight/obese adolescents (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The adiposity of the European adolescents was sufficient to cause chronic inflammation but not sufficient to impair iron status and cause iron deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ferrari
- CRA-NUT, Agricultural Research Council-Food and Nutrition Research Centre, Rome, Italy
| | - M Cuenca-García
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Granada University, Granada, Spain
| | - J Valtueña
- 1] CRA-NUT, Agricultural Research Council-Food and Nutrition Research Centre, Rome, Italy [2] ImFine Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Fisica y del Deporte-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - L A Moreno
- 1] GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) research group, E.U. Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoaza, Spain [2] Visiting Professor, School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo - Department of Preventive Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L Censi
- CRA-NUT, Agricultural Research Council-Food and Nutrition Research Centre, Rome, Italy
| | - M González-Gross
- 1] ImFine Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Fisica y del Deporte-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain [2] Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences-Nutritional Physiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - O Androutsos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harakopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - C C Gilbert
- Department of Consumer & Sensory Sciences, Campden BRI, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - I Huybrechts
- International Agency for research on Cancer (IARC), Dietary Exposure Assessment group, Lyon, France
| | - J Dallongeville
- INSERM U744, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Univesité Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - M Sjöström
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - D Molnar
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Pécs, Pécs-József A.7, Hungary
| | - S De Henauw
- 1] Ghent University, Department of Public Health, University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium [2] University College Ghent, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Care 'Vesalius', Ghent, Belgium
| | - S Gómez-Martínez
- Immunonutrition Research Group, Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - A C F de Moraes
- 1] GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) research group, E.U. Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoaza, Spain [2] School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo - Post-Graduate Program in Science, Department of Preventive Medicine, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - A Kafatos
- Department of Social Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - K Widhalm
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescents Medicine, Division of Clinical Nutrition, Private Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - C Leclercq
- CRA-NUT, Agricultural Research Council-Food and Nutrition Research Centre, Rome, Italy
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Madden AM, Smith S. Body composition and morphological assessment of nutritional status in adults: a review of anthropometric variables. J Hum Nutr Diet 2014; 29:7-25. [PMID: 25420774 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of body composition is an important part of assessing nutritional status and provides prognostically useful data and an opportunity to monitor the effects of nutrition-related disease progression and nutritional intervention. The aim of this narrative review is to critically evaluate body composition methodology in adults, focusing on anthropometric variables. The variables considered include height, weight, body mass index and alternative indices, trunk measurements (waist and hip circumferences and sagittal abdominal diameter) and limb measurements (mid-upper arm and calf circumferences) and skinfold thickness. The importance of adhering to a defined measurement protocol, checking measurement error and the need to interpret measurements using appropriate population-specific cut-off values to identify health risks were highlighted. Selecting the optimum method for assessing body composition using anthropometry depends on the purpose (i.e. evaluating obesity or undernutrition) and requires practitioners to have a good understanding of both practical and theoretical limitations and to be able to interpret the results wisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Madden
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - S Smith
- School of Health Sciences, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, UK
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Horan M, Gibney E, Molloy E, McAuliffe F. Methodologies to assess paediatric adiposity. Ir J Med Sci 2014; 184:53-68. [PMID: 24791970 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-014-1124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Childhood obesity is associated with increased risk of adult obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer. Appropriate techniques for assessment of childhood adiposity are required to identify children at risk. The aim of this review was to examine core clinical measurements and more technical tools to assess paediatric adiposity. METHODS The online databases PubMed, CINALH and EMBASE were searched and the abstracts identified were reviewed to determine appropriate studies. Their reference lists were also searched to identify further eligible studies. Publications were included if they described childhood measurement techniques or involved validation. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION There are many body composition assessment tools available, none of which are direct. Each technique has limitations and a combination of methods may be used. The main clinical techniques are weight, height, body mass index (BMI) and circumferences which provide sufficient information to enable classification of overweight or obesity when growth centile charts and ratios are employed. Further investigation depends on resources available and examiner skill. Skinfold thicknesses are cost-effective but require technical training and only measure subcutaneous fat. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), air displacement plethysmography (ADP), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) are more costly and intensive, requiring the child to remain still for longer periods. DEXA and ADP are capable of accurately measuring adiposity but are unable to distinguish between fat depots. MRI and CT can distinguish intra-abdominal from subcutaneous adiposity and are considered gold standards, but CT is unsuitable for adiposity measurement in children due to high levels of radiation exposure. Ultrasound is a promising technique capable of measuring intra-abdominal adiposity in children but requires further validation. CONCLUSION The core clinical measurements of weight, height, BMI and circumferences are sufficient to enable diagnosis of paediatric overweight and obesity while more technical tools provide further insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Horan
- University College Dublin Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine and Medical Science, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin 2, Republic of Ireland,
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Giannini C, Diesse L, D'Adamo E, Chiavaroli V, de Giorgis T, Di Iorio C, Chiarelli F, Mohn A. Influence of the Mediterranean diet on carotid intima-media thickness in hypercholesterolaemic children: a 12-month intervention study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 24:75-82. [PMID: 23809150 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The Mediterranean diet has been recognised as having a protective role on the cardiovascular system due to its low lipid and high antioxidant content. Lipid profile and oxidant status represent two important risk factors related to endothelial dysfunction, even at early stages of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of a 12-month Mediterranean diet on the variation of lipid profile and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in pre-pubertal hypercholesterolaemic children. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed a cross-sectional study comparing lipid profile and cIMT in a group of 68 pre-pubertal children (36 with hypercholesterolaemia and 32 controls). In addition, in the hypercholesterolaemic children a 12-month intervention programme with a Mediterranean diet was started to evaluate the variation of lipid profile and cIMT. At baseline, hypercholesterolaemic children showed a significantly higher cIMT (both right and left carotid artery) compared to controls (both p < 0.05). After 12 months of diet intervention, a significant reduction of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and cIMT was documented (all p < 0.05). Furthermore, at the end of follow-up, delta body mass index-Standard Deviation score and delta LDL-cholesterol were significantly and independently related to the changes of cIMT (both p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The Mediterranean diet represents a valid approach in the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia even during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Giannini
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Via dei Vestini 5, 66100 Chieti, Italy; Clinical Research Center, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - L Diesse
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Via dei Vestini 5, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - E D'Adamo
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Via dei Vestini 5, 66100 Chieti, Italy; Clinical Research Center, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - V Chiavaroli
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Via dei Vestini 5, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - T de Giorgis
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Via dei Vestini 5, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - C Di Iorio
- Department of Cardiology, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - F Chiarelli
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Via dei Vestini 5, 66100 Chieti, Italy; Clinical Research Center, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - A Mohn
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Via dei Vestini 5, 66100 Chieti, Italy; Clinical Research Center, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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Glomerular and tubular dysfunctions and their relationship to adiponectin and oxidative stress in obese subjects. Int J Organ Transplant Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hkjn.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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23
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Vicente-Rodríguez G, Rey-López JP, Mesana MI, Poortvliet E, Ortega FB, Polito A, Nagy E, Widhalm K, Sjöström M, Moreno LA. Reliability and intermethod agreement for body fat assessment among two field and two laboratory methods in adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20:221-8. [PMID: 21869760 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To increase knowledge about reliability and intermethods agreement for body fat (BF) is of interest for assessment, interpretation, and comparison purposes. It was aimed to examine intra- and inter-rater reliability, interday variability, and degree of agreement for BF using air-displacement plethysmography (Bod-Pod), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and skinfold measurements in European adolescents. Fifty-four adolescents (25 females) from Zaragoza and 30 (14 females) from Stockholm, aged 13-17 years participated in this study. Two trained raters in each center assessed BF with Bod-Pod, DXA, BIA, and anthropometry (DXA only in Zaragoza). Intermethod agreement and reliability were studied using a 4-way ANOVA for the same rater on the first day and two additional measurements on a second day, one each rater. Technical error of measurement (TEM) and percentage coefficient of reliability (%R) were also reported. No significant intrarater, inter-rater, or interday effect was observed for %BF for any method in either of the cities. In Zaragoza, %BF was significantly different when measured by Bod-Pod and BIA in comparison with anthropometry and DXA (all P < 0.001). The same result was observed in Stockholm (P < 0.001), except that DXA was not measured. Bod-Pod, DXA, BIA, and anthropometry are reliable for %BF repeated assessment within the same day by the same or different raters or in consecutive days by the same rater. Bod-Pod showed close agreement with BIA as did DXA with anthropometry; however, Bod-Pod and BIA presented higher values of %BF than anthropometry and DXA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Vicente-Rodríguez
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Romeo J, Martinez-Gomez D, Diaz LE, Gómez-Martinez S, Marti A, Martin-Matillas M, Puertollano MA, Veiga OL, Martinez JA, Wärnberg J, Zapatera B, Garagorri JM, Morandé G, Campoy C, Moreno LA, Marcos A. Changes in cardiometabolic risk factors, appetite-controlling hormones and cytokines after a treatment program in overweight adolescents: preliminary findings from the EVASYON study. Pediatr Diabetes 2011; 12:372-80. [PMID: 21615652 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2010.00753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of the EVASYON program on body fatness, cardiometabolic risk factors, gut appetite-controlling hormones and serum levels of cytokines in adolescents with overweight or obesity (OW/OB). METHODS This study comprised 13 boys (10 obese) and 12 girls (8 obese), aged 13-16 years, from a Madrid Hospital. The EVASYON program was based on a calorie-restricted diet (10-40%), increased physical activity (at least 60 min/day 5 days a week), psychological therapy and nutritional education for 13 months. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were measured before and after intervention. Serum glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, leptin, total peptide YY and insulin levels were determined before and after intervention. Serum levels of cytokines IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α were also assessed before and after intervention. RESULTS A decrease in body mass index (BMI), BMI z-score, skinfolds (triceps, biceps, subscapular, thigh, and calf), sum of six skinfolds and body circumferences (arm relaxed and flexed, waist, hip, and proximal thigh) values were observed after the intervention program (all p < 0.05). In addition, diastolic blood pressure also decreased (p < 0.05). A decrease in serum leptin levels (-48.4%, p < 0.001) was observed after intervention without changes in total peptide YY and insulin levels. Levels of IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α also decreased (all p < 0.05) after the intervention program. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary results evidence that the EVASYON program may improve body fat, leptin, and some pro-inflammatory cytokines in adolescents with OW/OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Romeo
- Immunonutrition Research Group, Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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25
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Sultan MI, Leon CDG, Biank VF. Role of nutrition in pediatric chronic liver disease. Nutr Clin Pract 2011; 26:401-8. [PMID: 21531738 DOI: 10.1177/0884533611405535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver plays a central role in energy and nutrient metabolism. Malnutrition is highly prevalent among patients with chronic liver disease and leads to increased morbidity and mortality rates. This review addresses the causes of malnutrition, methods used to assess nutrition status, and appropriate treatment strategies in pediatric patients with chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutaz I Sultan
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin/Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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26
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Kanchan T, Krishan K. Anthropometry of hand in sex determination of dismembered remains - A review of literature. J Forensic Leg Med 2010; 18:14-7. [PMID: 21216373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sex determination is an important and one of the foremost criteria in establishing the identity of an individual. Identification of dismembered/severed human remains that are frequently found in cases of mass disasters and criminal mutilation is a challenging task for the medicolegal experts. The paper presents a review of anthropometric studies conducted on hand with regard to identification of the deceased from dismembered remains. The review further discusses the anthropometric landmarks, techniques, methods, reliability and accuracy and the overall significance of hand anthropometry in personal identification. This review is an attempt to discuss the sexual dimorphism exhibited by the anthropometry of the hand that can assist forensic experts in the identification of amputated/dismembered remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuj Kanchan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore (Affiliated to Manipal University), India.
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27
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Masuccio F, Verrotti A, Chiavaroli V, de Giorgis T, Giannini C, Chiarelli F, Mohn A. Weight gain and insulin resistance in children treated with valproate: the influence of time. J Child Neurol 2010; 25:941-7. [PMID: 20207607 DOI: 10.1177/0883073809349461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken in 2 parts to investigate the relationship between body size and insulin resistance during treatment with valproic acid in children. The cross-sectional part revealed differences in terms of body size and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, which were higher in the group on medication. The longitudinal part showed a major increase in body size and insulin resistance during the first year of therapy. There was a subsequent decrease in insulin resistance in association with the rise of body size, however with a trend to level off. These results might be helpful to enhance the knowledge of valproic acid action on both insulin resistance and weight gain, allowing to plan appropriate approach for the prevention of the consequences of the treatment with valproic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Masuccio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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28
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Cyrino ES, Machado DRL, Reichert FF, Gobbo LA, Papst RR, Silva CCD. Comparação entre a adiposidade subcutânea dos hemicorpos direito e esquerdo. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922009000700009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os níveis de adiposidade subcutânea dos hemicorpos direito e esquerdo e, posteriormente, analisar o impacto dessas informações para o estudo da composição corporal. Setenta e seis indivíduos fisicamente ativos, 47 homens (21,6 ± 4,3 anos) e 29 mulheres (21,0 ± 2,6 anos), fizeram parte da amostra. As espessuras das dobras cutâneas abdominal, suprailíaca, subescapular, tricipital, bicipital, axilar média e perna medial foram mensuradas com um compasso Lange. Em valores médios absolutos, as maiores diferenças verificadas foram de 0,9mm (6,9%) e 0,8mm (6,8%), na dobra cutânea suprailíaca de homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Entretanto, nenhuma diferença estatisticamente significante foi encontrada na comparação entre os lados, em ambos os sexos, nas sete dobras cutâneas analisadas (P > 0,05). Similarmente, quando os valores medidos foram aplicados em equações preditivas para a determinação da gordura corporal relativa, de acordo com o sexo, nenhuma diferença significante foi encontrada (P > 0,05). Os resultados sugerem que fatores como o erro técnico de medida do avaliador, o tipo de compasso e a escolha da equação preditiva a ser utilizada, provavelmente tenham maior impacto para a estimativa da composição corporal pelo método de espessura de dobras cutâneas do que o lado a ser adotado como referência para a obtenção das medidas.
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Martinez-Gomez D, Gomez-Martinez S, Puertollano MA, Nova E, Wärnberg J, Veiga OL, Martí A, Campoy C, Garagorri JM, Azcona C, Vaquero MP, Redondo-Figuero C, Delgado M, Martínez JA, Garcia-Fuentes M, Moreno LA, Marcos A. Design and evaluation of a treatment programme for Spanish adolescents with overweight and obesity. The EVASYON Study. BMC Public Health 2009; 9:414. [PMID: 19912668 PMCID: PMC2779817 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 11/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of overweight and obesity (OW/OB) among adolescents worldwide has increased since the 60 s. Spain has reached one of the highest OW/OB prevalence rates among adolescents from European countries. The aim of this methodological paper is to describe the design and evaluation in the EVASYON study (Development, implementation and evaluation of the efficacy of a therapeutic programme for adolescents with OW/OB: integral education on nutrition and physical activity). Methods/Design The EVASYON was planned by a multidisciplinary team to treat OW/OB in Spanish adolescents. The EVASYON is a multi-centre study conducted in 5 hospitals in 5 Spanish cities (Granada, Madrid, Pamplona, Santander and Zaragoza) and two hundred and four OW/OB Spanish adolescents were recruited for this intervention. The treatment was implemented for approximately one-year follow-up. The adolescents were treated in groups of a maximum of 10 subjects; each group had 20 visits during the treatment period in two phases: intensive during the first 2 months (1st to 9th visits), and extensive during the last 11 months (10th to 20th visits). In order to assess the efficacy of the treatment, 8 dimensions were measured: diet; physical activity and fitness; eating behaviour; body composition; haematological profile; metabolic profile; minerals and vitamins; immuno-inflammatory markers. Moreover, genetic polymorphisms were also determined. Discussion The treatment programme developed in the EVASYON study was designed as a national pilot study to be implemented as an effective treatment for adolescents with OW/OB into the Spanish Health Care Service.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Martinez-Gomez
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Instituto del Frío, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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Masuccio FG, Lattanzio FM, Matera S, Giannini C, Chiarelli F, Mohn A. Insulin sensitivity in prepubertal Caucasian normal weight children. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2009; 22:695-702. [PMID: 19845120 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2009.22.8.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determining whether or not a child is insulin resistant is becoming a matter of fundamental interest even in childhood, as the incidence of metabolic complications of insulin resistance is rising. Thus reference values are needed. AIM To set percentiles for HOMA-IR and WBISI in Caucasian normal weight prepubertal children. POPULATION 238 normal weight prepubertal Caucasian children (126 males/112 females). METHODS After physical examination including anthropometric measurements all children underwent an oral glucose tolerance test from which HOMA-IR and WBISI were calculated. RESULTS HOMA-IR values above the 95th percentile (2.03) and WBISI values below the 5th percentile (5.67) represent the cut-off values for the determination of insulin resistance. CONCLUSION These reference values are useful to easily detect insulin resistance within the prepubertal Caucasian population representing a helpful tool for clinicians to target such children in order to improve insulin sensitivity.
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Tresaco B, Moreno LA, Ruiz JR, Ortega FB, Bueno G, González-Gross M, Wärnberg J, Gutiérrez A, García-Fuentes M, Marcos A, Castillo MJ, Bueno M. Truncal and abdominal fat as determinants of high triglycerides and low HDL-cholesterol in adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17:1086-91. [PMID: 19180070 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether abdominal and truncal adiposity, assessed with simple anthropometric indices, determines serum triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels independently of total adiposity amount in adolescents. A total of 547 Spanish adolescents (284 males and 263 females) aged 13-18.5 years were included in this study. Measures of truncal adiposity included subscapular to triceps ratio, and trunk-to-total skinfolds ratio (TTS%). Waist circumference was used as a surrogate of abdominal adiposity, and BMI was used as a measure of total adiposity. The results of the regression models indicated that levels of triglycerides were positively associated with waist circumference and TTS% after controlling for age and Tanner stage in both sexes. Once BMI was entered in the model, these associations remained significant for waist circumference in females. HDL-cholesterol levels were negatively associated with waist circumference in both sexes, and with subscapular to triceps ratio and TTS% in males, after controlling for age and Tanner stage. Once BMI was entered in the model, these associations remained significant for subscapular to triceps ratio and for TTS% in males. The results of this study suggest that in male adolescents, truncal adiposity is negatively associated with levels of HDL-cholesterol, whereas in females, abdominal adiposity is positively associated with levels of triglycerides independently of total adiposity. These findings highlight the deleterious effect of both truncal and abdominal fat depots on the lipid profile already from the first decades of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Tresaco
- Departamento de Pediatría, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Labayen I, Moreno LA, Ruiz JR, González-Gross M, Wärnberg J, Breidenassel C, Ortega FB, Marcos A, Bueno M. Small birth weight and later body composition and fat distribution in adolescents: the Avena study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16:1680-6. [PMID: 18464751 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association between birth weight and body composition and fat distribution in adolescents, and to test the possible sex-specific effect in these relationships. METHODS AND PROCEDURES A total of 1,223 adolescents 13-18.5 years old (553 male adolescents and 670 female adolescents) born at >35 weeks, were selected from a cross-sectional multicenter study conducted in five Spanish cities in 2000-2002. BMI was calculated from weight and height. Triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness (ST) were measured on the left side, and fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were estimated according to the equations of Slaughter et al. Subscapular skinfold adjusted by tricipital (ST) and waist circumference were used as markers of central adiposity. RESULTS Birth weight Z-score was positively associated with FFM in female adolescents (P<0.001), but not in male adolescents, after controlling for age, pubertal stage, gestational age, socioeconomic status, physical activity, and current height (P<0.001 for interaction between adjusted birth weight Z-score and sex). Adjusted birth weight Z-score was inversely associated with central adiposity in male and female adolescents as measured by ST (P=0.026). DISCUSSION These results provide further evidence that gender has an important influence on the programming effect of birth weight on later FFM in adolescents because the effect was only observed in female adolescents. Our results suggest that small size for gestational age at birth could program more central subcutaneous fat deposition in adolescents of both sexes, but further research is needed on this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Labayen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain.
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Giannini C, de Giorgis T, Scarinci A, Ciampani M, Marcovecchio ML, Chiarelli F, Mohn A. Obese related effects of inflammatory markers and insulin resistance on increased carotid intima media thickness in pre-pubertal children. Atherosclerosis 2008; 197:448-56. [PMID: 17681348 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Revised: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Obesity in children appears to be associated with increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases later in life. Early development of insulin resistance and impaired oxidant-antioxidant status may lead to endothelial dysfunction and increased carotid intima media thickness (IMT) even in childhood. The aim of this study was to measure IMT and the relationship between IMT, insulin resistance and oxidant status in obese pre-pubertal children. In 53 obese pre-pubertal children (27M/26F, mean age 8+/-2 years), anthropometric measurements and inflammatory markers (hs-CRP and PGF-2 alpha), were evaluated compared with 41 healthy pre-pubertal subjects (21M/20F, mean age 7+/-2 years). OGTT was performed and insulin resistance (IR) indices (HOMA-IR, WBISI, G/I and QUICKI) were calculated in all patients. High-resolution ultrasound techniques were used to evaluate IMT. Obese children had higher levels of PGF-2 alpha and hs-CRP compared to healthy subjects (p=0.001 and p=0.005). Furthermore, fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR were higher in obese children than in controls (p=0.001 and p=0.001) while WBISI was significantly lower (p=0.002). In addition, obeses had an increased IMT (p=0.001). In obese children there was a significant correlation between IMT and indices of IR (HOMA-IR: beta=-1.233, p=0.002; WBISI: beta=-0.921, p=0.008; G/I: beta=-0.811, p=0.003) and between IMT and PGF-2 alpha (beta=0.505, p=0.004). After categorizing subjects according to tertiles of body mass index (BMI) (<or=21.42, 21.42-26.23 and >or=26.23 kg/m(2)) and to waist circumference (WC) (<or=68.28, 68.28-79.04 and >or=79.04 cm), no influence of BMI or WC on IMT were found in the three groups. In conclusion, early changes in glucose metabolism and an alteration of oxidant-antioxidant status may be present in obese pre-pubertal children; this could lead to increase IMT and early cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Giannini
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Via dei Vestini 5, I-66100 Chieti, Italy
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Labayen I, Moreno LA, Marti A, González-Lamuño D, Wärnberg J, Ortega FB, Bueno G, Nova E, Ruiz JR, Garagorri JM, Martínez JA, García-Fuentes M, Bueno M. Effect of the Ala12 allele in the PPARgamma-2 gene on the relationship between birth weight and body composition in adolescents: the AVENA study. Pediatr Res 2007; 62:615-9. [PMID: 17805195 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e318156887a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The intent of this study was to assess whether the effect of birth weight on later body composition is modified by Pro12Pro, Pro12Ala, and Ala12Ala genotypes of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-2 (PPARgamma-2) gene. The PPARgamma-2 gene polymorphism was genotyped in 273 adolescents aged 13-18.5 y, born at term and whose birth weight was known. They were selected from a cross-sectional multicenter study conducted in five Spanish cities in 2000-2002. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from weight and height measurements, and body composition and fat distribution were estimated from skinfold thickness. A total of 229 subjects (111 males and 118 females) carried the Pro12Pro genotype and 44 (22 males and 22 females) the Pro12Ala and Ala12Ala PPARgamma-2 genotypes. In the Pro12Pro group, birth weight Z score was positively associated with both fat-free mass (FFM) (p < 0.05) and fat mass (FM) (p < 0.05), but these relationships disappeared after controlling for age, gestational age, socioeconomic status (SES), physical activity, Tanner stage, sex, and BMI. In the Ala12 group, birth weight Z score was positively associated with FFM (p < 0.01), and this relationship remained significant after controlling for confounding variables (p < 0.05). Small body weight at birth may program lower FFM in adolescents carrying the Ala12 allele in the PPARgamma-2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Labayen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country, 01006 Vitoria, Spain.
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Moreno LA, Mesana MI, González-Gross M, Gil CM, Ortega FB, Fleta J, Wärnberg J, León J, Marcos A, Bueno M. Body fat distribution reference standards in Spanish adolescents: the AVENA Study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007; 31:1798-805. [PMID: 17607324 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present body fat patterning reference standards to identify children with a predominant distribution of body fat in the abdominal or truncal region of the body. DESIGN Cross-sectional study in a representative sample of Spanish adolescents aged 13-18 years. SUBJECTS A total of 2160 adolescents with a complete set of anthropometric measurements (1109 males and 1051 females). MEASUREMENTS Weight, height, body mass index, skinfold thickness (biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, thigh, calf) and waist and hip circumferences. RESULTS In the majority of the age groups, subscapular/triceps skinfolds ratio, trunk-to-total skinfolds percent (TTS%)and waist circumference values were significantly higher in males than in females; hip circumference was higher in females than in males, except at 15.5 years. In males, age showed a significant effect for all the body fat distribution indices; however, in females, the effect was only significant for triceps skinfold, waist and hip circumferences and waist-to-hip ratio. Smoothed age- and sex-specific triceps skinfold, subscapular skinfold, subscapular/triceps skinfolds ratio, TTS%, waist circumference and hip circumference, waist-to-hip and waist-to-height ratio percentile values for male and female adolescents have been established. CONCLUSION These reference data for waist circumference and the other fat patterning indices, together with data from other countries, will help to establish international central obesity criteria for adolescents. The presented percentile values will give the possibility to estimate the proportion of adolescents with high or low regional adiposity amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Moreno
- EU Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Lagou V, Manios Y, Moran CN, Bailey MES, Grammatikaki E, Oikonomou E, Ioannou E, Moschonis G, Wilson RH, Pitsiladis YP. Developmental changes in adiposity in toddlers and preschoolers in the GENESIS study and associations with the ACE I/D polymorphism. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007; 31:1052-60. [PMID: 17406273 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between the angiotensin I-converting enzyme 1 (ACE) I/D polymorphism and adiposity-related phenotypes in a large cohort of toddlers and preschoolers. METHODS Body composition measurements and DNA samples were obtained from 2102 Greek children aged 1-6 years, as part of a large-scale epidemiological study (GENESIS). All children were genotyped for the ACE I/D polymorphism and gender- and age-stratified statistical analyses were performed. RESULTS In girls aged 4-6 years, the D-allele was associated with higher measurements of body mass index (BMI) (P=0.018), waist (P=0.001) and upper arm (P=0.013) circumferences, genotype accounting for 2.5, 4 and 3% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. In boys, the D-allele showed strong associations with lower BMI (P=0.001) at the age of 1-2 years that explained 17% of the phenotypic variance and with larger suprailiac skinfold (P=0.008) at 3-4 years old that explained 2% of the variance. No other significant associations between the ACE I/D polymorphism and adiposity-related phenotypes were found. In girls, the age at which significant associations were revealed coincided with the age at which BMI was observed to increase after its developmental nadir, but this feature of the association was not observed in boys. CONCLUSIONS The ACE I/D polymorphism is associated with developmental and physiological changes in adiposity-related traits during early childhood in a gender- and age-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lagou
- Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Institute of Diet, Exercise and Lifestyle, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of body composition may be of interest when the nutritional status of infants is evaluated but is often difficult since simple and valid methods are lacking. With appropriate validation, measurements based on skinfold thickness (SFT) may be useful for this purpose. AIMS To evaluate the potential of a published method, based on measurements of SFT, to assess total body fat (TBF) of infants; and to calculate the fat content of adipose tissue (AT) in infants using previously published information regarding AT volume and total body water. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Forty-five full-term infants and eight infants born in gestational weeks 31-33 were studied at a postnatal age of 4-131 and 44-75 d, respectively. The body water dilution method was used to obtain reference estimates of TBF (TBF-BWD). RESULTS In full-term infants, TBF assessed using the skinfold method (TBF-SFT) minus TBF-BWD was 1.5+/-10.8% (mean+/-2 SD). Furthermore, TBF-SFT minus TBF-BWD (%, y) was correlated (p<0.0001) with the average of TBF-SFT and TBF-BWD (%, x), showing that TBF-SFT was too high in lean infants and too low in infants with more TBF. In the full-term infants, AT contained 0.68+/-0.14 g fat/ml. In the premature infants, TBF-SFT (%), TBF-BWD (%) and the AT fat content were similar to the corresponding figures in nine full-term newborns. CONCLUSION The results indicate that the SFT method produced inaccurate and biased estimates of TBF in infants. A considerable variation between infants regarding their AT fat content may be an important reason for these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Olhager
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Division of Paediatrics, University of Linköping, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden.
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Labayen I, Moreno LA, Blay MG, Blay VA, Mesana MI, González-Gross M, Bueno G, Sarría A, Bueno M. Early programming of body composition and fat distribution in adolescents. J Nutr 2006; 136:147-52. [PMID: 16365074 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.1.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Size at birth and early postnatal growth are determinants of adult height and BMI. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of birth weight on body composition and fat distribution in a group of Spanish adolescents. Current body composition was assessed by both skinfold thickness and dual X-ray absorptiometry in 234 adolescents born at term (140 girls and 94 boys), now aged 13-18 y and living in the city of Zaragoza. Relative fat distribution was estimated using the ratio of the subscapular to triceps skinfolds (S:T). Birth weight and gestational age were assessed by a questionnaire. Birth weight was inversely associated with the S:T ratio (P < 0.05) in boys and directly associated with bone mass (P < 0.01) and fat-free mass (P < 0.05) in girls. This association was independent of factors such as age, Tanner stage, gestational age, socioeconomic status, physical activity, and height. In conclusion, our data support the hypothesis that impaired fetal growth, measured by birth weight, may be related to central fat distribution in boys and decreased bone and fat-free mass in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoya Labayen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain
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Moreno LA, Mesana MI, González-Gross M, Gil CM, Fleta J, Wärnberg J, Ruiz JR, Sarría A, Marcos A, Bueno M. Anthropometric body fat composition reference values in Spanish adolescents. The AVENA Study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005; 60:191-6. [PMID: 16234838 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine reference values for body mass index (BMI), sum of six skinfolds (sigma6 skinfolds) and body fat percentage (BF%) in Spanish adolescents aged 13-18 years, included in the AVENA Study (Alimentación y Valoración del Estado Nutricional en Adolescentes: Food and Assessment of the Nutritional Status of Adolescents). DESIGN Multicentre cross-sectional study. SETTING Representative sample of Spanish adolescents. SUBJECTS The population was selected by means of a multiplestep, simple random sampling. The final number of subjects included in the AVENA Study was 2859 adolescents; 2160 adolescents had a complete set of anthropometric measurements and were then included in this study (1109 males and 1051 females). INTERVENTIONS Weight, height and six skinfold thicknesses were measured. As indices of total adiposity, we calculated BMI, summation sigma6 skinfolds and BF% with the formulas described by Slaughter et al. RESULTS Sigma6 skinfolds and BF% in each age group were significantly higher in females than in males. In males, age showed a significant effect for BMI, sigma6 skinfolds and BF%; however, in females, the effect was only significant for BF%. The percentile distribution was more disperse towards higher sigma6 skinfolds and BF% values in males when compared with females. CONCLUSIONS The presented percentile values will help us to classify adolescents in comparison with a well-established reference population, and to estimate the proportion of adolescents with high or low adiposity amounts. SPONSORSHIP The AVENA-Study was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Health (FIS 00/0015), and grants from Panrico SA, Madaus SA and Procter and Gamble SA. This study was also supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spain), RCESP (C03/09) and Spanish Ministry of Education (AP2003-2128).
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Moreno
- EU Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain.
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Rodríguez G, Moreno LA, Blay MG, Blay VA, Fleta J, Sarría A, Bueno M. Body fat measurement in adolescents: comparison of skinfold thickness equations with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005; 59:1158-66. [PMID: 16047030 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the most commonly used equations to predict body fatness from skinfold thickness, in male and female adolescents, with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as a reference method of fatness measurement. DESIGN Cross-sectional nutrition survey. SETTING General adolescent population from Zaragoza (Spain). SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 238 Caucasian adolescents (167 females and 113 males), aged 13.0-17.9 y, were recruited from 15 school groups in 11 public and private schools. The percentage fat mass (%FM) was calculated by using skinfold-thickness equations. Predicted %FM was compared with the reference %FM values, measured by DXA. The lack of agreement between methods was assessed by calculating the bias and its 95% limits of agreement. RESULTS Most equations did not demonstrate good agreement compared with DXA. However, in male adolescents, Slaughter et al equations showed relative biases that were not dependent on body fatness and the limits of agreement were narrower than those obtained from the rest of equations. In females, Brook's equation showed nonsignificant differences against DXA and the narrowest 95% limits of agreement. Only biases from Brook and Slaughter et al equations were not dependent on body fatness in female adolescents. CONCLUSIONS Accuracy of most of the skinfold-thickness equations for assessment of %FM in adolescents was poor at the individual level. Nevertheless, to predict %FM when a relative index of fatness is required in field or clinical studies, Slaughter et al equations may be used in adolescents from both sexes and the Brook equation in female adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rodríguez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Moreno LA, Mesana MI, Fleta J, Ruiz JR, González-Gross M, Sarría A, Marcos A, Bueno M. Overweight, obesity and body fat composition in spanish adolescents. The AVENA Study. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2005; 49:71-6. [PMID: 15802900 DOI: 10.1159/000084738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2004] [Accepted: 10/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the Spanish adolescent population and its relationship with the socioeconomic status, and to assess their body fat composition and compare these results with previous data from our own country. DESIGN Cross-sectional multicenter study conducted in five Spanish cities (Granada, Madrid, Murcia, Santander and Zaragoza) in 2000-2002. SUBJECTS 2,320 adolescents with complete set of anthropometric measurements, 1,192 boys and 1,128 girls. MEASUREMENTS Body mass index calculated from weight and height measurements, and body fat percentage calculated from skinfold thickness measurements. RESULTS Overweight + obesity prevalences were 25.69 and 19.13% in boys and girls, respectively. Overweight + obesity prevalence increased in boys from high to medium-low socioeconomic status categories (p = 0.015); meanwhile, there was not a significant effect of socioeconomic status in girls. In males, overweight + obesity prevalence changed from 1985 to 2000-2002 from 13 to 35% and in females from 16 to 32%. The rate of change in overweight + obesity prevalences seems to increase in the last years; from 0.88 (1985 to 1995) to 2.33%/year (1995 to 2000-2002) in males and from 0.5 (1985 to 1995) to 1.83%/year (1995 to 2000-2002) in females. The rate of body fat percentage increase was similar between 1980 and 1995 and between 1995 and 2000-2002: 0.26 and 0.23%/year, respectively, at 13 years of age, and 0.16 and 0.17%/year, respectively, at 14 years of age. CONCLUSION We observed elevated overweight and obesity prevalences in Spanish adolescents, similar to those observed in other European countries. There is a significant inverse relationship between socioeconomic status and overweight + obesity, but only in boys. The rate of change in overweight prevalence in Spanish adolescents seems to increase, and the rate of increase of body fat percentage seems to be similar as in previous years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Moreno
- EU Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Tennefors C, Forsum E. Assessment of body fatness in young children using the skinfold technique and BMI vs body water dilution. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004; 58:541-7. [PMID: 14985694 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare body fatness estimated using a skinfold technique and body mass index (BMI) with body fatness estimated using the body water dilution method in healthy Swedish children 9 or 14 months of age. METHODS Total body fat (TBF) was calculated from total body water, estimated using the doubly labelled water method, and body weight. When expressed in per cent of body weight, these estimates (%TBF-BWD) represented reference values for body fatness. Body fatness was also calculated from skinfold thickness (%TBF-SFT) and as BMI. The children were ranked and grouped into five groups with an increasing level of body fatness using BMI, %TBF-SFT and %TBF-BWD, respectively. SUBJECTS A total of 30 infants 9 months of age and 29 children 14 months of age. RESULTS On average, the children (n=59) had a BMI=17.5+/-1.6 kg/m(2) and contained 27.8+/-3.7 %TBF-SFT and 29.1+/-4.4 %TBF-BWD. %TBF-BWD minus %TBF-SFT was=1.35+/-4.06%. By measuring %TBF-SFT or BMI, about 35% of the children could be classified in the correct group with respect to body fatness. Serious misclassification (ie two or more groups too high or too low) was, however, more common for %TBF-SFT (29%) than for BMI (17%). CONCLUSIONS The capacity of BMI to place children in the correct body fatness group was poor although not quite as poor as the corresponding capacity of the skinfold technique. The latter method produced inaccurate and imprecise estimates of body fatness.
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